Habs NextGen 2024 by habselstreeschools

GEOGRAPHICAL 2025 Habs NextGen

The Northern Lights, Levi, Finland, photo by Siya (6 RB)

Editors Introduction

We’re so excited to introduce the Habs Geographical Junior School magazine, Habs NextGen. This has been such an interesting project, as we have been able to work with two talented young geographers, Ariyan and Anaya, to foster a new generation of excitement and engagement in Geography.

Focusing on this idea, we are so excited to present the Royal Geographical Society’s Young Geographer of the Year Competition, which exemplifies the excitement in Geography we have picked up on from the younger years at Habs. We have seen engagement in the subject through geographical book reviews, a photography competition and an introduction to academic geographical literature for the older contributors to this magazine. Looking further ahead to futures in Geography, you will find a special feature by us about famous geographers and the paths they have taken. We cannot wait for you to explore this amazing edition and all the hard work that has been put into it!

– Ayelet (U6 LA), Sophie (U6 BP), Ariyan (7 Aleph) and Anaiya (7 Alpha)

Aleph)

tectonic events have a profound impact on the

To what extent do large-scale sporting events have a profound impact on the host country? By Bella (9 Alpha)

To what extent do alternative proteins have a profound impact on tackling climate change in Indonesia? By Maya (9 Alpha)

To what extent do largescale sporting events have a profound impact on the host country? By Rebecca (9 Aesc)

Geography Photography Competition 2024

Junior School pupils were encouraged to take some sensational snaps for this year’s Geography Photography Competition. The theme was ‘Our Beautiful World’ and here are the winners…

C K!

By Sahana (1 Bobbins)

A rainbow marked pebble on the beach at Hastings by Amara (1 Buttons)

Beautiful World Around Me by Poppy (2 Bobbins)

Beautiful lake

Our Apple Tree by Audrey (2 Buttons)

lake view from the top of Rannerdale Knots by Rosie (3 FP)

Sunset by a calm lake by Amani (3 SK)

CL I CK!

Stromboli by Alyssa (3 AM)

Sea Crabs on the Rocks by Matilda (3 AM)

High in the Sky - Marina Bay Sands Hotel by Neya (4 ST)

A Tortoise Pond in Athens by Jaya (5 JM)

The Jewel of Changi Airport – the only airport to have a waterfall inside by Sia (5 JM)

The Northern Lights, Levi, Finland by Siya (6 RB)

By Naiya (7 A)

A temple of a thousand rainbows by Anara (7 A)

By Eva-Lucia (1 Bobbins) HIGHLY COMMENDED

The Royal Geographical Society’s ‘Young Geographer of the Year’ Competition

JUNIOR SCHOOL ENTRIES

In 2023, the Royal Geographical Society invited pupils to create their own blueprint for the future. They were looking for innovative ideas to address problems in areas such as food production and supply, energy and sustainability, water security, resources, population growth, economic crisis, transport, travel, urbanisation, risk management, trade, environmental management, biodiversity and more. Below is a selection of the entries submitted by Junior school pupils.

‘A Biomimicry Blueprint for an Eco-city of the future’ by Anaiya (7 Alpha)

Cities are essential to the world economy as they create over 80% of the world GDP, but they also consume most of the world’s energy. The idea of an eco-city is that people living there use up as few natural resources as possible, while still enjoying a good quality of life. I have designed an eco-city for the future, which uses the concept of biomimicry to come up with solutions to problems such as food production, sustainability, transport, energy etc. Biomimicry is the idea that innovation can be inspired by nature – it is observing ‘what works’ in nature and mimicking it to solve problems. Biomimicry comes from the Greek word ‘bios’, meaning ‘life’, and ‘mimesis’ ‘to imitate’. Some of these nature-inspired innovations are already being used in cities around the world and some I have come up with myself.

BLUEPRINT BY ANAIYA (7 ALPHA)

I have tried to, as far as possible, use biomimicry to inspire all the different elements in my city. Here are some of my ideas:-

Transport and Urbanisation

My eco-city is designed so that most people will be able to walk or cycle to most goods and services as they will be grouped closer together than most traditional cities. In addition, petrol and diesel cars (which release the most CO2 into the air) are banned.

Water Management and Biodiversity

By creating and artificial wetland in my eco-city, the plants that grow there will act like a water filter by slowing down water flowing from the land and clean it by trapping any waste. Water from wetlands and lakes also provides natural cooling.

Food Production & Supplies

As far as possible, we will grow our own fruit and vegetables. This is to minimise the carbon footprint and be more sustainable. I have designed our greenhouses like the Eden project in Cornwall. The dome is made of clear panels and steel, inspired by beehives made by honeybees, which are very strong but compact and light and uses minimum materials. The hexagonal cushions on the steel structure trap air between two layers of EFTE (foil) which act as a thermal blanket. On a cooler day the cushions can be pumped up with more air to provide better insulation and on a hotter day, they can be partially deflated to allow more cooling.

Waste Management

Waste will be reused or recycled as much as possible. Cardboard and aluminium cans can be recycled into new products. Garden and food waste will be composted to make fertiliser for our greenhouses. Some waste can be burned to generate electricity. Our green spaces and greenhouses will both have worm farms in them. Worms can eat up to half their body weight in organic matter (dead plants and animals) per a day and reduce the volume of waste by 90% in two to six months. As they burrow through the ground, worms also plough the soil and let air and water in, cleaning toxins out of the earth. This leaves it clean and richer –helping the plants in our greenhouses to grow.

Energy & Sustainability

My solar tree mimics acacia trees that grow in the African savannahs – they have large, umbrella canopies that allow them to capture a lot of sunlight. This not only harvests solar energy but also provides a place for people to shelter during very hot weather.

‘Blueprint for the Future’ by Ariyan (7 Aleph)

Climate change is happening. It is happening even now as you read this. Climate change is happening because carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gasses are on the rise. Every machine that burns coal, oil or natural gas produces these harmful gases so the easiest way to slow down climate change would be to stop using such machines. However, as a country we still need to function. Simply stopping using such machines is currently not a solution and therefore we must start using other energy sources.

By 2025, the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (the ‘IPCC’) says we need to get to zero emissions. This means that we need to absorb and trap as much CO2 as we release.

Now we have all seen the headlines about the current state of our environment. Global temperatures are increasing, and our planet is getting hotter. We are having

record hot summers that in some parts of the world are classified as life threatening. We have had severe flooding across the world with regular news reports of wildfires. Climate change is leading to higher sea levels, wildfires, droughts and famine.

As you can see, one thing is for sure. We cannot continue this way. With the population growing, the

demands that the human race is making on the environment will simply increase.

