MAY 2010
APPLYING THOUGHT TO WATER IN THE MIDDLE EAST
Bloom buster How a pre-treatment pilot project in Fujairah successfully took on the Red Tide
INTERVIEW Dr Abdelkader Ga誰d, Municipal Director, VW/VWS Technical Department FEATURE Hot water with solar PRODUCT FOCUS Smart Motors
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Marketplace Tenders & Contracts Events Watch
PHOTO OP Wastewater re-use project in RAK PUBLICATION LICENSED BY IMPZ
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Celebrating the outstanding achievements of the MENA water industry November 2010
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CONTENTS
applying thought to water in the middle east MAY 2010 COVER STORY
Bloom buster
How a pre-treatment pilot project by Veolia Water Solutions & Technologies (VWS) for the Fujairah 2 RO plant successfully tackled outbreaks of Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB) p30
Overcoming Red Tide Interview with Dr Abdelkader GaĂŻd, Municipal Director, VW/ VWS Technical Department, on the various tools and techniques for dealing with algal blooms p26
06 EDITORIAL
Smart water grid
08 Happenings: round up
12 Happenings: the region 18 Happenings: at large 22 MarketPlace 24 PHOTO OP
Wastewater re-use project in RAK
36 Features
08
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10
Hot water with solar Marc Hausstaetter, Managing Director, Ecotherm Middle East on how solar water heaters are meeting the hot water demand of Palm Jumeirah’s Shoreline Apartment
38 Product Focus
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May 2010
26
Smart Motors Drives and motors are becoming more compact and robust in design and energy efficient as well
42 Tenders & Contracts 46 Events Watch
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editor’s note Smart water grid I
f we can have a smart grid for electricity, shouldn’t we be developing an equivalent for water, too? This question encapsulates the results of a Google search on smart grids, which threw up results for electricity as well as water grids. (Trivia: the term ‘smart water grid’ threw up 767 results, of which only 10% were directly relevant to this topic.) A smart electrical grid, as a US Department of Energy paper notes, “is characterised by a two-way flow of electricity and information and will be capable of monitoring everything from power plants to customer preferences to individual appliances”. Two-way flow of information between the utility and the consumer, and better monitoring and control are aspects applicable to water management, too. The starting point, in either case, seems to be the smart meter. Smart water meters, like their electricity counterparts, can help utilities better understand water consumption and flow patterns, improve water-use-prediction capability, help manage peak/off-peak demand, identify leaks and other waste-minimisation opportunities and prevent revenue loss. Smart electricity meters targeting end-users are being rolled out in bits and pieces across the Middle East. Dubai Electricity & Water Authority (DEWA) is rolling out of a project involving 20,000 smart meters, which will be put to test this summer. Oman has commissioned a study to understand the feasibility of implementing Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), the results of which are expected to be out in the second quarter. In Qatar, Pearl Qatar is installing 50,000 multi-energy (electricity, water, cooling and gas) meters. On the smart water meter front, a recent announcement has been the awarding of a contract by Kuwait for 170,000 automatic water meters for use in residences, government buildings and other facilities. These meters will enable Kuwait to more effectively monitor consumption and strengthen the nation’s water management programmes. However, it is important to understand that a smart meter is only one of the many components that make up a smart electricity grid; other components being distributed generation, renewable energy, advanced line sensors, grid monitoring systems, energy storage, integrated real time communications, modelling and simulation systems and super conductor cables. Give and take some, these components, or the concepts they embody can be extrapolated to water management too. A smart water grid can track water quality from treatment to tap, help pinpoint and control leaks in mains, and manage water use between different end-users. For example, Information Technology (IT) major, IBM, a big proponent of smart water grids, is working on projects involving the use of sophisticated sensor networks, smart meters, deep computing and analytics and even gaming technology for smarter management of water resources. The development and application of the smart grid concept brought a much needed focus and holistic perspective on technologies, components and systems (existing and emerging) that are being harnessed to create a “cleaner, efficient, reliable, resilient and responsive” electrical grid. The water sector needs to be shepherded down the same path. The Middle East region, which is now embracing smart electricity grid, has much to gain from a smart water grid.
Publisher Dominic De Sousa Managing Director & Associate Publisher Frédéric Paillé • fred@cpi-industry.com Editorial Director & Associate Publisher B Surendar • surendar@cpi-industry.com Editor Anoop K Menon • anoop@cpi-industry.com Sales Director Vedran Dedic • vedran@cpi-industry.com Design Rey Delante • rey@cpi-industry.com Ulysses Galgo • uly@cpi-industry.com Webmaster Troy Maagma • troy@cpidubai.com Database/Subscriptions Manager Purwanti Srirejeki | purwanti@cpi-industry.com ADVERTISING ENQUIRIES Frédéric Paillé: +971 50 7147204 fred@cpi-industry.com Vedran Dedic: +971 50 3756834 vedran@cpi-industry.com Euro Zone and UK Joseph Quinn, HORSESHOE MEDIA Tel: +44 (0)20 8687 4139 Fax: +44 (0)20 8687 4130 Marshall House, 124 Middleton Road Morden, Surrey, SM4 6RW, UK North America Rakesh Saxena, CPI INDUSTRY North America Branch Tel: +1 905 890 5031 Fax: +1 905 890 5031 GSM: +1 416 841 5050 rakesh@cpi-industry.com Published by
Anoop K Menon
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Happenings > ROUND up SUSTAINABILITY DM steps up Green Roof campaign
The Global Water Sustainability Centre, a joint ConocoPhillips - GE Power & Water initiative, was officially opened by H.E. Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Energy and Industry, Qatar (4th from right)
Dubai Municipality (DM) has completed the second phase of the awareness campaign on Green Roofs. The campaign was kicked off during the ‘Green Dubai Forum’ held in November 2008, with the concept being tried out on the roofs of the municipality building. Farhan Hassan Al Marzouqi, Head of Corporate Marketing & Exhibitions Section said the campaign, launched by DM in cooperation with companies specialising in green roofs, aims to shed light on the concept. “The campaign, which aims to preserve the environment, will be continuing for 12 months in several phases,” he said. The third phase, launched on March 1, 2010,
SUSTAINABILITY
Qatar inaugurates Water Sustainability Centre H.E. Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Energy and Industry, Qatar, officially opened the Global Water Sustainability Centre (GWSC) at a recent ceremony in Doha, Qatar. The centre is a joint venture between ConocoPhillips Water Technology, a fully owned subsidiary of ConocoPhillips, and GE Water and Process Technologies, a unit of General Electric Company. GWSC is located at the Qatar Science and Technology Park (QSTP) and will research and develop innovative water solutions primarily for the petroleum and petrochemical sectors, but also will focus on municipal and agricultural solutions. The inauguration was also attended by H.E. Dr Mohammed Saleh Al-sada, the Qatari Minister of state for Energy & Industry Affairs; H.E. Dr Ibrahim B. Ibrahim, Secretary General, the General Secretariat for Development Planning (GSDP); Dr Stephen R. Brand, Senior Vice President, Technology, ConocoPhillips; Christine Furstoss, Chief Technology Officer, Water and Process Technologies, GE Power & Water; Dr Tidu Maini, Science and Technology Advisor to Her Highness the Chairperson of Qatar Foundation, Executive Chairman of Qatar Science and Technology Park (QSTP); Bill Bullock, ConocoPhillips president, Middle East and North Africa; and Dr Samer Adham, Managing Director, GWSC. Minister AlAttiyah thanked Her Highness Sheikha Moza bint Nasser Al-Misned, Chairperson, Qatar Foundation, for the latter’s vision that served as the corner stone for the establishment of QSTP. The GWSC will sponsor sustainable development projects that benefit the local community such as programmes to encourage water conservation, exhibitions and public or industry workshops. A visitor centre set within GWSC will promote water conservation and technology applications to the residents of Qatar within the context of a national awareness campaign. It will further target education and training, knowledge sharing and public outreach. Workshops will be offered that will focus on key issues for water scarce regions such as water conservation and municipal water recycling. 8
May 2010
Farhan Hassan Al Marzouqi
is being organised with the participation of Lindex Trading Company, Seloflex Company and Al Yousuf Agriculture and Landscape. “We plan to continue the campaign in various parts of Dubai, focussing on residential areas, in order to reach the largest segment of the community members,” Al Marzouqi added. The green roofs campaign will continue till December 2010.
Burj Khalifa goes green Burj Khalifa, the world’s tallest building, developed by Emaar Properties in Dubai, has implemented ‘green’ initiatives, like solar water heaters and re-use of condensate to reduce its energy and water consumption. For example, solar power meets the bulk of the
Burj Khalifa
radiation, which is expected to save Burj Khalifa nearly 690MWh of energy annually. Ahmad Al Matrooshi, Managing Director UAE, Emaar Properties, said: “By leveraging solar power, Burj Khalifa is setting an example as well as creating a referral mark on how urban development can effectively integrate energy-friendly initiatives.” Other sustainability measures include collecting condensate from the air-conditioning equipment in an on-site irrigation tank for re-use in the tower’s landscaping. This will provide about 15 million (imperial) gallons of supplemental water per year. To reduce water consumption, water flow restrictors and low water volume WCs have been installed in all public areas. Additionally, the air-conditioning and water systems also incorporate extensive energy saving control systems to reduce part load energy consumption.
water heating requirements of the building’s residents. Located on roof of The Offices, the annexure of Burj Khalifa, 378 solar collector panels, each 2.7 square metres wasl embarks on green drive in area, can heat 140,000 litres of water in wasl, the asset management group 2010 SWS H2O ad.qxp 4/22/2010 4:10 PM Page 1 approximately seven hours of day-time solar owned by Dubai Real Estate
Mohammed Khoory
Corporation, is expanding the scope of its Green Building Management programme to include the service centres in Umm Hurair, Jumeirah and Muhaisnah, as well as select buildings, offices and commercial towers in Dubai. This follows the successful implementation of the programme in its Mankhool headquarters. wasl’s announcement came ahead
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Happenings > ROUND up of its participation in Earth Hour 2010. wasl’s Green Building Management initiative included the installation of water pressure taps and filters, light sensors, energy-efficient light bulbs to reduce overall electricity consumption by up to 20% and water intake by 30%. Mohammed Khoory, General Manager of Facilities Management, wasl, said: “Our facilities management division has conducted a study of our buildings to determine consumption levels at select wasl buildings. The study, which demonstrates our commitment to environmentally responsible actions, helped us develop a strategic plan and integrate innovative technologies.” wasl’s current sphere of operations includes the management of 5,013 industrial plots and 20,000 leased commercial and residential units around Dubai. The asset management group has already implemented waterless car cleaning services at some of its buildings around Dubai, installed recycling bins at select locations, in addition to sponsoring numerous CSR and community events.
APPOINTMENT Berson appoints new MD UV disinfection specialist Berson has appointed Paul Buijs its new Managing Director (MD). Paul, who has over 15 years’ experience in the water treatment industry, joins Berson from Global Membrains, a water industry consultancy with business throughout Europe and Middle East, where he most recently served as Director. Prior to Global Membrains, he worked for GE Water and
Paul Buijs
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May 2010
Process Technologies, GE Betz and Kiwa Water Research, all companies focused on water treatment using various technologies. Paul has a Masters Degree in Chemical Engineering from the Eindhoven University of Technology in the Netherlands. He also received a number of leadership and service awards from GE Water and was granted a patent for a new process to improve ultrafiltration performance.
CERTIFICATION KDF Process Medium gets NSF AB 1953 certification KDF Fluid Treatment recently received NSF International Certification for its KDF 55 Process Medium. The process medium is certified by NSF to NSF/ANSI Standard 42 – Drinking Water Treatment Units – Aesthetic Effects. The medium is also in compliance with California’s Health and Safety Code Section 166875 (known as AB1953) and Vermont Act 193. The patented KDF 55 Process Medium helps remove contaminants in water in POE or POU applications. KDF 55 Medium is a high-purity formulation of copper-zinc alloy that reduces contaminants such as chlorine, bacteria and heavy metals using a chemical process called redox, or oxidationreduction. KDF media can remove up to 99% of water-soluble lead, mercury, nickel, chromium, and other dissolved metals.
