Disaster Relief- Shelter Design

North Korean

77-700731 Concepts and Design in Techinical Architecture

F L O O D S 2018

Sheffield Hallam University

Technical Design Report

Hala Al Haddid

29032957

Table Of Contents 03

Introduction

04

Background

06

Methodology

07

Design

09

Analysis & Discussion

10

Design Development II

11

Limitations & Conclusion

12

Bibliography

13

Appendix

List Of Figures Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

- Timeline of natural disasters in North Korea.

- 2018 Floodings and after-math effects.

- North Korea and Hwanghae province infographic.

- Disaster relief and humanitarian assistance during the 2018 floods.

- Table of disaster relief items provided by IRFC. - Table assessing current disaster relief solutions.

- Urban and Rural dwelling typologies of North Korea.

- Analysis of Rural dwellings.

- Analysis of Hwanghae rural dwelling 1.

- Analysis of Hwanghae rural dwelling 2.

- Methodology diagram.

- Thought process behind design concept 1.

- Physical models for conceptual design 1.

- Thought process behind design concept 2.

- Physical model for conceptual design 2 explaining deployment .

- 3D of a typical rural farmer dwelling in the Hwanghae province.

- Typical plan of rural farmer dwelling in the Hwanghae province.

- Placement of structure within the dwelling.

- Different layers of the structure.

- An exploded diagram of the dwelling showing the placement of structure.

- Structure’s front facade.

- Structure’s entrance.

- Structure’s materials.

- A Typical living room (Ondol bang).

- Structure installed within the Ondol bang.

- Deployed structure during natural disaster.

- Sective showing structure within dwelling and details of joints and deployability methods.

- Structural rigidity.

- Structural ribs’ rigidity.

- Deployability of structure.

- Pneumatic structure sketch.

- Methodology diagram highlighting the issue with the proposal.

- Sketches of rigid proposal and penumatic structure.

- Table outlining the characteristics and issues with each proposal.

- Plan of rural dwelling and structure Scale 1 to 100.

- Section of rural dwelling and structure Scale 1 to 100.

- Indoor joint callout Scale 1 to 5.

- Outdoor joint callout Scale 1 to 5.

- Developed structure layers.

- Material palette for developed structure.

- Indoor and Outdoor joint system.

- Physical model of Structure Scale 1 to 100.

- Inventory of components.

Introduction North Korea ranks 39 on the Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) Index for Risk Management (UNDP, 2019) . Occupying the northern side of the Korean peninsula , North Korea was a part of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) until its separation in 1948.

It is still a ‘secretive communist state’ with limited free media coverage which keeps it isolated from the rest of the world.

Furthermore, North Korea covers 55 percent of the peninsula with Pyongyang being its capital and major industrial and transportation hub.

In the last 10 years, the country has been bombarded by multiple natural disasters that range from heavy rain floods, dry spells and typhoons. On most years Floods and dry spells hit the country within a few months apart, causing the agricultural industry to suffer adding to the food crisis the country has been facing.

According to the UNDP, up-to-date these natural disasters have left 6.6 million people in need of assistance whether shelter, health, wash, food security and agriculture.

Fig 01 - Timeline of natural disasters in North Korea.

In 2018 , North Korea suffered from a Heat wave in July, Typhoon Soulik in early August and Floods in the same month, affecting different parts of the country.

The diagram on the right explains how the 2018 flooding occured in the Hwanghae province, by being bombarded by persistent heavy rains for 48 hours causing major effects such as displacement, loss of arable land and deaths.

During the 2018 flooding, displaced people were provided with Tarpaulin tents as shelters for the duration of 10-14 days. These shelters were a fast, low-cost and easily installed solution, however this solution had multiple problems such as lack of privacy, lack of basic human needs (water, sanitation, electricity) and was found to be unsuitable for the climatic conditions after the disaster.

Consequently, due to the socio-cultural and economic situation of the Hwanghae province and North Korea on a larger scale, an intervention is needed to tackle the problems faced by the natural disasters affecting the country.

Fig 02 - 2018 Floodings and after-math effects.

