Housing : Flexibility, A Case of Incremental Housing at Belapur by Charles Correa

HOUSING : FLEXIBILITY A CASE OF INCREMENTAL HOUSING AT BELAPUR GUNJAN NIRANJAN MODI GUIDED BY YATIN PANDYA

Housing: Flexibility A Case of Incremental Housing at Belapur

Gunjan Modi UA2010

Acknowledgements

Prima facea, I am grateful to God for the good health and well-being that were necessary to complete this thesis.

Utmost appreciation to my parents, Niranjan and Geeta Modi for the trust and support through all these years.

I wish to express my sincere thanks to Yatin Pandya for pushing the envelope and guiding the thesis unconditionally.

This thesis would not have happened without the questions of Smit Modi and his help with the site-visits and structuring of the thesis.

I place on record, my sincere thanks to Minal Arya, for the continuous encouragement and for her humble help with the literature part; Vraj Agrawal for proof reading the document.

I would also like to thank Prof. Sachin Soni and Prof. Vishwanath Kashikar for discussions and support.

Here, I would like to thank Neel Jain, for being around for six and half years to troubleshoot the questions of architecture, Bharat Patel for making the time on campus interesting by his curiosity; Chetak and Sapan for the fun time.

I would like to express my gratitude to, Abhijeet Lakhia for supporting the whole time, Milenka for adding humor and happiness when it was required; and my batch of 2010 for their intellect and for sharing great ideas.

Finally, my family and friends for keeping faith in me during this venture.

And all those who met-inspired-taught.

All photographs and illustration courtesy of the author, except for those listed on the page no. 106-108

Contents Acknowledgements Abstract Research questions, Aims and Objectives Scope & Limitations Methodology

10 11 12 13

Chapter 01: Housing and Flexibility

14 16 19 23 42

Emergence of Mass-Housing Rationalizing Urban Settlements Flexibility: An Approach to Improve Housing Disposition of Flexible Methods

Chapter 02: The New Landscape Fundamentals of Housing in India Introduction: Belapur Housing Current Scenario at Belapur

Chapter 03: Analysis

44 46 50 57

Introduction Mapping Personalisation Additions Replacements

62 64 68 74 78 94

Conclusions

104

Illustration Credits Citations Bibliography

106 108 109

Abstract

One of the many reasons to build an environment is to satisfy the needs of its user. In the context of housing and its users, in olden times houses were built by people and for people who were supposed to reside in it. The modifications were made by the users based on their culture, religion or vocational requirements. This also has emanated regional vernacular architecture.

But in the 19th century the scenario in housing changed excessively. Housing, in present situation, is developed by designers and that too for faceless clients. For design conditions, which involve large group of individuals, it becomes impossible to resolve every single need and design accordingly.

“Because we can never learn what each person really wants for himself, no one will ever be capable of inventing for others the perfect dwelling” 1 As an outcome of this, one faces an evolution of housing out of standardization which follows a “top-down” design process according to prevalent factors and similar design is provided to every other client. A “top-down” design process is that where the completed designed house is provided to the users without any opinion of the user in the designing of that house, which is opposed to the traditional way of man building his own house.

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“… we have come to the point where uniform dwellings are assembled in monotonous, uniform building blocks.” 2 For example, mass housing schemes are designed as a production of identical functional units for non-identical users. In current situation, individuals of diverse cultures and different backgrounds reside together in urban settlements, which scantily acknowledges their diversities and varying life styles. Under these circumstances, the mass-housing scheme fail to cater to the particular requirements of each and every client residing in it.

To solve these issues, mass housing needs an element of flexibility. An element that can allow one to personalize, that lets one to grow his own built environment, that can give one an opportunity to undergo transformation according to his tradition, culture or financial backgrounds.

Flexibility in housing can be achieved by various methods.

Throughout history, architects and theoreticians like Habraken, Hertzberger, Oxman and Correa have provided manifestos on how to achieve better housing and how can an urban settlement be made better place to live.