POLICY Sanitation needs greater efforts While the world is on track to meet or even exceed the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) drinking water target, much more needs to be done to come close to the sanitation MDG target, warns the new WHO/ UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) report ‘Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water: 2010 Update Report.’ While 87% of the world’s population – around 5.9 billion people – have access to safe drinking water, 39% or 2.6 billion people still lack access to improved sanitation facilities. Despite the world’s population being almost equally divided between urban and rural dwellers, the
vast majority without access to water and sanitation live in rural areas, the report noted. Seven out of 10 people without basic sanitation are rural inhabitants and more than eight out of 10 people without access to improved drinking water sources live in rural areas. A similar disparity is found between the poor and non-poor. A comparison between the richest and poorest 20% of the population in sub-Saharan Africa reveals that the richest are more than twice as likely to use an improved drinking water source and almost five times more likely to use improved sanitation facilities. WHO Coordinator, Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Health, Robert Bos, warned: “With only five more years to go until 2015, a major leap in efforts and investments in sanitation is needed today, in order to have an impact by the time we carry out our endof-MDG evaluation.”
PROJECT Metito Overseas bags DSO deal Metito Overseas has been awarded the contract to upgrade the first phase of the existing wastewater treatment plant in Dubai Silicon Oasis (DSO), the region’s fully integrated high-technology business park. The project, which is valued at Dh30 million, includes upgrading the plant’s capacity from 3,000m³/day to 10,000m³/ day. The exercise, which will constitute the first phase of DSO’s comprehensive upgrade initiative, which is scheduled for completion by the end of 2010. The plant is scheduled to be upgraded on three phases as part of the master plan of Dubai Silicon Oasis Authority, and will have a capacity of 32,000m³/day when completed. The plant will use Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) technology to produce high quality irrigation effluent. Eng. Muammar Al Katheeri, Senior Vice-President – Engineering Management, Dubai Silicon Oasis Authority (DSOA), said, “As the region’s fully integrated high-technology park, we remain committed to ensuring our facilities and services meet the highest international quality standards.” Bassem Halabi, Group Business Development Director, Metito Overseas, added, “By using the latest in SBR technologies, we’re ensuring the highest levels of sewage treatment through deploying the latest know-how.”
Happenings > the region
Ready for action
IDA announces members of environmental task force for the Arabian Gulf Nine distinguished scientists, all experts in the environmental and desalination fields, have joined the International Desalination Association’s (IDA) Environmental Task Force, which was formed to review possible impacts of desalination in the Arabian Gulf and make recommendations to mitigate potential effects. Additionally, a Task Force Steering Committee consisting of Dr Abdulmajeed Ali Alawadhi, Task Force Chairman, Lisa Henthorne, Co-Chair, Michel Canet, Ghassan Ejjeh, Fady Juez and Tom Pankratz has been constituted. The members of the IDA Environmental Task Force are as follows: Dr Mahmoud Abdel-Jawad is Principal Research Scientist at the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), specialised in water desalination Dr Mahmoud Abdeland water Jawad treatment. He served the Ministry of Electricity and Water (MEW), Kuwait for 10 years before joining KISR in 1984 as the Water Desalination Programme Manager. Among his achievements, he established the Doha Water Desalination Research Plant in Kuwait and served as the principal investigator of the consultancy work for the Sulaibiya Wastewater Treatment Plant Project. Dr Samer Adham is Managing Director of the Global Water Sustainability Centre (GWSC) in Qatar, a coventure between Dr Samer Adham ConocoPhillips and GE Water and Process Technologies. He has over 20 years experience in the development of innovative solutions to the
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May 2010
environmental challenges in the fields of water and wastewater treatment, and water reclamation. He has also been involved in evaluating the feasibility of emerging technologies and treatment of key contaminants of concern at bench-, pilot-, and full-scale applications. Dr Gary Amy is Director, Water Desalination and Reuse Centre and Professor of Environmental Engineering, King Abdullah University of Dr Gary Amy Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia. Dr. Amy’s main areas of expertise are drinking water treatment and wastewater reclamation/reuse, with specific expertise in membrane rejection and fouling, selective adsorption, natural organic matter characterisation, disinfection by-product formation and control, and natural systems. Dr Shawki Barghouti is Director General, International Centre for Biosaline Agriculture (ICBA). ICBA is the host institute Dr Shawki Barghouti for the recently established Arab Water Academy (AWA). Dr. Barghouti’s career includes assignments with the Government of Jordan, the UN Food & Agricultural Organisation (FAO), the Ford Foundation, and the International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA). Dr. Barghouti worked for the World Bank for 25 years as senior advisor for science and technology and manager of the agriculture and rural portfolio, and also managed the Bank’s portfolio in water and agriculture. He also served as Director General of the International Crops Research Institute
500
USD Million. Market for high-pressure pumps used in desalination plants by 2016 Source: Nomura
34.1
USD billion. Revenues from global ballast Water treatment systems market for the period 2009 - 2020 Source: Frost & Sullivan
120
m3/year. Phase 1 production of desalinated water by Jordan Red Sea Project Source: Jordan Times
8
Nuclear reactors coupled to desalination projects currently in operation in Japan Source: American Nuclear Society
The task force is part of a broader initiative by IDA to examine best practices as well as available and future technologies to address the environmentally-related aspects of desalination
for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in Hyderabad, India. Raed Bashitialshaaer is a researcher and staff member at Lund UniversityLTH, Water Engineering. Currently Raed Bashitialshaaer completing his doctoral studies, he has a BSc in civil engineering and an MSc in wastewater management and reuse. He also holds diplomas in electrical engineering and chemical and mechanical engineering. His experience and research are focused on brine discharge, environmental impact, mixing time, exchange volume, cost analysis and water reuse, especially in the Arabian Gulf. He has worked extensively on projects involving the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, Arabian Gulf and the Dead Sea. Dr Paul Frederick Holthus is founding Executive Director of the World Ocean Council, which brings together the international ocean business community to catalyse leadership and collaboration in addressing marine environmental
issues in support of improved industry operations. Past positions include Senior Programme Officer of the UNEP South Dr Paul Frederick Holthus Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP); Deputy Director for the IUCN Global Marine and Coastal Programme; Senior Officer of The Nature Conservancy Asia-Pacific Programme; and Founding Executive Director of the Marine Aquarium Council. Dr Sabine Lattemann is a Marine Scientist specialised in environmental impact assessment (EIA) studies. Her main areas Dr Sabine Lattemann of work include the desalination of seawater, offshore wind energy projects, and maritime shipping. She has recently completed
her dissertation on the Development of an EIA and Decision Support System for Seawater Desalination Plants and has been awarded a Doctorate degree for the same. Dr Lattemann also holds a post with the German Environmental Protection Agency. In the past, she chaired the environmental working group of the WHO Project ‘Desalination for Safe Water Supply’ from 2004-2007. She has also authored two books pertaining to environmental impact of desalination published by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Mark Silverton is currently a lead environmental consultant with 5 Capitals. He has many years experience in environmental Mark Silverton consultancy within the Middle East, acting within both project manager and technical capacities on a diverse range of projects. He has worked in Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Egypt, Libya, Bahrain, Yemen and the UAE. Silverton has worked on EIAs involving a diverse range of consortia from a wide background of specialties. He is currently involved in the environmental auditing of several large power/water projects in the region during their construction. Jos van Gils has 24 years experience in applied research and specialist consultancy projects related to water quality and its management at Deltares. He has a wide experience in both inland and coastal water studies, and is an expert in water quality modelling, working in the Arabian Gulf region, Europe and Hong Kong. In recent years, he has been active as a water quality expert in studies conducted by Deltares/ Delft Hydraulics for many of the major coastal developments in Dubai as well as in studies supporting various EIAs in the Arabian Gulf region. During these studies, he developed an in-depth understanding of the region, the locally intense anthropogenic pressure on the area (related to drinking water and energy production) and the subsequent ecological impacts. May 2010
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Happenings > the region
Syria: Why the water shortages? Though relatively rich in natural water resources, Syria has experienced huge deterioration in availability per capita
and reservoirs, according to the Ministry of Irrigation.
Wasteful agriculture Agriculture accounts for almost 90% of the country’s water consumption. Agricultural policies encourage waterhungry wheat and cotton cultivation, and inefficient irrigation methods mean much water is wasted. “Irrigation by flooding uses 30-40% more water than modern drip irrigation,” said de Châtel. Something that bodes ill for the future is that despite a 2005 law against drilling wells, illegal wells have proliferated and are being drilled ever deeper to reach shrinking groundwater reserves. “Farmers have depleted groundwater by extracting water for their crops,” said de Châtel.
City limits
Inefficient irrigation methods mean much water is wasted
Poor planning and management, wasteful irrigation systems, intensive wheat and cotton farming and a rapidly growing population are straining water resources in Syria in a year which has seen unprecedented internal displacement as a result of drought in eastern and north eastern parts of the country. “Population [estimated at 24 million in 2009] growth, urbanisation and increased economic activity have contributed to the water crisis, as have climate change and mismanagement of the water sector,” said a local expert, who preferred anonymity. Compared to other Middle Eastern countries, Syria is not naturally water poor. According to the UN Development Programme (UNDP) Arab Human 14
May 2010
Development Report 2009, Syria was ranked 13th out of 20 Arab countries for precipitation per capita. Annual per capita water consumption was 300m3, making it ninth out of 18 Arab countries but significantly below the global water scarcity mark of 1,000m3 per capita. The global average is 6,750m3. “Syria is relatively rich in terms of natural water resources, but there has been a huge deterioration in availability per capita,” said Francesca de Châtel, a Damascus-based water expert and author of Water Sheikhs and Dam Builders: Stories of Water and People in the Middle East. In 2007, Syria consumed 19.2 billion m3 of water - 3.5 billion m3 more than the amount of water replenished naturally, with the deficit coming from groundwater
The recent influx of hundreds of thousands of people from drought-affected regions into towns and cities is placing a huge strain on urban water supplies. The Damascus water basin is a closed water system and its resources are being depleted. The city water network leaks up to 60% of the water it carries, according to the local authorities. Migrants living on the outskirts are paying for water from tankers at an inflated price. “The root issue is the lack of strategy or proper management,” said the above-mentioned local water expert. “The Damascus basin could have been helped by creating industrial areas in the relatively water-rich coastal zones rather than encouraging businesses to Damascus, for example. But there is no forward thinking and now the urban population will suffer.” There urgently needs to be a stronger legal framework and enforcement of the laws,” said de Châtel. (Article Courtesy: IRIN (www.irinnews.org). IRIN or Integrated Regional Information Networks is part of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.)
IBM, KACST join hands Solar desalination technologies could significantly reduce water, energy costs IBM and the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Saudi Arabia’s national research and development organisation, have announced research collaboration aimed at creating a water desalination plant powered by solar electricity, which could significantly reduce water and energy costs. In the first phase, a new, energy efficient desalination plant with an expected production capacity of 30,000m3/day will be built in the city of Al Khafji to serve 100,000 people. In the second phase, the kingdom plans on building plants with 10 times as much capacity, capable of serving a city of one million people. KACST plans to power the plant with
the ultra-high concentrator photovoltaic (UHCPV) technology that is being joint developed by IBM and KACST; this technology is capable of operating a CPV system at a concentration greater than 1,500 suns. Inside the plant, the desalination process will use nanomembranes, again a jointly development between IBM and KACST, which addresses the principal obstacles to using Reverse Osmosis for desalination, namely biofouling, degradation by chlorine and low flux challenges. The KACST/IBM joint research focuses on improving polymeric membranes through nanoscale modification of polymer properties to make desalination much more efficient and much less costly According to KACST scientists, the
costs of desalination through thermal technology and RO range from SR 2.5 5.5/m3. By combining solar power with the new nanomembrane, the goal of this project is to significantly reduce the cost of desalinating seawater at these plants. “Currently, Saudi Arabia is the largest producer of desalinated water in the world, and we continue to invest in new ways of making access to fresh water more affordable,” said Dr Turki Al Saud, vice president for research institutes, KACST. “Water has the first priority in the Science, Technology and Innovation Plan of the Kingdom, overseen by KACST.” “Our collaborative research with KACST has led to innovative technologies in the areas of solar power and of water desalination,” said Sharon Nunes, vice president, IBM Big Green Innovations. “Using these new technologies, we will create energy-efficient systems we believe can be implemented across Saudi Arabia and around the world.”