Earth, the planet we live on and has provided us with so much, cannot continue this way. Our current way of living is not sustainable. Action needs to be taken now. The fight to save our planet is real. This renewed focus is inspiring people to come up with ideas and solutions

BLUEPRINT BY ARIYAN (7 ALEPH))

so that we can reach our goal of global net zero.

One idea is to create an eco-city that goes part way to sustaining itself and goes someway to combatting the effects of pollution and climate change.

Here are my ideas for my eco-city: Transport

Although current transport used by individuals in a city is a big polluter, we cannot ban transport completely as people still need to be able to move around. We need to find ways to make different forms of transport that are more environmentally friendly.

One idea is to have more cycle lanes and initiatives to get people cycling. This would be good for individuals’ health and wellbeing with less fumes and car pollution being released into the environment. Bicycles could have a detachable lightweight generator attached to collect all the energy created from the cycling motion and the wind power. Such generators could then be taken into homes and the generators used to power homes and therefore reducing bills. This would incentivise people to cycle as well as help the environment.

Eco cars might seem impossible to some people, but didn’t those same people think going to the moon was impossible or driverless cars, but those things have happened or are happening now. They would be expensive to build, and it will take a lot of time and effort, but wouldn’t it be worth it to have such an ecofriendly car that uses so many of nature’s qualities and it would be 100% sustainable. Also, it would be the first car to use pure water as energy.

Offices and Buildings

We cannot simply get rid of all the buildings and offices as we still need them for things such as museums and for the county’s economy to grow. We must understand ways of making buildings and offices more environmentally friendly which is not only better for the environment, but also for individuals’ wellbeing.

Reception areas and walkways should be out in the open with no roof. These walkways and reception areas should contain as many different types of vegetation as possible. This will reduce smog and noise pollution, increase different types of wildlife and species in city centres as well as clean air. All of this will increase children’s wellbeing.

Wastewater in buildings could be reused and recycled for use in the watering of all the building’s internal plant life. Buildings could be designed to capture rainwater which can be used to water the green vegetation in the building.

Buildings could have wind turbines near the top so that they can collect wind energy to power the building. The glass used for the actual building could be double layered to keep it cool during the summer and warm during the winter making the building less reliant on air conditioning. Any surface area that is not glass could be covered in green vegetation which would help to keep the building warm during the winter months. Roofs could have solar panels to collect solar energy to power the building.

The equipment used in gyms could be connected to a device so that energy created when exercising can be collected and used as an energy source in the building. Buildings could have generators so that they can store energy that is produced but not used straight away so that it is not going to waste.

Energy Efficient Streetlights

You must have seen streetlights everywhere, but have you ever seen them switched off during the night? My idea is that you have motion sensors on the lights. Every time you walk under them at night, they turn on and then they turn off as you walk away. Instead of keeping the streetlights on all night and wasting money, you could store the electricity until the next night and so on.

‘Blueprint for the Future: Tackle Food Waste’ by Radhika (5JM)

Why is food wasted?

Farmers produce too much food that can’t be consumed in time. For example, in the US lots of pumpkins are grown for Halloween but thrown after. 20% of all produce is also thrown as it is too wonky. Also, many people depend on the use-by dates and throw away perfectly safe food. In addition to this, people buy more than they can consume. The average person throws away £800 of food every year.

Why does it matter?

Food waste and loss accounts for a tenth of greenhouse gas emissions every year. Decomposing food generates methane which contributes to climate change.

Methane has 28 times the heating potential of CO2.

What can we do?

• Public awareness and educationteach from an early age about the impact of food waste and create apps that educate consumers in the fight against food waste.

• Community fridges and food banks – create a food sharing network.

• Smart expiration dates – develop sensors that can tell whether food is fit for consumption.

• Track the food in the fridge –install smart fridges to help people monitor what is inside their fridge.

• Don’t let waste go to waste – invest in technology to convert food waste into renewable energy.

• Create food mobile apps to connect people and create a food marketplace to match those who have excess food and those who want it. We can create solar powered bots in each area to deliver food from sender to recipient.

• Use artificial intelligence to help with overproduction. Use AI to predict demand and match production.

• Make wonky looking vegetables and fruit cool by attracting packaging.

BLUEPRINT BY ARIYAN (7 ALEPH))

Reviews of Some Great Geography Themed Children’s Books

BY ANAIYA (7 ALPHA) AND ARIYAN (7 ALEPH)

‘Greenwild’ by Pa ri Thomson

Suitable for Years 5 and 6

‘Greenwild’ by Pari Thomson is a magical adventure that takes readers into a world full of wonderful plants and animals. In the first book, we meet a brave young character who discovers the Greenwild, a place where nature’s magic is alive. The story is exciting and teaches us how important it is to care for our environment.

The second book continues the adventure, revealing more secrets about the Greenwild. The characters face new challenges and grow stronger together. The story is full of vivid descriptions that make you feel like you are right there in the Greenwild.

Overall, ‘Greenwild is a fun and inspiring series that shows the beauty of nature and the importance of protecting it. It’s perfect for readers who love fantasy and adventure!

‘Bear Grylls Adventures’ by Bear Grylls

Suitable for Years 5 and 6

‘Bear Grylls Adventures’ is an exciting book series that takes young readers on thrilling journeys into the wild with Bear Grylls. Each book features a different adventure where children find themselves in challenging situations, like getting lost in the jungle, surviving on a deserted island, or navigating a snowy mountain. With Bear Grylls as their guide, they learn essential survival skills and how to stay calm and think clearly in tough situations. The series is perfect for kids who love action and adventure. Bear Grylls’ stories are not only fun and engaging but also teach valuable lessons about teamwork, bravery, and problem-solving. The books are filled with interesting facts about nature and survival, making them both educational and entertaining. ‘Bear Grylls Adventures’ inspires young readers to explore the great outdoors and face challenges with courage and confidence.

‘The Tiny Seed’ by Eric Carle

Suitable for Reception to Year 2

‘The Tiny Seed’ by Eric Carle is a delightful story that takes young readers on an a captivating journey with a tiny seed through the seasons. From being swept away by the wind in autumn to surviving the challenges of winter, the seed perseveres until it blooms into a beautiful flower in spring. Eric Carle’s vivid illustrations, created with his distinctive collage technique, vividly portrays the seed’s adventures and the changing landscapes it encounters. This book not only introduces children to the life cycle of plants but also teaches important lessons about resilience and growth. Through simple yet engaging language, Carle captures the curiosity and wonder of young minds, making ‘The Tiny Seed’ an ideal choice for early readers. It encourages children to appreciate the beauty of nature and inspires them to observe and learn about the world around them.

