Guyana Chronicle Pepperpot E-Paper 14-09-2025

Sunday, September 14, 2025

Education on the Rise

The Region 9 community of Massara celebrates its first secondary school, opening new doors and opportunities for hinterland students

Ravis Bartholemew, lifelong Massara resident and teacher, at the village’s first secondary school

St. Cuthbert’s Mission

- Building sustainable livelihoods through Innovation, Culture and Tradition

By Michel Outridge

ON the edge of the Mahaica River, where the water curls lazily through lush, green forests and fertile lands, lies St. Cuthbert’s Mission, or Pakuri, located along the Soesdyke–Linden Highway as its Arawak people proudly call it.

It is a community steeped in tradition yet brimming with modern ambitions, and today, thanks to support from the Low Carbon Development Strategy (LCDS) fund, it is undergoing a remarkable transformation.

This Indigenous village is building a future that balances economic opportunities with cultural preservation, employment with sustainability and modern farming with ancient wisdom. It has become a model of how Indigenous communities can leverage targeted investments to create sustainable livelihoods while preserving their heritage.

With prudent use of LCDS funds, the Village Council under the leadership of Toshao Alvoro

Simon, a young, energetic leader, has launched a series of ambitious projects spanning agriculture, eco-tourism, human development and cultural preservation. These initiatives are designed not only to generate employment, but also to maximise land use efficiently, ensure environmental sustainability and strengthen social cohesion.

Climate-Smart Agriculture at the Forefront

Agriculture has emerged as the cornerstone of the village’s sustainable livelihood strategy.

The first phase of poultry production has already commenced with the construction of two large pens — one for 1,000 broilers and another for 1,000 layers. Plans are also underway to expand into swine production and establish shade houses to increase traditional crop yields without compromising the environment.

Ten acres of virgin land has already been cleared and cultivated. Currently, 12,000 pineapple plant-

lets and four acres of cassava are under cultivation. To add value to cassava production, the village has secured a cassava mill that will soon facilitate the production of farine, cassareep, and cassava bread. These steps promise to boost food security while creating opportunities for value-added agro-processing.

Apiculture will soon join this portfolio, with financial support from the Guyana Small Business Bureau (GSBB), enabling the formation of an Apiculture Co-operative Society. The initiative is designed to promote climate-smart, sustainable honey production, benefiting both local farmers and the wider community.

At the same time, exploratory talks with private investors could soon see the establishment of floriculture enterprises, further diversifying the village’s agricultural base.

According to Toshao Simon: “By combining our traditional knowledge with modern production systems, we are creating sustainable TURN TO PAGE XI

Toshao Alvoro Simon of St. Cuthbert’s Mission during a presentation ceremony in the community with the recipients.

A Bite of Heritage

Moraikobai resident shares the secrets of Amerindian cuisine, including the famed

By Shaniya Harding

THE Amerindian village, along with its music, culture, crafts, and cuisine, returned once again to the Sophia Exhibition Centre. Among the many vendors, patrons, and curious tourists was Fizil Jacobs, presenting one of the most intriguing dishes around: the famed Tacuma worm. This unusual dish is just one part of what Fizil describes as a very rich and vibrant culture.

Speaking to Pepperpot Magazine at the Amerindian village, he discussed Indigenous cuisine, the thrill of trying new things, and why preserving culture is more important than ever in a changing world.

Fizil’s love for his culture was bred from his family and community. Born and raised in Moraikobai, Fizil says that although beautiful and culturally vibrant, growing up in the community had its challenges. Stating that today there is more than one way to commute to and from the village, Fizil explained that this was not always the case: “Growing up there was kind of tough. It was a

challenging place to show progress and to get more opportunities. It’s a very remote village, so the journey there wasn’t easy. You could go into Moraikobai by road or river, but back then, it was difficult.”

Despite the challenge of transportation, Fizil says his early years in the village were like any other, days filled with family, friends, and adventure. He described a Moraikobai without internet access, yet overflowing with family bonds and regular community gatherings.

“A regular day as a child was normal, just playing. We didn’t have internet access, phones, or anything like that. We had one landline in the village, and everybody used to go and call. Sometimes people would put on the radio and overhear your conversation. It was just how things were, everyone knew each other’s business and so on.”

The Moraikobai of today is very different, according to Fizil. Painting a picture of his community now, he shared that Moraikobai has seen a whole host of development. With additions and changes across all sectors, Moraikobai has even

ventured into the tourism sector, balancing its natural, untouched beauty with necessary services and modern amenities. “Moraikobai has changed a lot since I was a child. The village is more beautiful now. We even have a tourist place, an ecolodge, which people couldn’t access before. Roads are better now, and we have cruisers and big trucks to help get around. It’s a lot easier than it used to be,” Fizil stated.

The community of Moraikobai continues to hold on to its traditions, however. Amid the rapid development, Fizil says traditional Indigenous culture is still alive and vibrant, and no time is it better felt than in September. “Heritage Month is in September, and you can feel the vibe in the village. We have a special day set by the village council to celebrate our heritage. It’s an important time for us, and we always invite visitors to come and experience the village,” he said. A significant part of the community’s celebrations is the harvesting, preparation, and eating of the Tacuma worm. Recounting when he first tried the dish at the age of five, Fizil said, “My first time eating it was when I was about five years old. At first, I was scared, but I made up my mind to try it because my big brother and my father were eating it. We went into the background together to get some, and I watched them. Eventually, I joined in. That was my first experience with it.”

The Tacuma worm comes from the Ite palm, an essential plant in Amerindian culture. Moraikobai is surrounded by savannah, with hundreds of Ite palms within walking distance of the community. As Fizil explains, “The worm comes from the Ite palm tree. Everything from that tree is useful. The leaves can be used to make roofing, similar to zinc sheets, or woven into baskets. The tree also gives a sweet, heavy juice that is something like cane juice. Just one cup is enough to keep you full until the next meal.”

Describing the harvesting process, Fizil explained that the worms are not simply collected; they are managed and monitored during their growth before being carefully removed from the Ite palm after a month to six weeks. “To harvest, we bore a hole in the tree and collect the juice. Over time, about a month to six weeks, the worms form inside. When it’s ready, we go back with an axe and knock on the tree. If the sound is hollow, like a barrel, then

Tacuma worm

you know the worms are inside. Sometimes you can even hear them eating when you put your ear to the tree. That’s how you know they are ready to harvest,” he shared.

For many, the idea of eating the Tacuma worm seems daunting. But Fizil reassures that it is a unique experience every curious person should have. “Many coastlanders are curious about the Tacuma worm, but they are often afraid to try it.

I tell them it is something worth experiencing.” He further added, “For us Amerindians, it is a normal part of life. We also believe it has health benefits. We don’t get sick easily because of the natural foods and medicines we use from the forest. The Tacuma worm, for example, is said to be good for

asthma, though many people don’t realise that.”

For Fizil, preserving these practices is more than a tradition; it is a way of life. “Keeping these traditions alive is very important. With everything happening in the world—climate change, conflicts, diseases—people need to hold on to the knowledge in their culture. Our traditions and practices help us survive and stay healthy. By keeping them, we help ourselves and can even help others,” he said.

Fizil, like so many Guyanese, is a champion of culture, urging all Guyanese to preserve and celebrate their roots. And if you are feeling adventurous this September, you can reach out to Fizil via phone on +592 642 8649.

Close-up of the Tacuma worms, a unique delicacy of Amerindian cuisine (Samuel Maughn photo)

Fizil Jacobs showcases the famed Tacuma worms at the Sophia Exhibition Centre (Samuel Maughn photo)

Making History

Making History

First-ever Medex of Handsome Tree, Mahaica River in charge of two health centres in the community

VISHNARINE Ghanshiam was at home assisting his father in farming when he had a major shift in his life and a breakthrough in his career path -- he was asked to join the Medex programme.

He explained that he was unemployed and at home, not doing much except farming with his father, when the village nurse asked him to join the Medex programme. He applied and was successful. From there, his journey began with a four-year programme in the medical profession. He is now the first in his family to become a Medex, and the

first for his village. He reported that it all came down to the village nurse looking for a suitable applicant to apply for the Medex programme; he was qualified, making the process easier.

