This briefing paper provides a detailed analysis of the legal frameworks addressing sexual violence in Somalia and Somaliland. It reviews existing laws and legislative processes in both regions, focusing on the challenges posed by their judicial structures. These challenges arise from the overlap of multiple legal systems, such as Xeer (clan law) and formal law, which often creates ambiguity and confusion. The paper also discusses the impact of the outdated Penal Code of Somalia (1963) still in use in both territories. Despite efforts by activists and progressive officials to implement comprehensive anti-sexual violence legislation, they face significant opposition from religious groups.
The paper is divided into two main sections: the second section covers Somalia, offering a thorough analysis and recommendations for preventing and responding to sexual violence, while the third section addresses Somaliland, concluding with its own set of recommendations.