‘Adventures of a Young Naturalist’

by Sir David Attenborough

Suitable for Years 5 and 6

‘David Attenborough: Naturalist Visionary’ is a fascinating book that celebrates the extraordinary life of David Attenborough. Known for his deep passion for animals and unwavering commitment to conservation, David’s work is truly inspiring. Through captivating storytelling and visual storytelling , he brings the wonders of the natural world into our homes, educating and enchanting audiences worldwide.

Attenborough’s pioneering approach to nature filmmaking, coupled with his boundless curiosity and tireless dedication, has earned him widespread admiration and respect. From remote jungles to icy polar regions, he takes viewers on awe-inspiring journeys, revealing the beauty and complexity of Earth’s diverse ecosystems. His profound message of environmental stewardship resonates deeply, inspiring us all to take action and protect our planet for future generations.

‘Homes’ by Rosie McCormick

Suitable for Reception to Year 2

‘Wicked World Tour 1’ (Horrible Geography) by Anita Ganeri (author) and Mike Phillips (illustrator)

Suitable for Years 3 and 4

‘Horrible Geography: Wicked World Tour’ by Anita Ganeri is an enthralling expedition around the globe, uncovering some of the most bizarre and fascinating places on Earth. With a delightful blend of humour and education, Anita’s witty writing style and illustrations make learning about geography an absolute joy. From the mysterious depths of the Bermuda Triangle to the bone-chilling temperatures of Antarctica, each chapter is packed with jaw-dropping discoveries and mysteries.

Through fun-filled activities and hilarious anecdotes, readers are encouraged to dive headfirst into the world of geography and explore its darkest secrets. Ganeri also highlights the beauty and wonder of our planet, reminding readers of the importance of protecting and preserving our natural world.

Overall, ‘Horrible Geography: Wicked World Tour’ is a thrilling and educational journey that will leave readers both entertained and enlightened.

World Environment Day 2024

By Ariyan (7 Aleph)

World Environment Day takes place on 5th June every year and millions of people join in. It raises awareness of climate change, pollution and other serious environmental issues.

What can we do to help?

Following phase assemblies about World Environment Day, all pupils in the Junior School wrote pledges. These are now displayed on our ‘Communitree’ on the top corridor. Here is a selection:

• ‘I pledge to go litter picking with my family.’ By Amalia

• ‘I pledge to plant more plants.’

By Matilda

• ‘I pledge to make others aware about helping the planet and its people.’ By Moksha

• ‘I pledge to use FSC products and also grow plants with my family.’

By Anika

• ‘I pledge not to leave the tap on when I do Wudu.’ By Hara

• ‘I pledge to only use paper when necessary, grow more food and open the curtains during the day instead of turning the light on.’

By Kourtney

• ‘I pledge to wear recycled clothes by either buying them from a charity shop or wearing clothes that someone had given me.’

By Maya

• ‘I pledge to protect and preserve our environment by not littering and properly disposing of waste. I will reduce, reuse and recycle whenever possible, conserve water and energy, and use reusable containers to minimise single-use

plastics. I will respect and protect nature around our school and encourage others to do the same, working together to create a greener, healthier planet.’

By Olivia

Later in June, the whole Habs Elstree Community took part in the first Habs Cops Conference. Everyone participated in a variety of activities to do with the environment from reception to Year 13.

Here are some quotes from Year 5 pupils about one of the many activities they enjoyed that day:

‘Mrs Patel gave a talk about turtles and the dangers they face when travelling by sea. The things that affect turtles are light pollution, water pollution and plastic pollution. She also taught us facts like turtles have been around since the time of the dinosaurs.’

By Lara

‘My favourite activity was learning about sea turtles and how volunteers do amazing work to save them. It really made me want to join them.’

By Rhyah

‘The Year 5 Eco Council representative (Amelia, Eliz, Siya and I) gave a presentation in front of all the Key Stage 2 girls and boys about marine life. It was scary, but we did a great job! Did you know that one million sea turtles die from pollution each year?’

By Elise

‘I really loved learning about sea turtles, especially digging for their eggs and making a poster.’

By Ari

BLUEPRINT BY ARIYAN (7 ALEPH))

Literature Reviews

Has the UK Sugar Tax had a profound impact on the Health of the UK population?

By Aditi (9 Aesc)

Source: https://www.beveragedaily.com/Article/2018/07/17/UK-sugar-tax-326-businesses-hit-by-soft-drinks-industry-levy/

As the sweet treats we all love and cherish continue to contain damaging statistics of calories and sugars, the government are worried that the impact of consuming a dangerous amount of these unhealthy items will hinder the community. A study conducted by the University of Oxford states that a 20% tax on sugary food and drinks could reduce the prevalence of obesity in the adults in the UK by 1.3% (Oxford, 2016). This concern led the government to introduce a new idea named the sugar tax which is a levy placed on sugary items which was introduced by the government in 2018 in order to decrease the amount of sweet delights being eaten by the public.

It states that drinks containing more than 8g of sugar per 100ml will face a tax rate equivalent to 24p per litre and drinks containing 5-8g of sugar per 100ml will face a tax rate equivalent to 18p per litre (Thornton, 2018).

Many resources display to us that the UK sugar tax has had an immense impact on the publics’ health. For example, a member of the community named Sandra Williams explains that “I would drink three or four cans of Coke a day, plus Sprite and other fizzy drink.” When she realised her weight had increased greatly and the sugar tax was introduced, she joined Weight Watchers. Now, Williams limits herself to only two

cans of Diet Coke a day (Thornton, 2018). Additionally, researchers at the Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit (2023) at Cambridge agree by saying that the Sugar Tax has changed the future of fizzy drinks and sweet foods. They argue that statistics show the sugar tax may have reduced the number of under 18s having a tooth removed due to tooth decay by 12%. Overall, in children aged 18 and under, there was an absolute reduction in hospital admissions of 3.7 per 100,000 population per month compared to if the soft drinks levy had not happened. Reductions in hospital admissions were greatest in younger children aged up to four years and among

children aged five to nine years, with absolute reductions of 6.5 and 3.3 per 100,000 respectively (Rogers, 2023). Plus, the data found that the sugar tax seems to have had a measurable effect on older girls’ obesity levels, leading to an 8% drop in obesity in year 6 –preventing 5,234 cases of obesity a year in this group alone (Guardian, 2023). In conclusion, studies have shown that a 20% tax of sugar sweetened drinks would lead to the reduction in the prevalence of obesity in the UK of 1.3% (around 180,000 people) (Rayner, 2013). Now that this tax has been introduced, a decline in the number of obese people in our population is observable.