This study has been done in two parts based on two sets of research questions:

Research Questions

1. What is flexibility and what are the different ways in which flexibility can be achieved? What are the implications of flexibility in housing?

2. What are the trends of transformation that have been followed in a housing by the occupants and how the flexibility, provided by the designer, has responded to these changes?

The study, here, tries to build-up an understanding of the phenomenon of flexibility in housing. In order to do that, theories and methods regarding flexibility have been discussed. This is followed by implementations of these methods in a few housing projects.

Aim

Furthermore, a closer look is taken on how the flexibility has come in-handy by a post-occupancy analysis of Incremental Housing at Belapur.

1. Provide an overview of the contemporary time scenario of urbanisation and housing.

2. Understand flexibility in terms of housing by providing knowledge about what is flexibility and when is it needed and discuss various theories and methods to achieve flexibility in housing, followed by implementation of these methods in housing projects.

3. Trace the trends of modifications, categorised as “Personalisation, Additions and Replacements� through post-occupancy analysis of a housing project, this shall reveal the knowledge about how a provided flexibility has helped in the evolution of an urban planned settlement.

11 Objectives

Scope & Limitations

In the initial part, the study tries to identify the possible reasons for the current housing-trend to fail based on a broad understanding of urbanisation, employed design methods and occupants needs; generalising upon the patterns observed is beyond the scope of this research. There could be numerous methods to gain flexibility in housing, but the research only talks about a few to understand the phenomena of flexibility, methods not illustrated here are out of the scope of this research. The intention to discuss the selected architectural projects is only to comprehend these methods.

The study, essentially, is qualitative in nature therefore the case-study presented will be descriptive and does not make any quantitative predictions. Furthermore, the analysis is limited to the cluster of 23 houses and not the entire housing project, as the selected cluster contained all the different examples to rationally fulfil the aim. Although, the study derives trends of modifications, “Personalisation, Additions and Replacements� form a photographic analysis of the entire housing.

The scope of this study is limited to the finding of trends of modifications done by the residents in Incremental Housing at Belapur and to try to figure out the reasons behind it.

Later, this has been taken forward and has been compared with the provided flexibility by the architect Charles Correa.

At no point does the comparison tend to criticize the design aspect of the project and it only tries to check till what extent the provided flexibility has helped the residents to make changes or how has it helped to set an example for designing a housing with flexibility.

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The understanding of flexibility, methods for flexibility and illustrated projects are based on literature found in the books and on the internet and was later interpreted by the author.

Since the study is based on a designed architectural project, there was no shortfall of literature or the history of the project. As oppose to that, the limitation was the lack of cooperation from the residents at the Belapur Housing in terms of allowing for photography and interviews, possibly due to reasons of safety. However, the analysis is purely based on the responses of the residents and onsite observations. These responses and observations were then interpreted and reflected upon by the author, to understand the trends and to make the comparison and to some extent are bound to be subjective.

Overview of current scenario of housing

Methodology

Identifying how the conventional housing fails to deal with the needs of its users.

Suggesting flexibility as a solution to housing.

Understanding flexibility concepts by theories and methods. Analysing the concepts of flexibility through selected housing projects.

Connecting dots between the flexible methods and housing projects.

In-depth post-occupancy analysis of Incremental housing at Belapur to check how the flexibility played its role there.

Preliminary mapping of the cluster to figure out the trends of modifications carried out by the occupants.

Understanding the trends by investigating the reasons of the modification and connecting it with the flexibility that was provided.

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Chapter 01 Housing and Flexibility Rationalizing Urban Settlements Flexibility: An Approach to Improve Housing Disposition of Flexible Methods

Emergence of Mass-Housing

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Architecture is a materialistic tool, which helps us to express our values, cultural traditions and daily activities. By creating an artificial environment a man protects himself against rain, cold, heat, wind, moisture, noise, insects, wild animals, and other foe forces. Advancement in the field of science and technology, architecture has also changed continuously in terms of form while the functional aspects have remained the same. This facet is cognate to housing as well. The current situation of man owning a house has changed drastically. The changes have been caused by many reasons such as economy, population, method of construction, availability of land, changes in the social structure, to name some but yet the basics have not changed. A house as before, today it is still associated to the owner’s individuality and thus, each house is different.

