The Wounded City: Urban Regeneration of Post-war Sarajevo

The Wounded City: Urban Regeneration of Post-war Sarajevo Thesis Summary Report Haris Hasanbegovic

Note for the electronic copy: This PDF contains a Thesis Summary Report and an appendix.

The appendix is a series of zoom-ins of the masterplan, translating some of the concepts discussed in the report into actual design.

The Thesis Summary Report can be read independently; For the report only, print pages 1 - 137.

Haris Hasanbegovic Studienr.: 2013227 Aarhus School of Architecture Thesis, Fall 2018 Studio 1A: Urban Design & Landscape Architecture Supervisor: Jens Christian Pasgaard

Contents

Motivation

iv

Ambition

v

Part 1 - Context

Historical and Urban Context

Historical Rebuilding

Current Rebuilding

1 5 18 20

Part 2 - Methodology

32

Part 3 - The Site

36

Part 4 - The Strategy

The Opening Move

Internal Organization

Breaking the Perimeter

The Green Gesture

66 67 72 76 80

Part 5 - The Masterplan Overview

Assessment and Programming

Structural Organization The Green Diagonal The Greater Context

84 85 92 96 100 114

Motivation

An old Bosnian saying goes: “When everything is fine and you have no worries, put a pebble in your shoe.

If the pebble is your main concern - then your life is good.

When real problems arise, you will easily forget about the pebble.�

The saying pleads that you should, regardless of how well things are going, always be prepared for misfortune and distress.

Given the history of the Bosnian people, it has - sadly - proven to be well-advised.

Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovia, is a city marked by a turbulent history and, in turn, the image of the city is the result of two equal forces: grandiose growth and devastating destruction.

Over the last century and a half alone, the city has been under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Yugoslavia and finally independent as the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Each period has left its own characteristic architectural marks on the urban tissue, resulting in a city rich in diversity of building typologies as well as densities.

The transitions between these periods have, however, not come without cost for Sarajevans.

During the same period, the city has fallen victim to three wars - World War I (which was triggered by the assasination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo), World War II and most recently the Bosnian War that ended with a siege lasting nearly four years.

The wars have levelled parts of the city to the ground and left scars, while the reconstruction has been a constant shift between tabula rasa situations and reconstructions.

This has left a unique urban tapestry of new and old, rooted and temporary, local and global - an urban palimpsest in scale 1:1.

Thus, looking at a timeline of the architectural changes in Sarajevo over the last century, it is clear that they consist of equal parts optimistic construction and instant acts of violence, resulting in a city development where destruction is a factor equal to growth.

And exactly this is my motivation for the project: As a student, I have worked with transformation as positive extensions of existing structures, discussed iconic buildings in Aarhus as well as in the rest of Denmark and studied urban development as the result of growth. But there has been no discourse on the architecture of destruction. A so to speak negative urban development that, in turn, from architecture requires new tools if it is to remain the flagship of hope.

Ambition

This project takes its departure in the Marshal Tito Barracks in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The chosen site, housing several damaged and abandoned buildings, is currently in the process of redevelopment; a municipal plan has been laid out, clearing the area of all existing built stock and envisioning a self-referential campus quarter.

As explained in the following chapters, I argue that a city with such a profound history deserves more than a tabula rasa treatment of one of its most central and historically important locations.

The site holds the potential of building on the richness of Sarajevo’s urban tissue from its vernacular building traditions to the major architectural shifts throughout its history - all while giving a crucial architectural address of the post-war present.

Thus, this proposal is neither a mere beautification project nor a strategic developent plan. Instead, it aims to address a context, where a literal and architectural void has been left in the wake of the war; and subsequently the architectural response - as the following mapping and analysis will substantiate - has been unnuanced.

This proposal advocates against amnesia and suggest that memory, as embodied in urban form, holds a potential that deserves more than a mere erasure.

The wounded city holds a potential I wish to explore in terms of dealing with the tension between agony and amnesia; the memory of war and brutality - which has inevitably become an identity of the city - and the wish for progress and stepping out of the shadows of conflict.

The scope of the project is an overall masterplan for - and programming of - the Marshal Tito Barracks with a special emphasis on the historical layers and the uncomfortable inheritance of the Bosnian War. The main theme in these explorations will be architecture’s ability to coin connotations, and the possibilities of an architecture born from an agony vs. amnesia dialectic.

PART 1

CONTEXT

CONTEXT

1

PART 1

CONTEXT

CONTEXT

2

Fig. 1: The Sarajevo Valley

PART 1

CONTEXT

CONTEXT

3

PART 1

CONTEXT

CONTEXT

4

Fig. 2: Sarajevo, scale 1:25000 (Red rectangle indicates the Marshal Tito Barracks)

CONTEXT PART 1

Historical and Urban Context

“If you take a look at Sarajevo at any time of day, from any surrounding hill, you will always inadvertently come to the same conclusion. It is a city that is wearing out and dying, while at the same time being reborn and transformed. Today it is the city of our most beautiful longings and endeavors and bravest desires and hopes.�

- Ivo Andric, writer and winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature

PART 1

CONTEXT

CONTEXT

7

Puzzle City Sarajevo is a collection of cities: a mosaic, giving the appearance of a territory that always has involved the coexsistence of different religions, ethnicities and cultures.

Sarajevo was an Ottoman city, An Austro-Hungarian city, a socialist city, an Olympic city, and a war city. At one and the same time, Sarajevo is a multicultural city, a physically fragmented city, a postwar city, a culturally divided city and a tourist city. Reading Sarajevo as a puzzle city explains the non-linear urban image.

As the french architect and geogropher Pascal Amphoux puts it: “It is true that what begins from one part continues from a different side. The new piece that we put doesn’t go simply in addition to the previous image, but it redefines the whole, reordering the shape and continuously modifying the vision that we have about it. The image of the puzzle is not composed, it is recomposed” (Ampoux, 1997, p.73).

Thus, the puzzle analogy “offers an example of the relation between built, destroyed, and rebuilt structures, and the city’s spatial order as the consequence of the last war:” (Pilav, 2012, p. 45) It gives autonomy to each piece, enabling its citizens to “live the city through personal experiences, creating a space where the real and imagined, planned and spontaneous cities interact.”

This chapter aims to highlight the historic development and its impact on the urban tissue constituting the present-day image of Sarajevo.

The Ottoman Šeher The city’s urban territory has developed gradually, starting from a small, early Ottoman nucleus. The Ottoman period lasted from 1435-1878, a period in which the town was planned functionally. Private housing and public activities were organized seperately: the 300 meter wide river

valley contained the Čaršija (fig. 6) - the place for trade and business - while the foothills were filled with mahalas (fig. 7) residential quarters. The valley contained a mosque, an Orthodox and a Catholic Church, a Jewish Synagogue and a range of public amenities such as baths, dining halls and traveller accomodations.

This resulted in an urban image of a high-density city core with narrow streets opposed to residential areas with single-family houses arranged in irregular patterns.

The Austro-Hungarian testing ground From Austria-Hungary’s occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878 and onwards, Sarajevo was industrialized and served as a testing area for new inventions such as the tramways in 1885 before they were later installed in Vienna.

The urban tissue saw a great shift in both scale and aesthetic expression, introducing urban elements such as the boulevard, the courtyard block (Fig. 5) and the historicist facades of Habsburg architecture.

The development of the city meant a linear expansion along the east-west axis of the river valley, resulting in a longitudinal spatial development.

Brotherhood and Unity In the wake of the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Sarajevo became a part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The city was no longer a national capital and thus saw a decline in influence.

The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was, however, a short-lived constallation, and toward the end of World War II, the power changed to the hands of Josip Broz Tito’s Communist Partisans.

This cleared the way for the creation of a multiethnic and multireligious socialist federation relying on the motto Bratstvo i Jedinstvo, Brotherhood and Unity. Tito’s Yugoslavia deliberately defied the geopolitics of the East-West divide, offering a “Third Way” in

PART 1

CONTEXT

CONTEXT

8 Fig. 3: The Čarsija

Fig. 4: The mahala

Fig. 5: Thecourtyard block structure of Marijin Dvor

Fig. 6: The modernist tower block structure of Grbavica

the bisected world of the Cold War. Sarajevo regained its status as a capital city, this time of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The government invested heavily in urban development, providing residential blocks while simultaneously developing the city’s industry.

A grandiose development plan was drafted, envisioning the further expansion of the city, focusing on satellite centers along the river valley as well as their interconnections.

The boom culminated with the 1984 Winter Olympics, perhaps the prime picture of a prosporous decade.

surrounding hills, previously a favoured recreational destination for Sarajevans, were now the station of Serb forces, encircling the city with heavy artillery assault and shelling. The siege lasted for nearly four years, leaving large parts of the city completely devastated.

Under Siege Internal tensions and the breakup of Yugoslavia lead to large-scale destruction and a dramatic depopulation of Sarajevo. The

Enter Capitalism As the Dayton peace accord went into effect, Sarajevo woke up to the stable condition of peace. And while peace is undoubtedly paramount, the city whould shorty prove to be by the will of the free market.