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Happenings > the region
Rating update Estidama announces latest version of sustainability rating mechanism Estidama, the programme managed by Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council (UPC) to promote sustainability and enhance liveability in the emirate under the ambit of Abu Dhabi Vision 2030, unveiled an updated version of the Pearl Rating System (PRS), the Arab World’s first sustainability rating mechanism established in 2009 to assess sustainability performance of buildings, communities, and villas. The PRS is a programme encompassing a Pearl Building Rating System (PBRS), a Pearl Community Rating System (PCRS) and
a Pearl Villa Rating System (PVRS), introducing rating practices across the design and construction phases of development projects. The system addresses seven categories; Integrated Development Process, Natural Systems, Livable Communities and buildings, Water, Energy Materials and Innovating Practice. For each category, there are mandatory and optional credits as well as weights with maximum credit points delivered to each. The PBRS will apply to general buildings, offices, retail, multiresidential buildings, schools and mixed-
Applying the System will yield highly efficient results, especially with regards to water and energy conservation as the PRS aims to create more comfortable and healthier communities that consume less energy and fresh water and generate less waste. 16
May 2010
use projects whereas the PCRS addresses developments supporting a minimum permanent residential population of 1,000 people. For developments designed to accommodate up to 30,000 people, the system asks for division into individual districts each requiring a separate application. H.E. Falah Mohamed Al Ahbabi, General Manager of Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council, said,“Vision 2030 maintains that sustainability is the foundation of any new development in Abu Dhabi, and Estidama as a sustainability programme managed by UPC and the driving force of Plan Abu Dhabi 2030 has been conceived to fulfil this commitment, which will transform Abu Dhabi into the model of a global sustainable capital.” Saoud Al Junaibi, Director of Development Review and Urban Design, UPC, and senior Estidama spokesperson said, “Applying the system will yield highly efficient results especially with regards to water and energy conservation as the PRS aims to create more comfortable and healthier communities that consume less energy and fresh water and generate less waste.” The PRS will cover three levels; Pearl Design Rating is engaged at the design phase of the project and is relevant until construction is complete. Following that, Pearl Construction Rating is introduced for two years post a project’s completion. Pearl Operational rating then assesses the operational performance of an existing development and takes effect for a minimum of two years after completion and when a development has reached a minimum occupancy of 80%. PRS underwent a testing and refinement period in 2008 and 2009 when a selection of innovative pilot projects in Abu Dhabi vied to gain Estidama pilot status in their quest to achieve greater levels of sustainability performance in their designs. In its effort to streamline development review processes, the UPC has enhanced the Development Review Process (DRP), which allows through a series of mandatory elements to ensure that developments comply with planning policies. The PRS is a voluntary programme, while the DRP is mandatory.
Fine distribution
Severn Trent Services-Apliclor designs and installs Rapid Gravity Filters at Fouka desalination facility Severn Trent ServicesApliclor, in partnership with ACCIONA AGUA, has designed, constructed and installed the TETRA LP Block dual parallel underdrain filters for pre-treatment of the Fouka SWRO desalination plant in Tipaza, Algeria. The underdrain filter is one of the most important factors contributing to a desalination pre-treatment system’s overall performance and operation. The TETRA LP Block dual parallel underdrain filters from Severn Trent Services offering superior distribution of both backwash air and water, either separately or concurrently. In the Fouka SWRO plant installation, the LP Blocks cover the floor of the gravity filters supporting the filter media. The LP Blocks feature the unique Grout Grip design, which increases the adhesion of
the filter base and eliminates buoyancy issues commonly found in alternative technologies. Air is distributed evenly across the entire filter bottom area to scour the media and to provide an air lift, which, with the water, removes the released solids from the filter. Effective media cleaning is the key requirement for a filter to function efficiently under all loading conditions. The backwash system ensures efficient cleaning for reduced operating costs. An additional advantage of the LP Block is the block length and construction, which makes handling easy and ensures reduced installation cost. The block is durable and offers a low maintenance solution with no clogging nozzles and no moving parts to wear. The wide profile design of the TETRA LP block means that fewer blocks are required to cover the filter floor. Therefore, fewer joints and less grout are
Morocco turns to IFC IFC, Morocco sign pact to improve water supply, support agriculture International Finance Corporation (IFC) has signed an agreement with the government of Morocco to support private investment in a new desalination and irrigation plant that will help improve the water supply to a vital agricultural region. IFC will advise the Ministry of Agriculture on structuring a public-private partnership to build the desalination and irrigation plant in the Chtouka area, a region near the coast that relies heavily on agriculture. The demand for water in the area has grown together with trade to Europe, depleting the aquifer in the region. The plant will have an estimated annual capacity of between 60 and 85 million cubic metres. IFC will help
ensure that the project is financially and environmentally sustainable. “This project will restore a sustainable balance in water use in Chtouka and maintain the high value added of agricultural production in the area,” said Aziz Akhannouch, Minister of Agriculture and Marine Fisheries. “Encouraging private investment in infrastructure and ensuring the environmental sustainability of projects are IFC priorities in the Middle East and North Africa. The desalination and irrigation plant in the Chtouka area will support agriculture, an important industry in Morocco, and help create jobs for the surrounding community,”
required than with other systems. The general manager of Severn Trent Services-Apliclor, Rick Bacon said: “The innovative TETRA LP Block is more compact than other solutions, ensuring lower civil costs for construction of the works. In addition, the solution supplied by Severn Trent Services–Apliclor allows greater power saving through process optimisation of the plant. All these advantages ensure that TETRA LP Block underdrain filters require minimal maintenance and low operating costs.” The Fouka SWRO plant was built in partnership between ACCIONA AGUA and SNC-Lavalin. SNC-Lavalin also signed a joint venture agreement with ACCIONA AGUA to operate and maintain the plant for 25 years. The plant will have a daily capacity of 120,000 m3/ day and will provide water to more than 500,000 people. With the completion of construction expected during 2010, the Fouka SWRO plant is part of the Algerian government’s desalination programme, which includes the construction of 12 desalination plants producing a total of 2.2 million m3/day.
said Rashad Kaldany, IFC Vice President for the Middle East and North Africa. The project builds upon IFC’s previous work advising and helping the Ministry of Agriculture to implement Morocco’s first public-private partnership, the El Guerdane Irrigation plant.
Agriculture plays a very important role in the Moroccan economy
May 2010
17
Happenings > at large
Moringa oleifera, commonly referred to as ‘Moringa’
Low-cost purification ‘World’s most useful tree’ provides bacterial reduction in previously untreated water A low-cost water purification technique published in Current Protocols in Microbiology journal could help drastically reduce the incidence of waterborne disease in the developing world. The paper titled, Bioremediation of Turbid Surface Water Using Seed Extract from Moringa oleifera Lam. (Drumstick) Tree by Lea. M was published in the Febuary 2010 edition of Current Protocols in Microbiology by WileyBlackwell. The procedure, which uses seeds from the Moringa oleifera tree, can produce a 90% to 99.99% bacterial reduction in previously untreated water, and has been made free to download as part of access programs under John Wiley & Sons’ Corporate Citizenship Initiative. A billion people across Asia, Africa, and Latin America are estimated to rely on untreated surface water sources for their daily water needs. Of these, some two million are thought to die from diseases caught from contaminated water every year, with the majority of these deaths occurring among children under five years 18
May 2010
Moringa oleife ra is a vegetab le tree which is grow n in Africa , Central and South America, the Indian subcontinent, and South East Asia. It could be co nside red to be one of the wo rld’s most useful trees
of age. Michael Lea, a Current Protocols author, and a researcher at Clearinghouse, a Canadian organisation dedicated to investigating and implementing low-cost water purification technologies, believes the Moringa oleifera tree could go a long way to providing a solution. “Moringa oleifera is a vegetable tree which is grown in Africa, Central and South America, the Indian subcontinent, and South East Asia. It could be considered to be one of the world’s most useful trees,” said Lea. “Not only is it drought resistant, it also yields cooking and lighting oil, soil fertiliser, as well as highly nutritious food in the form of its pods, leaves, seeds and flowers. Perhaps most importantly, its seeds can be used to purify drinking water at virtually no cost.” Moringa tree seeds, when crushed into powder, can be used as a watersoluble extract in suspension, resulting in an effective natural clarification agent for highly turbid and untreated pathogenic surface water. As well as improving drinkability, this technique reduces water turbidity (cloudiness) making the result aesthetically as well as microbiologically more acceptable for human consumption. Despite its live-saving potential, the technique is still not widely known, even in areas where the Moringa is routinely cultivated. It is, therefore, Lea’s hope that the publication of this technique in a freely available protocol format, a first, will make it easier to disseminate the procedure to the communities that need it. “This technique does not represent a total solution to the threat of waterborne disease,” said Lea. “However, given that the cultivation and use of the Moringa tree can bring benefits in the shape of nutrition and income as well as of far purer water, there is the possibility that thousands of 21st century families could find themselves liberated from what should now be universally seen as19th century causes of death and disease. This is an amazing prospect, and one in which a huge amount of human potential could be released. This is particularly mind-boggling when you think it might all come down to one incredibly useful tree.” The paper is freely available as part of the John Wiley & Sons Corporate Citizenship Initiative at http:// www.currentprotocols.com/protocol/ mc01g02
Copenhagen confusion
Ambivalent emission reduction targets may nudge mean temperature above 3°C by the end of this century A team of researchers from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) have concluded that the current national emissions-reduction pledges accompanying the Copenhagen Accord will not limit global warming to 2°C. In fact, they imply a global mean temperature increase of more than 3°C this century. The findings of this team were published in a recent edition of the journal ‘Nature.’ The Copenhagen Accord has a stated aim of keeping global warming to below 2°C. But as per countries’ stated ambitions for reducing emissions, global yearly emissions of greenhouse gases will increase by 10-20% above current levels and reach amounts equivalent to 47.9 to 53.6 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide (GtCO -eq) by 2020. This would result in ² a greater than 50% chance that warming will exceed 3°C by 2100, the researchers calculated. To be on track for meeting the ‘below 2°C’ climate target, global emissions no greater than 40-44 GtCO -eq ² by 2020 is paramount. Many countries have indicated that working towards the stronger end of their pledged ranges is conditional on a global agreement that doesn’t currently exist. The less ambitious ends of these targets are thus more likely to reflect the real outcome of the Copenhagen Accord, the authors point out. “In the worst case, we could end up with emissions allowances exceeding the business-as-usual projections,” said Joeri Rogelj, who led the research with Malte Meinshausen.
Loopholes too many? In their analysis, the team took into account loopholes, most notably surplus allowances. If a country reduces its emissions more than its target stated in the Kyoto protocol, it can use these surplus allowances later. “Under the Kyoto Protocol, some countries’ targets were so weak that large amounts of surplus allowances have been and will be generated over the 2008 to 2012 period,
Two possible futures: One in which no climate policies are implemented (red), and one with strong action to mitigate emissions (blue). Shown are fossil CO2 emissions (top panel) and corresponding global warming (bottom panel). The shown mitigation pathway limits fossil and land-use related CO2 emissions to 1,000 billion tonnes CO2 over the first half of the 21st century with near-zero net emissions thereafter. Greenhouse gas emissions of this pathway in year 2050 are ~70% below 1990 levels. Without climate policies, global warming will cross 2°C by the middle of the century. Strong mitigation actions according to the blue route would limit the risk of exceeding 2°C to 25%. For more details, see Figure 2 in Meinshausen et al. (2009). Credit: M. Meinshausen et al. (2009)
even without any environmental policy effort,” the authors said. They estimated that this adds up to 11 GtGtCO -eq. ² “Because anything profitable is likely to be pursued,” the authors assume that countries will increasingly make use of surplus allowances from now until 2020. The researchers compiled national emissions estimates from the pledges submitted to the Copenhagen Accord, and relied on previous announcements for countries that didn’t submit targets. For the remaining countries that have not made any announcements they assumed a business-as-usual growth scenario. They ran these numbers through a coupled carbon cycle climate model, finding that temperatures would even exceed three degrees Celsius warming by 2100. “48 GtCO emissions by 2020 is not on track to ² meet the 2°C goal – it is like racing towards a cliff and hoping to stop just before it,” said Malte Meinshausen. As of April 13, 2010, 76 countries,
accounting for about 80% of global emissions, have submitted pledges to limit their emissions of greenhouse gases by 2020. Japan and Norway are the only two developed countries to make pledges in line with the 2°C limit. (Visit www. climateactiontracker.org) The US provided a 2020 target of 17% below 2005 levels, equivalent to just three per cent below 1990 levels, while 25-40% in total would be required for developed countries as a whole. The less ambitious end of China’s target to lower its CO2 emissions per unit of gross domestic product by 40% compared to 2005 corresponds to business-as-usual development. The EU offered a range of 20- 30% cuts. Reducing emissions by 20% would lead to smaller annual reductions from now to 2020 than have been accomplished on average over the past 30 years. The analysis is a collaboration of researchers at PIK, Ecofys (www.ecofys.com) and Climate Analytics (www.climateanalytics.org). May 2010
19
Happenings > at large
Water lament
1.3 billion adults worldwide unhappy with water quality in 25 out of 151 nations Gallup surveys in 151 countries and areas reinforce the United Nations’ recent assertion that the world is facing a water crisis of not only quantity, but also quality. More than one-quarter of the world’s adults or roughly 1.3 billion people are dissatisfied with the quality of water in their communities, ranging from a high of 78% in the Democratic Republic of the Congo to less than one per cent in Singapore.