In the fifteenth century, there was an enormous demographic change, which happened in the West, this was recorded in the census taken in the sixteenth and seventeenth century.3 The beginning of the communication of the scientific knowledge in a growing population, the scientific vehemence and increase in the real wealth, meant a source of encouragement and revolution that led to these changes. Because of this, exorbitant changes occurred in the social structure. The population was bifurcated into groups based on the financial status, which widened the gap between the rich and the poor.

1. traditional havelies of Navalgarh: housing adapted to local culture

2. bhujodi weaver’s house : housing and economy

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3. slums of mumbai: only community with an opportunity of customisation

4. villages in india: stagnant in time

5. city in india: rising mumbai

18

6. city in the west: over-looking at upper-east manhattan

Rationalising Urban Settlements

The villages and the rural parts were falling short of the facilities, which the cities had because of private economy, providing fair peonage and well-paid work, encouraging the poor to leave their agrarian land and drift towards the cities. The cities on the other hand were desperate to keep them all aboard, giving the architectural profession a new demand called ‘mass-housing’. The cities had to expand their acreage capacity remarkably. The need arose for the cities to produce the houses in factory, which gave nascent to mass housing. The quality of houses got compromised to the quantity of the houses as the urban population exploded. Based on the principle of industrialization, houses became a mass produced asset consumed by the people.

Because of industrialized process, the outcome is generic.

In the present situation, the users, their socio-cultural background, their prejudices and their requisite are not known. In case of commercial complex, the users are provided with the primary structure and the service core, upon which the user can segment the spaces as per his needs.4 So the user has complete freedom of transforming the space, which does not give rise to dissatisfaction.

As against in the mass housing, which are designed for a generalized group producing standardized design, where the concept of personalization is neglected due to financial binds and technological issues. Because of arbitrary urbanization, the developers are more inclined towards providing most number of units in the least possible time, to achieve the target. Usually in the case of masshousing, the process of designing involves hiring a designer who is briefed by manager/ authority/ committee. The user is not involved in this process. A lot of times, this results into inadequate amount of flexibility and customization from the developer’s end in mass housing, which becomes very generic housing pattern, a layout that is repeated on a given site. If they are arranged horizontally on the site, it makes a colony and an apartment if stacked vertically.

Hence there was a magnitude of the housing deficit and the limitations of funds necessitate merest housing, which would meet the very bare minimum of the housing requirements. An attentive administrative process is required at the both general and local scale to provide the type of houses people want.

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In the present day scenario most of the dwellers in the urban areas do not have the privilege of constructing their own spaces, except as squatters. They tend to live in the dwellings provided by the developers. Residents do not have an opinion in the design process of their owned house or a chance to estimate his resources according to his priorities and hence has a house, which is not up to their requirements.

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There is a large difference between the expected outcome and what is given, which results into dissatisfaction.5 The user is left with either adjusting to whatever is provided or to make attempt to alter or add as per need but within the limits. This is also an outcome of the fact that in mass housing the architect designs for a faceless client or there is almost no discussion regarding the design between the client and the architect. The houses are built keeping the demands and standard of living of the time it is built. With time, the standard of living changes, and the well- kept old houses are expected to satisfy the needs. But now changes in the living standard are rapid creating problems in longevity.

When a particular group takes design decisions, it follows a particular pattern, results into rigid houses, imposes a particular lifestyle on the users and fails to associate with them.

Thus, there is a great diversity in modern urban populations.