Ghanshiam said he received his secondary education at Cove and John and graduated with 11 subjects. He endured many hardships, being from the Mahaica River, where the commute was either by boat or road. Initially, he wanted to attend the University of Guyana (UG), but travelling was not easy for him, so he gave up on that thought and stayed at home, assisting his family with farming. As a countryside

resident, his family is invested in rice and cash crop cultivation, and he stayed home to do that since employment opportunities were scarce.

Ghanshiam told the Pepperpot Magazine that, after he wrote the Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate Examination, he enrolled for computer classes at Global Technology, where he was successful, and went on to work at an internet café in Mahaica, East Coast Demerara. But that small business caved during the pandemic and was one of many that did not survive COVID-19.

He added that he was at home thereafter and, in 2021, after he learnt of the Medex programme being offered by the government, he applied and was successful. Ghanshiam said he gave it his all. It was an amazing journey—although not easy—made possible by the support he received from the staff, his colleagues and, altogether, hard work and dedication.

He was, however, convinced after completing and graduating from the Medex programme—and becoming a qualified Medex—that it was his purpose in life. It felt good;

he felt he was fulfilling a dream.

The new Medex reported that living and working in the same village is ideal for him because he is familiar with the people and the logistics of the place. In his village, there are two health facilities—the Lakeville and Big Biaboo Health Centres—which he will manage, along with the existing support staff.

Handsome Tree Village is one of five villages in Mahaica River, a riverine community which comprises No. 10, Flora Garden, Handsome Tree, Big and Little Biaboo, and Grass Hook.

The population is just about 1,000, mostly farmers, and Ghanshiam will have to cover all the villages as the resident Medex. Ghanshiam disclosed that his focus is awareness in primary healthcare—vaccination; village, school and community outreaches to educate all on safety practices in health; and healthy lifestyles—since it is a farming community where many chemicals are utilised for agricultural purposes. He will also emphasise preventive measures in general healthcare.

He noted that he was among a

class of 35 students, but only 29 graduated. One student passed away before the graduation, but was honoured; he was from a remote village in Guyana.

Ghanshiam said that if it weren’t for the support of the community, he would not have been successful, and for that, he is grateful that the village, his family, and others stood by him during his four years of study.

The network of support helped him to focus on his studies. He stayed at his aunt’s house in Enterprise Village, also on the East Coast Demerara, and endured the daily commute via public transportation.

He pointed out that after a twoweek break, he will start his internship at Mahaicony Hospital for six weeks. After that, he will be the permanent Medex of the Mahaica River. “The feeling is good. I am happy to serve my people, the community, and doing it in my village is also a blessing. I am looking forward to being the Medex and serving my purpose,” he said.

Ghanshiam is the eldest of two siblings. His sister is a third-year medical student at UG, and his cousin is a doctor.

By Michel Outridge

Little Biaboo Health Centre in Mahaica River

Lakeville Health Centre, one of two health facilities that the new Medex will manage

New Medex Vishnarine Ghanshiam being honoured at his graduation

Education on the Rise

The Region 9 community of Massara celebrates its first secondary school, opening new doors and opportunities for hinterland students

By Shaniya Harding

ACROSS Guyana, the value of education is being reinforced through new educational initiatives, state-of-the-art schools and other initiatives. The village of Massara, a growing community in North Rupununi, Region 9, is one of the many Indigenous communities at the forefront of Guyana’s

education development.

This week, Pepperpot Magazine sat down with lifelong Massara resident, teacher, and community leader Ravis Bartholemew, who shared what the first day of school was like in the village’s first-ever secondary school, how parents and teachers felt, and the impact it will have not just on the community, but hopefully on Guyana at large.

Education is nothing new to Massara teacher Ravis Bartholemew. Born and raised in the community, Ravis found his calling as an educator when he was just sixteen. After returning from two years of study in Brazil, he came back to Lethem, where he began teaching as a volunteer. “During COVID, I came home to the village to see how I could serve the community. I

The new facility boasts 16 purpose-built rooms, including 10 classrooms and five specialised laboratories outfitted for Information Technology, Science, Home Management and Food & Nutrition, Visual Arts, and Industrial Technology. A well-stocked library completes the campus, offering students a dedicated space for research, reading, and independent learning.

started to teach voluntarily. I did my service. I wasn’t getting paid, and I wasn’t asking for any payment.

During that time, students were coming to school here, but they were homeschooled.”

Following his volunteer teaching in the community, Ravis continued teaching in local communities at various primary schools across the region. With communi-

ties spread out, Ravis initially faced challenges in finding employment at a school. “So I applied in April 2022 to start teaching. A little over a month later, my application came back. I was appointed to a school, but I wasn’t able to go.” He persisted, and after moving around several schools, Ravis returned to his community to teach. “I started at Massara Primary. I transferred to another school in Aramputa. I worked there less than a year, but a full term. So after the secondary school was established, I came back to Massara Secondary.”

Now a modern languages teacher, Ravis says that Massara Secondary is a vision turned reality. Secondary education has long been a goal for the community’s leaders and a dream for its children. Recounting the challenges children in Massara faced in accessing education, Ravis stated, “Before Massara got the secondary school, we were lobbying for this for years. It was in our ten-year village improvement plan. Before that, students had to go to Annai Secondary. During my days, around 2009 to 2011, it was much more difficult because our peers used to take us to secondary school on bicycles.”

Interwoven with the challenge of education is the challenge of accessibility and transportation. For a community of a few hundred, travelling to nearby Annai was difficult. Although the addition of a tractor eased commuting for some children, it remained a hurdle for many. “Our tractor used to transport students to TURN TO PAGE XV

The first of its kind, the Massara Secondary School is a modern facility bringing new opportunities to almost 200 hinterland students

Education Through Airwaves

The Ministry of Education’s EdYou FM is bringing learning to every corner of Guyana, from classrooms to communities

EDUCATION in Guyana is reaching new heights, and not just through infrastructure. The Government of Guyana, through EdYou FM, has achieved tremendous milestones in education accessibility across the country. From an office in Kingston, Georgetown, the talented EdYou FM team of writers, educators, and presenters works year-round to provide educational radio broadcasts to thousands of children of all ages nationwide.

From the capital city to the hinterland, EdYou FM is making education more accessible than ever. Celebrating Education Month under the theme, “Quality Education for National Development”, Pepperpot Magazine sat down with the head of EdYou FM, Phillip Williams, and Production Manager, Ayanna Waddell, to talk about the work they do, how their content reaches children, and what we can look forward to in the future of EdYou FM.

Sitting down with this magazine in observance of Education Month, Phillip Williams described EdYou FM’s work as one arm of Guyana’s Ministry of Education's robust distance learning branch. “EdYou FM is the Ministry of Education’s radio station, and it’s one arm of

the distance education unit. We are responsible for broadcasting curriculum content to schools and communities all across Guyana. We have a staff of 16 persons here at the NERF Centre in Kingston, and this is where all the action happens,” he stated.

There is no shortage of educational content on the internet and on television. But what sets the team at EdYou FM apart is the quality of their content and the expertise behind it. As Williams shared, each broadcast is aligned with the curriculum. “We have a battery of writers and producers, and we provide content that is aligned with the curriculum. Apart from the content and instructional hours that we have on the radio, we have some fixed shows. There’s one in the morning, one at noon, and one in the afternoon, so those are live.”

One of the highlights of EdYou FM is its reach. EdYou FM is not just one of Guyana’s leading radio broadcasters; it is one of the largest in the country and the region.

because it supports the policy of equitable distribution of education. The radio can permeate and reach places that other media can’t. So people in the hinterlands, valleys, and rivers can all tune into EdYou FM, the home of family entertainment.”

After its launch just a few years ago, EdYou FM has seen incredible growth, especially in recent times.

Backed by government intervention and growing national interest, what initially began as a small local education broadcast to just a few schools has blossomed into a nationwide educational platform, one that many educators are now integrating into their classrooms.

“EdYou FM is a full-fledged radio station. We broadcast 24/7, seven days a week, 30-plus days a month, 365 days a year,” Williams stated.

Hence, the 24/7 radio station broadcasting across the country.”

Production Manager at EdYou FM, Ayanna Waddell, shed light on how creatively made educational productions reach children. “Internally, we have 16 staff members, but externally we have contributors who come in to do special shows, like the New Day show, Afternoon 360, and on Saturdays, Ah-We Culture, which I host,” she explained. “I communicate with the broadcasters to ensure they understand that they’re reaching not only children and youth but the nation as a whole. The content must engage listeners thoughtfully; it’s not just a random show with music. I streamline all of that and ensure we keep that in mind every time we go on air.”

prepared and packaged here. Our internal producers bring in voice talent, whether children or teacher narrators, and assemble the content right in our studio. So now we do everything from right here.”