Middle East. In Iraq, 71% are dissatisfied, which is the highest percentage in the region. With two exceptions, the United Arab Emirates (26%) and Qatar (15%), dissatisfaction in all Middle Eastern countries surveyed was higher than the regional median for Asia (30%). Even before the destructive earthquake in 2010, the majority of Haitians (55%) said they were dissatisfied with their water quality, making them the unhappiest in the Americas. At the other end of the spectrum, adults in Uruguay were the least unhappy, with five per cent dissatisfied. In comparison, 13% of Americans and 11% of Canadians said they are dissatisfied with the quality of water in the cities or areas where they live.
People are relatively satisfied with their local water quality across most of Europe, where median dissatisfaction is the lowest in the world at 20%. Only in Russia (54%) and Ukraine (52%) did more than half of adults say they are dissatisfied. Dissatisfaction is lower than 10% in 10 European countries, including Germany (5%) and the United Kingdom (7%). Results are based on telephone and face-to-face interviews with approximately 1,000 adults in most countries, aged 15 and older, conducted in 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009, in 151 countries and areas. For results based on the total sample of national adults, one can say with 95% confidence that the maximum margin of sampling error ranged from a low of ±2.1 percentage points in China to a high of ±5.7 percentage points in Slovenia. The margin of error reflects the influence of data weighting. In addition to sampling error, question wording and practical difficulties in conducting surveys can introduce error or bias into the findings of public opinion polls.
In the city or area where you live, are you satisfied or dissatisfied with the quality of the water? – REGIONAL MEDIANS Regions
Satisfied (%)
Dissatisfied (%)
Africa
54
46
Asia
68
30
Americas
73
27
Europe
79
20
In the city or area where you live, are you satisfied or dissatisfied with the quality of the water? Country Most people in Africa are dissatisfied with local water quality
In 25 countries surveyed between 2006 and 2009, at least half of adults said they are dissatisfied with water quality in their communities. The countries where the most people are dissatisfied with local water quality are disproportionately in Africa. Sixteen of these 25 countries are in sub-Saharan Africa, where the WHO/ UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme reports many countries are not on track to meet Millennium Development Goals (MDG) for sustainable access to clean drinking water. Dissatisfaction with water quality is also 50% or higher in five countries in the 20
May 2010
Satisfied (%)
Dissatisfied (%)
Iraq
26
71
Lebanon
37
63
Jordan
45
54
Yemen
47
53
Kuwait
52
48
Turkey
51
47
KSA
52
47
Egypt
74
26
UAE
73
26
Iran
58
41
Syria
59
41
Algeria
61
39
Bahrain
62
37
Qatar
80
50
Source: Gallup
Based on 151 countries and areas surveyed between 2006 and 2009
Reverse Osmosis Membrane Element inside a Pressure Vessel
Hold the salt
Fabric Backing Brine Spacer
Plasticized Tricot (Grooves in the Tricot create a spiral flow of desalted water to the exit tube in the center of the vessel)
Sealant
(Membrane is sealed on three sides to form an envelope)
Three steps to innovation The new membrane was synthesised through a three-step process. First, researchers synthesised a polyamide thin-film composite membrane using conventional interfacial
(salty leftover water that didn’t go through the membrane)
Fiberglass Membrane Shell (Encases the membrane)
SALTY FEED WATER
UCLA engineers develop new RO desalination membrane
Researchers from the UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science have unveiled a new class of Reverse Osmosis (RO) membranes for desalination that resist the clogging which typically occurs when seawater, brackish water and waste water are purified. The highly permeable, surface-structured membrane can easily be incorporated into today’s commercial production system and could help to significantly reduce desalination operating costs. Their findings were published in the recent issue of the Journal of Materials Chemistry. RO desalination uses high pressure to force polluted water through the pores of a membrane. While water molecules pass through the pores, mineral salt ions, bacteria and other impurities cannot. Over time, these particles build up on the membrane’s surface, leading to clogging and membrane damage. The new UCLA membrane’s novel surface topography and chemistry allow it to avoid scaling and fouling of membranes that places higher energy demands on the pumping system and necessitates costly cleanup and membrane replacement. “Besides possessing high water permeability, the new membrane also shows high rejection characteristics and longterm stability,” said Nancy H. Lin, a UCLA Engineering senior researcher and the study’s lead author. “Structuring the membrane surface does not require a long reaction time, high reaction temperature or the use of a vacuum chamber. The anti-scaling property, which can increase membrane life and decrease operational costs, is superior to existing commercial membranes.”
Concentrate
DESALTED WATER
Desalted Water Exit Tube
Salt-Rejecting Membrane Cast on Fabric Backing
Fiberglass Pressure Vessel (To contain the element)
(Coats the fabric backing to allow water molecules to pass through)
RO Diagram Courtesy: US Bureau of Reclamation
polymerisation. Next, they activated the polyamide surface with atmospheric pressure plasma to create active sites on the surface. Finally, these active sites were used to initiate a graft polymerisation reaction with a monomer solution to create a polymer “brush layer” on the polyamide surface. This graft polymerisation is carried out for a specific period of time at a specific temperature in order to control the brush layer thickness and topography. “In the early years, surface plasma treatment could only be accomplished in a vacuum chamber,” said Yoram Cohen, UCLA professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering and a corresponding author of the study. “It wasn’t practical for largescale commercialisation because thousands of metres of membranes could not be synthesised in a vacuum chamber. It’s too costly. But now, with the advent of atmospheric pressure plasma, we don’t even need to initiate the reaction chemically. It’s as simple as brushing the surface with plasma, and it can be done for almost any surface.” In this new membrane, the polymer chains of the tethered brush layer are in constant motion. The chains are chemically anchored to the surface and are thus more thermally stable, relative to physically coated polymer films. Water flow also adds to the brush layer’s movement, making it extremely difficult for bacteria and other colloidal matter to anchor to the surface of the membrane. “If you’ve ever snorkeled, you’ll know that sea kelp move back and forth with the current or water flow,” Cohen said. “So imagine that you have this varied structure with continuous movement.
Protein or bacteria need to be able to anchor to multiple spots on the membrane to attach themselves to the surface — a task which is extremely difficult to attain due to the constant motion of the brush layer. The polymer chains protect and screen the membrane surface underneath.” Another factor in preventing adhesion is the surface charge of the membrane. Cohen’s team is able to choose the chemistry of the brush layer to impart the desired surface charge, enabling the membrane to repel molecules of an opposite charge. The team’s next step is to expand the membrane synthesis into a much larger, continuous process and to optimise the new membrane’s performance for different water sources. “We want to be able to narrow down and create a membrane selection system for different water sources that have different fouling tendencies,” Lin said. “With such knowledge, one can optimise the membrane surface properties with different polymer brush layers to delay or prevent the onset of membrane fouling and scaling. “The cost of desalination will therefore decrease when we reduce the cost of chemicals (used for membrane cleaning), as well as process operation (for membrane replacement). Desalination can become more economical and used as a viable alternate water resource.” Cohen’s team, in collaboration with the UCLA Water Technology Research (WaTeR) Centre, is currently carrying out specific studies to test the performance of the new membrane’s fouling properties under field conditions. May 2010
21
market marketplace Battery-powered water counter KROHNE launched the WATERFLUX 3070, an electromagnetic water counter for standard applications in the water and wastewater industry at IWEX, held in Birmingham, UK, from April 20 to 22, 2010. The measuring tube of the WATERFLUX 3070 has been designed with a rectangular cross section, which offers several advantages. The coils are arranged so that a strong, homogeneous magnetic field is formed meaning that measurement is independent of flow profile. This also allows for extremely short inlets and outlets, meaning the WATERFLUX can be installed in very narrow wells and chambers. The optimised thickness of the metering eddy currents are minimised so a high measurement accuracy of Âą 0.2% can be achieved.
The tube itself is high-pressure stable; it is made of cast aluminium with a coating of Rilsan, which is approved for potable water. Krohne has claimed that the WATERFLUX 3070 is superior to mechanical water meters, in terms of pressure loss and long-term stability, and for large diameters, offers a significant price advantage compared to the lifetime cost of mechanical meters which require filters and flow conditioners as well as maintenance and cleaning. Ordinarily, for the operation of an electromagnetic water meter, electrical energy is required. However, in many cases, the remote location of the meter makes connection to the power grid impossible. KROHNE have overcome this issue by giving the WATERFLUX
McCrometer to exhibit flow meter range at AWWA ACE 2010 McCrometer offers a comprehensive array of flow meters that are ideal in multiple water applications including ground water, surface water, collection/transportation, well water production, raw water influent, booster stations, filter backwash, treated water filtration and pipe galleries, finished water effluent and distribution systems. The company will exhibit a broad line of electromagnetic, differential pressure and propeller technology flow meters at AWWA ACE 2010 to be held from June 20-24 in Chicago. The exhibit at Booth 825 includes demo meter models and video flow technology presentations.
Ultra Mag Flow Meter The Ultra Mag full-bore electromagnetic Flow Meter comes with fusion-bonded 22
May 2010
epoxy UltraLiner for superior durability. With no moving parts, the Ultra Mag covers a wide flow range with no head loss or maintenance. It can be customised with special lay lengths, flanged end connections and custom cable lengths built to fit the application and reduce labour during installation.
Single-Mag Flow Meter The Single-Mag is a single-point insertable electromagnetic Flow Meter that provides a cost-effective solution for the accurate measurement of liquid flow in closed conduit, full pipe applications. This flow meter is designed for water applications such as raw water intake and clear wells to wastewater applications such as effluent, Waste Activated Sludge, Return Activated Sludge and reclaimed/
recycled water. The hot tap installation eliminates the need to shut down for installation or service and the flexibility of permanent or temporary installation.
V-2 System Flow Meter Municipal water engineers tasked with measuring liquid flow in applications such as water well production, raw water influent, water in filter and pipe galleries, and finished water effluent can benefit from the spacesaving V-Cone Flow Meter, which fits in crowded equipment installations where long pipe straight-runs are impractical. McCrometer’s compact V-Cone Flow Meter features built-in flow conditioning. It reduces flow meter straight pipe run requirements by up to 70% or more and needs only 0-3 straight pipe diameters upstream
a battery life of up to 15 years. The long battery life is due to the unique sensor design, and the very low power consumption of the components within the counter. If no power supply system is available, often the connection to the PLC is also not available. Therefore, the user is reliant on remote data transmission. For the WATERFLUX 3070, a Data Logger and GSM transmitter as a compact module are available. The Data Logger stores all data, including peak flow and low flow during the night. This information is then transmitted by the GSM network to the nearest radio mast and from there via satellite to a server that the user can access. The WATERFLUX 3070 is available in sizes from DN 25 to DN 600 and meets the requirements for custody transfer according to OIML R-49 and MI-001.
and 0-1 downstream to operate effectively. The resulting savings (after installation) in plant real estate, materials and labour costs can actually exceed the cost of the instrument itself. The V-Cone Flow Meter features an advanced differential pressure flow sensing design with built-in flow conditioning for superior accuracy. The V-Cone is the ideal new or retrofit flow meter for multiple clean water and wastewater treatment applications.
Water Specialties Propeller Flow Meter The Water Specialties Propeller Flow Meters have set the standard for liquid flow measurement performance, ease-of-use and value. This popular line of propeller flow meters offers economical and versatile flow measurement with optional transmitters for connection to SCADA and PLC systems.
Containerised desalination plants Shivsu Canadian Clear International, based in Chennai, India, has launched containerised desalination plants with capacities in the range of 10,000 L/ day to 100 million L/day. Application areas include municipalities, townships, hospitals, army camps, refugee camps, start-up power plants, ships and barges, tourist resorts, development sites, makeshift facilities, sea-side resorts and industrial applications as well. Salient features include latest membrane designs and hardware construction, hardbound industrial system, user-friendly membrane handling system, compact pre-filtration system suitable for different types of sea water, end-to-end sea-water intake solutions, pumping system manufactured with high-grade non-corrosive metals, specialised
boron removal system, low-energyconsumption design with latest power control technology, annunciator panel, control panel for single-point operator control and automation with table-top HMI. The plants are ABWA, TUV and BWW certified. Depending on size, the plants can be installed in a minimum period of 60 days.
