RESEARCH
BOOK
SPHINX COMPLEX M A A S T R I C H T Heritage & Architecture Studio 2015 Delft University of Technology 05/11/2015
Tutors Nol Hermkens (Arch.) & Frank Koopman (BT)
Students Anna Maria Pentimalli Daan Knibbeler Hatto Kienhuis Giel Leunissen Karolis DragĹŤnas Nick van Vliet Simone Schade Zehui Li
C O N T E N T 04 H I S T O R Y 05 10 23 26 30
1.1 MAASTRICHT 1.2 TIMELINE 1.3 SITE HISTORY 1.4 HISTORICAL ELEMENTS 1.5 CONCLUSION CONCEPT
32 33 34 35 37 39 43 44 46 48 50 51 54
2.1 HEIGHT 2.2 LOCATION 2.3 NEW SITUATION 2.4 INFRASTRUCTURE 2.5 FUNCTIONS 2.6 PUBLIC SPACE 2.7 GREEN & WATER 2.8 STRUCTURAL VISION 2.9 SIGHTLINES 2.10 VIEWPOINTS 2.11 DAY-LIGHT 2.12 STATISTICS 2.13 CONCLUSION
31 U R B A N
56 B U I L D I N G 57 77 88 90 109 110
3.1 STRUCTURE 3.2 FACADE 3.3 SPATIAL LOGIC 3.4 SPACE SEQUENCE 3.5 ROUTING 3.6 TRANSFORMATION
111 V
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114 A R C H I V E 120 R E F E R E N C E
H I S T O R Y Anna Maria Pentimalli Nick van Vliet Giel Leunissen
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1.1 MAASTRICHT
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As a roman city
Maastricht as a roman city In Roman times Maastricht was called “Mosam ad Trajectum”. The romans founded a castellum within between a bridge. It was an important place to cross the river Maas. Later on the place developed into a trading post and military base which eventualy evolved into a city. In 343 sint Servaas arrived in Maastricht. He turned Maastricht into a catholic cathedral ciy with a bishop. The sint Servaas church was build in 1100. A lot of churches and monestary’s are build in honour of important holy people. This gave the religieus content of the city a big boost.
Mosam ad Trajectum in the year 25AC
Sint Servaas
Sint Servaas church at the Vrijthof 1100 AC
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As a Medieval city
Maastricht as a Medieval city The medieval city is build against the old roman settlement. Later on a second bridge was build. The city needed protection so a second wall was build. Inside the city walls there was room for agriculture to give the city a steady suply of food during a siege. Becouse of sint servaas and the cathedral city religion was really important. As you can see on the picture on the bottom of this page the skyline of maastricht was dominated by churches. In the SPHINX area (boschstraatkwartier) there was a monastery with a lot of gardens.
Skyline of Maastricht in medieval times, a lot of churches are displayed.
Monestory at the Maagdendries
Second city wall
Monestory gardens
Penitenten monestary
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1.1 MAASTRICHT
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As a Ceramic city
Maastricht as a Caramic city Maastricht is famous as a medieval town but not as an industrial town. It was one of de first en greatest industrial city of the Netherlands. The Sphinxs was not the only caramic factory in the city there were two other factories callt MOSA and Société Céramique. The only factory what is still producing caramic is the MOSA. Till 1815 Maastricht was an enclosed town with as main function to defend the Dutch border and the maas bridge. Between 1815 and 1830 there was little activity about the defence of Maastricht. The city make ends meet with: civil servants, garrison (soldiers) and free workmans. The historie as industrial town begins in 1825 when Petrus Regout founds a kristalfactory at the Jodenstraat. 9 Years (1934) later he opens a glass and caramic factory at the Boschstraat (Boschstraat kwartier) this site was for 170 years the settlement of the factory. The factory was nearby ‘‘Het Bassin’’ and the canal (ZuidWillemsvaart) was a tactic place for supply and transport the goods.
First image of the SPHINX factory 1840 First use of the pottery oven
In 1835 Regout founded a nailfactory in 1842 a gunfactory and in 1846 a gassfactory, all at the same site (Boschstraat kwartier). In 1848 their was a big economic crisis and Regout sold no goods anymore, he decided to continue the production of caramic and store everything for later. A year later the economic resession was over and Regout sold the whole stock and became the richest man of the Netherlands. In 1863 he decided to invest the money in the factory and bought the whole area of the Penitenten monestry that lost its function during the French occupasion. Regout expended the factory and it became a part of the city.
City wall and factory, 1868
In 1866 the municipallity made some plans to remove the fortimfications and make place for factories and social housing. In 1868 they begun to tear down the walls and the fortifications. The Dutch engineer Domeinen, F.W. van Gendt made the plans to expand the factory, the inner harbor (Het Bassin) and the railwaytrack to Belgium and Germany. Regout died in 1878 and a new generation took over control of the factory. In 1899 the name of the company changed ‘‘Regout porselein’’ into N.V. SPHINX. The production growth till the start of world war I. The export of the products stops and they could only sell within the Netherlands. After the war they have to modernise the factory and the designs because a lot of people don’t like the old fashionable caramics. The factory benefits of the reconstructions of the cities in Germany and Belgium after the war.
Map of industrial Maastricht
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In 1927 is a big demand of sanitair products, so the direction of the Sphinx decided to make a big extension called the ‘‘Eiffelbuilding’’. The people of Maastricht also called it a skyscraper because of the 20 m hight and the modernistic style. The Eiffelbuilding is placed were before the glassfactory was situated. The building again expanded in 1929 and in 1940. In 1958 the directions of Société Céramique and the Spinxs decided to merge the two businesses into one company called Sphinxs. The character of the place in that time were the chimneys, in 1965 they decided to demolisch 80% of the chimneys. In 1992 the last chimney was removed because the tunnel ovens were already destroyed. In 1960 the pottery market drops drastically that leads to close the department of the and they wanted only to focus on sanitair products. Unfortunately due to high wages in the Netherlands the factory closed down on december 31 in 2006. The production of Sphinxs sanitair is now located in Poland.
Red are the fortifications that are going to be demolished, green stays
Workers producing toilets in the factory An unrealised plan to run the train trough the fortifications
Pottery made at the Sphinx site
Bronnen Theo Bakker, Topografische bijzonderheden Maastricht Collecties Rijksdienst Cultureel erfgoed
Development of the logo from 1899 until 1960
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Maastricht during the Roman empire. The main route from Bavay to Keulen crosses the Maas in Maastricht.
Develop of Maastricht in the 14th century. The city made two citywalls the first in the 13th century en the second in the 14th century
Develop of Maastricht in the 17th century. A third defense line is b
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Develop of Maastricht in the end of the 19th century the outer defenceline has been broken down to make place for factories and housing.