01

Background In the 1960’s the North Korean regime encouraged Urbanization and attempted to advocate urban living as a ‘progressive form of settlement’.

Additionally, the regime attempted the introduction of urban living into the rural areas of the country, whether in the design of dwellings that led to new dwelling typologies or the social ideologies.

Hence, nowadays 61 percent of North Korea’s population lives in Urban areas.

North Korea is topographically mountainous, especially in rural areas. Farming cooperative dwellings are located next to arable land, so that farmers do not take long to commute and can focus on the agriculture industry, part of the country’s communist ideologies.

Fig 04 - Disaster relief and humanitarian assistance during the 2018

Fig 05 - Table of disaster relief items provided by IRFC.

The International Red Cross were the first repondants and provided the Hwanghae province with post-diaster relief and assistance along with the World Food Programme as can be seen in the above diagram and table.

Fig 03 - North Korea and Hwanghae province infographic.

North Korea has a Humid Continental climate, meaning that it has large seasonal temperature differences, high humidity and all year round precipitation. The climate causes the country to have two problematic seasons, a dry season (AprilJune) and a rainy season (August- November).

During the months of August to November, drought risk and flood risk overlap which is of catastrophic implications to the agricultural industry of rural North Korea.

(IRFC,2019)

Hwanghae, a province in North Korea has suffered the most from the 2018 floods. With a population of 843,832 more than half are in need of humanitarian assistance. The province had persistent heavy rainfall for a period of 48 hours at a rate of 100m per hour causing alot of casualties and damage.

The province’s arable land has always been compromised by the recurring natural disasters the country face.

Fig 06 - Table assessing current disaster relief solutions.

02

Fig 07 - Urban and Rural dwelling typologies of North Korea.

Urban North Korea is characterized by high rise modern apartment blocks (7-10 storeys high), which attempt to communalize everyday life as part of the post war reconstruction following the model of Soviet socialist realism.

A rural dwelling’s size is 350m2 to 400 m2, with an average rural farming cooperative having 300 modular dwellings. The left over space of the plot that the dwelling is built on, is used as vegetable gardens or a warehouse.

Whereas Rural North Korea has more Vernacular households adapted in a modern way. The Raised households have vegetable gardens and walls surrounding the premises with the use of traditional materials and traditional roof typologies.

The plans of rural dwellings were conceived from existing vernacular houses , and were developed for new rural farmer cooperatives. The plan is simple for prefabrication purposes but the roof causes complications due to its traditional typologies that is preferred by the farmers.

Fig 08 - Analysis of Rural dwellings.

Fig 09 - Analysis of Hwanghae rural dwelling 1.

Fig 10 - Analysis of Hwanghae rural dwelling 2.

03

Methodology The research methodology utilized a variety of methods, such as physical models, prototyping and digital computer models.

The methodology follows a 6 major steps 1- Background research 2- Listing Criteria 3- Conceptual design 4- Narrowing down Requirements 5- Prototyping 6- Detailing and joints and finally a Final prototype.

The diagram on the right, visually explains the methodolody and methods used throughout this research to reach a final design .

The methodology has given the researcher the ability to firstly understand the problem at hand, the natural disatster through background research.

Seondly, define and frame the problem, through listing criteria and then generate ideas and a conceptual design. Thereafter, help in desicion making, such that within the course of the methodology, multiple refinement questions aided in isolating the problems within each design/ prototype, such as ‘does it address the criteria?’ , ‘Is it effecient?’ and ‘ Is it easily moved outdoors?’. As well as implementing the design ideas through digital computer models and physical models.

Lastly, checking the expected effects of the prototypes and assess the best outcome for the problem at hand.

The methodology facilitated the thought-process behind the research, project and final outcome.

Fig 11 - Methodology diagram.

04

Design Concept

Fig 12 - Thought process behind design concept 1.

Fig 14 - Thought process behind design concept 2.

Conceptual design 1 is based on the modular urban planning in the Hwanghae farmer dwellings.

The conceptual design above is a development of conceptual design 1, in which it is a shelter at the comfort of their home, that could be utilized pre and post diaster.