DC Input Power Capability Flowserve Corporation recently announced the availability of 24to 48-volt DC-input power for all sizes of Flowserve Limitorque QX electronic valve actuators. While primarily designed to meet the needs of remote, low-voltage DC applications in the offshore oil and gas industry, this capability can also be used in commercial power, solar power and water applications. “The new DC power capability completes the Limitorque QX product line and helps secure the Flowserve position as a premier electronic heavy-duty actuator supplier to the oil and gas industry,” said Bill Lyon, director, research and development, Flowserve Flow
Control Division. “The QX offers reliability for remote applications that require an uninterrupted power supply but cannot use single or three-phase AC volts.” The electronic controls in the Limitorque QX actuators with DC volt capability are 100 percent digital with no moving parts, making them more reliable than electro-mechanical devices. Additionally, the QX software provides a torque boost to overcome excessive valve torque when pulling the valve out of the seat. The Limitorque QX is a quarterturn and limited multi-turn, smart electronic valve actuator designed to enhance safety and reduce downtime through improved diagnostics, built-in self-test (BIST) features, and LimiGard fault protection capabilities.
May 2010
23
photo-op
1
2
Wastewater re-use project in RAK
A
n advanced wastewater treatment plant, set up by Hitachi Plant Technologies, Japan together with the Ras alKhaimah Investment Authority (RAKIA) and Al Ghurair at the Al Ghail Industrial Park in Ras al-Khaimah was recently inaugurated by H.H. Sheikh Mohammed bin Saud Al Qasimi, son of H.H. Sheikh Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi, Crown Prince and Deputy Ruler of Ras Al Khaimah. The Al Ghail Water Recycling project comprises a 2,000 m³/day MBR-based wastewater treatment plant coupled to a 1,000 m³/day RO plant, which will polish the treated effluent for industrial usage as an alternative to scarce potable water. Manabu Shimokawa, Vice President & Executive Officer, Hitachi Plant Technologies, said that the plant has been designed to achieve the stringent quality standards laid down internationally for unrestricted public access irrigation and will produce treated effluent suitable for industrial and irrigation purposes. Essa Al Ghurair, Vice-Chairman, Al Ghurair, added, “The main objective of the project is to provide the Emirate of Ras Al-Khaimah with the best sustainable, environmental and economical wastewater recycling and treatment solution.” The project was funded by Japan’s R&D organisation NEDO (New Energy Development and Industrial Technology Organisation) as a research project for wastewater treatment and re-use in the emirate. The aim of the project is to establish a business model through a three-year experimental study. NEDO is a R&D organisation established by Japan in 1980 to work on industrial new energy, energy conservation and environmental technology by means of government, industry and academic cooperation.
1 H.H. Sheikh Mohammed bin Saud Al Qasimi, son of H.H. Sheikh Saud Bin Saqr Al Qasimi, Crown Prince and Deputy Ruler of Ras al-Khaimah & Essa Al Ghurair, Vice-Chairman, Al Ghurair 2 Distinguished visitors to the plant included Abdullah Al Hashimi, GM-Projects, Haya Water, Oman 3-4 Project Site at Al Ghail Industrial Area 5 View of the Membrane Bio-Reactor (MBR)/Anoxic Tank Area 6 TSE Water Pipes from the MBR Plant 7 MBR Aeration Tanks close-up 8 Plant Information 9 Blending tanks 10 Entrance to RO treatment cum Pump Room 11 RO Membranes 12 Outside view of the sludge treatment & dewatering room 13 Sludge Discharge Pipe from the MBR Unit leading to Sludge Tanks PhotograpHS: Anoop K Menon
3 24
May 2010
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13 May 2010
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COVER STORY: Q&A
Overcoming Red Tide Interview with Dr AbdelKader Gaid, Municipal Director, VW/VWS Technical Department, on the various tools and techniques for dealing with algal blooms How are desalination plants affected by algal blooms? An outbreak of red tide can force the closure of desalination plants, and thereby, cut water supply to end-users. If the pretreatment is not adapted to treat the red tide, seawater desalination plants, power plants and users of seawater for cooling purposes will be forced to shut down to avoid fouling and blockage problems. That’s why we, at Veolia, have developed methods to control and minimise the impact of red tide through advanced monitoring tools, and to remove the red tide through the use of our Spidflow or Actiflo technology
Has the problem of algal blooms or red tide worsened over the years? The term ‘red tide’ is often used in the US to describe a particular type of algal bloom common to the eastern Gulf of Mexico, and is also called Florida Red Tide. This algal bloom produces highly potent aerosolised toxins and the red tide toxins (known as brevetoxins) can impact respiratory function and increase respiratory symptoms in patients with asthma. Unfortunately, the intensity of this ecological phenomenon seems to be increasing more in areas like the Middle East, South Africa and US Coasts and for longer durations. For example, in the Gulf of Oman in 2009, the algal bloom lasted for more than six months instead of the usual two months. Is coastal pollution a factor, and if so, how? Scientists have concluded that red tides are occurring with increasing intensity and frequency over a wider global distribution, and may be a result of human activities. Nutrient enrichment 26
May 2010
through various forms of pollution and changes induced by the greenhouse effect are thought to have influenced the intensity and frequency of red tides. Also, the transport of dormant cysts in the ballast tanks of ships is thought to have contributed to the wider distribution of red tide outbreaks.
What are the critical parameters that plant operators should be analysing to deal with red tides? Key parameters that have to be analysed include common parameters like SDI, Total Organic Carbon, UV 254 nm and also nutrients (P, N).The evolution of the temperature is also a good parameter. Moreover, tracking (analyse once per week during the red tide season) the evolution of chlorophyll and phyto plankton can help anticipate the arrival of red tide and
take the necessary measures. A correlation of these parameters obtained over some years will help the operator to anticipate the working conditions. You were the co-author of the paper titled Use of Advanced Analytical Tools for Monitoring Performance of Seawater Pretreatment Processes, presented at IDA Congress 2007 in Spain. Could you elaborate on its relevance to dealing with red tide? Advanced analytical tools were developed to allow thorough characterisation of seawater samples from many aspects: (i) inorganic content, (ii) characterisation of the natural organic matter, and (iii) enumeration of phytoplankton and bacteria. These analytical tools were used at various membrane-based desalination sites worldwide. Results obtained on raw seawater samples showed that the bacteria and phytoplankton counts in raw seawater appear to be positively correlated with the concentration of polysaccharides, organic compounds highly fouling for reverse osmosis (RO), and with the SDI values of both the raw and pre-treated seawaters. On the other hand, other conventional water quality parameters, such as turbidity and TOC, did not show any correlation with the fouling potential of both the raw and pre-treated seawaters. Also, through the use of the newlydeveloped water quality parameters at various pilot-scale demonstration sites and at full-scale desalination plants, it was possible to differentiate the performance of various pretreatment processes with greater accuracy as compared to the single use of SDI values. This new approach allows one to anticipate the conditions of operation to be taken in the plant before the arrival of the red tide. Overall, the quantification of micro-organisms and
of the plant to operate more efficient and polysaccharides concentration along seawater sustainable seawater RO plants. pre-treatment processes can be very useful, notably because those parameters directly How does DAF as an effective prequantify potential foulants (high molecular treatment against red tide compare weight and biodegradable organics, and with alternatives? microorganisms). Overall, the use of these complementary water Historically, it has been demonstrated that CST-2052 H2Oshould Mag 4.72x7.09 4/27/10flotation 10:57is aAM Page 1suited for the technology quality parameters provide operators
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27
COVER STORY: Q&A
where it is in contact with pressurised water distributed uniformly across the width by means of ‘cloud’ chambers. These are used to prevent the destruction of the flocs by the energy released when expanding the pressurised water. The sludge accumulated on the surface is removed periodically by scraping towards a trough. The clarified water is collected downstream of the work under a siphon. Air-water contact is achieved in a pressure vessel at 5 to 6 bars. This technology is proven and used for the removal of algae in surface water like lakes, dams and sea water. The advantage of DAF is the possibility of adding high dosages of coagulant which can trap high concentrations of algae without any problem. DAF can handle red tide better than a membrane system because of extensive coagulant dose that removes all dissolved organics that occur simultaneously with algae. Moreover, high concentration of algae can clog very quickly the pores of the membranes and then reduce the production of the treated water. DAF allows a continuous working of the plant despite the fluctuation of the raw water quality. The dosage of the coagulant has to be adapted with this fluctuation.
Dr Abdelkader Gaïd, Municipal Director, VW/VWS Technical Department
removal of algae. Its performance is particularly high towards the elimination of different algal species present in water. This technology is applied to day as a pretreatment of seawater to protect the RO membranes that are located downstream. It is important to understand that the flotation step will help improve the overall quality of the pre-treated water (particularly the SDI) only for the seawater withdrawn from the open intake and not from the beach wells. The flotation process has a certain advantage over traditional settling especially when the raw water contains a large quantity of algae and other naturally-buoying compounds (for example, hydrocarbons). Raw water, that has first been coagulated and flocculated, enters the bottom of the flotation chamber 28
May 2010
Does the increased chemical consumption in pre-treatment during red tide events impact the environment? The increased chemical consumption will not impact the environment because the sludge collected from the DAF is treated in a specific sludge treatment before its discharge.
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COVER STORY
Bloom buster How a pre-treatment pilot project by Veolia Water Solutions & Technologies (VWS) for the Fujairah 2 RO plant successfully tackled outbreaks of Harmful Algal Blooms
W
hen Veolia Water Solutions & Technologies (VWS) was awarded the contract to construct the 128,000m³/day Reverse Osmosis (RO) component of the hybrid Fujairah F2 Independent Water and Power Project (IWPP) in the UAE, the contract, among other things, required VWS to establish the performances and reliability of the pre-treatment stage, a key reason being the increasing frequency and intensity of Red Tide or algal blooms along UAE’s Gulf of Oman coast where the Fujairah F2 plant is located. positioned between the source water and RO membranes and thus, plays a vital role in terms of assuring constant water quality prior to the RO stage. In fact, the past few years have seen growing cases of RO-based desalination plants along Arabian Gulf and Indian Ocean being shut down when their pre-treatment
systems were overwhelmed by the extreme intensity and duration of algal blooms. What sets the F2 apart is its advanced pre-treatment system consisting of a high speed Dissolved Air Floatation (DAF) process, followed by Dual Media Filtration (DMF) before the RO membrane. Despite never seen before HAB on the Gulf of Oman coast, the advance pre-treatment technique from VWS demonstrated its robustness to continuously produce pre-treated water with constant quality.