EdYou FM also goes a step further, sharing timetables with schools so that children never miss a lesson.

“We have our instructional hours from 9 a.m. to about 3 p.m., then our live programmes start. Once lessons are packaged, we share the timetable on our online platforms and send them to schools so students and teachers know what lessons are airing and for which grade.”

“EdYou FM has the biggest radio station in Guyana, the biggest reach, the biggest network in the Caribbean, given the sheer size of our country and the places we reach,” Williams added. “This is important

Before becoming the educational powerhouse we know today, EdYou FM served as just a recording studio, with scripts recorded and later sent to NCN to be aired. “NCN would take the flash drive, plug it into their systems, and broadcast via their regional radio station. However, the Ministry began to acquire its own facilities as we expanded and recognised the need to reach the most remote areas of Guyana.

Most of what hits the air is produced internally at EdYou FM. As Waddell explained, after a lesson is developed, a detailed, curriculum-oriented script is written, voiced, packaged, shared, and aired.

“We do a lot of that work internally, and it’s played on our channels, 99.7, 99.9, and everywhere else in Guyana. We also engage with teachers to continue writing those scripts, holding at least two workshops per year to give them skills for radio scriptwriting. Lessons are

But the world is changing, and so is education — and EdYou FM does not intend to be left behind. As Williams shared with Pepperpot Magazine, EdYou is moving alongside technological development. As radio integrates with digital media, Williams and his team have already begun transitioning. “The next frontier for radio is amalgamating the analogue space with the digital space. We have started that process. As you know, the country is heading toward a digital economy, a digital space.”

The EdPal app, one of EdYou FM’s most innovative ideas, was TURN TO PAGE X

Ayanna Waddell, Production Manager, EdYou FM (Samuel Maughn photo)

Phillip Williams, Head of EdYou FM (Samuel Maughn photo)

At Home or Abroad

From

rehearsal rooms

to the

CARIFESTA stage, the NDC captivated audiences with Guyanese theatre

By Shaniya Harding

THE Caribbean recently saw the curtains close on one of the region’s most anticipated events, CARIFESTA, the Caribbean Festival of Arts. Since its birth in Guyana in 1972, the festival has garnered regional participation and international attention.

One of the highlights of this year’s CARIFESTA was Guyana’s National Drama Company (NDC). With this year being their fourth time attending the event, Vice President of the NDC spoke to Pepperpot Magazine about the behind-the-scenes work, the diverse team of actors, and how Guyana was received on the international stage.

Vice President of the NDC, Ayanna Waddell, described preparation for CARIFESTA as simply hectic. With just a few weeks’ notice that they had been chosen and would be attending, the team at the NDC collaborated and worked tirelessly on everything from rehearsals

to props to make their performances as captivating as they were. “Preparation for CARIFESTA was hectic, and there was a tight timeframe and so much work that we really had to hunker down. In the midst of preparing for the performances, we still had props to build, sets to construct, and

costumes to make. This year was extremely hectic and very busy,” she stated.

As Waddell further explained, the team was determined to perform a number of pieces on stage, with the troupe eventually performing several of the NDC’s wellknown works. “The lead-up

to this year’s CARIFESTA was very hectic. A lot of work needed to be done, especially this CARIFESTA. From the start we knew we had selected a short period, and we had so much we wanted to do in showcasing drama and theatre. It was hectic for us because we did a full-length play, a shorter one-act, and several other numbers, poetry and short pieces. This was the pressure we put on ourselves because we wanted to showcase ourselves, Guyana, and the range of drama that we have to offer.”

Despite the challenges, the National Drama Company was able to send a prolific team to this year’s CARIFESTA. The line-up featured some of Guyana’s most popular theatre veterans alongside several talented newcomers. This, Waddell explained, made for a diverse blend of ideas and creativity. “This time around, the team was very blended.

We had people who would have been to several of the other CARIFESTAs, myself included, along with Mark Luke Edwards, Sonia Yard, and Esther Hamer. Then we had younger members and associates joining us. The team was very blended in terms of years in drama and skill set,” she said.

The pieces that graced the stage included the NDC’s first staging of Laugh of the River, a play written and

co-directed by Al Creighton and Waddell. CARIFESTA marked the first time the team performed the two-hour play, filled with elements of drama, dance, and music. Despite the challenge, Waddell said the performance was a success. The NDC also performed shorter pieces, such as August Morning, which the company had only staged once before. Other popular works such as Baccoo and Old Higue also featured. Guyanese poetry was well represented, as Waddell added, “As always, poetry within our ranks played a role. For those who know us from Musings of Poetry in March, we wanted to capitalise on what our members can do. We included several poems from this year’s Musings that resonated with CARIFESTA themes.”

Guyanese creativity and the NDC’s diverse line-up of performances were well received on the international stage. As Waddell shared, the energy from the stage was electric, with each performance receiving praise for its creativity, talented acting, and bold presentation. “The energy was very well received. We had immediate feedback from the audience being there. For August Morning, we shared the stage with a shorter Barbados piece and were fortunate to have a packed house. The audience was invested from

the start. They followed the story, found the humorous moments, and were with us throughout the piece. When it finished, they were on their feet clapping,” she shared.

The troupe’s Laugh of the River, which has strong Guyanese and Caribbean themes, saw a smaller audience, but they too were equally engaged. As Waddell recounted, the curtain call saw the NDC team introduce themselves, and again they received warm applause. As Waddell added, “They were taken aback at how we tell our stories through dance, drama, and musicality.” She further shared that, “Even for our short pieces, Old Higue and Baccoo, the audiences were with us. One was performed at a beachside event, where audience interaction was part of it. With Baccoo, for example, Mark Luke Edwards did one of his poems, while other actors spread out among the audience. There were moments of chanting, and the audience joined in. They picked it up and ran with it as if they were in rehearsals with us,” she added.

With the end of CARIFESTA, Waddell says the NDC has returned with lessons learned and new energy, with preparation for their next production already underway. For the NDC and the numerous other Guyanese who attended CARIFESTA, the event served to highlight Guyana’s ability to showcase its creativity to the rest of the Caribbean. As Waddell shared, this year’s experience emphasised the importance of preparation. “The learning experience reminded us that preparation is key. It also showed us how strong and powerful we are when we pull together.”

Guyana’s participation also reminded the team, and the rest of the country, that with dedication, Guyanese rise to the occasion. “When it came down to crunch time, building costumes, sets, everything, everyone was on board. All hands were on deck. The key lesson we brought back is that we are strong together, and when push comes to shove, even in a foreign land, we make it happen.”

The diverse cast of the National Drama Company, comprising seasoned veterans and emerging talents, delivered truly standout performances at CARIFESTA

Members of Guyana’s National Drama Company in Barbados, where they proudly represented Guyanese theatre at CARIFESTA 2025

‘Soft Suicide’ and the slow drift away from life

SUICIDE cases are often widely reported in the media and the methods used are often the same. But what if I told you that not every case of suicide has a dramatic exit that calls for catchy headlines? Some cases of suicide span years, where people neglect their overall well-being. I recently came across the term

“soft suicide” that best describes this. There is nothing “soft” about suicide and its impact. However, the term—while not a medical one—suggests a “softer” approach to neglecting life, and even possibly endangering one’s life without much care. From refusing to take one’s medications, not eating or excessive

eating, to excessive alcohol or drug use. Soft suicide is quiet, it is silent, and it often goes unnoticed. It is not a topic of discussion because many cultures normalise the silence.

There are many reasons why people might “let go” or “give up.” I gather one of the main underlying factors is undiagnosed mental health

illnesses, such as depression. Depression is often disguised as being “unmotivated” or “lazy.” Some people are not unproductive by choice— their mental health illnesses simply do not allow them to cope and focus on daily activities.

It can also be a result of overworking and the pressures of life's demands. Unfortunately, some of our social environments can be high-pressure and not always nurturing to our overall well-being. Suicide is often discussed as this extreme concept, but how often do we discuss people who make daily choices that can indirectly cause themselves harm?

Soft suicide can be signalled by family members, workmates and the community at large.