The government’s inability to manage its property has resulted in substantial privatization and subsequently, the administrators are quick to modify the urban regulations to comply with the private investors’ wishes.

PART 1

CONTEXT

CONTEXT

9

Fig. 7: Sarajevo, view from the mahala, ca. 1910

Fig. 8: Opening Ceremony of the 1984 Winter Olympic Games

PART 1

CONTEXT

CONTEXT

10

Fig. 9: Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife minutes before their assasination

Fig. 10: Sarajevo under siege, 1993

PART 1

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CONTEXT

11

The Marshal Tito Barracks

City of Thresholds The result of the abovementioned periods is easily read and percieved in both scale, architectural expression and historical remnants (fig.11).

Nevertheless, the reading of Sarajevo as a puzzle city does not mean that it is an incoherent city: the longitudinal layout and the continous corridors of transportation have resulted in a linear

logic: The city is understood along the river valley, not as a an architectural mishmash but as a dynamic, polycentric city; a City of Thresholds.

The City of Thresholds allows autonomy within each border, yet still underlies a strucural pattern. An architecturally demarcated city that is (unintentionally) brutal in its borders, yet soft in its core.

A typological medley, where the perim-

PART 1

CONTEXT

CONTEXT

12

Fig. 11: Mapping: Registration of the thresholds of the city along the river valley

eter - and moreso the clashes between apposed puzzle pieces - becomes a crucial urban performer.

As such, a site like the Marshal Tito Barracks - one that falls within the context of the puzzle city - should explore and experiment with the tension of the threshold.

As I will explain in Part 4: The Strategy,

the perimeter and the clash with the immediate context, the existing on-site built stock and the rest of the city will be a key parameter in the design for a new masterplan.

The coherence will be of equal importance, eventually addressing how the new Marshal Tito Barracks recompose (Amphoux) the city of Sarajevo.

PART 1

CONTEXT

CONTEXT

13

Fig. 12: The historical Ottoman core

Fig. 13: Main street from the Austro-Hungarian period

PART 1

CONTEXT

CONTEXT

14

Fig. 14: Modernist housing block surrounded by green open spaces

Fig. 15: Foothill settlments in the mahalas

CONTEXT PART 1

TIMELINE OF THE BREAKUP OF YUGOSLAVIA

Bosnia and Herzegovina has a total population of 3,5 million. The geographic middle is the most densely populated, while the population is low in Herzegovina to the south. The biggest cities are Sarajevo, the capital,

Banja Luka Tuzla and Zenica. Greater Sarajevo has a population of 418 000, and the city itself has a population of 275 000.

The city has expanded from its Ottoman nucleus along the Sarajevo Valley, resulting in a longitudi-

The Ottoman Period

The Austro-Hungarian Period

The Socialist Period

The Current State

nal city whose history can be clearly read along this axis. From the Ottoman pragmatic division of Čaršija and Mahala - a

trade/administrative center and housing, respectively - through the Austro-Hungarian courtyard blocks of Marijin Dvor

to the socialist modernist blocks of Grbavica. This has resluted in a city of juxtaposed urban typologies, varying in both scale,

architecture and organizational system, creating a city of visible thresholds and constant confrontations and clashes.

The Čaršija

Density Low

15

High

The Bosnian landscape is characterized by valleys and mountains of the Dinaric Alps. Sarajevo is located near the geometric center of Bosnia and Her-

The Built Stock of Sarajevo, 2018

The Largest Cities in BiH

zegovina in the Sarajevo Valley. Bifurcated by the Miljacka River, the city is surrounded by heavily forested hills and five major mountains, the highest of the surrounding peaks

being Treskavica at 2088 meters. The city itself has hilly terrain to the north and south, while the river, flows through the city from east to west. The river serves as a natural

ventilation system, providing the city with fresh air from the mountains.

The plains toward west are charactarized by a monotonous typography, while the forested hills

Landscape, Sarajevo

Land use

Bosnia and Herzegovina is characterized by three ethinc groups each of their own religion; Muslim Bosniaks, Roman Catholic Croats and Serbian Orthodox Serbs. Historically mixed, the ethnicities are

now sharply divided following the Bosnian War, with a majority of Bosniaks and Croats living in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the majority of Serbs living in Republika Srpska.

are favored recreational destinations for the city’s inhabitants, offering both

Juxtaposition of Typologies

lush natural parks for picnics and olympic ski sport facilities

Topography

Historically, Sarajevo had always been a very populous city, but as the Ottoman Empire declined, so did its population. Although it had around 100,000 people in the 1660s, by the end of World War II in the 1940s

Sarajevo had only grown to some 115,000 people.

Heavy industrialization and increased importance in regional affairs during the time of Yugoslavia resulted in a rapid increase, however, and by the time of the 1984 Olympics

Bosnian road transpo tation is mainly on loc roads, with the only mo torway being a 40 kilom ter stretch between Sar jevo and Kakanj.

The railway transpo

Road and rail connections

the greater Sarajevo area had more than 500,000 residents. The Yugoslav wars and the resulting siege of Sarajevo radical-

ly disrupted this order of things. The city itself was completely surrounded

by Bosnian Serb forces, and it has been estimated

that some 12,000 peop were killed, with anothe 50,000 wounded. Com bined with horrific livin conditions forced upo

THE GOVERNANCE SYSTEM OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Demographics, 2006

Demographics, 1991

Tourism in Bosnia and Herzegovina is a fast-growing sector making up an important part in the economy of the country. The tourist business environment is con-

stantly developing with an increasingly active tourism promotional system.

Bosnia and Herzegovina has been a top performer in recent years in terms of tourism development.

Tourist come to Bosnia

Listed UNESCO Sites

Sarajevo has a great diversity of public space resulting from its rich history. The Ottoman public spaces are informal but functionally determined, the Austro-Hungarian are formally demarcated

and functionally neutral and the Socialist public spaces are large-scale and undetermined.

During the Ottoman period, the most representative area of public activiy was Baščaršija and the Sebilj

and Herzegovina for its natural beauty and landscape, while tourism in Sarajevo is mainly focused on historical, religious and cultural aspects. The city’s 600 years of history, influenced by both West-

Herzegovina, The Museum of Literature and Theatre Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina (established in 1888) home to the Sarajevo

and is a space of trade, sociability, faith, education and an overall space for social interaction between all communities. The Austro-Hungarian period marks the transition from a medieval Ottoman city to a modern European

city. After a great fire destroyed large parts of the city, much space was left to be redeveloped. It is constructed by a formal demarcated urbanism constituted of large public and military buildings.

Roads were broadened

The Cultural Axis

Square. The physical and functional seperation between the enclosed and protected private sphere and the public sphere is charactaristic of the duality of Islamic architecture.

Baščaršija is a strong symbol of the city’s identity

Demographics of Sarajevo

ern and Eastern empires, is a strong tourist attraction. The city is rich in museums, including the Museum of Sarajevo, the Ars Aevi Museum of Contemporary Art, Historical Museum of Bosnia and

Educational institurions in S

Haggadah, an illuminated manuscript and the oldest Sephardic Jewish document in the world issued in Barcelona around 1350, containing the traditional Jewish Haggadah, is held at the museum.

Sports-related touris uses the legacy facilitie of the 1984 Winter Olym pics, especially the skiin

for automotive circulation and the first electric tramway was field tested in the will to make of Sarajevo a modern European capital. Most of the Centar was built during that time. The Socialist period saw the construction of

many vast public space Two different types ca be distinguished: The fir one articulates differen functions such as cultur sports, leisure. It is larg ly open for pedestrian and for large gathering and accesible by car. Th

Tourist nationalities

Tourist attractions

orcal omera-

ort

ple er mng on

Marijin Dvor

Grbavica

Density of Sarajevo by Municipality

consists of one line running from north to the very south of the country.

Infrastructurally, Sarajevo is well-connected. Major roads connect the city center with the rest of

the city, making it easy to travel along the river val-

Minefields surrounding Sarajevo

Trolley bus

Bus

ley. The public transportation network consists of trams, trolleys buses and

buses, mainly concentrated in the city center.

There are six tram lines,

primarily running along a single track route along the river valley.

residents. In the years that followed, an influx of returning refugees and people from a wartorn countryside result-

Sarajevo

sm es mng

facilities on the nearby mountains of Bjelašnica, Igman, Jahorina, Trebevic, and Treskavica.

es. an rst nt re, gens gs he

second type is the vast and limitless green spaces between the socialist housing blocks which remain difficult for people to appropriate. Nonetheless, there is some landscape quality in this model, as many of these

Public Transport

ed in the city population once again going above 300,000. Most of the Sarajevo Serbs and Croats have never returned to

Displacement of Bosnia and Herzegovina

The Sarajevo Film Festival, established in 1995, has become the premier film festival in the Balkans and is one of the largest film festivals in Europe. It was founded in Sarajevo in 1995 during the siege

Having hosted the 1984 Winter Olympic Games, Sarajevo has a number of winter sport facilites within the city and in the mountains. Many of the Olympic facilities

pal subdivision. With each municipality having its own planning procedures - combined with a general lack of funding and corrupt government officials - it has proven difficult to get things done. This translates into three main

problematics: Firstly, the building application and other official documents are difficult and expensive to get and as such, people prefer to build without permits and regularize their homes afterwards.