People from varying cultural backgrounds have different requirements of housing layouts. Some requirements are a direct result of culture or religion specific activity like prayer spaces or spaces for festivals. Other requirements are a result of culture specific traits like privacy of family members, gender influenced space use, distinction between public and private spaces, eating and sleeping habits etc. There is a large degree of variation amongst people from the same cultural background. This is due to personal preferences like formality of the living room, cooking and eating patterns, preferences of light levels, room sizes etc. In the present context of housing design, this data is not available at the design stage. Providing flexibility allows modification in house layouts at a later stage in the housing process.

7. why can’t it be raw-houses, instead of row-houses...?

8. robert moses: forced housing

21

9. pruitt- Igoe: icon of failure of urban renewal and of public-policy planning

10. recreational vehicle parks: best modern-time modular comunas

11. yona friedman’s flexible housing for homeless

22

12. nemausus housing by jean nouvel.

Flexibility: An Approach to Improve Housing

Houses are built to last a hundred years. Even if housing design were to accommodate individual preferences at the initial stage, changes during the lifetime of a building would necessitate transformations in the house to cater to new needs. Change is inevitable and occurs due to various reasons like life-cycle change, ownership change, technology and life-cycle change, socio- economical status change.

All these changes have one thing in common. They cannot be predicted in advance. Flexibility in housing accommodates this uncertainty by allowing for future change in housing layouts.

6

This definition is purposely broad. It comprises of the possibility of selecting different housing layouts prior to occupation as well as the understanding to adapt one’s housing over lifetime. It also includes the ability to integrate current technologies, to adapt to demographic, or even to modify the way the building is being used completely.7

What is Flexibility?

Human beings have a strong urge to personalize their environment in order to express their own identity. Since the beginning of time man has started possessing land, they are modifying the environment and transforming it. Architects have always asserted that they design for the people and hence designing an environment that is suitable for the client’s well being.

The Need/ Necessity for Flexibility

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The situation, under which people live today all over the world, they have to adjust with the given dwelling conditions, where the housing plans are unrelated to the people. When the houses are built, they are expected to provide standards of living, areas, amenities, which may satisfy the demands at that time. But with the passage of time, the demands or the needs of the habitants change.

To allow such social, physical or cultural needs, flexibility is needed. Flexibility is also needed for the different and changing tastes and meanings of the user.

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The need of flexibility arises as no culture is in a balanced state. Innovations set a new notion of integration and adaptation. The rate at which changes occur causes the degree of adaptation of form.8 This rate of change or acceleration in both human and physical world is more likely to take place where culture meets culture or where different kinds of neighbourhoods exists along a common street or around a courtyard. As against this, the places having less cross-cultural contacts, changes occur at slow rate.

People react to their environment according to what environment means to them, which in turn is created by people themselves. In order to express himself, man takes hold of his environment by doing things like renovating, decorating and arranging furniture. But today, masshousing is preoccupied with the form of the dwelling with dwelling being tangible phenomena.9 So the provision of flexibility in mass-housing become more important.

Flexibility in the structure can have two meanings; the one in which elements can be added or taken away so the building can expand or shrink without losing its consistency.

The second meaning implies the elements themselves and their interrelationship should be changeable.

13. katsura imperial villa: traditional flexibility

14. schrรถder huis: gerrit rietveld 15. hinged space: steven holl

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Flexible Design Methods

Various methods of achieving flexible spaces have existed in traditional housing, the most common being the use of light moveable screens. The use of independently moveable partitions has become a norm in open office systems.

Since the past few decades, various methods have been developed to provide flexibility in housing. In this section, some of the more commonly used flexible design methods are discussed through the help of built housing projects.

Taxonomy of Flexible Design Methods

Flexible: This method involves providing moveable internal partitions to achieve variform in house layouts.

This is achieved by providing fixed services, structures and circulation.

Add on: As the name suggests, flexibility is achieved by the possibility of adding extra space in the future. This is practiced in non-multistorey buildings.

Add in: This is most commonly seen in attic spaces of houses with step roofs. Additional area is gained without any changes in the outer envelope of the house.