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1.2 TIMELINE World, Maastricht and Sphinx
1588 Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden
0 birth of Christ
World
0
1492 discovery of the new world
542 big plague
Middle ages 1500
Roman empire 500
1690 first steam engine
1804 Napoleon becomes emperor of France
Early modern time 1760
1844 first telegraph connection
Industrial revolution 1840
350.000.000
117 Roman empire at its greatest extent
570 birth Muhammad
1337 100 jarige oorlog first use of cannons
1894 first diesel powerd engine
1.000.000.000 1453 printing press
1602 V.O.C.
1758 first railway in England
1800 electricity
1882 electrical light
1837 first Dutch railway Amsterdam-Haarlem
1876 demolishment fortification
Maastricht 0
25 Romas build the first bridge in Maastricht
1229 construction first city wall
1280 construction Servaas bridge
Middle ages 1500
Roman empire 450
384 Sint Servaas first bishop in Maastricht
1520 start building fortifications
1274 Roman bridge collapsed
1794 occupied by the French republic, ending the medievil class system
Early modern time 1794 French time 1814
15.000
1830-1839 Belgium occupied the province, Maastricht stays Dutch, import boycot
20.000 1853 railway Aken Maastricht
1801 birth of Petrus Regout
1375 construction second city wall
1824 inner harbor constructed (het bassin)
1748-1749 French occupation
1834 Petrus Regout starts a steamglass, nail and pottery factory
1840 weapon factory 1847 gas factory
1863 penitentenklooster area is bought with big 1899 earnings from first year gas after recession factory
Sphinx 1834
400
1847 recession
1839
2500
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11 1903 First airplane flies
1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
1929 stock crash
Modern time
1969 first man on the moon
1989 fall berlin wall
1945
Recent history
7.000.000.000 1939-1945 WW II
1914-1918 WW I
1956 invention shipping container
1914 1.000.000 refugees from Belgium go to the Netherlands
1950 large city expension Modern time
1944
1940 German occupation
1929 Eiffel I
1920
1934 first CAO for employees
1941 Eiffel III
1969 closing of the mines
1989 internet
1985 the pope visits Maastricht
1992 convention of Maastricht
Recent history
90.000 1949 birth Andre Rieu
1949 production at pre war level
120.000
1974 founding University Maastricht
1997 Start new factory in Poland
750 1930 Eiffel II
1905
1944 After WOII focus on sanitair production
1940
2015 planning new city development
100
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1330 - 1632
1632 - 1814
1814 - 1845
1845 - 1867
1579
1750
1868
1905
In 1578 maastricht joint the “ Staten-Generaal van de Nederlanden”. The king of Spain send the duke off Parma to conquer the city back. He came with an army and killed almost everybody.
In 1748 the French besieged the city. In 1749 the siege was broken.
In 1834 the SPHINX factory was build. Starting the industrial revolution in the Netherlands. In 1863 the monastery area was bought and the large factory build over it.
The factory expands rapidly.
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1924
1938
1959
1968
Ca. 1920
Ca. 1940
1968
1981
Lots of chimneys make the karakter of the site
The first part of the Eiffel building is constructed.
The bassin is not used as commercial zone, the car makes his entrence in the city landscape. Later there will be a brigde constructuted to arrange the flow of traffic.
The last chimineys are not in use anymore.
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2003
2007
2012
2004
2007
2015
The site is still full of buildings.
In 2008 the production in the factory stopt. The brick building is replaced by a cinema.
Part of the factory is destroyed to make room for parking space.
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1400
- second city wall - gardens within city wall - monestary
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1750
- fortifacations build - digging of a mot
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1868
- Maastricht became a factory city - empty places are filled
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1905
- fortifications destroyed - railway train to Belgium and Germany - large factory expansion
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1940
- Eiffel building build - modern architecture
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2000
- factory buildings demolished - iconic Eiffel building stays
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- old buildings are reused - new urban area is developed
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1.3 SITE HISTORY Development of the area
Eifel Building
4 5 7
8
6
2 1875-1900 1900-1920 1920-1940 1940-1960
Building: distribution entrance Presence of daylight: not a lot
Blue Red Green Yellow
3
Building: Mouleurs Presence of daylight: not at the ground floor, quite a lot iapstairs,:there are many windows Atmosphere: On the ground floor the space is quite caotic, upstairs is more regular
Building: distribution entrance Presence of daylight: A lot, coming fron the window Atmosphere : sence of beeing in an old structure Building: Molen Gebouw Building: Gebouw A&C Presence of daylight: quite a lot, there are many windows Atmosphere: Sence of beeing in a huge spce but is is a regular space so you don’t feel lost
Presence of daylight: it is quite dark Atmosphere: you feel quite confuse, not in a regular space because of additions
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1.3 SITE HISTORY How things in the factory? STORAGE Storage HISTORY: HOW THINGS WEREwere IN THE FACTORY? Factory in the waning years
Factory at full capacity
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1.3 SITE HISTORY Factory Activities
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The old factory is build on an obvious grid that conects to the Boschstraat. The whole area is enclosed. Only workers can get there.
In our time there is not much left of the big factory area. Only the armpit of is left. So there are more exceptions to the straight grid than there are linear lines from the originol plan.
1905
The Eiffel building is orrientated allong the boschstraat from south to north.
2015
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1.4 HISTORICAL ELEMENTS PicturesEQUIPMENTS of left-over equipment HISTORY: PICTURES OF LEFT-OVER
26 Sphinx Maastricht Complex
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1.4 HISTORICAL ELEMENTS OldSTRUCTURES structure as witnesses HISTORICAL ELEMENTS: OLD AS WITNESSES Old steel structures
Old wood structure
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1.4 HISTORICAL ELEMENTS BuildingsAS as aApalinsest HISTORICAL ELEMENTS: BUILDINGS PALINSEST Buidings become the starting points for the subsequent constructions in a layering of stories
28 Sphinx Maastricht Complex
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1.4 HISTORICAL ELEMENTS Decorations HISTORICAL ELEMENTS: DECORATIONS
Elements structurally important but which are also decorative
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1.5 CONCLUSION CONCEPT HISTORY: CONCLUSION CONCEPT THE GRID
1900: INDUSTRIAL AREA HEART OF THE CITY
CONNECTION BETWEEN PEOPLE
HISTORICAL LAYERS: COESISTENCE OF ERAS
2000: DEATH OF THE INDUSTRIAL AREA
FRAGMENTATION
2020: DNA OF THE CITY CONNECTION BETWEEN THE PARTS
U
R
B Simone Schade Hatto Kienhuis
A
N
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2.1 HEIGHT Maastricht
The Maas has eroded a valley and left a lot of riverclay during the Kwartair, a period lasting from 2.5 milion years ago until now. Some stonefactories use this material for their stones. This valley lies between the Plateau van Margraten (140m.) in the east (1) and the Plateau van Caestert or Sint Pietersberg (107m.) in the west (2). The city’s centre is located on average around 50 m above NAP. The centre on the east of the river, Wyck, is at a lower level. That explains why the west and higher side of the Maas was favorable for living.
1 2
There have always been floods in the history of the history. . The arrivel of the canals made things only worse. Recently in 1995, there was a large flood. So that’s why the government designated areas to serve as buffer zone. The Sphinx area is located on the North side of the city centre. There are some blue spots to be seen in the southern part of the area, indicating lower ground levels. Across the Frontensingel, ground level is considerably higher. More to the west, groundlevel is even more rising. The Fronten, the old defence works, can be quite easily distinguished by it’s zigzag shape.
Maastricht located in the Maasvallei (www.ahn.nl)
The Sphinx area (www.ahn.nl)
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2.2 LOCATION
Industrie Horeca/retail Residential Inner city
The Spinx area is situated right along the border of the city centre.
It can be orientated towards the park or towards the city.