Take, for instance, the elderly who refuse to take their medication because they fear the end is already near—so why keep fighting? How many of us would seek an

intervention for that individual, or do we simply decide in our minds that the end is inevitable? This sad reality of “letting go” slowly of life is avoidable, and I urge you all not to remain silent when you notice it happening. Unfortunately, we’ve developed a culture in Guyana where we often act, speak, or intervene when it is too late.

That very culture of silence is why so many lives are lost and communities are deeply disturbed by social ills such as suicide.

I think one of the most disheartening aspects of “soft suicide” is its impact on the family unit and the community at large.

It is witnessing someone lose their sense of self or their will to live bit by bit in front of your very eyes.

We can all intervene to ensure that a person realises their actions and their impact by firstly suggesting they seek mental health support and help from a professional.

You can also perform meaningful acts of kindness for them, such as ensuring they do not skip meals or encouraging them to get enough rest.

Sometimes, the person may not even be aware or conscious of their actions until someone else points it out.

I want you to keep the concept of soft suicide in mind the next time you notice someone silently allowing their life to slip away through lifestyle choices.

May “soft suicide” serve as a reminder that death is not always loud. Death, or the desire to end the pain, can also come in the small choices we make daily.

If you, or someone you know, are experiencing any suicidal thoughts—or you notice you’re allowing life to slip by and you’re unable to cope—then call the Guyana Inter-agency Suicide Prevention Helpline on (592) 600-7896 or message (592) 623-4444.

International Day for the Protection of the Ozone Layer

PROTECTING

the sky above us starts with action on the ground.

On 16 September, Guyana will join the rest of the world in observing International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer, an annual event designated by the United Nations since 1987 to commemorate the signing of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.

The Protocol is widely regarded as the most successful environmental agreement in history, bringing countries together to phase out chemicals responsible for damaging the ozone layer. It was developed under the Vienna Convention, adopted in 1985.

This year marks 40 years since the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, a landmark treaty that laid the groundwork for the Montreal Protocol, and the subsequent actions thereafter.

This year’s theme, “From

Science to Global Action,” highlights the journey from the scientific discovery of ozone depletion to the collective global response that led to its protection and recovery through agreements like the Montreal Protocol and the Kigali Amendment. It celebrates how research-motivated policies, industrial adaptations and public awareness have culminated in one of the most successful environmental treaties in history.

Through these global efforts to preserve the ozone layer, there have also been additional benefits, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions and the impacts of climate change.

The ozone layer, a thin

shield high up in the stratosphere, plays a vital role in protecting all life on Earth from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Without it, human health, food security, ecosystems, and economies would all be at risk.

For Guyana, protecting the ozone layer is also closely linked to the broader fight against climate change and efforts to build a sustainable future.

THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTECTING THE OZONE LAYER

The ozone layer reduces the amount of UV radiation that reaches the Earth’s surface. Excessive exposure can

lead to skin cancer, eye cataracts, and weakened immune systems in humans, while also threatening agriculture, livestock, fisheries, and forests.

For a country like Guyana, where communities depend heavily on farming, fishing and outdoor livelihoods, protecting the ozone layer safeguards not only public health but also food security and natural resources.

Globally, the Montreal Protocol has already achieved remarkable success. The use of harmful ozone-depleting substances (ODS), such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), has been phased out worldwide, and the ozone layer is on track to recover to 1980 levels by the middle of this century.

This is proof that when countries work together with the support of scientific research, real progress is possible.

While Guyana has made important strides, several challenges remain, including:

• Refrigeration and air-conditioning systems still rely on chemicals such as hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), which are less damaging than earlier ozone-depleting substances but are still harmful and contribute to climate change.

• Some technicians and businesses lack proper training in the safe recovery,

recycling and disposal of refrigerants, leading to unnecessary emissions.

• Many citizens are not fully aware of how everyday actions — like discarding old refrigerators or using uncertified AC units — can affect the ozone layer.

The National Ozone Action Unit (NOAU) of the Hydrometeorological Service, Ministry of Agriculture, leads the country’s efforts under the Montreal Protocol.

The NOAU is the focal point for the Protocol, coordinating and monitoring all

• Because Guyana relies heavily on imported cooling equipment, regulation and monitoring are critical to prevent the entry of harmful substances.

PROTECTING GUYANA’S ENVIRONMENT

activities towards the smooth phase-out of man-made ODS in Guyana. It monitors and licenses the importation of refrigerants and related equipment to ensure they meet international standards. It also provides training and certification for refrigeration

TURN TO PAGE XVII

Leadership: A Tough Call

DISCOVER how to develop leadership skills that will enable you to have a positive impact on those around you in both personal and professional contexts. Becoming a leader is no easy task, and not everyone is cut out for the demands of a leadership role.

With years of experience as a leader both in the corporate world and within the community, author Geary Reid provides insights to help you lead others and cultivate the skills necessary for the job, gain an understanding of what it takes to be a leader, and discover whether leadership is a good fit for you.

1. Point to Destination

Many followers are hap-

py to be in the leader’s care, as they do not have to worry about what they will eat or drink, where to sleep, or how to pay their wages. They often say that this is the leader’s responsibility. When production is below average and the organisation is not generating enough revenue, followers will not usually have sleepless nights over such matters. They expect the leader to find answers to the organisation’s challenges.

A leader must be willing to point people to a destination. Imagine a ship in the Atlantic Ocean approaching a junction with two routes. Both lead to different destinations. The leader must decide which route to take. The leader must know in advance where they want to

go so that when they reach that junction, they can make an informed decision.

The water may look calm at the junction, but the path ahead may not be easy for either destination. When a leader cannot point people to a clear destination, followers become frustrated and may act inconsistently with their role.

Your destination as a leader can be referred to as your intended route or path. From the information provided, you will recognise an intended point to be reached. The leader should consider that destination even before the journey begins (have a clear vision). When this is done, less time is wasted, and confusion among followers is reduced.

A ship without a captain

may drift anywhere but not reach its intended destination. A leader may not always know the outcome, but they must hold the intention that followers will accomplish what has been planned. External factors may alter the outcome, but the leader must know the route and keep the followers on it.

Consider a farmer who guides workers to prepare fields. The weather may change unpredictably. Prices may decline. Insects may attack the crops. The farmer cannot control all these factors, but the leader, like the farmer, must constantly work towards ensuring the outcome resembles what was planned.

The leader must keep followers on the same path. While external conditions may change, the leader must remain focused and encourage workers to remain committed to the same destination. When challenges appear, not all followers will agree with the vision, but the leader must keep them informed so they continue working passionately toward it.

2. Upholding Ethics

All employees must uphold ethics. Some may feel that because they are at the lower end of the organisation’s hierarchy, they are exempt. But as the saying goes: “One bad onion spoils the whole barrel.”

It takes only one employee’s unethical behaviour to

affect the organisation. For this reason, many organisations provide constant training on ethics to ensure employees meet acceptable standards.

Each leader is expected to embrace ethics. Employees observe how leaders act in certain situations, and based on their response, they decide whether this is a leader they can follow.

Leaders are expected to teach and model ethics. Ethical practice should not be like a suit worn only for certain occasions; it must be a lifestyle demonstrated daily.

People often follow your example rather than your words. Leaders must lead with good examples. The organisation depends not only on the competence of employees but also on their ethical conduct.

The lifestyle of a leader, both on and off the job, is important. With advanced technology and widespread communication, any activity a leader engages in, public or private, may impact their reputation and that of the organisation.

One unethical act can become a talking point and tarnish a leader’s image if shared widely. Many leaders regret mistakes made earlier in their careers, but memories of unethical acts linger.

If you aspire to be a leader, carefully consider where you go, what you say, and how you react. The list of responsibilities is long, and

it may deter some from leadership roles.

3. Changing People

Leaders must help people change — never easy, but necessary. Many resist change, but if they continue as they are, they may harm themselves and the organisation. Change may be costly, but the benefits are greater.

The leader must help employees understand why change is necessary. When resistance is strong, immediate solutions may be needed. At times, a firm approach is required; at others, flexibility may prevent confrontation and foster progress.

A leader must decide quickly whether a soft or tough approach is needed. Whenever change is required, communication and motivation are essential. Other skills also come into play, including informing people of the benefits of change.

Not all employees will agree, but if the leader gains enough support, less time will be spent on conflicts and more on progress.