This leads to the city

nian written culture and a major cultural center for all the Balkans. Among the losses were about 700 manuscripts and incunabula, and a unique collection of Bosnian serial publications.

TIMELINE OF THE HISTORY OF SARAJEVO

The Sarajevo International Airport is located 6 km southwest of the railway station (connection by trolley bus) and is experiencing a massive growth in traffic. The recent

boom in toursim from the Middle East has resulted in several new non-stop flights to Dubai, Doha and Riyadh, and a major terminal expansion has been announced.

Non-stop flight connections

Srpska) form Istočno Sarajevo, having a Serb majority.

Due to its long and rich history of cultural diver-

sity, Sarajevo is ofthen called the “Jerusalem of Europe”. It is one of only a few major cities which

survived the war or were reconstructed, including Olympic Hall Zetra and Asim Ferhatovic Stadion.

In an attempt to bring back some of Sarajevo’s lost Olympic glory, the original Olympic luge and

bobsled tracks are being repaired, due to the efforts of both the Olympic Committee of Bosnia and Herzegovina and local sports enthusiasts. Since 2007, the Sarajevo Marathon is being organized

build built without any planning or basic infrastructure. Secondly, there is percaption of general deterioration of public spaces in urban neighborhoods. Numerous public spaces and parks are unkept and prompt to litter-

ing improper waste management. Thirdly, there is a tendency toward privatization because the government can’t manage all of its property. The administrator is quick to modify its urbanism code

Religious institutions

of Sarajevo, and brings international and local celebrities to Sarajevo every year. It is held in August and showcases an extensive variety of feature and short films from around the world.

Cultural tourism

spaces are located in high density parts of the city that lack quality public spaces. Today, the local government faces challanges of maintenance and management of the public spaces main becaus of the city’s munici-

their homes. The city of Sarajevo is comprised of four municipalities all within the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and thus having a majority of Bosniak population.

To the east, six municipalities (located in Republika

be described by the term urbicide. The epitome of the urbicide of Sarajevo is the total destruction of the National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina - the central repository of Bos-

Shelling during the Siege

Tram

Sarajevo mobility

by the besieging forces, the result was thousands of refugees leaving the city. By 1996, Sarajevo had less than 300,000

in the history of modern warfare - and brought in immense destruction and civilian casualties. Hospitals, cultural institutions and religious building were specifically targeted, an act that would later

have a mosque, Catholic church, Orthodox church and synagogue within the same neighborhood.

The “Jerusalem of Europe”

Sport facilities in Sarajevo

in late September. Giro di Sarajevo is also run in the city with over 2,200 cyclists taking part in 2015. n 2019, Sarajevo and East Sarajevo will host the European Youth Olympic Winter Festival

The logo of the 1984 Winter Olympic Games

to comply with the private investor’s wishes. This situation poses problems as more and more parts of the city are being privatized without any planning to regulate it.

Fig. 16: Summary of urban Analysis of Sarajevo

PART 1

CONTEXT The Mahala

Following Bosnia and Herzegovina’s declaration of independence in 1992, Sarajevo was besieged by the Army of Republika Srpska. The Siege lasted a total of 1425 days - the longest of a capital city

16

Historical Rebuilding - How has Sarajevo dealt with wounds previously?

“Architecture and war are not incompatible.

Architecture is war. War is architecture.

I am at war with my time, with history, with all authority that resides in fixed and frightened forms.

I am one of millions who do not fit in, who have no home, no family, no doctrine, no firm place to call my own, no known beginning or end, no “sacred and primordial site.”

I declare war on all icons and finalities, on all histories that would chain me with my own falseness, my own pitiful fears. I know only moments, and lifetimes that are as moments, and forms that appear with infinite strength, then “melt into air.”

I am an architect, a constructor of worlds, a sensualist who worships the flesh, the melody, a silhouette against the darkening sky.

I cannot know your name. Nor can you know mine. Tomorrow, we begin together the construction of a city.

- Lebbeus Woods, architect, artist and writer

PART 1

THE SITE

CONTEXT

19

A Precedent of Patching For a city that has suffered two major wars in 50 years, one would think that there are parallels to be drawn between the respective reconstructions; themes, architects and planners can tap into when addressing the healing of a wounded city. An architectural assortment; a rule book for rebuilding.

However, one major difference is evident in the process of rebuilding postwar Yugoslavia and postwar Bosnia and Herzegovina.

To understand this, it is firstly important to look at the way postwar Yugoslavia reached for its recovery.

Yugoslavism was based on the dialectics of Yugoslav nationalism and the universalist spirit of socialism on one side and a deliberate attempt to preserve and articulate the various ethnic identities on the other.

A distinctive feature of the postwar Yugoslav project was the internal multiculturalism and its cultivation. Comprising numerous ethnicities, a federation of six republics along with many other ethnicities embedded withing the country - some of which had been engaged in bitter conflict during World War I - the country sought to acknowledge the various identities of its constituent groups.

Architecture became the toarchbearer of the task, drawing on vernacular visions and expressing itself in the image of the modernist Zeitgeist of the turn of the century.

The result was an abundance of architectural experiments, ranging from spatial, material and aesthetic aims to

projects with social schemes and consolidating connotations.

From superstructures building on Corbusian paradigms of fresh air, sunshine and greenery (interpreted in a regionalist register) to memorial monuments and parks, reminding the people of battles for independance and against facism.

Through architecture, the government not only facilitated economical growth but had a secondary - and perhaps more important - agenda of replacing Serbness, Croat-ness and Muslim-ness with a secular Yugoslav culture that would grant equal rights to all citizens.

The built structures of postwar Yugoslavia strived for a utopian image of society. Eventually, the utopian ideal turned out to be a double-edged sword.

Nevertheless, throughout the process, architecture was a key instrument of the agenda - architecture was part of a larger social project.

PART 1

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CONTEXT

20

Fig. 17: Study trip sketches: Serial vision from vernacular to modernist interpretation

CONTEXT PART 1

Current Rebuilding - How is Sarajevo dealing with wounds today?

My body is everywhere: the bomb which destroys my house alsom damages my body insofar as the house was already an indication of my body.�

- Jean-Paul Sartre, Being and Nothingness

PART 1

THE SITE

CONTEXT

21

Some seventy years later, dealing with, one could argue, a range of similar issues as during the post-WWII reconstruction, the reality is the complete opposite: Rebuilding and development is scarce, and the few projects that have been realised, are everything but social projects. Architecture serves the role of a luxury commodity - architecture is real estate.

The twenty-first century has brought globalism, and with this, foreign investors with the economic capital to pressure a fragile city government to cater to their needs.

Examples are numerous, and as figures 19 through 22 show, in Marijin Dvor, a key intersection in the city has been developed into shopping malls that offer no interaction with the urban spaces surrounding them. Present-day rebuilding of Sarajevo has become a cocktail of skyscrapers in the river valley (otherwise a natural ventilation corridor providing the city with fresh air from the mountains) and an architecture, paying no respect to its historical context.

The parts of Sarajevo whose reconstruction is yet to be addressed have, in the meantime, become synonomous with their wounds. As figures 23 through 27 show, large parts of the destroyed Olympic facilities in the surrounding mountains are now abandoned and serve only as tourist destinations. Once the pride of the city, the Olympic remnants have paradixocally become the anchor weighing down the spirit of progress.

In what was supposed to be a new beginning, post-war Sarajevo has inherited the marks of destruction followed by

stagnation and the unaddressed wounds are like phantom pains of a limb long lost.

Manifestations of Memory Two types of traces of memory are present in Sarajevo; historical honors and traces of tragedy.

In other words, and illustrated by fig.

28, a characterization can be made consisting of selective and imposed memory, respectively.

The selective memory consists of memorials, statues and the naming of streets and squares. As the term selective indicates, these sites tell a curated version of historic events of the city.

The imposed memory is the inheritance of the war: visible scars on urban tissue and abandoned of buildings as a primary consequence and ad-hoc repairs as a secondary testiment.

The imposed memory is a catch-22 situation: unaddressed wounds will always tell a tragic story; local repairs will always contrast the overall expression of the building, highlighting the flaws.

As I will explain in Part 3: Methodology, my proposal will deal with the dialectic between amnesia and agony toward a new and experimental expression of memory.

PART 1

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22

Fig. 18: Visible repair of buildings

PART 1

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23

Fig. 19: Intersection at Marijin Dvor, 2003

Fig. 20: Intersection at Marijin Dvor, 2009

PART 1

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24

Fig. 21: Intersection at Marijin Dvor, 2007

Fig. 22: Intersection at Marijin Dvor, 2014

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25

PART 1

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26

Fig. 23: The abandoned Olympic ski jump facilities on Mt. Igman

PART 1

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27

Fig. 24: Destroyed and abandoned Olympic Ski Jump Facilities, Mt. Igman

Fig. 25: Destroyed and abandoned Olympic Ski Jump Facilities, Mt. Igman

PART 1

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28

Fig. 26: Destroyed and abandoned Olympic Ski Jump Facilities, Mt. Igman

Fig. 27: Destroyed and abandoned Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track, mt. Trebević

PART 1

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29

PART 1

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30

Fig. 28: Mapping of Memory: Selective and Imposed

METHODOLOGY

- How am I going to answer my question?