Eventhough the Sphinx area is situated between busy streets and in a dynamic envorinment, the courtyard feels like an oase of comfort. The eiffel buildings act a shield between the noisy streets and the courtyard.
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2.3 NEW SITUATION
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2.4 INFRASTRUCTURE Maastricht NL
A2
Viaductweg
A2
Frontensingel
Heerlen Brussel
Parking Parking
Aken
Petrus Regoutplen 2 km
north
Luik
local
region
Centrum
north
100m
NL
The highway A2 generates most of the traffic in Maastricht in north-south direction. That’s why there is always lots of congestion in the city during rush hour. Our location, the red dot, is easiest reached coming from the northern part of the A2 via the Viaductweg and then the Frontensingel. Heerlen
The parking space in the Sphinx area can be accessed from one direction, from a Frontensingel’s side-way. There is another passage, via the gate at the Boschstraat, but it’s not open for cars. Then there is another big parking lot at the Hoge Fronten, which can be used for longterm stay. The central trainstation is located on the east side of the Maas. It will take a 10 minute walk to get there. The airport Maastricht-Aachen is situated on the north side, along the A2. The destinations of the flights are predominant tourist places like Gerona, Faro, Barcelona or Antalya.
north
1 km
city
Luik
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2.4 INFRASTRUCTURE Bridges Bridges are vital for a city that is divded by a river. The name Maastricht is even derived from the Latin Mosae Trajecctum : a point were one could cross the river. You can still see that the river is quite narrow in the centre. The bridge Sint Servaasbrug came, not surprisingly, at exactly that point. This bridge is claimed to be the oldest bridge of the Netherlands, built in 1280. The bridge was restored many times, and especially during the 2nd world war it was severly damaged. In 2007 the last original parts of the bridge were replaced by a concrete structure.
6: Noorderbrug (1982-1984)
The Sint Servaasbrug and the new built Hoge Brug are only opened for pedestrians and bikers. They have to connect both citycenters and the people coming from the Central Station, located on the east side. The Wilhelminabrug is connecting the car traffic in the middle of the city centre and has thus a local function. But for the dominant car traffic, the two outer bridges are vital. They connect the traffic coming from the A2 with the west part. It’s quite evident that the urban sprawl in the west part has an east-west direction. Instead in the east part, or Wyck, the urban fabric is more north-south oriented along the A2. The Sphinx area is located near the Noorderbrug. It is therefor easily accessible from the A2. It is also at small distance from the city centre. The two big parking areas in it’s vicinity playing a key role in visiting the city centre by car. You could say that the Sphinx area is a first welcome with Maastricht and has an important role to play.
5: Spoorbrug (1855-1856) - train
6 5
4: Wilhelminabrug (1930-1932) CS
4 3 2 1
3: Sint Servaasbrug (1280) - pedestrian&bike
2: De Hoge Brug (2003) - pedestrian&bike
north
1: John F. Kennedybrug (1965-1984)
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2.5 FUNCTIONS
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Most of the buildings in Maastricht are residential buildings. Each of the diffrent districts in Maastricht has there own subcentre. The subcentres are visible in this map as the green area's. These areas have different type of services such as retail or horeca. Most of the public buildings are centred in the citycentre and also situated along the river Maas. The industry is mainly centred along the river for beter acces to the harbours for shipping. The oldest industrial areas are very near to the city centre.
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2.5 FUNCTIONS Industry Horeca/ retail Residential Public ?
The Sphinx area is situated in between the industrial area and the central residential area of Maastricht. The Sphinx are lies on the border of the city centre next to the Frontenpark.
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2.6 PUBLIC SPACE
‘t Bassin Het Basin is an ancient inland in Maastricht. Basin is located in the district Boschstraatkwartier on the northside of the city centre.
Dominicanerplein
The Dominican church is a Gothic church building in the center of Maastricht in the Dominikanerkerkplein near the plaza.
Maas Boulevard The Maasboulevard is centered next to the old citycenter on the river Meuse
Boschstraat
Markt
Boschstraat is a street in the center of Maastricht . Boschstraat connects the Markt with the district Boschpoort and also separates the central districts Statenkwartier and Boschstraatkwartier. It is a mixed residential and shopping street , which has a large number of historic buildings and several monastic and factory complexes. The Markt is a square in the center of Maastricht. The square takes its name from the markets that were held here for centuries. Located on this square are the City Hall of Maastricht and a large number of catering establishments.
Vrijthof
Main city squares Residentail squares
Vrijthof is a square in the center of Maastricht. It is the largest and most famous square in the center of the capital of Limburg. The square is known for its many monuments, various cultural facilities , numerous cafĂŠ terraces and the events that take place regularly.
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2.6 PUBLIC SPACE
Maastricht has several public squares or area's. They can be divided into different categories. Varying from very highly public squares like the Vrijthof and the Markt to small residential squares. In the old city there are many residential squares situated between the main public area's.
The larger and most prominent squares of Maastricht are located in the old city centre and connected by large shopping streets. The smaller residential squares are more hidden behind these streets, but they are still located very central in between the main squares.
Public squares Residential squares Connections
The largest squares in Maastricht are the vrijthof and the Markt. Other squares al less visited, like the residential squares. They are mainly visited by the residents themselfs.
Most visited Least visited
The Bassin lies within a short walking distance of the Vrijthof and the Markt. It has many restaurants and art galleries. The north side of the Bassin will be part of the new urban development in this area.
New Public space Exciting Public space
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2.6 PUBLIC SPACE Public Public outside space space Semi Public Private spaceoutside space Bbuildings Private outside space
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2.6 PUBLIC SPACE
Bosscherveld This neighborhood is more known as a (former ) industrial area. Boscherveld borders the Lage fronten on the east side
Frontenkwartier In the Frontenkwartier nature reserve lies the Hoge Fronten with the Linie van Dumoulin and Lage Fronten with the remains of the fortifications of Maastricht and former Havenkom. In 2013, the starting signal was given for the development of these two nature reserves.
De griend The Grienpark , also known as 'de Griend' (Maastricht : The greend ) , is a city park along the Meuse River on the edge of the Sint Maartenspoort in the center of Maastricht .
Eyckpark
Het Charles Eyckpark is een stadspark langs de Maas aan de rand van de wijk CĂŠramique in het centrum van Maastricht. Het vrij nieuwe park is genoemd naar de Limburgse schilder en beeldhouwer Charles Eyck.
Stadspark Het Stadspark Maastricht is een stadspark aan de rand van het centrum van Maastricht City parks Green area
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2.7 GREEN & WATER Maastricht Julianakanaal
The river Maas clearly divides the city in two parts. The old city core was located on the west side of the river. The other part was originaly named ‘Wyck’. Because the shipping industr y disliked the meandering nature of the river, the river was split up on the northside into several parts, especially canals. Nearby our location there is the ‘Bassin’, which connected the ‘Zuidwillemsvaart’ and another nonexcisting canal. It’s recent purpose is a harbour for boating. Then there is another river ‘Jeker’ , that starts 55km to the southwest near Luik and ends in the Maas at the southside of the old city. Here you can see a green zone in the city area, wih the ‘Stadspark’ being the largest. Fronten park
Then the most of the green is located in the nort of the city. These green areas are not labelled parks, but are certainly green areas. With the ‘Hoge en Lage Fronten’ , the old fortifactions being transformed in green zones. Further to the north, there is a big green zone the ‘Bosccherveld’, located between dwelling and industrial areas.