For more information about Geary Reid and his books:

• Amazon: Author Page

• Website: www.reidnlearn.com

• Facebook: Reid n Learn

• Email: info@reidnlearn.com

• Mobile: +592-6452240

Education Through...

launched in 2024 and marks the first step in the station’s digital journey. As Williams added, “All of our content has been digitised and uploaded to our app, EdPal. People can download it on their devices, access live radio, and play content on demand. I feel the future for radio, especially in our space, is migrating into the digital

domain, and we’re excited about what that looks like.”

Although much of Education Month focuses on new schools and new initiatives, the team at EdYou FM is a gentle reminder of the importance of educators.

“During Education Month, it resonates with the work we do because it gives a sense of achievement and accom-

FROM PAGE VI

plishment. We celebrate education, reflect on our journey, and see that what we’re doing here is impactful. Sometimes, during the daily grind, you question if it’s reaching people,” Waddell added.

“But with our live programmes, like the popular Afternoon 360, especially in the regions, we get feedback that people are listening.”

St. Cuthbert’s...

and safe food production models that strengthen our community’s resilience.”

Linking Agriculture and Education

The poultry and crop initiatives are also tied to educational goals. With technical guidance from the Guyana Livestock Development Authority (GLDA) and the National Agricultural Research and Extension Institute (NAREI), St. Cuthbert’s Mission is aiming to replicate a model livestock farm similar to that of the Guyana School of Agriculture (GSA).

This initiative will serve as a hub for young people

in drainage and irrigation under the PPP/C government have further strengthened resilience against flooding, safeguarding both farmlands and tourism assets.

Recent infrastructural upgrades — including improved docking facilities and the widening of the roadway from the Cultural Centre to the Landing — now provide visitors with easier access and scenic views of the agricultural fields.

Local entrepreneurs are also diversifying the eco-tourism product by operating river cruises along the Mahaica River. Plans are in motion to expand lodging

2025, inculcating cultural knowledge in the younger generation.

At the same time, the Village Council will use a portion of the LCDS funds to construct housing units for three less fortunate families and operate a grant programme that provides residents with $100,000 for personal socio-economic development.

Investing in Skills and Talent

The leadership recognises that sustainable livelihoods extend beyond agriculture. Technical and vocational training in areas such as bar-

aspiring to careers in agriculture, while also supporting the school-feeding programme with a steady supply of nutritious, locally produced food.

Beyond large-scale projects, at least 10 individual livestock farmers rear broilers, ducks, and swine for local consumption and external markets, reinforcing a culture of entrepreneurship at the household level.

Eco-Tourism: A Natural Complement Agriculture is strategically linked to the community’s growing eco-tourism sector. St. Cuthbert’s Mission has recorded a 41% increase in visitor arrivals in recent years. By producing food locally, the village reduces the operational costs of eco-tourism while offering visitors authentic farm-to-table experiences. New investments

capacity: the current guesthouse has seven rooms, and the community’s iconic benab will soon be outfitted to accommodate 20 hammocks for visitors eager to experience authentic Amerindian living.

Cultural Preservation and Human Development

While advancing modern agriculture and tourism, the Village Council remains deeply committed to cultural preservation. A $1.5 million investment was recently made to support the Pakuri Culture Group, which performed at the just-concluded CARIFESTA XV in Barbados.

This effort is part of a broader initiative to revitalise Arawak cultural traditions. Former Toshao Leland Clenkin is set to begin teaching the Arawak language at the local school in September

(ICT) services align with national policies, connecting residents to digital opportunities.

The community has a strong focus on education: 10 young people are currently pursuing tertiary education at the University of Guyana, while over 280 students are enrolled at nursery to secondary levels. Investments in human capital are viewed as critical to long-term sustainability and population retention.

A Vision for the Future

As St. Cuthbert’s Mission evolves, its integrated approach to development — rooted in eco-friendly agriculture, tourism, cultural preservation, and human empowerment — offers a blueprint for rural and Indigenous resilience in Guyana.

With careful planning, community-wide involvement and the steady leadership of Toshao Simon, the village is charting a path that balances economic oppor-

tunities with environmental stewardship and cultural pride. St. Cuthbert’s Mission, once dependent on external markets and limited resources, is now steadily being transformed into a vibrant hub of self-sufficiency, innovation, and heritage.

The community’s landscape is changing rapidly, but its vision is clear: sustainable livelihoods that preserve both people and place for generations to come.

bering, catering, and cosmetology is being promoted to diversify employment opportunities.

Residents with unique talents — such as furniture making, baking, and craftwork — are being supported with tools and resources to expand their enterprises.

“We want the resources we garner as a result of LCDS funding to benefit not only our community but also contribute to national development,” Toshao Simon emphasised.

Social Infrastructure and Education

St. Cuthbert’s Mission enjoys reliable access to potable water for 16–18 hours daily and a hybrid energy system powered by solar panels and a 150 KVA generator provided by the Government of Guyana. Information and Communication Technology

The newly constructed building powered by solar energy, with the traditional benab nearby.

Ongoing construction of poultry facility in the village.

The St. Cuthbert’s golden bridge, recently renovated after 10 years, with all materials being greenheart. It connects the village to Region Five.

By Ameena Gaffoor

KADIR, broad shouldered and all of six foot two inches, moved towards the eastern window. Pushing open its two crevice-filled, weather-beaten silverballi halves held together by a short rusting hook and corresponding eye, he stood there and gazed outwards, the palms of his hands pressed upon the windowsill, pondering on his vivid dream that evanesced as quickly as sleep ended. A cool north-eastern breeze rushed in to soothe his furrowed brow.

Not a single star could be detected in the pitch blackness of the eastern sky, no fireflies dancing under the calabash tree, only the haunting perfumes of jessamine and raat ki raani (queen of the night) wafting in the predawn breeze and the whining of a hungry mongrel somewhere in the night.

After a while Kadir stepped back from the window, gasping at a ghastly image in the dressing table’s mirror staring back at him, its eyes like two sparks of burning coals glowing in a pale bearded face.

A Jones pedal sewing machine with a small bench-seat stood along one wall of the bedroom where Zainab sat and stitched boys’

A Lantern in the Wind

A Fictional Memoir

and gents’ shirts. Next to that was a small table on which the finished shirts rested, as well as a quaking-grass basket holding washed bed linens converted from flour bag sacks.

A Qur’an and tasbee (prayer beads, equivalent to the Christian rosary) rested beside the miniature lamp on the mahogany dressing table. An overhead shelf held at least two more Qur’ans, a Hadith, a Taleem Islam, and two more piles of Islamic instructional books in Urdu and Arabic, including the alphabet: Alif, bay, thay and so on. It was all the treasured possessions this emigrant had chosen to tie in his jahaji bundle eighteen years ago.

He had safeguarded them from philistine minds and hands on the longer-than-expected voyage to the New World sugar plantation, the damp of the seas, as well as the heat and the rodents in the logie, and in the transition to the village. Many of his jahaji bhais had brought clay gods as their religion warranted, but kept them out of sight in their bundles; they prayed and performed their rituals in secrecy within the walls of their logies lest they be deemed pagans by the estate managers and their equally uninformed underlings.

The sight of mandirs and mosques were by now familiar in the colony as places of

worship. Nonetheless, Indian culture, customs and dress consisting of, in many cases, the dhoti, the kurta, the sari, the gangri and the rumal, were then considered by both the colonials and by creole society as uncivilised, primitive and pagan. Most women still wore barries (small circular silver earrings, about four or five, each ear pierced in about four or five places), churia (bangles), tilaree (neck rings), and silver anklets; men wore their kurtas and pyjamas (pronounced pai-jamas).

Even though the East Indian had come to the West from a civilisation whose rich customs and traditions were thousands of years old, having come as lowly indentured cane workers did not give him much confidence to take his place in the colonial society unless he would forcibly turn to the Christian faith and away from his coolie religion, rituals and strange dress.

Later, some Indians came unfettered by indenture contracts and turned to shop business, lumber, rice-milling and tailoring. Many Indians by now wore European styles of clothes and attended Christian Churches of various denominations to which they had been converted. The offspring of all indentured labourers attended colonial schools, dressed in the western style. The Indian would later discover that exile brought its own peculiar conflicts of identity within family and society.

A glass tumbler half-full of uncooked rice in which stood three half-burnt sticks of agarbatti (incense) also found place on the shelf, as did a writing tablet of onion skin

leaves, a fountain pen, a bottle of blue Quink ink (perhaps attesting to the fact that Kadir was a literate man). There was also a white knitted skull cap, one of two that he wore to the farm from day to day, and to the mosque in the evening.