A different reliable resource demonstrates that the sugar tax has made some sort of impact, but it isn’t working fully. An interview that was conducted earlier this year presents to us that the sugar tax is sometimes ignored and doesn’t have enough of an impact for others to refrain from investing in sugary goods. A member of the public named Anne Matheson states that ‘People have been offering my child sugar ever since she was a little toddler. Parents and teachers seem to have a ready supply of chips, biscuits and lollipops to offer my daughter, without my approval.’ A suggestion was made to stop handing out lollies at school however the response from so many was ‘sugar is everywhere anyway, so may as well just continue to hand it out’. This evidence really demonstrates to us that people think sugar is already a dominating part in children’s lives, therefore there is no point in changing this now. The sugar tax is, in their eyes, useless and will not decrease the obese population in our country (Syndney Morning Herald, 2024). Another representative in this society called Nicole Taylor tells us that ‘the government needs to do more than ban junk food advertising,’ as now a quarter of Australian children are obese. She thinks that ensuring children play sport and complete a sufficient amount of exercise at school is vital and must be

Source: https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/sugar-tax

Source: https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/uk-pm-truss-preparing-scrap-sugar-tax-softdrinks-times-2022-09-15/

introduced as a new priority. Nicole has the view that ‘once lifetime healthy habits are formed, it will be easier to treat any problems they may have when adults’ (Syndney Morning Herald, 2024).

On the other hand, many people believe that the UK sugar tax is not a silver bullet; there is no easy way to solve a difficult solution. Studies show that an excise tax on sugar sweetened beverages reduces demand. Basic economics of supply and demand for goods is how trade in the world economy is thought to work; that a tax will work seems self-evident, but the precise effect is uncertain (Innovation, 2023). The more sugar you eat or drink and the

more often you eat or drink sugarcontaining foods the more likely you are to suffer from tooth decay. Despite recent improvements in Scotland, 31% of Year One children (5-year-olds) have experience of tooth decay which is entirely preventable. In 2014 the extraction of teeth was the most common reason children aged from 5 to 9 years had a hospital admission in Scotland. Dental erosion (tooth surface loss) is also caused by the citric or phosphoric acid added during the manufacturing of carbonated drinks, even in sugar free varieties. From an obesity viewpoint, the tax-free threshold of 12 teaspoons of sugar in a litre of carbonated drink (three teaspoons of sugar in a teacup) remains habituation to a diet with an intensely sweet taste (Jones, 2016).

Overall, studies show that the UK sugar tax has had a profound impact on the lives of the people living in the UK and has benefited general health. The proof for this is evident in many articles, including one by the University of Oxford. This article dives deeper into the significance of the sugar tax and states that ‘a 20% tax on sugary drinks could reduce the prevalence of obesity in the adults in the UK by 1.3%’ (Oxford, 2016). The UK sugar tax has overall had an immense impact on the health of the UK population.

References

Guardian, T., 2023. The Guardian. [Online]

Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/society/2023/jan/26/ uk-sugar-tax-prevents-5000-cases-of-obesity-in-year-6-girlsannually

[Accessed 15th April 2024].

Innovation, U. R. a., 2023. UK Research and Innovation. [Online]

Available at: https://www.ukri.org/news/sugary-drinks-tax-mayhave-prevented-over-5000-cases-of-obesity/#:~:text=The%20 soft%20drinks%20industry%20levy,at%20the%20University%20 of%20Cambridge.

[Accessed 15th April 2024].

Jones, C. M., 2016. British Dental Journal. [Online]

Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/sj.bdj.2016.522#Sec1

[Accessed 15th April 2024].

Oxford, U. o., 2016. University of Oxford. [Online]

Available at: https://www.ox.ac.uk/research/research-impact/ making-case-sugar-taxes-uk-ireland-and-mexico

[Accessed 8th April 2024].

Rayner, M., 2013. BMJ. [Online]

Available at: https://www.bmj.com/content/347/bmj.f6189.short [Accessed 14th April 2024].

Rogers, N., 2023. University of Cambridge. [Online]

Available at: https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/uk-sugartax-linked-to-fall-in-child-hospital-admissions-for-toothextraction#:~:text=In%20a%20study%20published%20 today,to%20tooth%20decay%20by%2012%25.

[Accessed 2nd April 2024].

Syndney Morning Herald, T. (., 2024. Newsbank. [Online]

Available at: https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/ document-view?p=AWGLNB&t=&sort=YMD_date%3AD&fld-base0=alltext&maxresults=20&val-base-0=uk%20sugar%20

Thornton, J., 2018. London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. [Online]

Available at: https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/research/research-action/ features/uk-sugar-tax-will-it-work

[Accessed 8th April 2024].

MRC Epidemiology Unit, 2023. Soda tax may have prevented over 5,000 cases of obesity a year in Year Six girls alone. MRC Epidemiology Unit Blog. [Online] Available at: https://www.mrcepid.cam.ac.uk/blog/2023/01/26/soda-tax-may-have-preventedover-5000-cases-of-obesity-a-year-in-year-six-girls-alone/

Do tectonic events have a profound impact on the people of Iceland? By Asha (9 Alpha)

Iceland, located in the North Atlantic Ocean, is one of the most volcanically active places on Earth, with around 1 eruption happening every 5 years and many volcanoes of all types occurring in the central Palagonite Formation of Pleistocene origin (Jackson, 1982). Volcanic zones cover around one third of Iceland, but comparatively little of these areas are settled. Eruptions range from extremely explosive to effusive, causing them to affect either the whole country and beyond, or just a small area local to the volcano (Dugmore & Vesteinsson, 2012).

When a volcano erupts, there are several ways that people can be impacted. Lava and pyroclastic flows may bury or burn property, people and livestock (Hansell, et al., 2006). Ash can be dispersed over a wider area, causing low visibility and covering everything in a thick blanket of ash. When the ash on rooves mixes with rainwater, rooves can collapse under the weight. Gases released by eruptions can cause acid rain. Taken together these impacts can ruin farmland, resulting in livestock starving and crops failing (Self, 2006). As well as affecting the landscape, volcanic eruptions also impact the people’s physical and mental health. Airbourne ash can cause respiratory issues and be an irritant to eyes (Hansell, et al., 2006). The ash can also impair immune responses and increase the rate of bacterial growth (Monick, et al., 2013). Those living close to the eruption have an increased risk of post-traumatic stress disorder, compared to people living further away (Gissurardottir, et al., 2019). Sometimes, the risk is too large for people to stay in the area, so an evacuation is needed and people are temporarily evacuated from their homes (Lund & Benediktsson, 2011). To prepare for this Iceland invests in scientific research and disaster planning systems which

Source: https://www.wired.com/2013/12/iceland-volcano-warning-system/

requires financial resources (Donovan & Oppenheimer, 2011).