There is a common urge, namely, to visualize a thing in its begginings, because the beginning is the simplest mode in which the thing is to be seen. ... But the simple beginning is something so insignificant in itself, so far as content goes, that for philosophical thinking it must appear as entirely accidental.�

- Hegel, Aesthetics

PART 2

Methodology

PART 2

METHODOLOGY

METHODOLOGY

33

Amnesia v. Agony The Wounded City is a hostage of history. Defined by its destruction, it is involuntarily imprisoned in a vaccuum imposing a singularity, a particularity that encloses the meaning of a single event.

As explained in the previous chapter, reconstruction of Sarajevo has been a two-sided affair: Restoration on one side and a complete clearing of ground for new developments on the other.

Both strategies, albeit different in means, strive toward the same end: dealing with the trauma of war. And both strategies, I would argue, are dealing with trauma by oppresion, reversion and ultimately collective amnesia.

That’s not to say that the choices are irrational; the alternative is a city tainted by wounds serving as constant reminders of agony.

In other words, the choices of restoring and building anew are natural responses for dealing with trauma.

I will, however, make a case against both strategies: The Case Against Restoration The need to replace something lost with itself is a natural response; the Phoenix, rising from its own ashes. Restoration has always been a powerful address of damages in cities and in the case of important civic and cultural monuments, it is important, for the sake of coherence, to restore them to their undamaged condition.

Sarajevo is full of example like this; religious buildings and important cultural buildings like the neo-moorish city hall have been restored.

Large-scale restoration holds, however,

a latent risk, as Lebbeus Woods argues: “Whereever the restoration of wardevastated urban fabric has occured in the form of replacing what has been damaged or destroyed, it ends as parody, worthy only of the admiration of tourists. (...) the complexity of buildings, streets, and city, built up over time and across the span of innumerable lives, can never be replaced.

(Woods, 1993, p.10).

Thus, restoration as an architectural instrument, should be applied with care.

The Case Against Erasue The tabula rasa treatment of erasure is not only a powerful instrument of eradicating connotations. It also sends a message of a new beginning.

My case against erasure is a lesson from the history books. Post-WWII reconstruction was characterized by early modernists who sought to replace chaotic, unplanned and devastated old cities with grand visions. Today, the unfortunate reality is a utopia that was never reached - not because of the architecture of modernism, but because the ideological and strategic concept in its conception was, to quote Lebbeus Woods, “as single layered and hierarchical as the culture and tissue it tried so desparately to erase.” (Woods, 1993, p. 10) Although the strategy is now widely discredited, present-day Sarajevo is subject to the process over and over again, the Marshal Tito Barracks being no exeption.

Ambiguity My answer to the amnesia/agony dialectic in not built on the foundation of the modernist mantra of clarity but rather the postmodern paradigm of ambiguity.

PART 2

METHODOLOGY

METHODOLOGY

34

Fig. 29: Bulletholes and business centers: Present-day contrasts of Sarajevo

Urban development in Sarajevo is missing out on - albeit in tragic circumstances - a unique way of percieving the city.

In its damaged state it suggest new forms of thought and comprehension, new conceptions of space and the freedom from any predetermined, totalizing system.

By acknowledging the remnants of war,

we are staying true to the collective memory of the city and thus avoiding amnesia. At the same time, an acknowledgement does not celebrate the destruction of an established order, nor does it symbolise or commemorate it.

Rather it accepts what has been suffered and lost, but also - and more importantly - what has been gained.

The Site PART 3

THE SITE

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37

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Fig. 30: The Marshal Tito Barracks, north end

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39

The following is an introduction of the site; a brief historical timeline and and an overview of the current state and the urban elements remaining.

A Secluded Stronghold At the time of its completion in 1897, the military barracks of Sarajevo - now known as the Marshal Tito Barracks - were a closed complex on the outskirts of the city. Planned with a strict rectilinear layout, the outer buildings contained sleeping quarters for soldiers while the the central areas were reserved for officers and headquarters.

Throughout the following century, the barracks remained in function until the Bosnian War, where the majority of the built stock was destroyed and the military marks came to an end.

In the meantime, the city had expanded toward west, and today, the Marshal Tito Barracks - wedged between Austo-Hungarian historicist courtyard blocks on one side and socialist modernist tower blocks on the other - assume a central position in Sarajevo.

What is left is a dormant domain with immense urban potential.

Plans for a campus Shortly after the war, the Marshal Tito Barracks were reclaimed by the Embassy of the United States toward east and the University of Sarajevo toward west.

The site has been adjusted for campus needs, housing three faculties as well as the National and the University Library.

From a municipal side, efforts have been made to expand the university campus and a masterplan was drafted in 2006. The plan, proposing a tabula rasa treatment of the site, erases all traces of

the barracks (and the war) and suggests a modern student setting with large structures arranged around campus streets and university plazas.

In terms of scale, organization and program, the proposed plan suggests a self-referential structure, enclosing itself, and is de facto as egocentric as its military antecessor.

A Pending Potential In many ways, the Marshal Tito Barracks is the epitome of Sarajevo: Clearly marked by the war, it wears its bleak history on its sleeve all while being located on the edge of the historic city, on the threshold to modernity.

Logistically, it is the new satellite center, the longitudinal city desperately needs and the missing hinge between the railway station and the city.

A microcosm, that deserves more than a one-size-fits-all solution and holds the potential of reinterpreting the historical layers of Sarajevo’s urban tissue while bridging to the future.

The Immediate Context Immediately northeast of the site is the main railway station, and thus a potential entry point for tourists and visitors.

This will be a vital actor in the design of a masterplan.

The southern end of the barracks links to the main traffical artery of Sarajevo.

A large part of public transportation is concentrated along this road, and the site has three tram stops in its immediate surroundings.

Lastly, the road is known as the cultural axis of Sarajevo, containing several museums - the National Museum and the History Museum being immediately south of the site (fig. 35).

PART 3

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40 Fig. 31: The initial layout of the barracks, 1882

Fig. 33: The current state of the site, 2018

The Built Stock The complex consists of 28 structures (excluding the recently built Embassy of the United States) varying in scale with footprints rangning from below 100 m2 to 2000 A large part of the built stock is destroyed and subsequently abandoned (figures 37 through 40) while all major structures (aside from one, shown in fig.

49) have been restored and repurposed as university buildings. A full taxonomy of the built stock is shown in figure 50.

Elements The site is rich in singular elements. As figures 37 through 40 show, these ele-

Fig. 32: The Marshal Tito Barracks, 1996

Fig. 34: The proposed campus

ments vary in expression and scale and have served different purposes.

A more detailed explanation of how the elements have affected the design will follow in Part 5: The Green Diagonal Roads and Paths The complex has one main north/south bound road and motor traffic is restricted to vehicles with an errand on campus (figures 46 and 47).

The paths inbetween the buildings, initially paved for easy access of military vehicles, appear unkept, slowly being taken over by the landscape (fig. 45 and 48)

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41

Main Railway Station Tram stop Main Bus Station

Tram stop

Tram stop History Museum

National Museum

The National Assembly (Parliament of Bosnia and Herzegovina)

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42

Skenderija, sports hall and youth center

Fig. 35: Important actors in the context

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43

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44

Fig. 36: The four boundaries of the site

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45

Fig. 37: Restored former dormitory, now Faculty of Pharmacy

Fig. 38: Destroyed military administration building

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46

Fig. 39: Destroyed military administration building

Fig. 40: Destroyed miliraty infirmary

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47

Fig. 41: Chimney from the boiler room

Fig. 42: Vehicle maintenance platform

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48

Fig. 43: Elements for military gathering

Fig. 44: Statue of Josip Broz Tito, the eponym of the Barracks

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49

Fig. 45: Path looking toward west

Fig. 46: Main road, looking toward south

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50

Fig. 47: Main road, looking toward north

Fig. 48: Paved path between buildings

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51

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52

Fig. 49: Remnants of a military dormitory taken over by nature

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Storage

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Military School of Music

Cabinet of Tactics and Topography

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Boiler Room

Production Engineering

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Boiler Room

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Faculty of AgricuĂŚture / Faculty of Pharmacy Storage

Military Dormitory

Garage and Workshop

Production Engineering

Campus Administration

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Faculty of Transports / Faculty of Criminology Storage

Military Acadamy

Campus Administration

Garage and Workshop

Intendant Service

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Campus Administration Electrical Substation

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National and University Library

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Military Dormitory

Laundry, Bath amd Barber

Garage

Restaurant

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Electrical Substation

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Faculty of Electrical Engineering

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Military School Command

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Campus Adminisration

Intendant Service

Electrical Substation

Infirmary

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Workshop

Electrical Substation

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53

_ Small

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Large Medium

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Taxonomy of Buildings THE SITE

THE SITE

THE SITE

THE SITE

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Sports Hall

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_ Research Center

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Institute of Genetic Engineering

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Movie Theater, Library and Fine Arts Movie Theater, Library and Fine Arts

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Classrooms

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Campus Administration

_ Center for Interdisciplinary Studies

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54 _

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Large

Hotel

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Boiler Room

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Medium

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_ Military School Archives

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Small

Fig. 50: Taxonomy of the existing buildings. Left column text indicates the historical program of the building, right indicates the current program.