About the Author

The late Ameena Gafoor is the Founder of The Arts Forum Inc; the Founding Editor of The Arts Journal; and author of Aftermath of Empire: The Novels of Roy A.K. Heath (2017).

She received two National awards as well as recognition from the Guyana Indian Commemoration Trust and the Guyana Cultural Association of New York for her outstanding contribution to the literary arts of Guyana and the Caribbean. She also received an award from Caribbean Voice for her social work with Support for Vulnerable People through The Gafoor Foundation. Her critical articles are published in selected Journals.

What we think we know must be guided by salient arguments

THERE were fewer real domestic stories where extreme violence was used, to my memory, in my early youth.

Some had fatal outcomes, but there were violent stories that emerged.

I can recall an extreme incident that occurred in the old churchyard in Charlestown, not far from where my great-aunt lived, and another where a man shot his family through a cross street. Those events haunted citizens for years.

Even though they were passed down with less drama, one typical

term was featured: “Boy, duh man went mad, he used to look suh too.”

With no physical imagery unfolding to recapture either incident, all that followed were the opinions and guesswork of the usual spin doctors, who were great at dramatising incidents.

Looking back, it was a shortcoming; almost a pity we couldn’t use their half-truth dramatics for some local stage purpose, for mature entertainment.

I can remember a sibling from one of the incidents would visit my late great-aunt and even my cousins.

She was welcome. They knew the visits were connected to her sister’s passing, and they accommodated her as much as they could.

Today, we cannot pretend that domestic incidents are not a significant presence. They are truly too prevalent, most with fatal fallouts that include the innocence of children.

With any keen observer, the once-strong institutions that nurtured early manhood and womanhood are no longer prevalent as they were in several radio dramas of our childhood, or the customs

that prevailed to regulate young interactions between the admiring boy and the admired girl.

What is influencing our young today is not rooted in the guidelines of respect and values of mutual understanding and responsibility.

Talking to a couple I know, we discussed what, within a current budget, could offer some relaxation—time out.

They indicated that they had visited a karaoke spot, but even there you have to be cautious of the “dunce thugs” that might pass by lurking. “Deh does got guns, yuh

know. Some ah dem suh young, yuh would think that somebody big send dem pon a criminal mission.” Sad, though.

Imagine them in a relationship—young couples that can’t reason too well, getting caught up in conflicts. Suddenly, they’ve got a gun, and the rest is in the newspapers or in the tragedy area on your phone.

They once had mechanisms like the GNS that used to address young people on their own, but all that is gone. “I ent know what else fuh tell yuh.”

Angels Walk on Earth (IV) Angels Walk on Earth (IV)

AMBER was passing her exams with ease, and Anil, not knowing her before that life-changing day, saw a glimpse of a brilliant young woman. She could have been studying for her bachelor’s degree at the University of Guyana had life not diverted her down a different path. Young and infatuated by what she thought was love, the fresh roses in her mind wilted when he walked away, the petals dropping as her heart ached.

“Dear Lord,” she prayed in tears, “a life for me is precious, but because of my belief, I’ve been left alone. Please help me find a way through this.”

“You’re remarkable,” he told her.

She smiled, relieved that, one step at a time, she was

And without a doubt, she felt her prayers had been answered as she looked at Anil reading through her exam results.

finding her way to greater comfort and a better life.

But she was still carrying a few burdens, and he again saw that flicker of regret in her eyes.

“What’s wrong?”

She sighed deeply. “I disappointed my parents, who had high expectations of me.”

“Well, it’s not too late,” he encouraged her. “You have a second chance in life to show your worth.”

“Do you think they will forgive me?”

“I’m sure they will,” he assured her.

“And Annalisa? Would they accept her when she wasn’t even supposed to be in my picture now?”

“Your belief that life created by God is precious brought her into your picture.”

“And I pulled you into it, too.”

“Well,” he said, looking at her with a soft intensity, “I have no regrets over that.”

As his eyes held hers for

that brief moment, he saw more than appreciation and gratitude. He saw a soft and gentle look—then she looked away. He knew she was still fighting inner battles, not all yet won.

When she got up and walked to the window, looking out into the night, he asked quietly, “Should I leave?”

She shook her head slightly but did not turn around. Walking to where she was standing, he put his arms gently around her waist and said, “You’ll be fine.”

He could feel her body heaving as she inhaled deeply. Turning around, she said, “I’m so sorry—” but he put a finger to her lips, saying in a low tone, “Don’t say anything, just relax.”

She leaned her head on his shoulder, and standing there in his arms, the tension within her dissipated, letting that moment be hers.

Amber lay in bed that TURN TO PAGE XVI

Education on the Rise

school. People stopped going by bicycle and started using the tractor. Over the years, buses began to come, but it still posed a difficulty for students going to Annai Secondary. They would be away from their parents. Now, having our own school here is everything we needed. It’s a dream come true. It’s a milestone we are celebrating,” he said.

With a new school comes resources once unimaginable in the hinterland. The modern facility, outfitted with ten advanced classrooms, accommodates some 180 hinterland children and includes all the modern additions found in schools along the coast, highlighting the importance of equality regardless of location.

“We have initiatives like digital literacy being introduced into the school. I think this will help advance education in the hinterland, helping students learn to read. By the time they start secondary school, they’ll have basic reading skills,” Ravis added.

The opening of Massara Secondary has also lifted a fi-

nancial and emotional burden from many families.

“This has eased the burden on parents who had to send their children to Annai Secondary. Students can now stay at home, and parents can provide for their children locally.

The government has plans in place for transportation, so students will have easier access to school regularly, without causing financial strain on families.”

Those commitments, Ravis explained, extend beyond Massara itself. Through government support, children from several surrounding communities will be transported to school—a seemingly simple gesture with a significant impact on children from communities miles away.

“The government will provide transportation for students from Yakarinta, Toka, and Kwaimatta. They committed to helping us with fuel on a monthly basis, which was a relief. Parents can now send their children with confidence, without worrying about financial

constraints,” he said.

The promise of a secondary school represents more than classrooms and libraries. It signals that hinterland education is being prioritised. Developments in Massara are

part of a larger shift across Guyana. Education Month’s theme, ‘Quality Education for National Development’, resonates because it reflects not just an urban or coastal agenda, but the lived realities and challenges of villages like Massara. In Ravis’ words, “Literacy is the key to knowledge, confidence, and opportunities.

FROM PAGE V

It empowers individuals to dream bigger.” From hinterland to coast, education is shaping tomorrow— not just as a slogan, but as a tangible transformation in communities where classrooms were once out of reach.

Ravis Bartholemew, lifelong Massara resident and teacher, at the village’s first secondary school

Angels Walk...

night, sleepless for a long time, her senses still enthralled by his invigorating masculine scent. A new and unique feeling had been rising in her heart, but the fear of loving again still held her mind in a vice. She questioned silently, “What do I do to be free?”

Anil stood by his new car—a new-model Axela that had been shipped in that morning—feeling accomplished, for it was something he had worked hard to achieve. But deep in his thoughts was something more incredible: That moment when he had held her in his arms, her warm touch and subtle sweet scent.

He decided then to take their relationship to a more open and higher level that could possibly free her of her burdens. On Saturday, he invited her out for dinner, and she accepted after Grandma said she would be able to take care of Annalisa. He picked her up at 7 o’clock so she could be back home early, due to the baby. As she came out to meet him, he looked at her, stunned. She looked exquisite in a short, simple off-the-shoulder blue dress, her curly hair falling to her shoulders, and light makeup highlighting her natural ebony beauty.

That new outlook took his breath away. Taking her hand, he said, “I love this.”

As they left, she noticed the car was new. “New ride?”

“Yeah, got this a few days ago and driving it now for the first time.”

“Impressive,” she responded, adding after a moment, “I’m happy for you, you do work hard.”

“Thanks. I’ve been working since a young boy and set goals along the way to reach.” “And you’re doing great—along with your selfless nature.”

He looked at her and

smiled, because it was through that selflessness that he had met her—no more need for words.

Dinner was at the Caribbean Cuisine Restaurant at No. 2 Village, an attractive place with a fusion of colourful lights, a smooth-flowing fountain, and exotic plants that added elegance to the ambience of the outdoor setting.