Not all of the impacts are direct. Volcanic eruptions generate a huge number of tourists that probably would not be there otherwise. Tens of thousands of tourists went to see the initial phase of the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption (Donovan & Oppenheimer, 2011). Even without a major eruption in 2016, there was still just under 1.8 million tourists visiting the country, which was around 5 times the population. Icelanders know that the tourists come to see the landscape and geology created by tectonic events over millions of years. These tourists provide a lot of income to the country, but some people feel that over-tourism is damaging their culture (Hawkins & Onnudottir, 2017). Another indirect impact is the availability of geothermal energy. Iceland has one of the largest geothermal power plants in the world. The geothermal energy is clean, safe and abundant. Around 90% of Iceland’s population uses at least one form of geothermal energy (Petroski, 2013).

However, it is not just Iceland that is impacted by the country’s

volcanic eruptions. The eruption of Eyjafjallajökull in 2010 caused major disruption to the worlds air traffic. Ash blew into one of the busiest air spaces in the world, being northern Europe. More than one hundred thousand flights were cancelled and over 10 million passengers were stranded. Financial loses for airlines alone reached US$2bn. Other businesses and individuals would have also suffered financial losses. Therefore, it was not only the people of Iceland that were impacted by this eruption (Lund & Benediktsson, 2011). Within Iceland, the area close to volcanoes is sparsely populated. With the effective disaster planning referred to above, this means that volcanic events have rarely resulted in direct or indirect deaths in Iceland. Historically, the greatest impacts have been felt when the eruption coincides with other factors such as poor weather or depleted fish stocks. The eruption can then be a factor in causing starvation, but might not have in different circumstances (Dugmore & Vesteinsson, 2012). Even when the population has been impacted it has recovered relatively quickly. Research has shown that farms

deserted following the eruption of Laki in 1783 were mostly later reinhabited. Therefore, the negative impacts were only temporary (Jackson, 1982).

In conclusion, the people of Iceland are profoundly impacted by tectonic events. Whilst they do suffer from negative impacts to health and property, there are some positive benefits such as geothermal power and tourism. Also, whilst tectonic events in Iceland do impact the local people, their effects can occasionally be felt by people worldwide.

Source: Explainer: Why can’t planes fly through volcanic ash? (theconversation.com)

Source: https://www.energymonitor.ai/projects/hellisheidigeothermal-power-project-hengill/

Source: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/scienceenvironment-67762273

References

Donovan, A. R. & Oppenheimer, C., 2011. The 2010 Eyjafjallajokull eruption and the reconstruction of geogrpahy. the geographical journal, Volume 177, pp. 4-11.

Dugmore, A. & Vesteinsson, O., 2012. Black Sun, High Flame, and Flood: Volcanic Hazards in Iceland. Surviving Sudden Environmental Change: Answers From Achaeology, pp. 67-90. Gissurardottir, O. S. et al., 2019. Mental heath effects following the eruption in Eyjafjallajokull volcano in Iceland. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, Volume 47, pp. 251-259.

Hansell, A. L., Horwell, C. J. & Oppenheimer, C., 2006. Education: The Health Hazards of Volcanoes and Geothermal Areas. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Volume 63, pp. 149-156.

Hawkins, M. & Onnudottir, H., 2017. Land, Nation and Tourist. Anthropological Journal of European Cultures, Volume 26, pp. 110-126.

Jackson, E. L., 1982. The Laki Eruption of 1783: impacts on population and settlement in Iceland. Geographical Association, pp. 42-50.

Lund, K. A. & Benediktsson, K., 2011. Inhabiting a risky Earth: The Eyjafjallajokull eruption in 2010 and its impacts. Anthropology today, Volume 27, pp. 6-9.

Monick, M. M. et al., 2013. Effects on Eyjafjallajokull Volcanic Ash on Innate Immune System Responses and Bacterial Growth in Vitro. Environmental Health Perspectives.

Petroski, H., 2013. Engineering: Geothermal Energy. Americain Scientist, Volume 101, pp. 251-255.

Self, S., 2006. The effects and consequences of very large explosive volcanic eruptions. Philisophical Transactions of the royal society, Volume 364, pp. 2073-2097.

To what extent do large-scale sporting events have a profound impact on the host country? By Bella (9 Alpha)

Source: https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/ tdeFU2WnM4BFcKXgRewupFJIdp0=/1500x999/filters:fill(auto,1)/GettyImages-115060815818cc1672d56f4e4cba409da7be265ca9.jpg

Host country benefits championed by the International Olympic Committee include “… powerful economic benefits… and wideranging social and environmental benefits” (International Olympic Committee, 2024). This literature review challenges these claims and explores what impacts Olympic events actually have on host nations. In particular, differing impacts on developed and developing countries will be discussed.

Hosting the Olympics can create jobs and transform areas in need of development (Pettinger, 2019). Pettinger (2019) cites the 2012 London Olympics that transformed East London, created 8,000 full time jobs and increased economic output of nearly £2 billion. In support of the economic benefits of the Olympics, a comprehensive study looked at ten different games between 2010 and 2018, and found that, of the events studied, they were generally not loss-making (Preuß, 2019). However, Pettinger (2019) emphasises that the injection of money into the economy is temporary, and argues it has minimal overall economic impact.

The money required for hosting the Olympics is significant. A study found that budgets typically overrun by 172% (Baade and Matheson, 2016). In support of this, Pettinger (2019) refers to the Montreal Olympics that was initially estimated to have cost $120 million but eventually cost $1.6 billion and took thirty years to pay off the Olympic debt. Whilst the Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, was seen as generating large revenues and high televisions ratings in a study on the economic impacts of the Olympics (Baade and Matheson, 2016), the costs of hosting the games may have been underestimated. For instance, $16 billion was spent on sports-related expenditure – double the official figure – and the total costs of the event was $55 billion (Müller, 2015). Developing host countries are often crippled with debt. For instance, Rio De Janeiro cost more than was anticipated (43.3 billion reais, which equates to £10.35 billion), approximately 14.5 billion reais more than estimated (Pettinger, 2016).