2 Stadspark
First conclusion: The location of the Sphinx factories is a border in a border. It’s located at the border of green, water, city centre and industry. But it is also pinched in the armpit of the Sphinx area. It has a lot to it’s disposal but at the same time, what are the exact qualities ?
Jeker
Bosscherveld
Hoge Fronten
north
Maas
Lage Fronten
250m
Bassin
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2.8 STRUCTURAL VISION
St. Matt5 hiaskerk
Theater Vrijthof
2
3
St. Servaas 1 basiliek St. Jans kerk
Markt 1 4 Stadshuis
8 Station
O.L. Vrouwebasiliek 6
University 7
10 City wall 9
Bonnefanten Museum
Landmarks
1
1
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2.8 STRUCTURAL VISION
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Maastricht wants to create more meetingpoints in the neighborhoods outside of the city centre. The town wants to invest in public spaces. The main goal is to concentrate these public areas and connect them. This contributes to the social urban work enviroment of maastricht. These are the excisting subcentres of Maastricht.
These are the new meeting points in Maastricht.
These are the excisting subcentres and social meeting points of Maastricht.
North West North West
Inner city
South West South East
Ontmoetingsplekken Subcentrum Lokale verbindingen
Each district has it's own subcentre.
The meetingpoints will be connected by streets with a green urban character.
Centrum Waal Landmarks Landmarks
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2.9 SIGHTLINES
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2.9 SIGHTLINES Streetview Bosschstraat
The Bosschtraat is the corridor from the city centre to the outskirts of Maastricht. Especially the part where the Sphinx buildings are situated. It forms a brick gateway with the two-directional road cramped in between. The facade of the Sphinx is closed on street level, that’s why it’s proposed to open up the facade. Also it has two stories more than the opposite facade from the Timmerfariek. So it is also suggested to top of one level, so the street becomes more in balance. It will also alow more daylight to come in.
Frontensingel This is actualy a side-way from the Frontensingel. The Frontensingel is elevated (on the left) by a meter or so, but remains mostly out of sight because of a thick layer of bushes and trees. On the right there is the brick wall from the Sphinx area, with the belonging buildings behind it. It’s a green street, and the trees form nice arches over the street. Quite a few trucks are parked there for permanent stay and they block the view on the Sphinx buildings. This calm and green atmosphere differs quite a lot, compared with the stone and rushed environment of the Boschstraat.
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2.10 VIEWPOINTS
9
2
A B C D E
F C
B
1 10 8
E
3
1 6
5
7
9
D
A
A
D
B
E
C
F
8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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2.10 VIEWPOINTS New
Old
1
6
2
7
3
8
4
9
5
10
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2.11 Day-light Analysis
january 10 am
january 12 am
april 10 am
april 2 pma
pril 6 pm
july 10 am
july 2 pmj
uly 6 pm
october 10 am
october 2 pm
october 4 pm
january 3 pm
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2.12 STATISTIC Maastricht
122.358 inhabitants
6.5% unemployement 73.500 jobs
1 classico , AGR
16.000 students 47% Foreign
30 elementrary schools
3 million tourists annually
12 Musea
60.950 dwellings
62 Churches 1/3 re-use
6 concerts by Andre Rieu
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2.12 STATISTIC Maastricht
Nijmegen Population: 170.943 Area: 57.6 km² Spreading: 3188 inw/km²
Groningen Population: 200.210 Area: 83.7 km² Spreading: 2391 inw/km²
Nederland Population: 16.947.904 Area: 41.5 km² Spreading: 408/km²
E 29.200 per household
E 30.900 per household
E 19.300 per person
E 33.600 per household
16.000 students
40.179 students
54.584 students
702.963 HBO/WO
TOURISM
4.761
800 hotel beds
2.019 hotel beds
JOBS
73.500
98.435
131.730
7.793.000
6.5%
6.8 %
4.9%
7.1%
CITY
Maastricht Population: 122.358 Area: 60.3 m2 Spreading: 2154 inw/km²
POPULATION INCOME STUDENTS UNEMPLOYEMENT
overig pvddieren sgp christenunie
POLITICS
groenlinks d66 sp cda pvv pvda vvd
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2.12 STATISTIC 2030 1: Urban area
- Transformation existing city fabric: creating a bigger city centre > regenerating urban working and dwelling environment - Maintaining the innercity as meeting place - Creating meeting places around the centre: Randwyck Noord, Belvedere
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HOW ? Uncertain futures : - What will be the needs of the future city and financial possibilities ? Gradual transformation :
- Connecting landscape with city > pulling green into city - Tapijnkazerne and Frontenpark - More space for green and water in areas at city’s edge - Livability and health of residents - A climate stable city
- Relocation, flexibility and temporary use A new toolkit is needed:
3: Reachability
- Tunneling A2 - Relocation Noorderbrug - Station Maastricht Noord - Tram Hasselt - Maastricht - Park & Ride edges city - Stimulation green transport : bike and public transport
Maastricht is willing to be a guinea pig or testing ground !!!!
4: International City
‘European location -> cultural and touriste location - Ambition cultural capitol of Europe 2018 - Coorporation with Aken, Leuven and Eindhoven - Brainport 2020 international competitive -> Health campus and international connections
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2.13 CONCLUSION Infrastructure
Location
Green/Water
International City
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Maastricht 2.13 CONCLUSION Maastricht Conclusions
SphinxMaastricht MaastrichtComplex Complex Sphinx
SIGNIFICANCE
COMPOSITION
TECHNICAL
The Sphinx factory plays an important role in the history of Maastricht. A lot of citizens spent their lives working in one of the buildings, from 1827 until 2010. Maastricht became a prominent industrial city during those days, however social circumstances were poor. Nowadays the majority of the buildings is demolished, but there are still some factory buildings remaining especially in the northern part. The large white Sphinx building is being renovated at this moment. But the others are waiting for new purposes.
Maastricht is roughly spoken, divided into two equal parts. This is caused by the Maas, running in south-north direction. The urban fabric in the west part spreads out to the Belgian border in western direction. In the eastern part, or Wyck, the urban sprawl is orientated south-north, caused by the presence of the highway A2.
The demographic of Maastricht, shows an unbalanced age profile. Of course, the student group is well presented, but Maastricht is incapable of keeping them after graduation or attracting other young professionals. If Maastricht is willing to be a Brainport, they should definitly address this topic.
There are two rather large carparks, one is located in the Frontenpark. This serves as a longstay park. The other carpark is situated on the premises of the Sphinx. Both are very well accessible coming from the A2. From there, it is a short walk to the old centre. Coming by train, it is a 15 minutes walk from the central train station. Or, on could take a bus that will slightly shorten the walk. There are plans for a new tram line running through the Bosschtraat, that will connect Maastricht centre with the Belgium Hasselt.
There are quite a few urban renewals on their way in Maastricht, like the tunneling of the A2 or the relocation of the Noorderbrug. The exact consequences are maybe not yet visible, but they should be taken into account when designing for the Sphinx buildings.