Figure 1: Spidflow pilot plant process diagram
Algal blooms spell bad news not only for the immediate aquatic and marine environment, but also for the operation of desalination plants, a critical issue given that desalination meets bulk of the Gulf region’s water requirements (In the case of UAE, it is 98%). The toxic variety, referred to as Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB), pose a major risk to humans if the toxins are not effectively removed from the seawater. Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) tends to be more sensitive to source water conditions than thermal desalination. Algal blooms increase the organic load of the source water, which accelerates the biofouling of RO membranes and adversely impacts the performance and efficiency of the plant. To a large extent, the success of RO-based desalination depends on the effectiveness of the pre-treatment process, 30
May 2010
Spidflow is a trademark of VWS
Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) tends to be more sensitive to source water conditions than thermal desalination. Algal blooms increase the organic load of the source water, which accelerates the bio-fouling of RO membranes and adversely impacts the performance and efficiency of the plant
May 2010
31
COVER STORY Pilot process Often, the choice of a process used as pretreatment is supported by preliminary pilot tests. Therefore, a six month pilot plant trial was carried out at the F2 site from April to November 2008 to investigate the raw seawater quality, the performance of the pre-treatment under various conditions including algal blooms and optimisation of the chemical dosing. The pilot plant from VWS comprised of its patented Veolia Spidflow high speed Dissolved Air flotation (DAF) clarification system coupled with DMF. An open seawater intake was installed in parallel of the future plant intake. The process flow diagram is given in Figure 1. As seen in Figure 1, seawater is chemically conditioned with chlorination (using liquid sodium hypochlorite), pH adjustment (using sulphuric acid), coagulation (using commercial ferric chloride) and flocculation, followed by high speed floatation. Polymer injection option was provided between the coagulation and flocculation stages to obtain the required seawater quality in case there was a need for the same. The flow through the pilot plant averaged at 28 m³/hour. Recirculation rate was established between 5-11% of the influent flow. After floatation, only 1.16 m³/hour of the flow would pass through the DMF, which was made of sand and pumice. An option of injecting coagulant through a static mixer between floatation and filtration if needed too was provided. The sea water parameters that were monitored during the pilot plant operation were pH, conductivity (mS/ cm), salinity, temperature (C), turbidity (NTU), TSS (mg/l) and Silt Density Index (SDI). To monitor and evaluate the process performances, the SDI of raw sea water was computed using the SDI 3 test while that of filtered sea water was computed using SDI 15 test. During the pilot, the raw seawater reached quality levels never seen before. Hence, the pilot study distinguished between periods of normal quality sea water and degraded quality seawater. ‘Normal’ is characterised as relatively constant quality while ‘degraded’ represents extremely variable quality of seawater. Two periods of degraded quality seawater occurred during the pilot (with 32
May 2010
the second one extending beyond the trial period). A sampling and analysis campaign led by the United Nation University in Dubai traced the cause of the water degradation to Harmful Algae Blooms generated by the phytoplankton specie Cochlodinium polykrikoide. The initial signs appeared during August 2008, after which blooms occurred irregularly over a period of almost 10 months until the beginning of summer 2009. At the beginning of each bloom period, a drop in water temperature was recorded. When the bloom took place close to the seawater intake, high concentrations of the algae were sucked into the pre-treatment process. SDI values would shoot up and become difficult to measure due to the rapid clogging of the SDI membrane caused by the high concentrations of phytoplankton and the mucus produced by it. On many occasions, SDI 3 min could not be measured, and sometimes, even a SDI1 min was impossible to measure. The average SDI value increased from 20%/min during the normal quality periods to more than 27%/min during the blooms. Even parameters like TSS would swing from low (10 ppm) to extremely high values (30 – 35 ppm) during a very short period of time (under specific conditions of operation). Interestingly, Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH), oil and grease in the raw seawater levels were below the detection limit, which was the case during ‘normal’ periods. As with seawater quality, the differentiation between normal and
degraded seawater conditions was applied to plant operations too. During the degraded seawater conditions caused by algal blooms, the operation of the pilot plant had to be adapted to deal with varying seawater quality. Once the optimum operational parameters were identified, the same were strictly implemented during subsequent episodes too. The physical parameters of Spidflow and DMF remained unchanged, the floatation and filtration operational flows weren’t reduced, the recirculation rate was not increased; what was increased was the dosing of ferric chloride before floatation. The maximum dose was 11.1 mg/L as Fe. At such high doses, pH adjustment was not always necessary as ferric chloride was enough to lower the pH to 7 or less. A second coagulation point
Table 1: Filtered water quality during normal seawater quality periods
Turbidity (NTU)
Min
Average Max
0,031
0,049
0,138 0,042
3,2
4,9
SDI 15min 1,3 (%/min)
Median
3,1
Table 2: Filtered water quality during harmful algae bloom periods
Turbidity (NTU)
Min
Average Max
0,031
0,044
0,191 0,042
3,0
5,0
SDI 15min 1,4 (%/min)
Figure 2: SDI of raw seawater and pre-treated water during the first occurrence of the harmful algae blooms
Median
2,9
was started and tests carried out with an optimum dose of 1.0 mg/L as Fe. After applying the adequate chemical dosages and new operating control mode, filtered water quality that was achieved under degraded conditions was well within the required criteria, with SDI 15 min below 4 %/min more than 75 percent of the time and below 5%/min all the time. For comparison, during normal seawater quality periods, SDI 15 min was below 5%/min all the time while SDI 15 min was below 4%/min more than 75% of the time. Table 1 shows filtered water quality data during the normal period, while Table 2 shows the same data for the degraded period after the adaptation phase. Both cases demonstrate the robustness of the process in continuously producing pretreated water with constant quality. Figure 2 shows how filtered water quality improved during the process adaptation phase to reach the quality objectives. Further, average filtration cycle
Spidflow comprises a coagulation stage, followed by a flocculation step and a clarification phase through fast flotation. The flocculation stage may also use a Turbomix when dealing with cold water. The fine air bubbles, formed by pressurising air in water (at pressures of 5 to 6 bar) when producing white water, are injected into the Spidflow flotation units through a dedicated distribution system. This ensures the separation of Suspended Solids (SS), algae, oil, and hydrocarbons, which are trapped in hydroxide flocs formed by the addition of coagulant. The hydraulic sequencing of the various compartments of the Spidflow process has been designed in accordance with specific Computerised Fluid Dynamics (CFD) type studies. Spidflow has a floor for the distribution of flocculated water,
34
May 2010
duration during degraded conditions was lowered to 33.7 hours compared to 42 hours for normal seawater conditions, which is less than one per cent below the objective of 34 hours. Another important operational parameter monitored was the floated sludge production. Spidflow is equipped with a mechanical scrapper which made it easy to control sludge. Under normal seawater conditions, average sludge production was 0.026% of the influent flow, with average concentration of three per cent. Under degraded seawater conditions, sludge production increased in line with the increase in suspended materials and coagulant dose. Average production increased to 0.086% of the influent flow, with an average concentration of 2.3%. After finding the adequate operating parameters for both ‘normal’ and ‘degraded’ seawater quality periods, the process evaluation criteria were laid down as follows: - Average duration of filtration cycle of
40.5 hours (objective of 34 hours) - SDI 15 of filtered water below 5 at all times (objective of 100%) - SDI 15 of filtered water less than 4 on an average lower than two hours, resulting more than 90% of the actual SDI 15 tests lower than 4 (against an objective of 75%). The pilot plant study provided valuable insights that were used in the deployment of Spidflow DAF clarification at F2 IWPP. Sanjay Sharma, Director – Sales, Design & Build, VWS said, “Given the inherent advantages of the Veolia Spidflow DAF for the removal of Red Algae, Oil and Colloids, the same can be incorporated either for augmenting existing SWRO plants as an add-on pre-treatment to the existing DMF, or as pre-treatment for new green field SWRO plants. During Red Algae events, the quality of water achieved after DAF is similar or even better as compared to sea water analysis during non-Red Algae condition enabling the SWRO to run smoothly and efficiently.”
Spidflow Schema
which is located before the mixing step with white water. It also includes anti-spiral-flow plates that break down any short circuits and collection lines which uniformly distribute water flow. This unparalleled process optimisation ensures that Spidflow achieves levels of treatment efficiency which allow it to operate
at clarification rates between 30 m/ hour and 50 m/hour. To meet the needs of large capacity production plants, Spidflow is installed in concrete works. The process is also available as Spidflow Package Plant, in a metal, modular and compact version for industrial installations with small treatment capacity.
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feature
Hot water with solar Marc Hausstaetter, Managing Director, Ecotherm Middle East on how solar water heaters are meeting the hot water demand of Palm Jumeirah’s Shoreline Apartments. One of the leading players in Austria in solar thermal energy, Ecotherm has successfully adapted its solar water heaters to the GCC region.
D
uring the past 20 years, the use of solar energy has become widespread in Central Europe. However, it is only in the last two years that the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has started exploiting the benefits of solar energy, This is not suprising given the availability of abundant and cheap fossil energy in the GCC region, which made renewable energy an unattractive option. However, the rise of energy prices globally is slowly but surely altering this picture even if the current slowdown lowered the prices of fossil fuels for a while. A single constant power source available is the sun’s energy, delivered free of charge and with zero carbon emission certificate attached. Solar energy is clean energy with no CO2 emissions – a point well worth remembering in congested cities. In the emirate of Dubai, Nakheel has completed a major solar energy project utilising solar thermal energy at the Shoreline Apartments, located on the trunk of Palm Jumeirah. The system produces hot water for the apartments and has the capacity to harness 80% of the annually available solar energy required for hot water demand. This ambitious target was set by the client, while past studies show that a solar system has its highest efficiencies at 5060% coverage of the total annual hot water demand.
System specification While every supplier of solar system has developed his or her own recipe for success, some fundamentals remain. The sun provides approximately 1,000W per m2. The task of the thermal solar panel and its system is to capture this energy and transfer it to domestic water with as few losses as possible. A normal solar panel has around two m2 net area and 36
May 2010
Operational Facts Ecotherm has delivered these condensing boilers as skid mounted units that are factory pre-wired to the Solar–Master control panel. Only the cold water-in and the hot water-out are connected on site. The master control panel is equipped with a high-end microprocessor which allows 20 parameters to be controlled simultaneously. Parameters such as outside temperature as well as temperatures in the solar supply pipe, the storage tank and the hot water supply pipe are managed either with solar pumps or back-up boiler to ensure that the temperature of the hot water never drops down below 500ºC. These parameters are stored so that the aim of getting 80% out of solar energy can documented and measured over the year. Further, they can be connected over the Internet or Intranet for remote monitoring and control.
supplies around 1.8kW. Around five to 10% is lost through panel dissipation, depending on insulation thickness and design. A further loss of 10% has to be considered due to heat loss of the piping system. The calorifier and buffer tank capacities must then be specified. The storage capacity should ideally match the total capacity of the solar panel per day. If the system needs to supply hot water in the morning, the whole system has to sized and designed accordingly. The shoreline apartments comprises approximately 156 apartments. For this project, we used three stainless steel tanks of 4,000 litres capacity and special internal flat coil heat exchangers of 100-120 kW. Stainless steel was used because it is hygienic and long lasting and is also the best material to transfer and store hot water. However, where does the remaining 20% energy requirement come from? There are very few days with shadow and rain in the Gulf, and on these days, hot water supply must be maintained using an automatic backup system. Electric heating elements are the most common way to generate this energy but on the Palm Jumeirah, special stainless steel condensing boilers with 109% thermal efficiency were installed. These boilers are re-using the ‘waste’ heat of the flue gas to pre-heat the water. The flue gas cools down to around 600°C and no insulation of the chimney is necessary. An innovative and ‘green’ boiler system was installed by ECOTHERM on the Burj Khalifa too. Overall, solar thermal system represents a higher initial investment than a common gas fired heating system, but due to very low running costs, the actual return of investment is between four to seven years (depending on system requirement). This will be further reduced in the future when the prices of electricity, oil and LPG will rise.
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• 782 rooms, ballrooms & meeting Spaces restaurants & Lounges, Cafés & bars • 2 Stainless steel electric water heaters • 2 Stainless steel electric steam boilers • 12x eSHe, 2x eSWe, 4x eHre-2500
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SHERATON HOTEl, HONG KONG
boILer
eLeCTrIC
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SHOREliNE ApARTmENTS, DuBAi
• 6 buildings, each with 156 apartments 10,000 litres/h hygienic hot water at 60°C • Solar gain 80 % • 200 m2 solar panel area • 2 Gas condensing boilers • 3 Stainless steel calorifiers 3,000 litres • 249 rooms & 93 villas 39,000 litres/h hygienic hot water at 60°C • 3 Steam boilers 4,000 kg/h – 11 bar • 6 Stainless steel high capacity water heaters 450 kW – 6,600 litres
Leading-edge construction Stainless steel quality
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Product Focus
Smart Motors Drives and motors are becoming more compact and robust in design and energy efficient as well. By Avi Chavan
I
mproving the efficiency and design of electric motors and the equipment they drive can save energy, reduce operating costs, and improve nation’s productivity. Major types of electric motors manufactured in big volumes include single phase fractional horse power (FHP) motors ranging from between 0.18 to 0.75KW, and three phase squirrel cage motors up to 5HP (3.7KW). Three phase squirrel cage motors are used in pump sets, compressors, blowers, exhaust fans and conveyors. Manufacturers offer drive solutions for ratings up to 5MW and beyond. The types of drives offered by them range from the simple variable frequency controlled drives to complex flux vector control and special purpose crane and elevator specific drives. Drive solutions are used by all major industry segments like oil & gas, water and wastewater, HVACR, material handling and transportation. They are also used for standalone applications like fans and pumps as well as co-ordinated systems like rolling mills. Basically, electric motors can be divided into alternating current (AC) motors, direct current (DC) motors, and universal motors. A universal motor will run with either AC or DC current. AC electric motors are further subdivided into single phase and three phase motors, with former applicable to homes and the latter only to factory settings. DC electric motors are further split into brush motors, brushless motors, and stepper motors. Of these types, brush electric motors are the most common. They are easy to build and very cost effective. Their only drawback is that they use carbon brushes to transfer electrical current to the rotating part, so these brushes wear over time and eventually result in the failure of the electric motor. The DC brushless motor eliminates the brushes, but is more costly and requires much more complicated drive electronics to operate. 38
May 2010
A stepper motor is a special type of brushless motor that is used primarily in automation systems and has a special type of construction that allows a computerised control system to “step� the rotation of the motor. Their best known application is in controlling a robotic arm. For instance, when you wish to move a specific distance as directed by a procedure in a programme on the computer, a stepper motor may be the best choice. Universal motors tend to have many features in common with DC electric motors, especially with brush motors. They are called series-wound motors with major applications in household appliances that run very fast for a short period of time, such as in food processors, blenders, and vacuum cleaners. All electric motors usually come in different horsepower depending on their application. The most common sizes are in fractional horsepower, i.e. 1/2 horsepower or 1/4 horsepower. Larger motors can range in size to thousands of horsepower. Electric motors also come with various speed ratings. Speed is usually specified as rotations per minute (RPM) at no load condition. As the motor is loaded down, the speed will slow down. If the electric motor is loaded too heavily, the motor shaft will stop. This is known as the stall speed and should be avoided.