Commentators describe a “greening” of Olympic cities (Karlsson, 2009). Karlsson argues that the Olympics

https://theweek.com/sports/olympics-costhosting

(Image credit: Illustration by Stephen Kelly / Shutterstock / Getty)

are also as an instrument to raise the environmental awareness of the public, by using the Beijing Olympics as an example. He writes that Beijing was seen as a showcase of green standards hopefully to be spread nationally. Further, the International Olympic Committee (2021) emphasises the case for positive environmental benefits by stressing the successes in the Tokyo Olympics: (International Olympic Committee, 2021): “… beyond carbon neutrality by reducing carbon emissions and compensating more than the remaining emissions; reusing or recycling 99 per cent of non-consumable items procured for the Games; recycling 62 per cent of the waste generated during the Games …”. However, Olympic events can harm the environment, particularly as events expand in size. Environmental impacts are worsened where developing countries host, as these countries generally use less sustainable construction practices, and have poorer environmental records (Müller et al, 2021). Cheng (2021) highlights the devasting impact of the Beijing Olympics on the country. Beijing hosted the Winter Olympics but relied on artificial snow. This relies on large amounts of water and electricity, meaning higher carbon emissions. Water was diverted away from farmers and local residents, and the process of making the snow caused erosion and landslides.

The social impact of the Olympics on

the residents in the host nation can be profound. Despite the negative impacts of hosting major sporting events, Bull (2007) notes general overwhelming support by residents in hosting such events. Those residents can benefit from better sporting facilities and improved transport infrastructure. This has been the case with the London 2012 Olympics as East London now benefits from better transport infrastructure. Part of this success and legacy is because the planning committee in London had in mind future housing requirements when deciding where to build the sporting venues so this matched future transport needs. Contrastingly, in Sochi, Russia, the transport links are underused. The large sporting venues can be difficult to maintain, and this can impede any social benefit of access to modern facilities. During the construction of the Olympics venues, the economic drain on resources can adversely affect local people who suffer as their issues are not properly funded. For instance, Rio was criticised: “The state of Rio de Janeiro has been months late paying teachers, hospital workers, and pensions. The state also reported record-breaking crime in 2016 in almost all categories from homicides to robbery” (Davies, 2017). Whilst developed nations hosting Olympic events can have economic and social upsides (such as London ), and environmental benefits (such as Tokyo ), generally the Olympics can have negative impacts on their host nations in developing countries. Rio De Janeiro and Sochi are examples of short-term social adverse impacts without any long-term meaningful infrastructure benefits that are impactful. The Economist (2021) aptly describes an Olympic legacy as: “rather than consumption, tourism and prestige, the games leave high debt, wasteful infrastructure and onerous maintenance obligations.” This is certainly the Olympic legacy for developing host nations.

References

Bull, C., & Lovell, J. (2007). The Impact of Hosting Major Sporting Events on Local Residents. [Online]. Journal of Sport & Tourism (Taylor & Francis Online). Last Updated: 4 December 2010. Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14775080701736973 [Accessed 6 May 2024].

Cheng, N. (2021). The Olympics Are Hard on the Environment. Will the 2022 Beijing Games Continue the Trend?. [Online]. Council of Foreign Relations. Last Updated: 14 December 2021. Available at: https://www. cfr.org/in-brief/olympics-are-hard-environment-will-2022-beijinggames-continue-trend [Accessed 6 May 2024].

Davies, S. (2017). The Rio Olympics were a financial disaster and it keeps getting worse. [Online]. Business Insider. Last Updated: 15 July 2017. Available at: https://www.businessinsider.com/rio-olympicsfinancial-disaster-2017-6 [Accessed 6 May 2024].

Karlsson, L. (2009). The Olympic Games – An Instrument for Environmental Political Change. : A case study exploring the Environmental Polit. [Online]. ResearchGate. Last Updated: January 2009. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/277225245_The_Olympic_Games_-_An_Instrument_for_ Environment [Accessed 6 May 2024].

International Olympic Committee. (2024). Economic benefits of hosting the Olympic Games. [Online]. Olympics. Available at: https:// olympics.com/ioc/becoming-an-olympic-games-host/economicbenefits-of-hosting-the-olympic-gam [Accessed 6 May 2024].

International Olympic Committee. (2021). Tokyo 2020 goes beyond carbon neutrality and helps create a more “sustainable society”. [Online]. Olympics. Last Updated: 22 December 2021. Available at: https://olympics.com/ioc/news/tokyo-2020-goes-beyond-carbonneutrality-and-helps-create-a-more-susta [Accessed 6 May 2024].

Müller, Wolfe, Gaffney, Gogishvili, Hug and Leick. (2021). An evaluation of the sustainability of the Olympic Games. [Online]. Nature Sustainability. Last Updated: 19 April 2021. Available at: https://doi. org/10.1038/s41893-021-00696-5 [Accessed 6 May 2024].

Pettinger, T. (2019). Advantages of hosting a major event. [Online]. Economics Help. Last Updated: 24 October 2019. Available at: https:// www.economicshelp.org/blog/4909/economics/advantages-ofhosting-a-major-event/ [Accessed 6 May 2024].

Preuß, H, Andreff , W and Weitzmann, M. (2019). Cost and Revenue Overruns of the Olympic Games 2000–2018. [Online]. Inside the Games. Last Updated: 2019. Available at: https:// www.insidethegames.biz/media/file/185689/2019_Book_ CostAndRevenueOverrunsOfTheOly.pdf [Accessed 6 May 2024].

The Economist. (2021). Economic benefits of hosting the Olympic Games. [Online]. The Economist. Last Updated: 22 July 2021. Available at: https://www.economist.com/finance-andeconomics/2021/07/22/are-the-olympic-games-a-bad-deal-for-host [Accessed 6 May 2024].

University of Birmingham. (2015). Sochi Winter Olympics ‘cost billions more than estimated’. [Online]. University of Birmingham. Last Updated: 28 July 2015. Available at: https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/ news-archive/2015/sochi-winter-olympics-cost-billions-more-thanestimated [Accessed 6 May 2024].

To what extent do alternative proteins have a profound impact on tackling climate change in Indonesia?

By Maya (9 Alpha)

Source: https://brightgreenpartners.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/red-seaweedimage_1.jpg

Climate change, two words that have left our planet dangling off a fine string. As the search for a solution continues, our food systems and diets have garnered attention due to some of its unsustainable traditional farming practices that have let out a multitude of detrimental gases that have increased greenhouse gases in our atmosphere. However, with veganism and environmentally friendly products gaining popularity, protein alternatives like lab grown and fermented meat, algae, nuts, soy, and quinoa being the most common choices, these are said to be responsible for 75% less in greenhouse gases than meat ( Buckey, 2023). This has sparked opinions on if all we need to do is change the meat on our plate to a salad. This literature review will assess whether Indonesia adopting a seaweed protein substitute in their people’s diets will help decrease their greenhouse gas emissions significantly.