Adaptable: Adaptability is obtained by ‘occupant choice through ambiguity’. This form emphasize planning and layout of houses rather than physical or technical manipulation of space. Provision of larger space in rooms, better connections and little expression of room functions aid in adaptable space use.

A classification provided by Moharram (1980), where flexibility in housing is classified as adaptability, elasticity and versatility similar to flexibility, add on or add in and adaptable respectively.10

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Oxman’s Flexibility Listing

Oxman (1978) provides a more comprehensive listing of housing flexibility based on purpose and stage. The eight types of flexibility are grouped in two parts- variability and adaptability.11 Variability refers to variations in house types at the stage of design and construction. Once built, these designs are no longer flexible. Adaptability refers to flexibility after the initial construction stage.

1. Initial design: Flexibility is achieved at the design stage by developing modular coordinated systems.

2. Construction: The design incorporates many options, the choice of which can be exercised at the construction stage. This may include change in mix of house types, change in finishes, etc.

Variation

3. Use: Neutrality of the plan allows for varying space.

Flexibility is achieved without substantial change in the physical properties of space.

Adaptability

Flexibility of modification is created by modifying the space.

These are the six ways in which this can be achieved.

4. Transformation: Reorganization of rooms through moveable parts 5. Size: Ability to expand or reduce the size of house 6. Character: Personalizing the house by changing building surfaces 7. Technical Modification: Renovation of services and equipment like kitchens and toilets.

8. Alternative Functions: The ability to change a building’s function.

Modification

Flexibility can also be classified on the basis of the level of control users have in determining their own environment.

In ascending order of flexibility, they are- representation, questionnaire, regionalism, dialogue, alternative, codecisions, and self-decisions. Flexibility is classified in two parts: spatial and temporal.12

Flexibility by Level of Control

Flexibility achieved by changing or modifying space is called spatial flexibility. Flexibility achieved without modifying space is called temporal flexibility as it occurs due to the use of space organized according to time.

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Design as product: This type of flexibility exists only at the initial design and construction stage.13 This type of flexibility is incorporated in design through user input, modular system and user choice.

Design as process: There are two methods of design that achieve flexibility in the post construction process phase.

They are re-placement and growth.14 Re-placement involves configuration of house layouts. Growth consists of physical expansion.

Spatial Flexibility

Multi-purpose space: Multiple activities in one space Multi-purpose activity: Multiple spaces for one activity

Temporal Flexibility

1

2

Design as Product

3

4

Flexibility integrated at the design and construction stage, which can be seen in the transitional layers in mass housing, can be regarded as flexible design as a process. This emerges because the post construction phase falls short of welcoming future changes. Flexible design as a product grant restricted amplitude to personalize a house.

Three methods to achieve flexibility as design product has been discussed here.

1. User input, 2. Modular Design and 3. User Choice

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1. User Input

With the hasty rate of urbanization, the houses are designed for the faceless clients. This problem can be resolved by a market survey and creating criterias for popular trends in housing needs. In some cases, post-occupancy evaluation aid to find design flaws. Such evaluation help in making guidelines that can be region and culture specific. The major flaw in this method is that it fails to take into consideration specific needs of the actual residents.

Guidelines taken from such evaluation meets the need of the regular resident-that might be non-existent element.

British Council Housing 1979, London, England

Anarchy is not a word one might normally associate with British Council housing. But in 1979, the architect Walter Segal, who had grown up in an anarchic commune began working on a remarkable experiment in self- built council housing.15 In case of Lewisham Council Housing in London, Walter Segal used a similar approach. A small group of ordinary families where each given plots of land and allowed to build a timber frame housing from scratch using innovative set of principles designed by Segal. Walter Segal’s vision was to make a community which can sustain on it’s own. A self developed method, which wouldn’t need special consultants when it comes to the making of the house. The working of the design and architecture was reduced to its basics and it was more focused on the making of it. It was essential to enable the ordinary people to build their own houses thus the name Walter’s Way. The system of this housing was such that it gave modularity to the arrangement, so in case of change user could buy prefabricated material, which basically took care of the social and cultural concerns.