Gray boxes indicate destroyed buildings

Ra il

wa y

St

ati

on

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55

Th

eM

s The Marshal Tito Bar rack

od

er n

ist

Di

ag

on

al

Fig. 51: Marijin Dvor

Introduction to Marjin Dvor The following passage is a short introduction of Marijin Dvor, a central district of which the Marshall Tito Barracks are a part. The introduction will serve as the basis of a programming discussion in Part 4: The Strategy.

Marijin Dvor Situated in the neighbouthood of Marijin Dvor, The Marshal Tito Barracks are embedded in the administrative and cultural center of Sarajevo, masterplanned in 1957 as a socialist modernist urban extension by Juraj Neidhardt, former employee of Le Corbusier.

The grandiose masterplan envisioned a vibrant district on the edge of the Austro-Hungarian city and on the threshold to modernity. Once a suburb with scattered Ottoman houses, Marijin Dvor was now becoming a satellite center; a contrast to the Ottoman Carsija.

Key programs were introduced: The National Assembly being one of the drivers for the new administrative center.

A vital part of the project was the diagonal promenade (fig. 53) linking the railway station to the river and continuing to the historical city (fig. 51)

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56

Fig. 52: Programmatic classification

Fig. 53: The Modernist diagonal as envisioned by Juraj Niedhardt

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57

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58

Fig. 54: Marshal Tito Barracks (seen in the top left corner of the image), 1954

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At the time of its completion in 1897, the military barracks of Sarajevo - now known as the Marshal Tito Barracks - were a closed complex on the outskirts of the city.

Planned with a strict rectilinear layout, the outer buildings contained sleeping quarters for soldiers while the the central areas were reserved for officers and headquarters.

The Complext in relation to the City

59

The organisational principle follows a strict rectilinear grid. The total plot, covering 138 000 m2 houses 22 buildings varying in size, the largest

being 8400 m2 and the smallest being 95 m2. the majority of the buildings is oriented along the east-west axis, allowing natural ventilation air to

Buildings on-site

The campus complex remains enclosed for traffic but is open for pedestrian flow through a main pedestrian north/south path and easily accesible routes. The pedestrian

to an end.

In the meantime, the city had expanded toward west, and today, the Marshal Tito Barracks - wedged between Austo-Hungarian historicist

1882

access the site. Lower buildings are orinted toward the opposite dirction.

The strict grid is evident in the historic buildings, although it is disappear-

route is a popular passage for locals coming from and going to the central station, as it is seen as a newly opened shortcut.

The scenic route offers shade from the trees

during the hot summer months. Motor traffic is regulated through checkpoints on all entrances to the site, allowing only persons with university errands to enter.

ing with newer extensions, buildings and crossing roads. The scale of the buildings is relatively slim, with the perimeter building being only 10 meters deep. The newer garage

ban potential.

Shortly after the war, the Marshal Tito Barracks were reclaimed by the Embassy of the United States toward east and the University of Sarajevo

buildings are, however, disproportionate to this scale and layout.

Once allowed entry, the site is very accessible by car, offering direct road access to all buildings.

The layout of the streets is a mixture of the existing grid-structure established

Motor Traffic

by the buildings and newer, ad-hoc additions made with pragmatic purposes.

On-site parking is present in designated parking lots as well as on the large,

On the northeast end, a boiler room and chimney have been added after the war.

and Herzegovina for its natural beauty and landscape, while tourism in Sarajevo is mainly focused on historical, religious and cultural aspects. The city’s 600 years of history, influenced by both West-

ern and Eastern empires, is a strong tourist attraction. The city is rich in museums, including the Museum of Sarajevo, the Ars Aevi Museum of Contemporary Art, Historical Museum of Bosnia and

Herzegovina, The Museum of Literature and Theatre Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina (established in 1888) home to the Sarajevo

and functionally neutral and the Socialist public spaces are large-scale and undetermined.

During the Ottoman period, the most representative area of public activiy was Baščaršija and the Sebilj

Square. The physical and functional seperation between the enclosed and protected private sphere and the public sphere is charactaristic of the duality of Islamic architecture.

Baščaršija is a strong symbol of the city’s identity

and is a space of trade, sociability, faith, education and an overall space for social interaction between all communities. The Austro-Hungarian period marks the transition from a medieval Ottoman city to a modern European

city. After a great fire destroyed large parts of the city, much space was left to be redeveloped. It is constructed by a formal demarcated urbanism constituted of large public and military buildings.

Roads were broadened

Historically the program on the site has always been military and thus enclosed. The complex consisted mainly of dorms and classrooms for the soldiers, but cultural pro-

The Directionality of the building

open paved spaces. The latter are not regulated but, instead, are used for parking for lack of a different program.

The site is well-connected

Parking

stantly developing with an increasingly active tourism promotional system.

Bosnia and Herzegovina has been a top performer in recent years in terms of tourism development.

Tourist come to Bosnia

toward west. The site has been adjusted for campus needs, housing three faculties as well as the National and the University Library. From a municipal side, efforts have

1996

The Grid of the Built Stock

Southeast ruin

Sarajevo has a great diversity of public space resulting from its rich history. The Ottoman public spaces are informal but functionally determined, the Austro-Hungarian are formally demarcated

courtyard blocks on one side and socialist modernist tower blocks on the other - assume a central position in Sarajevo.

What is left is a dormant domain with immense ur-

1887

Buildings organized by size

Pedestrian Traffic

Tourism in Bosnia and Herzegovina is a fast-growing sector making up an important part in the economy of the country. The tourist business environment is con-

Throughout the following century, the barracks remained in function until the Bosnian War, where the majority of the built stock was destroyed and the military marks came

to the rest of the city via to main roads on the north and the south borders of the site, respectively. The northern road connects to the main railway and bus

Connectivity

Haggadah, an illuminated manuscript and the oldest Sephardic Jewish document in the world issued in Barcelona around 1350, containing the traditional Jewish Haggadah, is held at the museum.

Sports-related tourism uses the legacy facilities of the 1984 Winter Olympics, especially the skiing

for automotive circulation and the first electric tramway was field tested in the will to make of Sarajevo a modern European capital. Most of the Centar was built during that time. The Socialist period saw the construction of

many vast public spaces.

Two different types can be distinguished: The first one articulates different functions such as culture, sports, leisure. It is largely open for pedestrians and for large gatherings and accesible by car. The

National and University Library

of the barracks (and the war) and suggests a modern student setting with large structures arranged around campus streets and university plazas.

In terms of scale, organization and program, the proposed plan suggests a self-referential structure, enclosing itself, and is de facto as egocentric as its

2007

Today, the program is mainly related to the university, UNSA. Five faculties have their base within the old military buildings as well as the National and Univer-

Historical Program

station as well as taxi connections and the tram line going toward the city. The southern road has two tram stops as well, going both east and west.

The landscape of the site is charactarized by large, green areas both surrounding the buildings and covering the spaces

facilities on the nearby mountains of Bjelašnica, Igman, Jahorina, Trebevic, and Treskavica.

The Sarajevo Film Festival, established in 1995, has become the premier film festival in the Balkans and is one of the largest film festivals in Europe. It was founded in Sarajevo in 1995 during the siege

while being located on the edge of the historic city, on the threshold to modernity.

Logistically, it is the new satellite center, the longitudinal city desper-

2018

grams were also present in the area among others a library and a movie theatre. Common facilities were also present; restaurants, baths and workshop.

gs

military antecessor.

In many ways, the Marshal Tito Barracks is the epitome of Sarajevo: Clearly marked by the war, it wears its bleak history on its sleeve all

Green spaces

complex is maintained as a park with large, old trees, paths and a statue commemorating Marshal Tito. The trees on-site do not follow the strict grid

spaces are located in high density parts of the city that lack quality public spaces. Today, the local government faces challanges of maintenance and management of the public spaces main becaus of the city’s munici-

60

sity library and the Oriental institute.

Only a fraction of the original perimeter building remains as a ruin on the northwest corner of the complex.

Current Program

of the buildings but follow their own organic patterns. Tracing the trees, a diagonal line is visible from the southwest end of the park to the north-

east end of the complex toward the station.

Topographically, the site is relatively flat, sloping less than three meters from north to south. Be-

bobsled tracks are being repaired, due to the efforts of both the Olympic Committee of Bosnia and Herzegovina and local sports enthusiasts. Since 2007, the Sarajevo Marathon is being organized

ing improper waste management. Thirdly, there is a tendency toward privatization because the government can’t manage all of its property. The administrator is quick to modify its urbanism code

Trees

cause of its location in the river valley, the surrounding mountains are very visible from all locations on site.