Maastricht is one of the oldest cities in the Netherlands. It is located in a valley, created by the river Maas and probably derives it's name from it : Mosae Trajectum. A place where one could cross the river. The first settlements were on the westside of the Maas and later also the eastside was inhabited, which was called Wyck.
URBAN LEVEL
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Of course, in a town split up by a river, bridges play a vital role in it's existence. The Sintservaasbrug is a bridge built in 1280 and even though completely renovated. Nowadays it serves only as a pedestrian and bike bridge, but the arches and big blocks of stone give character to the city. It is accompanied by a hightech suspension bridge from 2005 and some other bridges which are serving as the main access to the traffic coming from the A2. Maastricht was a "vestingstad" until 1867, or fortified city. There could only be built within the city walls. Some leftovers of the fortifications can be seen in the Frontenpark. So this explains why the Sphinx factory is so near to the city centre. One could also imagine that this wasn't a healthy combination. Maastricht has a small decrease of the population, due to ageing and migrating. The arrival of students is therefor quite essential. However, after education most students will leave the city again. Peoplein their thirties are not a dominant part of Maastricht's population. The prospects even pointlk out that in 2040 there wil be a 9.5% decline. Than, there is the religious part. Maastricht being a Catholic city, still counts 26 parish churches. Altough they form an important part of the city's morphology, the influence of the church becomes less and less. Maastricht wants to be a modern city, using terms as 'Brainport', but they are not keen on disguising their history either. In Maastricht the old and the new are of equal importance.
About the existing situation of the Sphinx area one can say that the outer walls of te factory are still standing. But most of the buildings have been demolished. The remaining buildings are cramped in the northern part. Opposite of the Bosschstraat is the Timmerfabriek, which is being restored into a cultural centre. This will give an impulse together with the new built cinema. To the north, the Frontenpark provides good acces to green and water. However the Frontensingel, situated in between, is quite a buisy road. A relocation of the Noorderbrug in the nearby future will provide better acces to the park. From the Sphinx area to the old centre is a short walk to the Markt or the Vrijthof, the two main squares. However the large industrial scale of the Sphinx area is different from the narrow medieval streets and buildings. The Bosschstraat, alongside the Sphinx area is a gateway between the city centre and the outer parts. The Sphinx factory can be easily seen from the Noorderbrug, coming by car. Thus it's monumental size and white plastered walls plays a dominant role in welcoming visitors. The brown brickwalls of the other factories is less visible and is partly covered by trees. After the relocation of the Noorderbrug, this will be even more significant.
The Sphinx buildings will still play an important role in connecting the city centre with car traffic. It should be reconsidered what image or story we as designers want to communicate with the visitors and the inhabitants. The government of Maastricht has made plans for 2030. Some are vague or in any case generic. But quite remarkable, is that they state not to shy away from experimenting in order to reach their goals. It should be thought of how design could actualy be beneficial to this proces.
B U I L D I N G Zehui Li Daan Knibbeler Karolis DragĹŤnas
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3.1 STRUCTURE
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Gebouw D
roof
window
facade wall
structure
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Gebouw D
timber structure roof
steel truss structure
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3.1 STRUCTURE
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Mouleurs
roof
window
facade wall
structure
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3.1 STRUCTURE
Mouleurs-a
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3.1 STRUCTURE
Mouleurs-b
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Mouleurs-c
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3.1 STRUCTURE
Mouleurs-c
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Mouleurs-c
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3.1 STRUCTURE
Mouleurs-foundation
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Hall-1
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3.1 STRUCTURE
Molengebouw a
b
c
The building consists of three parts that are build in different times and all have a different construction. The building sequence in time is from right to left, so the building on the right is the oldest, followed by the middle part and the left side is the youngest. In all parts the facade has a loadbearing function and the floors are more or less in line with each other. The first part, the right side of the building, consists of a steal construction with in situ concrete floors. The sloped roof is constructed with steal trusses that carry steal beams on which the roof lies. The second part, the middle of the building, consists of in situ concrete columns and beams, at the inside of the facade you see a fortification of the in situ concrete in line with the grid of the columns. The third part, the left part of the building, is constructed with steal columns and beams, the beams lie in two directions perpendicular to each other and they carry a precast concrete floor. On the floor plan you can see the grid: Part a: vertical 2x6415, horizontal no grid. Part b: vertical 4x4900, horizontal 2x5100 Part c: vertical no grid, horizontal no grid
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3.1 STRUCTURE
Molengebouw overall section
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3.1 STRUCTURE
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Molengebouw-a
These sections clearly show the metal construction which is intregrated with the profiled concrete floor. There are steal beams integrated in the profiled in situ concrete floor, these beams lie in the thick part of the floor and are connected to the steal beams in the perpendicular direction.
At first they build the steal construction with columns and beams in two directions. Afterwards they poored the concrete around the beams in a profiled formwork. Steal columns, in line with the grid, are integrated in the facade of bricks, this brickwork gives the construction it's stability.
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Molengebouw-b
On these sections and in the picture the in situ concrete construction is clearly visible. The concrete columns beams and floors are constructed together, this was common when they poored concrete on site. In these sections you can also see the fortification of the facade in the shape of columns and beams
The steal beams have a larger section at the connection with the columns which is consistend with the forces in the construction. In this construction there are also beams connected to larger beams instead of a column. At last it's worth mentioning that only the floor connects the facade with the concrete construction.
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3.1 STRUCTURE
Molengebouw-c
In the third part you see the steal construction. The beams, that are perpendicular to each other, are stacked on top of each other. The steal cables, visible on the picture, give the construction it's stability. There are also columns not visible because they are integrated in the wall.
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Gebouw A&C 3.1 STRUCTURE gebouwen A&C gebouwen A&C Structure Structure
3
3
1
1
2
2
Section
1
1
2
2
3
3
Section
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Gebouw 3.1 STRUCTURE gebouwen A&C A&C Structure
1
4
The basement is made of solid brick vaults (space not visited).
Basement
Roof construction
The upper construction is made of steel columns and steel beams and the floors are made of repeated barrel vaults. The image illustrates the joints between the beams and the columns.
3
Most likely the construction is made of cast iron. The biggest span the barrel vault floors have to make is about 5200 mm (x1). The columns have a width of 200 mm and in the most extreme circumstances have a height of 3260 mm. The beams are 250 mm high an the biggest span the beams have to make is 4480 mm (x4).
x7
2
x6 x6 x3 x5
2
Construction
x5
x4
x5 x3
x1
x2
x2
x1
3
Dimensions
Dimensions: x1- 5200 mm; x2- 4300 mm; x3- 4070 mm, x4- 4480 mm, x5- 3350 mm, x6- 3370 mm, x7- 3900 mm
4 1
The attic floor and the roof parts are made of wood. The image illustrates a fragment of the joins between the trusses and the attic floor.
Brick vaults
Joint elements
Fragment trusses and attic floor
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Gebouw 3.1 STRUCTURE gebouwen A&CA&C Structure
Section
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Gebouw B 3.1 STRUCTURE gebouw gebouw 88 Structure Structure
1 1
situation Old Old situation
1 1
Section Section
Current situation Current situation
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B 3.1 STRUCTURE gebouwGebouw 8 Structure
1
2 3
The building consists a basement. The exact position and the dimensions are not documented (space not visited).