In the past few decades, there has been much research into this topic, like how meat consumption has

increased over the last 25 years in Indonesia, and is forecasted to continue rising in the future (Tenrisanna and Kasim , 2020). This is driven by many factors such as Indonesia’s islands being archipelagos, meaning the fishing industry is more robust and ubiquitous ( Rimmer et al., 2021), the increase in income and education (Tenrisanna and Kasim , 2020) and cultural festivals such as Eid (Antara and Sumarniash ,2019). This elucidates the correlation between meat consumed and meat production, meaning the greater the demand for meat is, the more it is produced, meaning more harmful gases being released in the process.

One solution to a reduction in meat is to substitute it for seaweed. Scientists such as Pereira et al (2024) believe that seaweed offers a high protein content. Furthermore, seaweed is known for its high nutritional value, including vitamins and other vital minerals (ibid; Burtin, 2023 ). As well as this seaweed is also one of the only non-fish sources of natural

omega-3 (Gupta and Abu-Ghannam ,2011). This implies how seaweed would be an appropriate substitute for meat. As well as this, seaweed does not need agricultural farmland to grow whereas cattle does, which normally leads to deforestation, contributing to an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (WWF, No Date). Furthermore, meat is a significant contributor to climate change , especially beef, which is the third most widely consumed meat in the world (Ask USDA, No Date). The world’s entire cow population contribute to 10 percent of all greenhouse gas emissions alone (Nitta and Grist, 2023) due to the large amounts of methane they belch each year. With seaweed, this is not an issue, therefore positively contributing to the climate significantly more than its meat alternative.

Another benefit to the climate with seaweed is its ability to store carbon dioxide. Through the process of carbon sequestration, seaweed absorbs carbon dioxide during photosynthesis, helping to mitigate greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere (Fujita et al., 2022). Other research carried out by Kouvela et al. (2022) suggests that seaweed can sequester more carbon than an acre of trees! Therefore, whereas cattle release potent greenhouse gases, seaweed on the flip side is in fact able to store it. This ultimately illustrates how seaweed is much more effective than meat sustainablity. However, WWF (No Date) have stated that seaweed farms can reduce the amount of light able to reach the seafloor beneath them, which could pose threats to other photosynthetic organisms such as seagrass to grow . This can create an arising problem, since Indonesia is a major tuna producer (Italian Business Association in Indonesia, 2022). If photosynthetic organisms die off, this can affect marine life

such as tuna since they live off this diet of plants cultivated underwater. Overall, this will impact Indonesia’s main trading source and economic benefit, potentially leading to Indonesians who work in this fishing industry losing their jobs. Therefore, because of this, seaweed farms would need to be carefully grown in areas specifically away from other photosynthetic organisms.

Having assessed the literature , it is clear that replacing meat with seaweed substitutes will make a significant impact on the climate , because as well as the great source of protein it provides, it avoids prevailing causes to an increase of greenhouse gas emissions, like carbon dioxide via deforestation, and methane from cattle . Despite the setbacks, such as killing of photosynthetic organisms, it absorbs at least 20 times more carbon per acre than a tree (Kouvela et al. 2022) and therefore it is clear there are more environmental advantages to consuming seaweed compared to meat as part of a healthy human diet.

Source: https://gfi.org/researchgrants/usingred-seaweed-protein-for-plant-based-meat/

Source: https://www.seaweedandco.com/ portal/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/507788 2249_9aa7c875f4_b.jpg

References

Antara,M. and Sumarniash,M. (2019). Behind the Volatility of Beef Price in Indonesia. Economy. 6(1), pp.1-6.

Buckey,C. (2023). The writer is the climate reporter at NYT, part of 2018 Pulitzer winning team... Read more on: https://www. omanobserver.. [Online]. Oman Observer. Last Updated: 23 July. Available at: https://www.omanobserver.om/article/1140509/opinion/ save-the-planet-put-down-that-hamburger [Accessed 23 June 2024].

Burtin,P. (2003). Nutritional Value of Seaweeds. Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural, and Food Chemistry. 2(4)

Fujita, R. M., Collins, J. R., Kleisner, K. M., Rader, D. N., Augyte, S., and Brittingham, P. A., 2022. Carbon sequestration by seaweed: background paper for the Bezos Earth Fund - EDF workshop on seaweed carbon sequestration. Environmental Defense Fund, New York, NY.

Gupta, S., & Abu-Ghannam, N. (2011). Bioactive potential and possible health effects of edible brown seaweeds. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 22, 315-326.

Italian Business Association in Indonesia. (2022). Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (KKP): Indonesia is the worlds first tuna producer with 15% production share. [Online]. Italian Business Association in Indonesia. Last Updated: 20 April. Available at: https://www.ibai. or.id/news/item/1963-ministry-of-maritime-affairs-and-fisheries-kkpindonesia-is-th [Accessed 23 June 2024].

Kouvela,A., Unnikrishnan,S., Bugas,J., Pedrinelli,P. (2022). Seaweed Is Making Waves in Sustainability. [Online]. BCG. Last Updated: 28 October. Available at: https://www.bcg.com/publications/2022/ seaweed-making-waves-in-sustainability#:~:text=When%20left%20u [Accessed 23 June 2024].

Nitta,N. and Grist. (2023). VEMBER 7, 2023 7 MIN READ Quitting Cows Could Have Big Environmental Impacts, but It’s Harder Than It Sounds. [Online]. Scientific American. Last Updated: 7 November. Available at: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/quitting-cows-could-havebig-environmental-impacts-but-it [Accessed 23 June 2024].

Pereira, L.; Cotas, J.; Gonçalves, A.M. (2024). Seaweed Proteins: A Step towards Sustainability?. Nutrients. 16(8).

Rimmer, M.A.; Larson, S.; Lapong, I.; Purnomo, A.H.; Pong-Masak, P.R.; Swanepoel, L.; Paul, N.A. (2021) Seaweed Aquaculture in Indonesia Contributes to Social and Economic Aspects of Livelihoods and Community Wellbeing. Sustainability , 13, 10946. https://doi. org/10.3390/su131910946

Tenrisanna,V. and Kasim,M. (2020). Trends and forecasting of meat production and consumption in Indonesia: Livestock development strategies. OP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 492.

WWF. Farmed Seaweed. [Online]. WWF. Last Updated: No Date. Available at: https://www.worldwildlife.org/industries/farmedseaweed#:~:text=Farming%20seaweed%20is%20an%20effici [Accessed 23 June 2024].