by Walter Segal

5

6

7

8

16. Walter’s Way, introduced in 1962

1. Settling the ground 2. Foundation plates 3. Pre-fabricated wooden frames 4. Roofing members 5. Floor and roof plates 6. Wall plate installation 7. Doors and windows installation 8. Treating the edge

17. aerial view of the community

18. lewisham self-built group

19. street section

2. Modular Design

Modular design or modularity in design involves an approach of designing by subdividing a system to derive standard units that can be repeated in several ways to construct a building. Herman Hertzberger in Centraal Beheer Office Complex and Aldo Van Eyck in Amsterdam Orphanage have implemented the principles of this system.16 The use of modules allows flexibility at both the stages of design and construction. At the design stage, this system allows to change various parts without changing the overall system. More variation can be provided in the sizes of the house and layout. Though this system doesn’t pander to individual needs but at the larger scale it helps the user to find the house of their choice. The designer has more scope of define house individually at the level of a unit, reducing monotony. In the construction phase, the houses can be easily modified without extensive changes in the structure and services.

Habitat 67 1967, Montreal, Canada

by Moshe Safdie

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One of the example, which follow this method is Habitat 67, designed by the Israeli-Canadian architect Moshe Safdie in 1967, and was originally intended as an experimental solution for high-quality housing in dense urban environments. Safdie explored the possibilities of prefabricated modular units to reduce housing costs and allow for a new housing typology that could integrate the qualities of a suburban home into an urban high-rise.

The scheme of 158 housing units was constructed by 354 identical and completely fabricated modules. They were stacked in various combinations and connected by steel cables. The apartments vary in shape and size, since they are formed by a group of one to four of the 600 square-foot “boxes” in different configurations.17 Each apartment is reached through a series of pedestrian streets and bridges, along with three vertical cores of elevators for the top floors. Service and parking facilities are separated from the tenant’s circulation routes, located on the ground floor.

The prefabrication process of the 90-ton boxes took place on-site. The basic modular shape was moulded in a reinforced steel cage, which measured 38 x 17 feet. Once cured, the concrete box was transferred to an assembly line for the insertion of electrical and mechanical systems, as well as insulation and windows. To finalize the production, modular kitchens and bathrooms were installed, and finally a crane lifted each unit to its designated position.

11. execution of the modules during the construction

11. flexibility by multiple configurations

11. habitat from the street

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23. centraal beheer office complex by herman hertzberger

24. amsterdam orphanage by aldo van eyck

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3. User Choice

This probably is the most widely used method of providing flexibility in housing. The user gets a huge spectrum of choices at several stages during the construction. Housing development that is done in the suburbs of the American cities has been employing this method. While constructing, the buyer gets to make choice from selection of paint and finishes to the orientation of the house and the placement of different spaces in the house. This method tries to provide a huge opportunity of customization but it is provided only during the construction and is largely employed in low-rise typology.

Two methods allow reorganization of the housing layout through a process of re- placement. A house is a structure, which is capable of mutating in its lifespan. This method contemplates that flexibility can be applied at both the design and occupancy phase of housing.

Design as Process

The support-infill method allows the reorganization of the house layout though a process of re- placement.

The site and services method allows for future addition through a process of growth.

Humans always need freedom and order in anything, though both of them seem conflicting and prohibiting one another. The freedom of many small self-governing units is sought for, but with the regulation of large scale.

The synchronization for liberty and rules is the basis for the support infill theory. This polarity was explained in the design of housing as a division between the external façade and the interior separation. In the early 1900’s, because of industrialization, prefabrication and standardization were increasingly engaged in housing design.

Habraken was one of the pioneers in developing this theory.