Construction
Adjustments and damage
Basement
3
2
Similar to the buildings A&C. The upper construction is made of steel columns and steel beams and the floors are made of repeated barrel vaults. The roof construction is made of wooden trusses.
3
Several facades have been changed during the time. Typical to building 8 (1875) are the corridors crossing the building on the down floor. Building 8 is one of the oldest buildings on the Sphinx- site.
Adjustments and damage
Old situation
2
Construction
1
Basement
Current situation
Overview
Current situation
Overview
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3.2 FACADE
Repetition Situation
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mouleurs
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3.2 FACADE
mouleurs window
M-1
M-2
east facade
M-2 M-1
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mouleurs window
M-3
M-4
M-5
M-6
west facade
M-3 M-2 M-1 Wire reinforced glass
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3.2 FACADE
Molengebouw old & new
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gebouw D
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3.2 FACADE
gebouw D window
D-1
north facade
D-2
west facade
D-3
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gebouw A&C
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3.2 FACADE
gebouw B
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3.2 FACADE
gebouw Brikkengebouw
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3.2 FACADE
anchor
A-1
A-2
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3.3 SPATIAL LOGIC Space Types 1 2 1
section 1-1
3 2
3
section 2-2
architectural space stay space mobility space section 3-3
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3.3 SPATIAL LOGIC Linear Space
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Overview
Building 33, 34 and 35
Building 26, 30 and 31
Birdseye view of the site
Building 25, 22,21,20 and 8
Transistional spaces
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3.4 SPACE SEQUENCE
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Building 33, 34 and 35
33 Facade of Mouleurs building
34
35 33 34 35 Birdseye view of the mouleurs building
Plan, scale 1:500
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Building 33, 34 and 35
Box 33b
33 34 35 Birdseye view of the mouleurs building Box 33a
Box 34
Box 35
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3.4 SPACE SEQUENCE
Building 33a
Birdseye view of the mouleurs building Interior building 33
Information: General - building 33 - attached to building 34 - it consists of 3 floors and a attic - Surface area blok: 201 m2 total: 804m2 - build around 1900
Box 33a
History - it has been used to produce glass Construction - construction of cast iron columns and beams, reinforced concrete floors, wooden roof and a facade made of bricks. Construction building 33
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Building 33b
Birdseye view of the mouleurs building Interior building 34
Information: General - building 33 - attachted to building 34 - it consists of 3 floors and a attic - Surface area blok: 201 m2 total: 804m2 - build around 1900
Box 33b
History - it has been used to produce glass Construction - construction of cast iron columns and beams, reinforced concrete floors, wooden roof and a facade made of bricks. Construction building 34
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3.4 SPACE SEQUENCE
Building 34
Birdseye view of the mouleurs building Interior building 34
Information: General - building 34 - attachted to building 33 and 35 - it consists of 4 floors - Surface area blok: 140 m2 total: 760 m2 - build in 1917-1918
Box 34
History - it has been used to produce gypsum Construction - construction of concrete columns, beams and floors, the so-called Hennebique system, attachted to a facade of bricks Construction building 34
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Building 35
Birdseye view of the mouleurs building
Information: General - building 35 - attachted to building 34 - it consists of 5 floors - Surface area blok: 750 m2 total: 3750m2 - build in 1917-1918
Interior building 35
Box 35
History - it has been used to produce sanitairy equipment Construction - construction of concrete columns, beams and floors, attachted to a facade of bricks Construction building 35
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE 97
3.4 SPACE SEQUENCE
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
Sphinx Maastricht Complex
Building 26, 30 and 31
31 Facade of Molen building
30
26
Plan, scale 1:500
Birdseye view of the molen building
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
Sphinx Maastricht Complex
3.4 SPACE SEQUENCE
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE 98
Building 26, 30 and 31
Box 31b
Birdseye view of the molen building Box 31a
Box 26
Box 30
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
Sphinx Maastricht Complex
99
3.4 SPACE SEQUENCE
Building 26
Birdseye view of the molen Interior building 26
Information: General - building 26 - attachted to building 27 and 30 - it consists of 4 floors - Surface area blok: 148 m2 total: 592 m2 - build between 1920 - 1940
Box 26
History - it has been used to store raw material Construction - construction of steel columns, beams and in situ concrete floors, attachted to a facade of concrete filled in with bricks Construction building 26
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
Sphinx Maastricht Complex
3.4 SPACE SEQUENCE
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE 100
Building 30
Birdseye view of the molen Interior building 30
Information: General - building 30 - attachted to building 26 and 31 - it consists of 7 floors - Surface area blok: 384 m2 total: 2685 m2 - build in 1918
Box 30
History - it has been used to store produced goods Construction - construction of in situ concrete columns, beams and floors, attachted to a facade of bricks Construction building 30
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
Sphinx Maastricht Complex
101
3.4 SPACE SEQUENCE
Building 31
Birdseye view of the molen
Interior building 31a
Information: General - building 31 - attachted to building 30 and the Eiffelbuilding - it consists of 5 floors and a attic - Surface area blok: 189 m2 total: 1121 m2 - build after 1935
Box 31a
History - it has been used to store produced goods Construction - hybrid construction of steel columns, beams and and concrete Construction building
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
Sphinx Maastricht Complex
3.4 SPACE SEQUENCE
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE 102
Building 31
Interior building 31b
Birdseye view of the molen
Information: General - building 31 - attachted to building 30 and the Eiffelbuilding - it consists of 5 floors and a attic - Surface area blok: 189 m2 total: 1121 m2 - build after 1935
Box 31b
History - it has been used to store produced goods Construction - hybrid construction of steel columns, beams and and concrete Construction building 31b
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
Sphinx Maastricht Complex
103
3.4 SPACE SEQUENCE
Building 20,21,22,25 and 8
25
22 21
Birdseye view of building 20,21,22
Section of building 20,21 and 22
20
Plan, scale 1:500
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
Sphinx Maastricht Complex
3.4 SPACE SEQUENCE
104
Building 20,21,22,25 and 8
Box 8
Birdseye view of building 20,21,22
Box 22b
Box 25
Box 22a
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
Sphinx Maastricht Complex
105
3.4 SPACE SEQUENCE
Building 25
Birdseye view of building 20,21,22 Interior building 25
Information: General - building 25 - attachted to building 22 - it consists of 3 floors and a attic - Surface area blok: 391 m2 total: 1564 m2 - build in 1903
Box 25
History - There used to be a train track passing through this building Construction - construction of steel columns and trusses with floors of steal beams and bricks in the form of vaults. The facade is made of bricks. Construction building 25
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
Sphinx Maastricht Complex
3.4 SPACE SEQUENCE
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE 106
Building 22a
Birdseye view of building 20,21,22 Interior building 22a
Information: General - building 22 - attachted to building 25 and 21 - it consists of 3 floors and a attic - Surface area blok: 684 m2 total: 2736 m2 - build in 1885-1895
Box 22a
History - It has been the 'Fayencerie complex' Construction - construction of steel columns and beams with floors of steal beams and bricks in the form of vaults. The facade is made of bricks, and the sloped roof is made of wood. Construction building 22a
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
Sphinx Maastricht Complex
107
3.4 SPACE SEQUENCE
Building 22b
Birdseye view of building 20,21,22
Information: General - building 22 - attachted to building 25 and 21 - it consists of 3 floors and a attic - Surface area blok: 684 m2 total: 2736 m2 - build in 1885-1895
Interior building 22b
Box 22b
History - It had been used to store produced goods Construction - construction of steel columns and beams with floors of steal beams and bricks in the form of vaults. The facade is made of bricks, and the sloped roof is made of wood Construction building 22b
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
Sphinx Maastricht Complex
3.4 SPACE SEQUENCE
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE 108
Building 8
Birdseye view of building 20,21,22 and25 Interior building 8
Information: General - building 8 - attachted to building 21 - it consists of 3 floors and a attic - Surface area blok: 525 m2 total: 2103 m2 - build in 1875
Box 8
History - It has been the 'Fayencerie complex' Construction - construction of steel columns and beams with floors of steal beams and bricks in the form of vaults. The facade is made of bricks, and the sloped roof is made of wood. Construction building 8
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE 109
3.4 ROUTING
A Old gate 1873 B Present condition C Old railway track D Passage for train E Main street of product transportation
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
Sphinx Maastricht Complex
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
Sphinx Maastricht Complex
110
3.5 TRANSFORMATION
2 2
1
1
1
1
Formal route
Formal route
Sphinx factory 1920-30
Sphinx factory 1920-30
2
Sphinx factory 1927
The chimneys were a characteristic part of the site. After integration of the new technical production methods the chimneys and most of the buildings on the site were demolished.