To what extent do large-scale sporting events have a profound impact on the host country? By Rebecca (9 Aesc)

SOURCE: https://stock.adobe.com/uk/ images/the-30-waving-flags-of-natocountries-north-atlantic-treaty-isolated-onsky-background-3d-illustration/433206815

Large-scale sporting events generally refer to major events such as: the FIFA World Cup, the Olympic Games and the Commonwealth Games. These competitions have centuries of history; the FIFA world cup first took place in 1930 in Uruguay (Lane, 2013). The competition takes place every four years in different locations. This literature review will evaluate what effect large scale sporting events have on their host location, more specifically, the Qatar World Cup (2022).

When a country hosts a major sporting event its economy surges. This is due to many monetary factors such as: ticket sales, tourism, tours around stadiums, souvenirs, aeroplane tickets and post event tours. According to FIFA (2022), an example of this is that 3182406 football tickets were sold at the Qatar World Cup. Furthermore, the money generated comes not only from direct match sales but also from accommodation, travel and more. Qatar received an incredible £790,160,000 from accommodation (2020). In the future, others will visit Qatar (which will further support the economy) as a result of all the publicity surrounding the World Cup. All this revenue can, in the future, be spent on bettering the country further in developing education, healthcare and settlements.

SOURCE: https://www.europeandatajournalism.eu/cp_data_news/ranking-europeanregions-by-olympics-medals/

Another benefit is job creation. When a major sporting event is hosted by a country many jobs are created. Hosting the Qatar world cup provided jobs in a wide variety of sectors. These include: airport workers, hotel staff, restaurant employees, builders and tour guides. An example of this, is that 7 stadiums were built to host the tournament (Euronews 2023). Furthermore, it was predicted that there would be an additional 1.5 million jobs needed and many local people were to be employed (Mittal, 2023). However, these jobs did not finish once the competition ended. Tour guides are still needed for post-competition tours around Olympic Parks and the stadiums. Qatar Airways (2023) has stated that due to the success of hosting a World Cup, Qatar is now a principal tourist destination due to their tours. The Qatar World Cup (and large-scale sporting events in general) provide long lasting opportunities for so many local people.

Despite there being many contributing positive factors for hosting a large-scale sporting event, there are also many negatives to consider. Firstly, many human rights laws were not obeyed during the preparation process for the competition. A vast number of employees received an unfair payment and worked in disgraceful conditions. Amnesty (2020) state that many migrant workers were employed for a construction project in preparation for the World Cup; some of these people were not paid at all. Many people have commented on the violation of human rights involving World Cups in general. One of the many, Daniela Heerdt (2018) say that not only were agreed wages ignored, the working conditions were appalling and if a worker raised a concern about the exploitive practice, illegal threats would be made by those in charge. Most of the money spent was to make the experience more enjoyable for the visitors rather than support the local communities. The now almost deserted building could

SOURCE: https://www.uksport.gov.uk/-/media/images/the-britishwomens-4x100m-relay-team-celebrate-at-tokyo-2020.ashx

have been used to build schools or hospitals to in the future benefit the education and health systems of the developing country. Nevertheless, the income generated could then be used to fund schools. Even though the working conditions were cruel and human rights were violated the alternative was no jobs or income for the workers.

In conclusion, large scale sporting events benefit their host location. This is because whilst human rights were violated and the money could have been better spent, the economy grew massively, and a vast number of jobs were created in many sectors. For example, around 1.5 million new jobs have been created regarding the Qatar World Cup (McQuaid, 2022) and the total revenue, calculated by FIFA, was £5,901,525,000.00 (Pereira et al., 2022). As more people have jobs there is now less poverty, hunger and more viable healthcare. The future of Qatar is now a lot brighter because of its success in hosting a large-scale sporting event.

References

Amnesty International. (2020). Qatar: Migrant workers unpaid for months of work on FIFA World Cup stadium. [Online]. Amnesty International. Last Updated: June 11, 2020. Available at: https:// www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/06/qatarmigrant-workers-unpaid-for-months-fifa-world-cu [Accessed 21 May 2024].

Euronews. (2023). What will happen to Qatar’s World Cup Stadiums?. [Online]. euronews. Last Updated: 16/02/2023. Available at: https://www. euronews.com/2023/02/16/what-will-happen-toqatars-world-cup-stadiums#:~:text=Seven%20st [Accessed 16 May 2024].

FIFA. (2022). 2019-2022 REVENUE. [Online]. FIFA. Available at: https://publications.fifa.com/en/ annual-report-2022/finances/2019-2022-cycle-inreview/2019-2022-rev [Accessed 14 May 2’024].

Heerdt,D et al.. (June 2018). Winning at the World Cup: A matter of protecting human rights and sharing responsibilities. [Online]. Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights. Available at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/ full/10.1177/0924051918771228 [Accessed 21 May 2024].

Lane,D. (2013). Africa’s World Cup. Michigan: University of Michigan Press. pp.132-147.

McQuaid,J . (2022). The Economic Impact on Qatar from the Upcoming 2022 World Cup. [Online]. Michigan Journal Of Economics. Last Updated: May 24, 2022. Available at: https://sites. lsa.umich.edu/mje/2022/05/24/the-economicimpact-on-qatar-from-the-upcoming-2022-world [Accessed 21 May 2024].

Mittal,A. (2023). FIFA World Cup 2022: The goal that Qatar failed to score. [Online]. The Economics Review. Last Updated: January 18, 2023. Available at: https://theeconreview. com/2023/01/18/fifa-world-cup-2022-the-goalthat-qatar-failed-to-score/#:~:tex [Accessed 16 May 2024].

Pereira, R et al. (2022). Projecting the carbon footprint of tourist accommodation at the 2030 FIFA World CupTM. [Online]. Science Direct. Last Updated: December 2020. Available at: https:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S2666784320300048 [Accessed 16 May 2024].

Qatar Airways. (2023). Discover Qatar Unveils New Transit Tours, Including World Cup Stadium Tour. [Online]. Qatar Airways. Last Updated: 13 February 2023. Available at: https:// www.qatarairways.com/press-releases/enWW/223237-discover-qatar-unveils-new-transittours-in [Accessed 21 May 2024].

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Teachers Blurb

We, Miss King, Mrs Nanji and Mrs Sawkins, are incredibly impressed by the enthusiasm, creativity and dedication demonstrated by the students on the Habs NextGen Committee. It has been a pleasure watching them come together as a team, sharing ideas and working collaboratively to produce this fantastic magazine. We are proud of the initiative they have shown and excited to see their hard work come to life in this edition. Well done to all involved – you have set the bar high for future editions!