The initial idea is to have an accordion like structure that could be multi-functional i.e a bridge between two dwellings, a tent and a unit for outdoor use that could be bundled up creating a modular community similar to their existing dwellings.

The structure would be readily available in all farmer dwellings all the time, and using nontechnological methods it could be manually pulled out to hide within during the disaster , as can be seen on the right using the physical model.

The physical models on the right further explains the idea in a 3D format, to better visualize the conceptual design.

Additionally, the idea entails that the structure could be transferred outdoors.

Fig 13 - Physical models for conceptual design 1 .

Fig 15 - Physical model for conceptual design 2 explaining deployment .

05

Design Development I A typical rural Hwanghae dwelling is one storey heigh, and is raised by almost 0.5 m as a vernacular technique to tackle the frequent floodings.

5

5

4

4

The main materials used are concrete, bricks and green roof tiles with large eaves and a wooden substructure.

3 2

2 1

Fig 16 - 3D of a typical rural farmer dwelling in the Hwanghae province.

Full Structure

Structure Size : Length : 5.20 m Width: 3.00 m Height : 3.00 m

5.20 m

Waxed Hanji Paper Length : 5.20 m Width: 3.00 m Height: 3.00 m Thickness: 0.10m

The structure is made of aluminium ribs, waxed Hanji paper which is traditional Korean paper readily available in the Hwanghae province, and plywood panels.

The diagram on the left explains the different sublayers of the structure.

3.00 m is 15.6m2.

The structure

Structure Size : Length : 5.20 m Width: 3.00 m Height : 3.00 m

Entrance Storage Living room Bedrooms Kitchen

Entrance Storage Living room Bedrooms Kitchen

5.20 m

After careful study and consideration of the typical farmer dwelling and Korean culture, the optimum solution is to place the structure in the main living space (Ondol-bang).

Fig 18 - Placement of structure within the dwelling.

Each 3dwelling has a storage area, living room (Ondol-bang), bedrooms and a kitchen, while the bathrooms are in a seperate 1 unit outdoors.

Fig 17 - Typical plan of rural farmer dwelling in the Hwanghae province.

1 2 3 4 5

3.00 m

1 2 3 4 5

The dwelling is 350-400m2 split into two seperate units.

Each unit accomodates up to 5 people.

12 Aluminium Ribs Length : 5.20 m Width: 3.00 m Height: 3.00 m Thickness: 0.10m

22 Wood Panels Length : 1.30 m Width: 0.40 m Thickness: 0.05 m

Fig 19 - Different layers of the structure.

06

Materials

Using Hanji paper with traditional Korean patterns to revive tradition and for decorative purposes

Aluminium

Hanji Korean Paper

Plywood

Fig 23 - Structure’s materials.

Fig 21 - Structure’s front facade.

Door utilized pull up mechanism and is detachable

Fig 20 - An exploded diagram of the dwelling showing the placement of structure.

Fig 24 - A Typical living room (Ondol bang).

How Hanji paper is made ?

1. Pick Mulberry paper 2. Peel bark off 3. Boil bark 4. Wash boiled bark ( Turns white in 3 days) 5. Beat washed bark ( To become durable) 6. Starch bark ( To become thinner) 7. Filter with bamboo blind 8. Complete

(Hanji Korean Paper, N.d).

Hanji paper is traditional Korean paper made from Mulberry trees. It has been used for a long time in interiors such as covering the walls, windows and doors, as well as externally.Nowadays, Hanji paper can be mass produced in factories, due to its characteristics of being Breathable, Durable, Waterproof, Reflective due to its bright colour.

Fig 22 - Structure’s entrance.

Fig 25 - Structure installed within the Ondol bang.

Fig 26 - Deployed structure during natural disaster.

07

Deployability

Joints System

Stirrup Bracket system

Joint to last Rib Fig 27 - Sective showing structure within dwelling and details of joints and depolyability methods.

Handles – To pull out structure

Wheels- Movement mechanism

Structure pre-installed within the house

Pre-disaster

During disaster

Bracing to add rigidity

Adding further rigidity

Fig 28 - Structural rigidity.

Fig 29 - Structural ribs’ rigidity.