2
Formal Sphinx factory
New buildings on the Sphinx- site. Some of the buildings on the site are already demolished.
V
A
L
U
E
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
Sphinx Maastricht Complex
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE 112
VALUES
Location
1
- The area is located inside the old city centre. - The area is near water. - The area is next to a green zone (the frontenpark)
External accessibility
2
Internal accessibility
3
- The configuration and the layout of the buildings reflects the past use and how the buildings adapted through the years. - The main entrance is not very prominent. - The organization of interior spaces is not very logical. - The internal circulation is not very easy at the moment. - The buildings are very well connected.
4
- The position of the buildings follow the perimeter the site in a ‘V’ shape. - The V shape has nothing to do with the linear structure of the building of the Bosschenstraat. - The silhouette of buildings has changed over the last decades, in order to needs. - The buildings act as a shield against the chaotic environment of the city centre, and create a quiet area.
Inner spaces
6
- The Eiffel buildings show the characteristics of the industrial factory buildings of the nineteenth and eighteenth century.
Structure 7
- The area is next to one of the old entrances of the old city centre. - The area is accessible by car, by bike, on foot, public transport.
Building conformation
Building typology
5
- Every space has it’s own character and atmosphere, due to the different materials, structure, dimensions and openness and closeness. - There are many large spaces next to very small spaces.
- The Eiffel buildings we’re one of the first reinforced concrete building in Europe. The use of materials and the construction systems has historical value. - Different buildings have different construction systems. For example the Hennebique methode. - The structure plays a major role in the spatial experience.
Materials
8
- The materials used are stratified in time: They show different layers and ages. - The visible materials used in the buildings show the character of the industrial style. - The ruffness of the finishing show the passage of time. Some damage reveal the buildings vacant period.
Facade
9
- The composition of the facade is a strong example of the typology of industrial factories and reflects what happened inside. - In the facade ornamentation and window frames seams very repetitive but there is lots of variety in patterns.
History 10
- It was the first industrial area in the Netherlands. Its shows where the change happend: Maastricht went from a city of craftsman and farmers into an industrial centre. - The Sphinx area shows one the most important imported characters of the city - The area has historic value and memories because a big part of the population of Maastricht worked there. By preserving fragments of the building the historic value will not vanish.
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
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113
VALUES
Structure
8
Materials
9
Facade
10
History
4 1
2
e
Urban
nc ca ifi gn Si
re s
7
8
5
tu
Building typology
3
ea
6
6
lf
Inner spaces
ica
5
Building
hn
Building conformation
Te c
4
7
n
Internal accessibility
9
io
3
10
Detail
sit
External accessibility
po
2
m
Location
Co
1
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
Sphinx Maastricht Complex
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE 114
A R C H I V E
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE 115
Archive
drawings
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
Sphinx Maastricht Complex
IMG_6625
IMG_6627
IMG_6628
IMG_6629
IMG_6630
IMG_6631
IMG_6632
IMG_6633
IMG_6634
IMG_6635
IMG_6636
IMG_6637
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
Sphinx Maastricht Complex
Archive
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE 116
drawings
IMG_6638
IMG_6640
IMG_6641
IMG_6642
IMG_6646
IMG_6652
IMG_6667
IMG_6668
IMG_6678
IMG_6680
IMG_6681
IMG_6684
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE 117
Archive
drawings
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
Sphinx Maastricht Complex
IMG_6685
IMG_6688
IMG_6692
IMG_6694
IMG_6695
IMG_6699
IMG_6708
IMG_6713
IMG_6715
IMG_6716
IMG_6718
IMG_6721
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
Sphinx Maastricht Complex
Archive
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE 118
drawings
IMG_6722
IMG_6737
IMG_6752
IMG_6754
IMG_6695
IMG_6757
IMG_6760
IMG_6762
IMG_6763
IMG_6764
IMG_6765
IMG_6766
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE 119
Archive
drawings
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
Sphinx Maastricht Complex
IMG_6767
IMG_6769
IMG_6771
IMG_6774
IMG_6780
IMG_6781
IMG_6783
IMG_6784
IMG_6785
IMG_6786
IMG_6789
IMG_6797
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
Sphinx Maastricht Complex
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE 120
R E F E R E N C E
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE 121
Zehui Li C-tour is the winning project for the design of an underground tourist attraction within the reconversion of the old mine-complex of Winterslag in Genk. C-tour is a tour under and above the ground, with focal point on the experience, made by linking some existing subterranean mine-industry constructions with new structures and tunnels.
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
Sphinx Maastricht Complex C-Mine Expeditie / NU architectuuratelier
1/2
The old ventilation shaft is the start of C-tour. In this shaft some new elements are implemented and organised in order to create new relations with the public square above the ground and to introduce the aspect of creativity into these rough, functional spaces. C-tour takes the visitors through a range of different disorienting spaces, starting with an archive that carries out the memory of the mine-industry, a space designed to experience the specific aspects of sound and image, an art gallery that invites artists to make site-specific installations and finally at the end a monumental Double Helix staircase which brings the visitors to the top of the highest shaft-tower of Belgium, giving a magnificent view on the surrounding landscape and the whole industrial site.
Architects: NU architectuuratelier Location: Winterslag, 3600 Genk, Belgium Project Architect: Halewijn Lievens Photographs: Stijn Bollaert
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
Sphinx Maastricht Complex
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE Zehui Li C-Mine Expeditie / NU architectuuratelier
122
2/2
Building on top of the former coal mine site
First floor
Ground floor
Cultural node for the wider region
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE 123
Zehui Li
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
Sphinx Maastricht Complex Zollverein Masterplan & Ruhr Museum
1/4
In 1988 the coal refinery (the 'white side') of the Zeche Zollverein was closed, five years after the mines (the 'black side') had been shut down. The once famous Ruhrgebiet lost the driving force behind its identity and its raison d'etre overnight. For about 10 years the authorities did not know what to do with the site, but were wise enough to buy it from the former owners and declared it part of the industrial heritage of Germany.