Topography

of Sarajevo, and brings international and local celebrities to Sarajevo every year. It is held in August and showcases an extensive variety of feature and short films from around the world.

Having hosted the 1984 Winter Olympic Games, Sarajevo has a number of winter sport facilites within the city and in the mountains. Many of the Olympic facilities

survived the war or were reconstructed, including Olympic Hall Zetra and Asim Ferhatovic Stadion.

In an attempt to bring back some of Sarajevo’s lost Olympic glory, the original Olympic luge and

pal subdivision. With each municipality having its own planning procedures - combined with a general lack of funding and corrupt government officials - it has proven difficult to get things done. This translates into three main

problematics: Firstly, the building application and other official documents are difficult and expensive to get and as such, people prefer to build without permits and regularize their homes afterwards.

This leads to the city

build built without any planning or basic infrastructure. Secondly, there is percaption of general deterioration of public spaces in urban neighborhoods. Numerous public spaces and parks are unkept and prompt to litter-

Electrotechnical Faculty

second type is the vast and limitless green spaces between the socialist housing blocks which remain difficult for people to appropriate. Nonetheless, there is some landscape quality in this model, as many of these

holds the potential of reinterpreting the historical layers of Sarajevo’s urban tissue while bridging to the future.

Plans for a future campus

Removed Buildings

inbetween. The open areas are characterized by their lack of program, resulting in fields of wild grass and weeds.

The southern part of the

ately needs and the missing hinge between the railway station and the city.

A microcosm, that deserves more than a onesize-fits-all solution and

PART 3

been made to expand the university campus and a masterplan was drafted in 2006.

The plan, proposing a tabula rasa treatment of the site, erases all traces

THE SITE

THE SITE

in late September. Giro di Sarajevo is also run in the city with over 2,200 cyclists taking part in 2015. n 2019, Sarajevo and East Sarajevo will host the European Youth Olympic Winter Festival

Northwest ruin

to comply with the private investor’s wishes. This situation poses problems as more and more parts of the city are being privatized without any planning to regulate it.

Fig. 55: Analysis of the Marshal Tito Barracks

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Fig. 56: Diagrammatic model of key points, lines and elements on the site

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63

Fig. 57: Connectivity of the site in relation to the rest of the city

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Fig. 58: The historical structure in relation to the existing condition

The Strategy - The Opening Move

PART 4

THE STRATEGY

THE STRATEGY

PART 4

THE STRATEGY

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67

Architectural Warfare As a reaction to the instant and violent destruction of large parts of Sarajevo, the opening move of this project is an architectural respose: “Architectural warfare”, represented by the wall.

allows clear and sudden shifts in urban appearance.

Apart from the initial fascination of a Walled City, a clear enclosure offers qualities in both ends of the binary reading.

Architecturally, the wall is an elementary component serving as both a load-bearer and, more importantly, the definer (and confiner) of private and public space. It has long been a vital military structure, having both defensive (fortification) and offensive (enclosure) roles.

The seperating nature of the wall bears the binary connotations of “good” and “bad”, physically demarcating one from the other. And exactly this binary reading is the captivating appeal of the wall: on one hand, it is an extremely brutal and oppressive instrument of restraint; on the other, it holds the potential of freeing the enclosure from its immediate context, giving whatever is inside the perimeter the autonomy of self-organization.

The Wall as an Oppressor There is a strategic advantage of the authoritarian action of enclosing: By encircling the site, the perimeter is “claiming” the land. Figuratively, it is sending the message of a site that is neither leftover nor unaddressed within the urban constellation. On the contrary, it suggests a level of elevated awareness and importance of the already existing structures.

In other words, when introducing the wall, it is with the ambition to explore the twin role as the oppressor and the liberator. This will be elaborated in the following chapter.

This is where the analogy of the wound comes into play. Physiologically, the living organism deals with a wound by developing blood clotting and scar tissue as a hard surface, protecting the wound from the outside environment.

Metaphorically speaking, a perimeter can have the same effect on a building site, making sure that the outside threat (commercial investors) is unable to infect it with its contamination (shopping malls, oversized hotels).

The healing process takes place from the inside out.

As figures 60 through 63 illustrate, the simple notion of a perimeter (shown simply as a white frame) raises the question of what could be imagined within a defined perimeter in Sarajevo.

The four figures superimpose four distinct typologies already present in the city onto the Marshal Tito Barracks.

This links back to the reading of Sarajevo as a Puzzle City, a context that

The Wall as a Liberator The second quality of the perimeter is, paradoxically, the action of breaking it down.

By introducing a uniform enclosing structure, one is enabled to emphasize the important entry points, openings, axes and programmatic shifts.

When addressing the openings of the wall, you are immediately addressing

PART 4

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68

Fig. 59: Enforcing the Perimeter

the context: Where does the wall allow the context to penetrate?; where does it ward it off?

This is where the wall serves, not as the oppressor, but as the liberator that deliberately enters into dialogue with the context.

Preceding Perimeter Lastly, the perimeter is not a foreign element on the site.

As seen in figure 54, the original military complex had a perimeter building surrounding the site. The slender building served multiple purposes, containing both classrooms, dormitories, offices and a hotel. In my interpretation of the wall, I am reintroducing the perimeter building as a 10-meter deep structure.

The following chapter discusses the internal organization within the perimeter.

PART 4

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69

Fig. 60: Superimposition of the ÄŒarsija

Fig. 61: Superimposition of the mahala

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70

Fig. 62: Superimposition of the courtyard block typology

Fig. 63: Superimposition of the modernist tower block typology

The Strategy - Internal Organization

PART 4

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73

Model Study: Organization The series of physical models discusses different principles of organization within the perimeter. The top row explores a harsh fragmentation of the perimeter, reducing it to edges and elements along its lines.

The second row imposes an indisputable perimeter, forcing the rest of the

elements on site to be subordinate; in some cases still obeying the grid, while in other cases positioned off-axis.

The third row respects the uniformity of the perimeter building but breaks it according to roads and passages, changes in facade expression and building heights.

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74

Fig. 64: Physical organiaztional study models built in scale 1:2000

Conclusion Organizationally, the approach of frantically following the grid offers little diversity in public space. The notion of having off-grid elements creates a tension, I wish to enhance.

In terms of the perimeter, a total disintegration results in an image that is conflicting with what I wish for this project.

keeping the frame, however, is a brutal move, that does not contribute to the coherence of the Puzzle City.

The conclusion is an ambiguous perimeter, one that is brutally enclosing at certain points yet wishfully inviting at other.

The Strategy - Breaking the Perimeter

PART 4

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THE STRATEGY

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77

1)

2)

4)

5)

Model Study: Perimeter The following is a fragmentation study of the perimeter building. Each model explores a way of slicing, cutting, opening and breaking the uniform building.

1) Creating a gate motif for the main traffical entrances

2) Letting the human scale penetrate the building with slim, pedestrian passages.

3) Carving the building, creating niches and terraces.

4) Indicating a break by a shift of program.

5) Indicating a break by introducing a non-programmatic element.

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78

3)

6)

Fig. 65: Physical models built in scale 1:200

6) Slicing parts of the building so that it reads as an element of its own.

Conclusion The method of penetrating the perimeter with the human scale is an especially powerful instrument for staging both sides of the “wall�.

The carving of niches is a way of framing the city, while the non-programmatic additions are a way to absorb clashed with existing structures on-site.

The specific use of each strategy is elaborated in Appendix A: Catalog of Urban Spaces.

The Strategy - The Green Gesture

PART 4

THE STRATEGY

THE STRATEGY

PART 4

THE STRATEGY

THE STRATEGY

811

The Grid and the Green Given the nature of the military complex, the existing built stock is organized obeying an orthogonal grid.

A contrasting consequence of the abandonment of the barracks has been the infiltration of nature: Trees, shrubs and wild grass have spread in an irregular pattern. And exactly this - nature’s response to abandonment - is the first scar to be addressed.

By tracing the trees, a different axis appears: One that mirrors the modernist planned promenade to the east. (fig. 51 and fig. 66, a)), stretching from the main railway station accross the site.

Within the strict grid, this axis can be read as a recreational counterpart to the urban promenade, containing a sequence of diverse spaces (fig. 66, b)) The green infiltration is, subsequently, the only element that has the freedom of placement off-axis, creating a tension between the rectilinear grid and the

wild nature (fig. 66, d)) .

Such an element gives special attention to the axis and allows the placement of key buildings and programmes along it while emphasizing the entry points (fig.

66, c) and 66, e)) Lastly, there is a potential in redirecting the pedestrian and bicycle traffic through the site, relieving the main traffical corridor to the south (fig. 66, f)) This links back to the notion of seeing the potential of the wounds, as explained in Part 2: Methodology.

This is also an argument for keeping a strict internal organization of buildings.