“It’s a beautiful place,” Amber said warmly. “I love it.” Dinner was wonderful, with a touch of intimacy as they shared a close connection, but still with a hurdle to cross.

At home, she thanked him for a wonderful evening, said goodnight, and turned to go, but paused uncertainly and turned back.

“I—umm, I…” She wanted to say something, but couldn’t find the words. In her eyes, he could see a soft, gentle glow of love, shadowed by a flicker of helplessness. That was when he kissed her—a soft, lingering kiss. Her hands clutched his shirt, then slowly loosened to embrace him as he held her closer.

A long moment later, when she looked at him, there was nothing to disguise that precious look of love in her eyes. The hurdle had been thrown down.

Fate had brought them together in a most unexpected way, and the overwhelming joy and relief of falling in love was an answer to her prayers.

But along the way, there would be new hurdles to cross as they brought family into the picture. Nothing, however, would come between that blessed love, because fate had already framed them in a portrait: Once two strangers and an unborn baby, now two young people in love and an adorable child.

International Day for the Protection of the Ozone...

and air-conditioning technicians, helping them to handle and dispose of controlled substances safely.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) also plays a critical role through public education, outreach, and environmental communication. The EPA and NOAU have jointly held seminars and awareness campaigns targeting schools and communities, highlighting not only the science but also actionable behaviours such as avoiding CFC-containing products and promoting safe refrigeration practices.

Public awareness is another key part of the Agency’s work, with workshops, media outreach, and school programmes teaching citizens about ozone protection and the benefits of energy-efficient cooling.

The EPA also promotes ozone-friendly and climate-friendly technologies, reducing reliance on harmful chemicals while supporting Guyana’s transition to a greener, more sustainable economy.

WORKING TOGETHER FOR A CLEANER GUYANA

Protecting the ozone layer requires collective responsibility. Citizens can help by choosing energy-efficient appliances, maintaining air-conditioning and refrigeration systems properly, and ensuring safe disposal of old equipment.

Businesses in the refrigeration and cooling sector must comply with EPA regulations, use certified technicians, and adopt sustainable practices that prevent emissions. Communities also play a crucial role by sharing

FROM PAGE IX

information, discouraging unsafe practices, and advocating for cleaner technologies.

By working together, we can protect the ozone layer while also reducing greenhouse gas emissions that drive climate change. This shared responsibility strengthens Guyana’s ability to safeguard public health, protect livelihoods, and build resilience to environmental challenges.

BUILDING A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE

The International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer is more than a global observance; it is a reminder that progress is possible when science, policy, and people unite.

Guyana continues to play its part in ensuring the success of the Montreal Protocol and in protecting its citizens, environment, and economy from the harmful effects of ozone depletion.

The EPA encourages every Guyanese to use certified technicians, choose ozone-friendly appliances, and spread awareness within their communities. Together, we can preserve the ozone layer, reduce climate change impacts, and secure a healthier, safer, and more resilient future for Guyana.

You can share your ideas and questions by sending letters to: The Environmental Protection Agency, C/O Communications Department, Ganges Street, Sophia, Georgetown, or email: communications@epaguyana.org. Follow us on Facebook and Instagram and subscribe to our YouTube channel.

Phases and Faces

Knowing Ourselves

IF stars did not burn with such intense fervour, would we still write poetry about them? If flowers were not so bright and fragrant, would we still use them as

OVER the course of our lives, all human beings unfurl and bloom like the creased pages of a diary that is slowly being filled with fresh stories. We allow life to embrace us, and, in return, we are granted the space to be who we are. As we grow up, the gentle discomfort and pressures of creating your identity fade. Our skin becomes our armour, and our heart fills with the satisfaction of being able to live our lives just as we had imagined in our

metaphors? If success did not take sacrifice, would we still celebrate it?

When we are born into the world, we are born with no gifts other than the breath

childhood dreams. Even those who may not yet have attained their goals are comforted by the freedom of choice—the grace of knowing that, even though they have not reached their destination, they still have the power to steer themselves towards it. The reward for those who are true to themselves is the ability to look into a mirror and respect the person they see. They shall experience no loss or failure that can take away this ability from

them.

in our lungs and the pulse in our hearts. We are nothing more than dice tossed into the open universe. We have no destiny other than what we create for ourselves. We are

Recently, I discovered the story of Narcissus from Greek mythology. Narcissus was a young man who was prophesied by a prophet to live a long and fruitful life as long as he did “not know himself.” He was known to be extremely handsome but prone to rejecting the affections of others, no matter how sincere they were. Then, one day, as he was travelling through a forest, he came across a body of water and caught his reflection glimmering

never truly meant to be anything more than we already are in any given moment. Yet, when our lives come to an end and it is time for us to leave the world, we leave it

on its surface. He leaned forward and watched as his own perfect face peered back into his eyes. Then, he remained there, falling in love with his own reflection until he passed away from thirst and starvation, unable to tear his eyes away from it. The spot where he died was marked by a bright yellow flower known as the Narcissus. We now commonly refer to the Narcissus flower as the daffodil.

with a debt to pay. Our debt to the universe is the stories that our lives will eventually tell.

The myth of Narcissus is a fascinating tale

As we go about our lives and allow the world to fill us with its essence, we often realise just how small we are in comparison to its greatness. We recognise that it is an impossible feat for us to leave our own marks where giants have already walked. So, we begin to shape ourselves into being worthy of a place to leave our own footsteps. We change and grow so that, instead of the world filling us with its essence, we can fill it with ours.

After all, what other way is there for us to ensure that the world will remember us after we are gone? How do we ensure that our stories are powerful enough to shape others even when we are no longer here to tell them?

that offers us a valuable lesson. It teaches us the dangers of self-absorption and the losses we may face by refusing to open ourselves up to the love and affection of others. We may speculate that perhaps if Narcissus had already been in love with another person, he might never have been inclined to fall so madly in love with himself. It also shows us that our destiny is rarely within ourselves. We may spend a lifetime preparing ourselves to be better people, but this preparation will not mean anything if we do not use it to change the world for the better. Beauty and good character have no power if their positive influence does not extend beyond our own boundaries.

However, the idea of living in a world that accommodates us and bends to our will can be extraordinarily intoxicating. The idea of being a tsunami in a world of ripples, or a blaze in a world of sparks, can be so powerful that we give up parts of ourselves to grow closer to achieving it.

In essence, we begin to wear masks or hide pieces of ourselves in order to create the illusion of being someone more powerful than we are, even if this means that we cannot really be ourselves anymore.

The process of building an identity—of “knowing ourselves”—is necessary as we progress through our lives. Attempting to live without being comfortable with who we are is much like living in a space where we cannot fully walk, stretch, or look upwards at the sky. However, it is also quite easy to fall into the lonely path of knowing no one but ourselves. As we lean forward to watch our shimmering reflection grow and transform into something that we are

Going through different phases and wearing different faces until we discover our true identities is a natural part of growing up. It is no different from trying different styles or new hobbies until we find one that truly represents our interests. Similarly, sometimes we may fake confidence to survive a

frightening moment or wear a mask to fit in. We may imitate people we admire by dressing or behaving like them, or follow trends because they are popular, even though we may not really like them. The real issue arises when we discover our true identities and continue wearing masks anyway.

proud of, it is quite easy to forget to look around us at the people who are fuelling the successes and the joys we are experiencing.

The affections of others are a gentle influence. These affections can fade away and disappear long before we glance around and begin to notice that we stand completely alone. Yet, the emptiness they leave behind when they are gone is a mighty force. Those who have developed a strong sense of identity and learned to love themselves deeply will not be limited by the failures they experience or the losses they face. However, they are still quite open to the possibility of grief.

We become frightened that we will not be enough, so we cut off our own wings before we have a chance to take flight. The idea of being small when compared to the world is quite unsettling, but it is the harsh reality. The only way to overcome the implications of this reality is to accept it fully.

When we do become brave enough to face this reality, we will understand the truth. The truth is that we do not write poetry about stars because they burn so intensely. We do not use flowers as metaphors because they are bright and fragrant.

We do not celebrate successes only because it takes sacrifice to achieve them. Instead, we do these things because they inspire us. Simply by existing, stars and flowers inspire the purest poetry from within us. Simply by existing, the success stories of others inspire us to keep persevering in the face of obstacles.