Emerging technologies For automation applications, the latest technology available in low voltage and medium voltage AC drives are the multi level output stages as well as active frontend or 36 pulse input stages. These have a near zero harmonic pollution and unity power factor. The latest generation of AC drives offer control performance at par with DC drives with a better starting torque and speed holding accuracy. According to major motor manufacturers,
Concept of variable speed drives Most types of variable speed electrical drive systems comprise of the following components - an electronic actuator as the controller, an electrical motor and the driven machine (the load) such as a pump, fan, blower or a compressor. The task of a variable speed electrical drive is to convert the electrical power supplied by the mains into mechanical power with a minimum loss. To achieve an optimum technological process, the drive must be variable in speed. This will steplessly adjust the speed of the driven machine. This is ensured by the low loss control using solid state technology in electronic controllers. The solid state devices, which convert the AC supply to DC supply, were first used as variable speed devices in DC technology. Using these devices the armature voltage of a DC motor and therefore the speed can be adjusted, almost without losses and over a wide range of speeds. Using these features the drive can be designed to start smoothly and jerk-free. This helps to maintain the desired selected speed, independently of the load and operate with good dynamic response. The DC drive needs special consideration in some applications. For example in hazardous atmosphere, with vibrations and higher speeds the usage of AC motor with squirrel-cage rotor is advantageous. Variable frequency inverters supply power to AC motors allowing a new orientation to enable handling variable speeds during operation. Every standard AC motor can be fitted with a variable speed drive using a frequency inverter. Frequency and voltage of the single - phase or three - phase mains are varied by the frequency inverter, such that the motor can be operated with varying speeds over large range settings..
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Product Focus
Motor maintenance A motor’s purchase price is only two per cent of its total life-cycle cost. The key to maximising the life of electric motors is to study the failures and document them. Then, take actions to prevent these failures from happening to your other motors in similar applications. This may involve changing your maintenance procedures. Perhaps you need to grease more or less, or use more compatible grease. Perhaps you need to identify voltage supply problems. Check to see if contamination and water are getting into the motors. If either one of these is an issue, check if you have the right enclosure, and whether it needs a higher level of environmental protection. If so, look into severe duty, in IEEE 841 or wash down motors. Also, focus on proper lubrication and temperature. In this context, bearings must receive not only a good quality lubricant but the correct quantity at proper intervals in order to optimise its life and reliability. Under or over greasing will be detrimental to reliability. Under-greasing does not provide the lubricant at the time it is needed, resulting in bearing wear or heat damage. Over-greasing can damage shields or significantly increase operating temperatures due to fluid shear friction. This reduces the grease’s lubricating capability. Oil-lubricated bearings must have the correct type and viscosity of oil. Also follow manufacturer’s recommendations for lubrication types, amounts and schedules. Temperature is the biggest hazard for electric motors. Overload, undervoltage, over-voltage, unbalanced voltage and improper ventilation can all work to increase the motor’s operating temperature. The rule of thumb is that motor life is cut in half for every increase of 10 degrees Celsius. Focus on mitigating the operating temperature will result in increased life and reliability. Also, never make the mistake of increasing the rated capacity of a motor applied in a high ambient temperature environment to accommodate the winding temperature increase.
40
May 2010
most customers prefer inbuilt control capability in the drives and hence the latest generation of drives have a dedicated memory which is available to the user for customising as per their individual control requirements. For example, Siemens has come up with a uniform platform of Sinamics for all low voltage and medium voltage drives. This is a great advantage to all the drive customers as they do not have to learn new platforms for various power and voltage ratings. The new concepts are: • Modularity • Drives supporting green technology, with features like low harmonics and regeneration • Flash card for data portability • Safety integrated functions In control technology, motors have vector control for better dynamic speed and torque control. Most of these drives are now provided with multiple protocols for networking. Frequency
As power circuits and other electronics get sophisticated, motors are becoming more robust and usable in extreme weather conditions and drives are getting smarter allowing for better control of the motor
drives are being used for applications that were the domain of DC drives through the incorporation of latest in flux vector control and on-line auto tuning for mapping the motor parameters accurately inside the drive software, using advanced processors in the control circuit to perform these calculations accurately and in a very short time. Since energy savings have now assumed paramount importance, user industries have now started appreciating the use of regenerative front end. This allows savings of power which otherwise would have been wasted in resistor banks. Regenerative front end also helps in lowering the total current and voltage harmonic distortion to well within the limits specified by IEEE 519. An important trend in control technology is its modularity and the concept of same control philosophy for all ratings. Servo motors now feature power saving circuits with high density power magnets in the rotors to manage better current to torque ratios. Another trend for the future is ‘Matrix Convertor Topology,’ where there will be direct AC to AC conversion without the DC link, with built in regenerative facility which improves efficiency as well as harmonics. Power devices are now shifting towards higher voltage and current handling capability of IGBT, which will help lessen the number of power devices for a given voltage level and power rating. This will in turn improve the reliability and efficiency of motors. In power devices, IGBTs are available with higher voltages and new improved IGBTs with low loss are available for building up power stacks. Control circuits are now provided with multiple protocol interfacing, multi level switching, and auto tuning. An important development in rotor resistance control is the new generation IGBT-based Slip Power Recovery System with unity power factor and negligible harmonics for advanced slip ring motor control. This system has high tolerance to supply voltage disturbances. As power circuits and other electronics get sophisticated, motors are becoming more robust and usable in extreme weather conditions and drives are getting smarter allowing for better control of the motor. The author is a freelance technical writer based in Mumbai, India. Email: cpi.industry@gmail.com
TENDERS Project Number Project Name Territory Client
Description Tender Cost $ Closing Date Remarks
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PROJECTS
1/2010 (UAQ)/2 Water Desalination Plant Project - 2 Northern Emirates Name: Umm Al Quwain Municipality Address: Sheikh Rashid Bin Ahmad Street City: Umm Al Quwain Postal/Zip Code : 12 Country: United Arab Emirates Tel: (+971-6) 765 6145 Fax: (+971-6) 765 5138 email: uaqmunic@emirates.net.ae Design, supply, execution and maintenance of a water desalination plant. 220 May 23, 2010 Tender No. 1/2010 This project is in Umm Al Quwain. The tender is open to specialised companies and establishments that have previous experience in the field of water desalination. Tender documents can be obtained as of April 25, 2010 from: Purchasing Section, Department of Water Umm Al Quwain, UAE. Bank Guarantee is 5%. Completed sealed tender documents are to be deposited in Tender Box at Umm Al Quwain Municipality, 2nd Floor. For enquiries, please contact Tel: (+971-6) 7653777. Potable Water Works MEW/32/2008-2009-K Power & Water Desalination Plant Project Kuwait Name: Ministry of Electricity & Water (Kuwait) Address: Al-Riqie City: Safat - 13001 Postal/Zip Code : 12 Country: Kuwait Tel: (+965) 489 6000 Fax: (+965) 489 7484 Design, build, operation and maintenance of a power and desalination plant for an electricity & water authority. 17245 May 30, 2010 Tender No. MEW/32/2008-2009 This project is in Kuwait. The tender is open to pre-qualified contractors only. Tender documents can be obtained from: Purchases & Supplies Department, Sixth Ring Road, First Floor, Ministry of Electricity & Water South Surra, Kuwait. A pre-bid meeting will be held on April 12, 2010. Potable Water Works Power Generation & Distribution
Project Number CNW/129/2010 Project Name Al Ghafat Reservoirs Construction Project - Phases 1 & 2 Territory Dubai Client Name: Dubai Electricity & Water Authority (DEWA) Address: Head Office, Near Wafi Shopping Mall, Zabeel East City: Dubai Postal/Zip Code : 564 Country: United Arab Emirates Tel: (+971-4) 324 4444 Fax: (+971-4) 324 8111 email: contracts@dewa.gov.ae Website: http://www.dewa.gov.ae Description Construction of Al Ghafat reservoirs with capacity of 120 million imperial gallons (MIG) for an 42
May 2010
electricity & water authority - Phases 1 & 2. Tender Cost $ 545 Closing Date June 2, 2010 Remarks Tender No. CNW/129/2010 This project is in Dubai. The tender cost is payable in cash or on-line through the website http://www. dewa.gov.ae under the title e-services. Tenders must be valid for acceptance for 120 days from the closing date. The Master Tender Document must be accompanied by a Tender Bond for an amount not less than 5% of the total tender price and valid for 150 days from the tender closing date. Completed sealed tender documents should be addressed to: The Chairman, Board of Directors, Dubai Electricity & Water Authority and deposited into the Tender Box at Authority’s Head Office near Wafi Shopping Mall in Zabeel East, Dubai. Participants in the tender should submit the names of their Local Partners/Sponsors, having a valid Dubai Trade Licence along with a photocopy of their current license. Tender Categories Potable Water Works Project Number Project Name Territory Client
Description Tender Cost $ Closing Date Remarks
Tender Categories Project Number Project Name Territory Client
Description Tender Cost $ Closing Date Remarks
Tender Categories
17/1431/1432-SA Water Desalination Station Execution Project Saudi Arabia Name: Water Directorate (Saudi Arabia) City: Riyadh 11195 Country: Saudi Arabia Tel: (+966-1) 476 1377 Fax: (+966-1) 401 2365 Execution of water desalination station for a water directorate. 270 August 17, 2010 Tender No. 17/1431/1432 This project is in Saudi Arabia. Tender documents can be obtained from: Procurement Department, Riyadh Water Directorate Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Potable Water Works 206/1431/1432-SA Talal Barrage Construction Project Saudi Arabia Name: Ministry of Water & Electricity (Saudi Arabia) Address: King Fahd Road City: Riyadh 11127 Postal/Zip Code : 5729 Country : Saudi Arabia Tel: (+966-1) 205 6666/ 205 2981 Fax: (+966-1) 205 0557 email: info@mowe.gov.ae Website: http://www.mow.gov.sa Construction of Talal barrage for a water & electricity authority. 270 June 7, 2010 Tender No. 206/1431/1432 This project is at Alhannakia governorate in Madina region. Tender documents can be obtained from: Procurement Department, Ministry of Water & Electricity Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Potable Water Works
Project Number TPR9488-SA Project Name Pumping Station Execution Project - 1 Territory Saudi Arabia
middleeasttenders.com / +971 2 634 8495
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Client Name: Ministry of Water & Electricity (Saudi Arabia) Address: King Fahd Road City: Riyadh 11127 Postal/Zip Code: 5729 Country: Saudi Arabia Tel: (+966-1) 205 6666/ 205 2981 Fax: (+966-1) 205 0557 email: info@mowe.gov.ae Website: http://www.mow.gov.sa Description Carrying out execution of pumping station for a water & electricity authority. Tender Cost $ 270 Closing Date June 14, 2010 Remarks This project is at Hobana of Najran in Saudi Arabia. Tender documents can be obtained from: Procurement Department, Ministry of Water & Electricity Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Tender Categories Potable Water Works Project Number 18/1431/1432-SA/2 Project Name Wastewater Treatment Station Execution Project - 1 Territory Saudi Arabia Client Name: Water Directorate (Saudi Arabia) City: Riyadh 11195 Country: Saudi Arabia Tel: (+966-1) 476 1377 Fax: (+966-1) 401 2365 Description Execution of wastewater treatment station for a water directorate. Tender Cost $ 535 Closing Date May 30, 2010 Remarks Tender No. 18/1431/1432 This project is at Dwadmi in Saudi Arabia. Tender documents can be obtained from: Procurement Department, Riyadh Water Directorate Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Tender Categories Potable Water Works Project Number Project Name Territory Client