By doing this, the wildness of the diagonal is enhanced. In other words, I am strategically enhancing the wound by creating a contrast to how it was “supposed to look”. How the potential of the wound pays off will be described in the following chapter.

PART 4

THE STRATEGY

THE STRATEGY

2 82 a) The informal green infiltration mirrors the diagonal yet contrasts its rigid and planned nature

b) The diagonal contains patches of different character

c) The green corners serve as funnels

d) The green infiltration is the only element on site not obeying the grid

e) Rederiction of pedestrian and bicycle flow

f) Key buildings and intersection

Fig. 66: Concepts of internal organization

The Masterplan - Overview

PART 5

THE MASTERPLAN

THE MASTERPLAN

PART 5

THE MASTERPLAN

THE MASTERPLAN

Traffic passage

Traffic passage Pedestrian passage

University building

Existing ruin

University building

Campus square

Pedestrian passage Auditorium

Existing building

University

Existin and Lands

Pedestrian passage

Campus

Existing low buildings transformed into campus environment

Existing ruin

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Office building

Existing building Office building University exhibition space

Student housing

Museum of Contemporary Art

Concert hall

The Green Diagonal

University workshop space

ng foundation floor tiles / scape element

Parking structure

Existing building

University Library

Existing building

Existing building

Fig. 67: Masterplan for the Marshal Tito Barracks

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The Green Strategy

Infrastructure Main roads

Side roads

Two-way traffic

One-way traffic

Figure/Ground

Tram stop

Structure The starting point of the plan is the grid. As explained earlier, this is both to respect the structural DNA and memory of the military site, but also to enhance the contrast to the infiltrating green

diagonal. Being the main landscape element of the plan, the green diagonal is what connects the site throughout.

Furthermore, it is a link in the greater green context. This will be elaborated in the following chapter. The diagonal

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The Ground Floors

Public

University

Offices

Student housing

Parking

Active ground floors / Museum, cafes, shops Open facades / Offices, campus administration Semi-private facades / Campus-residential courtyards

Gradient of Intensity

Surface parking

Curbside parking

Parking Garage

Bicycle parking

Campus

City

Fig. 68: Structural diagrams

is spatially generous, extending into courtyards and creating pockets and clearances along its path. The active reading of the courtyards within the site speaks of a figure/ground condition of the open spaces and the built stock. In

addition, the pockets have potential of being used for rainwater drainage. The specific design parameters and concepts of the diagonal will be explaned in Part 5: The Green Diagonal.

Infrastructurally, the plan relies on the

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Building heights and squaremeters 4 floors

Pedestrian paths

the existing two main roads, offering entrances (gate motifs described in Part 4) from both roads. Traffic on-site is directed mainly through one-way streets, ensuring free passage of the pedestrian green diagonal. The plan benefints

1 floor

Fire rescue plan

from having three tram stops in the immediate surroundings, and pedestrian entrances through the perimeter are placed accordingly.

All pedestrian paths are planned with a width that can support a fire truck.

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Flooding

Motor traffic

Major external actors

Address of wounds

Fig. 69: Structural diagrams

Car parking in distributed between a 3-story parking structure with 220 spaces servicing the urban end toward west and surface parking pockets servicing a much smaller demand toward the campus end.

Bicycle parking is centered around university buildings and dorms.

The Masterplan - Assessment and Programming

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om

r ro

ile Bo

93

Lo

w

s ack arr

b

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18

g

din

l bui nal

om s fr

igi

Or

Fig. 70: Removed buildings highlighted in black

Assessment of Existing Buildings Fundamentally critical of the tabula rasa treatment, the proposal wishes to keep the historical traces.

However, it is not to romanticize the wounds of war and preserve all ruins.

Instead, its aim is to keep those that have a potential of new spatial and aethetic expressions.

An assessment has been made keeping all remaining structures from 1897 as well as the more recent boiler room and low barracks.

How the buildings are addressed will be elaborated at the final presentation.

Programming the Site As explained in Part 1: Context, the City of Thresholds is typologically demarcated yet continously coherent.

This coherence is often prevailed in program (shopping streets continue across thresholds, the cultural axis goes through distinct districts etc.)

This fact, together with the argument for the 1957 Marijin Dvor masterplan (presented in Part 3: The Site) forms the basis for my programming of the barracks; whereas the proposal acknowledges the need for a campus, it advocates a coherent programmatic threshold with

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Fig. 71: The urban end toward east

the rest of Marijin Dvor toward east.

As such, the plan works with a gradient of urban intensity spanning across the east/west axis; the buildings to the east, facing the more busy business district of Marijin Dvor, will have a more urban program containing shopping streets, restaurant and cafes on the ground floor and housing above. This will be a continuation of the already existing program, seamlessly leading the city into the new development and thus ensuring the typological clash. Furthermore, the introduction of residential and commercial programs ensures a vital round-theclock activity on the site.

Toward east, a more quiet environment consists of university buildings, student housing and campus courtyards.

Bisecting the two ends is the green diagonal. Programatically, the diagonal is a cultural corridor, containing the already existing University Library. In addition to this, other cultural programs are introduced to both strengthen the importance of the axis from the main railway station and as a response to the urgent need for cultural institutions either lost or recently come into demand after the war.

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Sticking to the rectilinear organization has a danger of creating uniform static spaces.

The following chapter is an elaboration on the grid and the possibility of creating varied spaces and hierarchies within the frame.

The Multilayered Grid By introducing the perimeter, the barracks are immediately read one unit.

This establishes its internal coherence and embeds it within the hierarchy of the city. Meanwhile, the hierarchy is nuanced internally by fragmenting the grid three-dimensionally, materially and programatically. In other words, building A may be linked to grid A physically, grid B programatically, grid C visually, and contain a number of subdivisions relating to several other grid systems.

Ultimately, the site is read as a series of enclosures within a greater whole (fig.72) When passing through the area, sightlines and vistas reveal a coherence between the buildings different to the logic of the road layout.

Fig. 73 shows a view from a niche revealing a vista through the arcade of a building across the road; in this case, the grid line has goes from being a road to indicating a niche to manifesting itself as a passage through a building.

Fig. 72: Organizational interrelationship between the structures

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Fig. 73: View from the perimeter building looking south

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Fig. 74: The multilayered grid changing over time

The Masterplan - The Green Diagonal

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This chapter is a detailed description of the Green Diagonal.

As argued earlier, the diagonal is a direct result of the destruction, the subsequent abandonment and therefore a visible wound with grim connotations.

The following is an address using the aforementioned dialectic between amnesia and agony in the deisgn of an experimental urban space and corridor.

Amnesia, Agony and Ambiguity How can a place be both respectful of a dark past yet point toward a bright future?

In the case of the Marshal Tito Barracks, the occupation by nature is the starting point. In other words, the wound becomes the parti of the plan. The irregular pattern of directions and clearances is unplanned, thus presenting a completely new situation.

All existing trees are preserved. The natural clearance along the diagonal is used to define a path, while the clearances along the sides will be programmed according to the existing elements (fig. 41-44 and fig. 70) These The agency of design is used subtly; evergreen cypress trees are planted inbetween the existing trees. The cypress trees are arranged in a strict grid, following the lines of the military layout. The trees blend in with the lush landscape during summer months, and the Diagonal is perceived as a green urban park (fig. 69, (a)). Since the existing trees are deciduous, a stark contrast is evident during winter months when the leaves have shedded. During this peri-

od, the pattern of evergreens is evident and uncanny (fig. 69, b)).

During fall months, the foliage of the trees distorts the trajectory and directionality of the path, extending it into the adjacent pockets and courtyards of the buildings. This links to the figure/ ground condition of the urban space.

During the spring, the path is taken over by local patches of sprouting, demarcating the park.

Cypress trees are deliberately chosen for of their connotations; in classical antiquity, the cypress was a symbol of mourning and it remains the principal cemetery tree today.

Secondly, the combination of the charactaristic uniform shape and a slow growth rate results in an identical constellation year after year- like a memorial, but living rather than (figuratively and literaly) carved in stone.

Lastly, the cypress has no exclusive links to just one religion or culture; it is widely used in both Muslim and Christian cemeteries (Dafni, 2006), meaning that the cypress memorial has no bias nor predetermined story of the conflict.

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b)

c)

d)

Fig. 74: Seasonal changes of the Green Diagonal

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Fig. 75a: Serial vision of the Green Diagonal

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Fig. 75b: Continuation of Serial Vision

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Fig. 76: Snapshots of the proposal throughout the seasons

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Fig. 77: Longitudinal section

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Fig. 77: Cross-section

The Greater Context - Revitalizing ZeTra

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The Olympic Corridor The construction boom during the socialist period incresed the footprint of Sarajevo substantially. As a response, an Olympic Development strip was planned following the topography of a side valley. Proposed as a green corridor (ZeTra or “Zelena Transverzala� =

green transversal), the axis was supposed to establish an urban network of green and open spaces toward Mt. Trebevic to the north.

After the war, destruction, abandonment and commercial rebuilding has fragmented the axis, and especially the southern intersection, where the axis

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meets the river, is congested.