In a similar manner, it is possible for our own influences and connections to the world to fade away, just like the affections of others. When we fail to acknowledge and reciprocate the love that others proffer us, we will eventually lose it. If we stop reaching out to the world with kindness, we will ultimately lose our ability to impact it.

Each of us holds a massive power within us. Let us allow this power to extend beyond us so it can reach parts of the world that truly need it.

We do not need to burn, bloom, or make unreasonable sacrifices to become an inspiration to others. We do not need to give up who we are to be worthy of our names being remembered. We can do all of these things simply by looking at life face to face, without masks and without falsehood. Although we are small, we can create powerful stories as long as we ensure that we truly are ourselves.

STUDY SUCCESS

Welcome, dear reading friend. Today, we note that enhanced proficiency results in high achievements in the study of brief or extended non-fiction passages, for example. Check your proficiency levels against the following partial list of skills: i) efficiently identifying and conveying key arguments; ii) quickly finding main ideas and recognising supporting structures; iii) confidently finding the author’s purpose for writing;

iv) digesting information enough to restate the passage, and v) summarising critical information in your own words. We hope you stand tall. Be wise. Love you.

STUDYING POETRY

Analysing and interpreting the poem

Note: (A) To analyse a poem, you need to: i) Take apart all its important elements. ii) Write them down thoughtfully and clearly. iii) Ascertain how they work to-

gether and explain it to yourself or your study partner. iv) Verbalise what effects the elements create on your mind. OR do they work together to reinforce a meaning? v) Recognise that possible meanings can come with the relationships of words, images, and other small units that make up a poem.

(B) You must understand and follow closely what you are told to do when analysing a poem. There are many ways you might be asked to present an analysis.

(C) Of course, you must

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14, 2025

read the whole poem at least twice.

Think about the title. What impact does this have on the poem? See who is speaking. Assess the mood and tone. Paraphrase the poem. Identify the elements of the theme.

Meanings of terms:

Analysing: It is a process of asserting: i) the form of the poem (its type, stanza structure, line lengths, rhyme scheme, and so on); ii) its content, and structural semiotics; iii) its history based upon your solid understanding of relevant facts and information and that of others’; iv) and your appreciation of the work.

Semiotics: This is the study and analysis of how signs and symbols are used to create and communicate meaning. It accounts for the complex relationship between words, images, and the cultural context from which they are drawn.

Semiotics study lets readers see how poets construct meaning far beyond the ordinary, known literal definitions of terms and Interpreting: We analyse, then we interpret. In this process, we meet expressions that give meaning (abstract, concrete, sensuous; the reader’s informal interpretation) when we read the poem. Interpreting is explaining or expressing understanding using relevant facts and evidence.

POEM 1

Instructions: Read the poem carefully and then answer the questions below it.

Two stanzas from the poem: “Our House in Hadong” (Wendy Wilder Larsen and Tran Thi Nga)

Our best house, the house where we were happy, was our brick house on Ha Van Street with its two hectares of land

lichee and mangosteen and star fruit in the back, the two Hao Moc trees white as snow in the front.

We’d put the petals in our tea to sweeten our breath. Far from down the road

He that complies against his will, Is of his own opinion still.

SAMUEL BUTLER (1612-1680) Hudibras, pt.1, c.3, 1.547

I could smell the heavy jackfruit.

Father never allowed us to eat them said they were too rich for the climate.

He’d give them to the soldiers outside the walls.

When he was away, we ate until we got fevers.

My younger sister climbed the apple trees and shook the apples down.

1. In these first two stanzas of the five-stanza poem, the poet is remembering her home in which she was happy as a child. What are we told so far that was special about the house and made her happy?

2. What images reveal that the house was isolated from the outside world?

3. To which senses does the poem appeal?

4. Can you give one reason for soldiers to be “outside the walls”?

5. Write a summary of the poem.

POEM 2

Instructions: Show understanding by identifying the speaker.

Poem: “The Face In The Mirror” (Robert Graves) Grey haunted eyes, absentmindedly glaring

From wide, uneven orbits; one brow drooping

Somewhat over the eye

Because of a missile garment still inhering, Skin deep, as a foolish record of old-world fighting.

Crookedly broken nose –low tackling caused it; Cheeks, furrowed; coarse grey hair, flying frenetic;

Forehead, wrinkled and high; Jowls, prominent; ears, large; jaws, pugilistic; Teeth, few; lips, full and ruddy; mouth, ascetic.

I pause with razor poised, scowling derision

At the mirrored man whose beard needs my attention,

And once more asked why

He still stands ready, with a boy’s presumption, To court the queen in her high silk pavilion.

1. Who is the speaker in the poem?

2. Do you think this poem is a self-portrait? Explain.

3. In the first two stanzas of the poem, Graves gives us a detailed description of his face. a) What do these details reveal about his past? b) Would you call this portrait realistic or idealistic? Explain your choice.

4. How does the poet state the feeling of ridicule about himself? Quote the two-word phrase where it is plainly found.

5. What two universal themes do you recognise the poet deals with, in his poem?

(A) love and aging (B) beauty and aging

(C) dreams and celebrations (D) time and aging

6. Consider the last two lines of the poem. What evidence is there that the “inner man” is different from the image in the mirror?

7. Give the meanings of the following terms: absentmindedly glaring, a missile fragment still inhering, flying frenetic, pugilistic, scowling derision.

Snoring and Dentistry

PEOPLE snore because the flow of air through their mouths and noses is physically obstructed for many reasons. These may include allergies, sinus infections, and nasal polyps. More commonly, snoring is associated with the muscles of the tongue and throat becoming relaxed due to deep sleep, consumption of alcohol, or sleeping pills. But should one be anxious about excessive snoring? Indeed, especially if you are a pregnant woman.

Snoring in women can be a sign of pregnancy-induced hypertension and a risk for growth retardation of the foetus, according to a study reported in CHEST, the journal of the American College of Chest Physicians. Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy are a leading cause of maternal death in the United States and Great Britain, and are important causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality. The cause of these disorders remains unknown.

Because snoring is common in pregnancy, investigators in Sweden studied more than 500 pregnant women to see what effect snoring had on their health. According to Karl Franklin, MD, and colleagues at Umea University Hospital in Sweden, no one had previously investigated whether snoring was associated with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.

Snoring is a sign of increased upper airway resistance and obstructive sleep apnoea (temporary pause in breathing), and is known to be associated with arterial hypertension and coronary artery disease.

Researchers investigated the snoring-related occurrence of pre-eclampsia, a toxaemia of pregnancy characterised by hypertension, proteinuria (excessive serum protein), and oedema (a build-up of fluids in body tissues), as well as daytime sleepiness and infant outcomes.

The study included a questionnaire that women

completed on the day of their delivery with the involvement of their husband or partner.

Twenty-three per cent said their snoring had become habitual during the last week before delivery. Habitual snoring was described as snoring every night or almost every night. Sleep apnoea was observed in 11 per cent of habitual snorers compared with 2 per cent of non-frequent snorers. The habitual snorers also had a more pronounced weight increase during pregnancy.

Fourteen per cent of the women who snored habitually had pregnancy-induced hypertension compared with 6 per cent of the non-frequent snorers.

Ten per cent of the women who habitually snored met the definition of pre-eclampsia with hypertension and proteinuria compared with 4 per cent of the non-frequent snorers.

Daytime sleepiness increased among all women during pregnancy, and no marked differences were observed between the habitual snorers and non-frequent snorers. Daytime sleepiness started earlier in pregnancy than snoring. Oedema of the face, hands, legs, or feet occurred in 52 per cent of the habitual snorers compared with 30 per cent of the others.

Infants born to mothers who were habitual snorers were more frequently born with lower birth weights. More than 7 per cent of mothers who were habitual snorers delivered an infant with growth retardation at birth compared with 2.6 per cent among non-habitual snorers.

After adjusting for weight, age, and smoking habits, snoring remained a significant predictor of growth retardation. In addition to snoring, smoking was also found to be an independent predictor of growth retardation.

Women who snored habitually and had pre-eclampsia started to snore before

any sign of hypertension or proteinuria was present.

Habitual snoring was related to sleep apnoea, suggesting that nocturnal upper airway

obstruction may contribute to the development of pregnancy-induced hypertension and pre-eclampsia. Though dentists can

identify and treat patients with obstructive sleep apnoea, studies may not have much impact on a typical daily practice, as many

women avoid dental treatment during pregnancy or do not comprehend the relationship between dental care and sleep apnoea.