He criticized housing, not for using industrialized method of standardization but for the notion that the large scale housing projects have universal solution. The support theory promotes the use of mass-produced and pre-fabricated material, but strongly posits that they should be used in an entire different manner. Mass housing does not see the housing as a course of individual choice. The support infill tries to rectify this misconception.18

1. Support- Infill Method

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25. exterior view of the housing

26. circulation system of the housing

Support-infill theory tries to satisfy individual requirements in housing. As the residents can not predict their future requisites, the sensible step is to isolate the static elements from the flexible elements. The static factors are categorized under supports, and the flexible under infill. A support structure is a construction which allows the provision of dwellings which can be built, altered, and taken down, independently of others.19 The support structure consists of structural elements- foundation, column, slab; servicesplumbing, electrical etc.; and circulation- staircase, lift, lobby. Designing of the support structures can be done without knowing the user, and it can permit variations in the housing layout as per the rules set by the support system. Support structures can thus be simple, yet firm and durable. Infill system on the other hand can be built using any material and form. The support structure assures that it will not become outdated in near future. While infill system can be changed as per one need.

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Next21 Housing 1994, Osaka, Japan

by Yositika UTIDA, Shu-Koh-Sha Architectural and Urban Design Studio

This example is an experimental housing in Osaka, Japan, which was conceived by the Osaka Gas Corporation in collaboration with the Next21 planning team. Built in the early 1990’s, this project consisted of a single block of 18 houses in a frame structure with services running in the ceiling and floor. The decision to run all services in the horizontal direction in floor and ceiling rather than vertically in ducts gave a much greater degree of flexibility of house layout. The 18 houses where designed as independent house by 13 architects. The architects had complete freedom in designing the houses with minimal requirements for façades. One unit was subsequently torn down and rebuilt from the inside without disturbing the other houses.

9

27. structure with additions by residents

28. internal open spaces

multi-unit housing complexes

basic building structure

the dwelling

29. building concept diagram

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30. building system diagram

31. aerial collage: the new archipelago of incremented kaccha houses

36 Incremental Housing Strategy 2008, Pune, India

by Filipe Belestra and and Sara Gรถransson with SPARC

In India, The Incremental Housing Strategy stands out for the community participation in the preparation of the Yerwada revitalization strategy, where the proposed solution was a series of housing units that can be expanded, according to the needs of each family, respecting the organization model of the existing neighbourhood regarding the preexisting pathways, on the integrating of new construction on the mesh already built. 20 The implementation of this project contributes to a better quality of community life at several levels and also the quality of urban space and territory. According to Filipe Belestra for this process to be considered as an effective sustainable project the improvement of existing housing has to be done on real community participation.

32. house A: a 2 storey house structured as a 3 storey house, allowing the owner to extend the house vertically without structural risks in the future.

33. house B: a 2 storey house on pilots, allowing for the owner to either leave the space open for parking or to increment it as a shop or an extra bedroom.

34. house C: a 3 storey house with a void in the middle, This void can be used like a veranda, living or working space, and the family can close it in order to create a new bedroom in the future.

35. mixed cluster featuring houses: C-A-C-B-C-A

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36. people relating to the street

2. Site and Services Method

37. street view of the community

As the name goes, the site and services system provides people with land and infrastructure. The provision of infrastructure is specific to a project, which includes plot of site with water supply and drainage, roads, street lighting and sometime demarcation of plot’s boundary. This decreases the financial burden on agencies involved in housing. And at the same time, it allows the occupants to build on their own deal. This method provides the liberty to the residents to invest in their house whenever their economical situation permits. The sites and services method has subsequently been effectively employed in many under developed and developing countries.

The site and services approach addresses many key criticism of mass housing. Allowing people to build their own houses solves the problem of designing for the unknown. Each house is thus custom made for specific residents. Whereas some people choose to build their own houses, others can still choose to avail professional help. Since houses are built as individual projects, the resulting environments are never monotonous. A great deal of variation in house size, building materials, and language can be seen in sites and services projects.