By adding a green link across the Marshal Tito Barracks, a new piece of the Puzzle City can be laid. One that recomposes the city and suggests that there is a potential to fulfill the the green corridor that never was.

Conclusion

The initial motivation for the project was a discourse of wounded cities and using the wounds to generate new design possibilities.

The large-scale mapping has resulted in a reading of Sarajevo as a Puzzle City, and thus enabling a more brutal approach toward the perimeter. Further reading stressed the importance of a coherence, and proposing a masterplan that embeds itself in the puzzle of Sarajevo became an equally important ambition.

The ambitions synthesize in addressing the green diagonal - simultaneously a wound and a link to the rest of the city.

The proposed masterplan for the Marshal Tito Barrack is, as such, my version of an ambiguous place, that a) Allows traces of the war to co-exist with the modern city b) Does not glorify or romanticize destroyed buildings and ruins c) Points toward a future that does not require a clean slate d) Embeds itself in the unique urban fabric of Sarajevo and subsequently gives something back to the city in the form of urban space and a revitalization of the Olympic Green link.

This report is mainly focused on addressing the green diagonal, and thus lacking an address of the wounds on built stock. This will be addressed at the presentation.

CV Haris Hasanbegovic Bachelor’s Degree 2013 - 2016: Aarhus School of Architecture, DK 2015: The Cooper Union, New York, NY Master’s Degree 2016 - 2017: 7th semester, Intership at SLETH, Aarhus, DK 2017 - 2018: Aarhus School of Architecture, DK

8th semester: Studio 1A:

Densification of Brabrand.

9th semester: Studio 1A:

Masterplan for Sydhavnskvarteret, Aarhus

REFERENCES Amphoux, P., 1997. Domino, Fragment and Puzzle, Three Figures of the Contemporary Architecture.

Europan 4, pp.69-75.

Dafni, A., 2006. Ritual plants of Muslim graveyards in northern Israel in: Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine.

Koolhaas, R. 1995. Exodus, or the Voluntary Prisoners of Architecture in: S, M, L, XL., pp. 2-21. The Monacelli Press, New York, New York.

Neidhardt, J. & Grabrijan, D. 1957. Arhitektura Bosne i Put u Suvremeno (The Architecture of Bosnia and the Way to Modernity). DrĹžavna zaloĹžba Slovenije, Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Pilav, A., 2002. Sarajevo - In between of the Spontaneous and Planned City in: [Re]appropriation of the City, pp. 43-51.

Vidler, A., 1992. Shifting Ground in: The Architectural Uncanny, pp. 117-145. The MIT Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts. London, England.

Woods, L., 1993. War and Architecture. Princeton Architectural Press, New York, New York,

IMAGE CREDITS Fig. 7, 8, 9, 10: History Museum of BiH Fig. 19, 20, 21, 22, 35: Satellite images from Google Maps Fig. 53: Neidhardt, J. & Grabrijan, D.: The Architecture of Bosnia and the Way to Modernity Fig. 54: Avio snimak Sarajevo, copyright photogalerija.com

The Wounded City: Urban Regeneration of Postwar Sarajevo Appendix A: Catalog of Urban Spaces Haris Hasanbegovic

This appendix to the Thesis Summary Report is a Catalog of Urban Spaces; Select zoom-ins of the masterplan shown in plan, section and perspective drawings to highlight the application of important discussions, concepts and ideas explained in the summary report.

An overview of the select spaces is shown on the following spread.

NB The drawings are downscaled to fit the page.

Haris Hasanbegovic Studienr.: 2013227 Aarhus School of Architecture Thesis, Fall 2018 Studio 1A: Urban Design & Landscape Architecture Supervisor: Jens Christian Pasgaard

Contents

Overview

1

The University Library

3

The Urban Streets

5

The Northeast Gate

7

The Student Housing

9

The Campus Courtyards

11

The Marketplace

13

The Northern Ruin

15

APPENDIX A

THE URBAN SPACES

APPENDIX A

1 The Northern Ruin The Marketplace

The Campus Courtyards

THE URBAN SPACES APPENDIX A

THE URBAN SPACES

The Northeast Gate

2 The Student Housing

The Urban Streets The University Library

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3

Fig. A1: Perspective plan of the University Library

The University Library The urban space of the University Library is characterized by three elements; An existing military building, an extension and a new building. (fig. A1) Located on the south border of the area, the space become a central entry point to the site.

The extension latches on to the gable of the existing library. This is done to accentuate the entrance and guide visitors around the corner. The extension is a piloti structure, allowing the green axis the pass underneath (shown in section, fig. A2) The new building is an open courtyard block. The open couryard is positioned

facing the Green Diagonal, allowing it the infiltrate the courtyard in certain situations (Explained in the Thesis Summary Report (TSR), Part 5)

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Fig. A2: Perspective section of the University Library

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Fig. A2: Perspective plan of the Urban Streets

The Urban Streets The urban streets are the links to Marijin Dvor toward east. The space consists of two existing buildings and two new.

A building of similar scale is inserted between the two existing buildings to create two streets; one is pedestrian only, the other is one-way motor traffic. (fig. A3)

as shown in the section. (fig. A4)

As explained in the TSR Part 5, the streets are programmed as an extension of the adjacent district of Marijin Dvor.

The northwest corner of the streets latch on to the Green Diagonal, extending the pedestrian flow to the rest of the site.

A parking structure is located at the very start of the traffic street to minimize the traffical load on the shopping street.

The trafficked road penetrates the perimeter building, creating a gate motif explained in the Thesis Summary Report, Part 4.

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6

The ground floors are programmed with shops on the northern street and restaurants and cafes facing the pedestrian-only path. Passage between the two streets is possible through the middle building,

Fig. A4: Perspective section of the Urban Streets

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Fig. A5: Perspective plan of Northeast Gate

The Northeast Gate The Northeast Gate is the culmination of the Green Diagonal and the trafficked Put Zivota to the north.

As shown in plan (fig. A6), the northeast corner opens just slightly to let human scale pass through (as explained in TSR Part 5) Furthermore, the plan shows a clash between the existing boiler room building and the perimeter. In this conflict, the perimeter building takes form of a lightweight structure covering the boiler room building.

structure, shown in the section (fig. A7) as an open-plan university gallery.

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The hard paved surfaces of Put Zivota are contrasted by the soft and dynamic ground of the green diagonal. The free movement is extented to the internal

Fig. A6: Perspective section of the Northeast Gate

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Fig. A7: Perspective plan of the Student Housing

The Student Housing The student housing area is located on the west end of the site toward the campus.

The constellation consist of a large block intersected by two pedestrian paths creating two courtyards. (fig. A8) The western courtyard is more secluded and private, offering a space for the residents of the buildings.

from the traficked road Put Zivota to the north, shown in the section (fig. A9) The plan shows another example of the cuts and breaks in the perimeter discussed in TSR Part 5: The niche.

Manifested in the plan as a terrace, the niche is a reaction to the grid line indicated by the path and the passage between the two southern buildings.

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The eastern courtyard is more open and contains common facilities for the residents; greenhouses and bicycle parking.

The building heights are ajusted to ensure daylight in the courtyards while simultaneously blocking traffic noise

Fig. A8: Perspective section of the Student Housing

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Fig. A9: Perspective plan of the Campus Courtyards

The Campus Courtyards The campus courtyards are the result of a radical transformation of the built stock. (fig. A10) The four low barrack buildings are interconnected by additions bridging the gap between them. This creates a series of courtyards - with varying intensity of activity - suitable for campus life; reading, recreational activites and leisure. (fig. A11)

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The radical transformation discusses the possibility of perserving only fragments of the existing structure, and, in some cases, only the scale or the architectural expression of the gable, the pitched roof or the horizontality.

Fig. A10: Perspective view inside the Campus Courtyards

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Fig. A11: Perspective plan of the Marketplace

Furthermore, the plaza is intersected by a one-way traffic street. Here, the transition is indicated by a shift in pavement.

APPENDIX A

The Marketplace The marketplace is a move to establish a spatial hierarchy on campus.

Located on the foot of the existing (former dormitory) building, the new buildings mirror the expression of the dormitory, creating a plaza. (fig. A12)

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This plaza becomes the main public space of the campus, programmed with a student cafe/deli, lunch tables, a bicycle workshop and other relevant facilities for everyday campus life.

Furthermore, the small open spaces and nooks can be used to absorb a number of parking spaces without making a dedicated parking lot.

Fig. A12: Perspective of the Marketplace Plaza

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Fig. A13: Perspective plan of the Northern Ruin

The Northern Ruin The space toward the northwest corner consists of an existing ruin with existing trees and new buildings enclosing the courtyard.

As the plan (fig. A13) shows, the corner is (opposed to the northeastern corner) closed. Instead, passage is directed through the perimeter building (fig. A14)

and the existing trees.

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The plan also shows how the grid line on the road to the south continues as a path between the auditorium and the classrooms.

The paths highlight the permeability of the courtyard, even though it is enclosed by the tall perimeter building

Fig. A14: Perspective view toward the entrance through the perimeter building