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
Sphinx Maastricht Complex
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE Zehui Li Zollverein Masterplan & Ruhr Museum
124
2/4
The former coal mine Zeche Zollverein in Essen, an area of 100 hectares, was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2001. OMA was commissioned to develop a masterplan with the goal of finding a contemporary use for the site. The combined program of 12,000m2 for the visitors centre, the Ruhrmuseum and the Metaform will be accommodated in the site's most impressive building: the Kohlenwäsche, a former factory for sorting coals. The new program will be added without removing the existing machines that dominate the building. The result is an industrial monument that combines modern use with historic context.
C
[COKING PLANT]
C70 Coking Plant Info Point
C
“die kokerei” – café & restaurant Denkmalpfad ZOLLVEREIN® [Mixing plant] C71 Sun Wheel (open in spring/summer) [Coke oven battery] C72 Solar power plant [Quenching house, east] C74 ZOLLVEREIN® ice-skating rink (open in winter) C75 Works Swimming Pool Daniel Milohnic und Dirk Paschke C84 Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging [Control centre] C85 [Distribution station II] C87 [Salt loading area] C88 The Palace of Projects Ilya und Emilia Kabakov [Salt store]
C88
C71 C74
C85
[Building materials stores]
Performing Arts Choreographic Centre NRW Tanzlandschaft Ruhr [Miners’ washrooms]
C72
C87
B52 Margaretenhöhe ceramic workshop
B45 PACT Zollverein
KOKEREI ZOLLVEREIN
C75
B55 “Blauer Elefant” ZOLLVEREIN® kindergarten
[Old administration department / hall of residence]
B57 Asia House
[Head Office]
C70
ARENDAHL
B58 “designstadt” (planned site)
HA
BUS 183 KOKEREI ZOLLVEREIN
S WIESE
A29
LD
B59 Offices
EN
B58
ST
[designstadt N°1]
RA
SS
E
OPENOFFICE ZECHE ZOLLVEREIN
SCULPTURE FOREST
B48
[SPOIL TIP] A13 A14
A16
A7 A9
A5 A6
B
Honour Court
A35
[SHAFT XII]
A26
E
A
GELSENKIRCHENER STRASSE
PEDESTRIAN ENTRANCE SHAFT XII
ESSEN CENTRAL STATION ← TO
TO → KATERNBERG GELSENKIRCHEN CENTRAL STATION
TRAIN STATION ZOLLVEREIN NORD
[SHAFT 1/2/8]
A21
A2
B57
B52
B43
A10
A12
COAL WASHERY FORUM
PAVILION SCULPTURE OBSERVATORIUM
B55 BULLMANNAUE
B45
BUS 183 KOHLENWÄSCHE
A62
TRAM 107 / BUS 183 KAPITELWIESE
B59
NAU
Hall 2 [Transformer and distribution station] A5 Event Hall Hall 5 [Central workshop]
B48 [Main stacks]
[Engine house]
C84
PATH & CYCLE ROUTE TO SHAFT 3/7/10
TRIPLE Z SHAFT 4/5/11 4 km PHÄNOMANIA EXHIBITION SHAFT 3/7/10 1 km TRAM 107 ABZWEIG KATERNBERG
TRAM 107 ZOLLVEREIN
[SHAFT XII]
A2 Zollverein Foundation
[SHAFT 1/2/8]
B43 „Art Shaft Zollverein“ exhibition
MAN
A
B
COKING PLANT VEHICLE ENTRANCE GATE 3 COKING PLANT PEDESTRIAN ENTRANCE
BULL
INFO POINT RESTAURANT CAFÉ, SNACK BAR SHOP ZOLLVEREIN® MEDIAGUIDE PUBLIC RESTROOM BARRIER-FREE RESTROOM PLAY AREA OUTDOOR ART DESIGN PROMENADE TRAIN STATION CYCLE HIRE POINT CAR PARKING DISABLED PARKING COACH PARKING BUS STOP CIRCULAR WALK
ZOLLVEREIN WORLD HERITAGE SITE
[COKING PLANT]
A6 Zollverein Foundation
Hall 6 [Electrical workshop]
A7 red dot design museum
Design Zentrum Nordrhein Westfalen [Boiler house]
A9 CASINO Zollverein restaurant A12 Shops and studios
Hall 9 [Low-pressure compressor house] A10 Offices and studios Hall 10 [Storehouse/ North workshop]
Hall 12 [Picking belt hall]
A13 LA PRIMAVERA
Maria Nordman [Boiler Ash Bunker]
A14 Ruhr Museum // Walther König Bookshop
Café "Kohlenwäsche" // Erich Brost-Pavilion Denkmalpfad ZOLLVEREIN® Portal of Industrial Heritage RUHR.VISITORCENTER [Coal Washery]
A16 Event venue Ruhr Museum
[Coking coal bunker]
A21 [Cooling tower II] A26 Cycle hire point
[Distribution station 2]
A29 [Weighing tower] A35 Folkwang University of the Arts
[SANAA Building]
A62 Depot and office building
Ruhr Museum
© ZOLLVEREIN FOUNDATION
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE 125 level 24m
Zehui Li level 17m
level 12m
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
Sphinx Maastricht Complex level 6m
Zollverein Masterplan & Ruhr Museum
3/4
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
Sphinx Maastricht Complex
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE Zehui Li Zollverein Masterplan & Ruhr Museum
126
4/4
At the heart of the former coal mine, the monumental coal-washing plant (converted some years ago by Rem Koolhaas in collaboration with Böll and Krabel) provides a new home for the Ruhr Museum, which opened in January 2010. This institution, which regards itself as the repository of the region’s memories, is probably the visually most fascinating of the new exhibition facilities completed in time for the Ruhr 2010 celebratory year. Where once “black gold” was washed and sorted by complex and highly rationalized industrial processes, the natural and cultural history of the Ruhr area is now presented on three levels in a new integrated concept. Despite the changes that have been made, this impressive industrial monument is not just a container for the objects on display; in a sense, it forms part of the exhibition itself. Roughly 80 per cent of the machinery, for example, has been been left in place for reasons of conservation, a fact which posed something of a challenge for the museum designers from HG Merz in Stuttgart, who were forced to lay out the various collections and exhibitions around the existing objects. The architects’ manifold design, which changes in character from one area to the next, is for the most part restrained, yet without forgoing the requisite mise en scène; for example, some of the finer exhibits are deliberately set off against the rough, stained walls.
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE 127
Anna Maria Pentimalli
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
Sphinx Maastricht Complex
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
Sphinx Maastricht Complex
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE Giel Leunissen
128
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE 129
Giel Leunissen
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
Sphinx Maastricht Complex
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
Sphinx Maastricht Complex
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE Simone Schade
130
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE 131
Hatto Kienhuis
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
Sphinx Maastricht Complex
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
Sphinx Maastricht Complex
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE Nick van Vliet
132
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE 133
Karolis Dragunas
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
Sphinx Maastricht Complex
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
Sphinx Maastricht Complex
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE Daan Knibbeler
134
HISTORY / URBAN / BUILDING / VALUE / ARCHIVE / REFERENCE 135
Daan Knibbeler
HERITAGE&ARCHITECTURE STUDIO 2015
Sphinx Maastricht Complex