Structure would need 2 people to erect

Fig 30 - Deployability of structure.

08

Analysis & Discussion

Air Lock doors

Arrowhead anchors and ballasts when outdoor

Blower/ Pump

The previous proposal has proved to be too heavy to be moved outdoors (see appendix) as can be seen in the methodology diagram on the right. Hence, Pneumatic structures were considered as they are light-weight and easily moved. On the other hand, they have a variety of issues such as poor insulation and easy damage.

Additionally, the pneumatic structure would require constant air supply to stay inflated using an electrical pump.

In the sketches below are the proposal and a pneumatic structure proposal, despite being similar in shape and general view , they have different characteristics, advantages and disadvantages that are discussed in Fig 34.

Fig 34 also discusses the characteristics of the final proposal , design three (Combo) that is a combination of both proposals.

Design One - Rigid structure.

Fig 33- Sketches of rigid proposal and penumatic structure.

Fig 32 - Methodology diagram highlighting the issue with the proposal.

Life span of 20-25 years Air must be constantly provided Could be anchored to wall Low cost Easily installed No span restrictions.

Fig 31 - Pneumatic structure sketch.

The table below explains the best characteristics of each proposal and the outcome of a combination of both structures for the optimum proposal.

The optimum proposal ( Combo) would solve the issues in each of the rigid structure proposal and the pneumatic structure proposal.

Design Two - Pneumatic structure.

Fig 34 - Table outlining the characteristics and issues with each proposal.

09

Design Development II

Full Structure

Waxed Hanji Paper Length : 5.20 m Width: 3.00 m Height: 2.00 m Thickness: 0.10m

(Nanko, 2009)

The materials could be connected through hybridizing both materials causing reinforecment.

Du Pont Tyvek membrane Length : 5.20 m Width: 3.00 m Height: 1.00 m Thickness: 0.10m

(Nixus , N.d)

12 Pneumatic Ribs PVC Coated Polyester Length : 5.20 m Width: 3.00 m Height: 3.00 m Thickness: 0.10m

22 Wood Panels Length : 1.30 m Width: 0.40 m Thickness: 0.05 m

Fig 39 - Developed structure layers.

Fig 35 - Plan of rural dwelling and structure.

Scale

1 to 100 Fig 40 - Material palette for developed structure.

0.35 m Brick Wall Bent Strap/ rod

Structure would need 6 anchors for indoors and 4 concrete ballasts for outdoors.

Anchor Shackle Reinforced Steel Cable Structure

Fig 37 - Indoor joint callout

Scale

1 to 5

Structure

Reinforced Steel Cable Anchor Shackle

Outdoor

Bent Strap/ rod Concrete Ballast

Fig 36 - Section of rural dwelling and structure.

Scale

1 to 100

Fig 38 - Outdoor joint callout

Scale

1 to 5

Indoor

Fig 41 - Indoor and Outdoor joint system.

10

Conclusion & Limitations The previous report has highlighted the flooding probelm that the Hwanghae province has faced in 2018, which is a yearly occurence. Hence, the province is in a dire need for an intervention to aid in mitigating the situation.

The research proposed the use of a prefabricated structure within the house, specifically in the main living area (Ondol-bang).

The structure would be pre-installed and remain in the dwelling at all times, ready for deployment in the case of a flood. The structure could also be moved outside the dwelling to re-create the sense of community these farmer dwelling co-exist in.

Waterproof, durable, reslient and lightweight are the key characteristics of the proposed structure.

Fig 42 - Physical model of Structure

Scale

1 100.

Furthermore, the structure utilizes available material such as the traditional Hanji korean paper made from Mulberry trees that are readily available in the Hwanghae province.

The use of Hanji paper is not only a vernacular aspect to the project, but also a method to revive tradition !

The proposed structure is limited by needing further exploration ofz fire resistance , as well as the ability to pump the pneumatic ribs in an non-electrical method, perhaps with the use of pressure pumps, much like the ones used in air-mattresses.

Additionally, the need for exploring the hybridization of Du Pont Tyvek membrane and Hanji Korean paper.

Fig 42 - Inventory of components.

11

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Appendix

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