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MEW/88/2009-2010-K Electronic Water & Electricity Meter System Kuwait Name: Ministry of Electricity & Water (Kuwait) Address: Al-Riqie City Safat - 13001 Postal/Zip Code : 12 Country: Kuwait Tel: (+965) 489 6000 Fax: (+965) 489 7484 Supply and installation of electronic water and electricity meter system with an automatic meter reading and data gathering system for an electricity & water authority. 13,795 June 20, 2010 Tender No. MEW/88/2009-2010 This tender supply is in Kuwait. The tender is open to pre-qualified contractors only. Tender documents can be obtained from: Central Tenders Committee Safat 13011, Kuwait. Tel No. (+965) 240 1200 Fax No. (+965) 241 6574. A pre-bid meeting will be held on May 10, 2010. Bid bond is KD 1.9 Million. Potable Water Works Power Generation & Distribution
Project Number 127/1431/1432-SA Project Name Water Pipelines Execution Project Territory Saudi Arabia
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Client Name: Ministry of Water & Electricity (Saudi Arabia) Address: King Fahd Road City: Riyadh 11127 Postal/Zip Code : 5729 Country: Saudi Arabia Tel: (+966-1) 205 6666/ 205 2981 Fax: (+966-1) 205 0557 email: info@mowe.gov.ae Website: http://www.mow.gov.sa Description Execution of water pipelines for a water & electricity authority. Tender Cost $ 800 Closing Date May 30, 2010 Remarks Tender No. 127/1431/1432 This project is at Water Salination Tanks in Jizan of Saudi Arabia. Tender documents can be obtained from: Tenders & Procurement Department, Ministry of Water & Electricity Jizan, Saudi Arabia. Tender Categories Potable Water Works Project Number Project Name Territory Client
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GTC260/2008-Q Water Reservoirs Refurbishment - 1 Qatar Name: Qatar General Electricity & Water Corporation (Kahramaa) Address: NBK Building Cit : Doha Postal/Zip Code: 41 Country: Qatar Tel: (+974) 484 5111/ 555 5901/ 484 5555 Fax: (+974) 484 5191/ 466 2046 email: aalnajjar@kahramaa.com.qa Website: http://www.km.com.qa Call-off contract for the refurbishment of existing water reservoirs for an electricity & water authority. 830 May 27, 2010 30/05/2013 Tender No. GTC260/2008 This tender service is in Qatar. Tender documents can be obtained from: Water Network Affairs Section, Field Services Department, 7th Floor, Building 2, Qatar General Electricity & Water Corporation (Kahramaa) Dafna, Qatar. Bid bond is QR 1 Million. Tel: (+974-4) 438 3576. Potable Water Works
Project Number 40002602001009019-SA Project Name Flood Hazards Prevention & Storm Water Drainage Project - 52 Territory Saudi Arabia Client Name: Jizan Municipality (Saudi Arabia) City: Jizan Postal/Zip Code: 3354 Country: Saudi Arabia Tel: (+966-7) 322 1413 Description Implementation of flood hazards prevention and storm water drainage for a municipality. Tender Cost $ 400 Closing Date June 26, 2010 Remarks Tender No. 4/00/02/602/001/009/019 This project is in Saudi Arabia. Tender documents can be obtained from: Alsaha Governorate, Jizan Municipality Jizan, Saudi Arabia. Tender Categories Sewerage & Drainage Municipal Services 44
May 2010
Project Number Project Name Territory Client
Description Tender Cost $ Closing Date Remarks
Tender Categories
TPR9491-SA Wastewater Networks Execution Project - 7 Saudi Arabia Name: Ministry of Water & Electricity (Saudi Arabia) Address: King Fahd Road City: Riyadh 11127 Postal/Zip Code: 5729 Country: Saudi Arabia Tel: (+966-1) 205 6666/ 205 2981 Fax: (+966-1) 205 0557 email: info@mowe.gov.ae Website: http://www.mow.gov.sa Execution of wastewater networks for a water & electricity authority. 400 June 19, 2010 This project is at Almonajem District of Njaran in Saudi Arabia. Tender documents can be obtained from: Procurement Department, Ministry of Water & Electricity Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Sewerage & Drainage
Project Number 400006021919-SA Project Name Flood Hazards Prevention & Storm Water Drainage Project - 31 Territory Saudi Arabia Client Name: Jizan Municipality (Saudi Arabia) City: Jizan Postal/Zip Code: 3354 Country: Saudi Arabia Tel: (+966-7) 322 1413 Description Implementation of flood hazards prevention and storm water drainage for a municipality. Tender Cost $ 270 Closing Date June 19, 2010 Remarks Tender No. 4/00/00/602/1/9/19 This project is in Saudi Arabia. Tender documents can be obtained from: Altwal Governorate, Jizan Municipality Jizan, Saudi Arabia. Tender Categories Sewerage & Drainage Project Number 98-SA/4 Project Name Flood Hazards Prevention & Storm Water Drainage Project-Phase II Territory Saudi Arabia Client Name: Riyadh Municipality (Saudi Arabia) Address: Al-Wazeer Street City: Riyadh 11146 Postal/Zip Code: 953 Country: Saudi Arabia Tel: (+966-1) 411 2222/ 402 6400/ 412 1865 Fax: (+966-1) 1413 1020 email: webmaster@alriyadh.gov.sa Website: http://www.alriyadh.gov.sa Description Implementation of flood hazards prevention and storm water drainage for a municipality - Phase II. Tender Cost $ 10,670 Closing Date June 26, 2010 Remarks Tender No. 98 This project is at Alsulai District in Saudi Arabia. Tender documents can be obtained from: Riyadh Municipality Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Tender Categories Municipal Services Sewerage & Drainage Project Number 12/1431-SA/3 Project Name Wastewater Network, Lifting & Pumping Station O&M Works Project
middleeasttenders.com / +971 2 634 8495
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Saudi Arabia Name: Water Directorate (Saudi Arabia) City: Riyadh 11195 Country: Saudi Arabia Tel: (+966-1) 476 1377 Fax: (+966-1) 401 2365 Carrying out operation and maintenance of wastewater network, lifting and pumping stations for a water directorate. 2,670 May 23, 2010 Tender No. 12/1431 This project is at Makkah City in Saudi Arabia. Tender documents can be obtained from: Procurement Department, Makkah Water Directorate Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Potable Water Works Sewerage & Drainage TPR9372-SA Storm Water Drainage & Flood Hazards Prevention Project - 15 Saudi Arabia Name: Eastern Province Municipality - Emara (Saudi Arabia) City: Dammam Country: Saudi Arabia email: it@easternemara.gov.sa Website: http://www.easternemara.gov.sa Implementation of storm water drainage and flood hazards prevention for a municipality. 535
Closing Date Remarks
Tender Categories Project Number Project Name Territory Client
Description Tender Cost $ Closing Date Remarks
Tender Categories
May 31, 2010 This project is in Saudi Arabia. Tender documents can be obtained from: Alsarar Governorate, Procurement Department, Eastern Province Municipality Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Sewerage & Drainage 159/1431/1432-SA Wastewater Networks Execution Project - 6 Saudi Arabia Name: Ministry of Water & Electricity (Saudi Arabia) Address: King Fahd Road City: Riyadh 11127 Postal/Zip Code: 5729 Country: Saudi Arabia Tel: (+966-1) 205 6666/ 205 2981 Fax: (+966-1) 205 0557 email: info@mowe.gov.ae Website: http://www.mow.gov.sa Execution of wastewater networks for a water & electricity authority. 1,335 June 15, 2010 Tender No. 159/1431/1432 This project is at Jizan City in Saudi Arabia. Tender documents can be obtained from: Tenders & Procurement Department, Ministry of Water & Electricity Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Sewerage & Drainage
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eventsCALENDAR services. Registration for the event is available online at www.awwa.org/ace10 Contact: AWWA—ACE10 Tel: +1 303 347 6203 Fax: +1303 347 0804 URL: www.awwa.org/ace10 June 22-25, 2010
2010 Asia-Pacific Conference on Desalination and Water Reuse, PRC
may
Mobile: +6012 270 2076 Email: mandy.lee@jfpsgroup.com URL: www.jfpsgroup.com
May 24-26, 2010
Gulf Water Week 2010, Dubai The three-day event is designed to give attending delegates the benefits of a comprehensive discussion on issues of water conservation and integrated water resource management, wastewater treatment and reuse, as well as water distribution and loss management. All these will be delivered through practical case studies and interactive forums. Key speakers for the event include Dr Ahmed Ali Murad, Head of Geology of UAE University; Tim Waldron, Chief Executive Officer of Wide Bay Water Corporation, Australia; Abdul Ghani Khalaf, Director of Water Distribution, Electricity & Water Authority, Bahrain; Colin Hannan, Director of Water Services, Regulations & Supervision Bureau of Abu Dhabi, UAE; Dr Mohamed Raouf, Programme Manager – Environment, Gulf Research Centre, UAE; Dr Nurul Akhand, Irrigation Specialist of International Centre for Biosaline Agriculture (ICBA), UAE; and Kevin Samson, Manager- Wastewater of City of Cape Town, South Africa. Contact: Mandy Lee Abdullah Marketing Manager Tel: +603 2600 6000 46
May 2010
june June 20-21, 2010
ACE 2010, Chicago Over the past 129 years, AWWA and its Annual Conference and Exposition (ACE) have served as the source of knowledge and information for water professionals who work to improve the supply and quality of water in North America and beyond. AWWA Annual Conference and Exposition (ACE) 2010 will offer more than three days of technical sessions, 14 workshops, plant tours, networking opportunities and the exposition. Denis Hayes will be the highlighted speaker at the Opening General Session. More than 100 professional sessions – each with multiple presentations within them – will explore water resource sustainability, system sustainability, workforce sustainability and economic sustainability. The key tracks of ACE Professional Programme are Distribution and Plant Operations, Engineering and Construction, Executive, International, Legislative & Regulatory and Management. The ACE10 exposition will feature more than 500 providers of technology and
An important part of the forum on Qingdao Marine Science & Technology and Economic Development, the conference has been held for the past five years. The conference aims at promoting the desalination technology development in China and Asia Pacific area, which is the largest application market of water treatment technology. It aims to become a platform for exchange of information on government policies, plans and communications, as well as legal, economic and financial co-operation for the region’s desalination industry. The theme of the conference is Desalination: Guarantee of Economic and Social Sustainable Development Contact: Yang Yan, China Desalination Association Tel: +86 10 64661601 Fax: +86 10 64661601 Email: yang_yan90@126.com URL: www.cda-apdwr2009.co June 28- July 2, 2010
Singapore International Water Week, SIngapore The Singapore International Water Week is the global platform that brings policymakers, industry leaders, experts and practitioners together to address challenges, showcase technologies, discover opportunities and celebrate achievements in the water world. The event’s flagship programmes comprises
2010 Lee Kuan Yew Water Prize, Water Leaders Summit, Water Convention, Water Expo and Business Forums. The organisers of the third Singapore International Water Week have announced a record turnout expected for the 2010 edition, boosted by the debut of two new country pavilions, a 10% increase in the number of participating companies, and more than 70 co-located events to date. Highlights include the inaugural Asia Pacific Water Ministerial Forum, the 14th Meeting of the UN SecretaryGeneral’s Advisory Board on Water and Sanitation, the second World Cities Summit, the first ever River Basin and Delta Management Workshop and the IWA Project Innovation Award. This year’s this year’s Water Leaders Summit will focus on three critical areas in water management - .Good governance: sustainable and integrated resources management; Innovative technology: clean solutions for green growth and Sound financing: ensuring affordability and sustainable infrastructure. More than 160 oral presentations from over 30 countries will be made at the Water Convention, jointly organised by the International Water Association (IWA) and supported by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), where trends and challenges facing the water world globally, and in particular, in Asia Pacific and the Middle East will be examined. To generate greater synergy and facilitate dialogue in the governance and financing of water innovations, eight country and region-specific Business Forums will be held at the Water Week. Contact: SIWW Tel: +65 6731 3160/3169 Fax: +65 6731 3055 Email: info@siww.com.sg URL: www.siww.com.sg
! A Q U A LY N G ! t h e l at e st e v a h t s u m y e 1. T h t e c h n o l og y & e co n o m i c t n e i c i f f e r e f f 2. O s o l ut i o n s ve r a l l o u r i l e d o t e l b a e 3. B ds f re s h wat e r n e e t o p ro v i di n g d e t t i m m o c e 4. B st ro n g s u ppo rt pa bilit i e s a c l a b o l g r e f f 5. O
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