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Aranya Housing 1989, Indore, India

by B.V. Doshi (Vastushilp Foundation)

The Vastushilp Foundation designed Aranya for the Indore development authority. This low cost housing project for the economically weaker section of the society is actually a township for 40000 people. The architects decided to employ the sites and site services method to design housing at such a large scale and the township incorporates housing for the higher income group as well. The profits from the sale of the houses were used to cross subside housing for the economically weaker section. 21 The housing core consists of a fully serviced plot of minimum 35 sq.m. and it consists of a toilet, wash and one room. The architects also provided several alternative house plans to the residents to make them aware of possible house types. Today, Aranya can not be percieved as a single design venture. The sensitively designed streets and public open areas are extensively used for play and festivals.

38. kit of elements

staircase options

openings range

house extension choice

railing variations 39. how much to build? incremental growth of a dwelling

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40. architect’s design for future additions

41. additions by residents after inhabitation

Unlike squatter settlements, sites and services houses are built on legally allocated land. High prices of urban land often tend to drive these sites and services projects far from the city centres resulting in higher transportation costs. An alternative to this could be multi-story sites and services projects that can achieve higher densities and thus reduce the pressure on land allocation. The sites and services method is unfortunately incapable of multi-story projects.

The problems encountered in multi-story projects are high initial costs due to multi-story structures and the lack of potential for growth due to limitation of extent of slabs at upper levels.

Quinta Monroy 2004, Iquique, Chile 40

by Alejandro Aravena (Elemental)

In Quinta Monroy by Alejandro Aravena, a similar concept can be seen, where the focus was on making “half a good” house. Alejandro Aravena suggested a project based on the performances over bounded communities, though the establishment of housing projects that intend to an appreciation over time taking into account housing not only as a habitat but a mechanism for the family investment.22 The family begins with the base and wins motivation for their community through creative solution for the community housing needs, according to a suitable base and local economy. The Alejandro Aravena defends that communities themselves promote their constructions and economy that have impact in the social improved stability and in the vision of a city equals for everyone. It was concluded that to give the residents the possibility to adapt to their “homes”, to their true needs and lifestyle, allows to safeguard the housing and adjust their functioning to the actual needs and at the same time allow them to create a strong sense of belonging and identity.

42. original homogeneous units

44. rethinking how limited resources can be used

43. each family imparting own identity

45. prediction of additions

41

46. infill evolution

Disposition of Flexible Methods

The subcategories of flexibility as a product and flexibility as a process can broadly be bifurcated into flexibility in elements and flexibility in space.

The flexibility in elements can be provided in the building elements by/with the construction system. Illustrating the case of British Council Housing in London, Walter Segal used an approach, which allowed the residents to get their own building material and make the entire house by themselves.

The entire scheme follows a system of a grid, which means that the entire project, in terms of spaces, was made out of imaginary modules. Walter Segal made sure that these modules follow the dimension of material units available easily in the market and are mass-produced. This was the way of empowering the laymen to make their own houses.

42

A similar thing is observed in Aranya Housing, designed

by Vastushilp Foundation. In case of Aranya Housing, the architects developed a kit of building elements. The variations on a standardized plan is achieved though permutation and combination of various elements which are to exercised by users. This participatory process satisfies users’ priorities of house-form while offering pleasing varieties to street façade. On a defined size of a plot, user is given an opportunity to decide how and how much to build, what kind of elements to use, which ranges from the kind of staircase, doors to the kind of material and the kind of railing to use.

To exercise the flexibility in the elements to its maximum benefits, standardization of the material is a pre-requisite.

And mostly all the third world countries do not have standard dimensions for building material. So it becomes, difficult for the designer to provide flexibility in terms of elements, as the market might not be having the dimension of the material with which the proposal has been designed.

While to achieve flexibility in space, the designer tries to give a buffer of growth. Now, this is a way, which is more feasible for the context of Third World country, as there are various levels of uncertainty in terms of social aspect, climatic aspect, and political and economical aspects.

Like, Incremental- housing Strategy at Yervada talks about providing a reinforced structure with the essentials, which are individual kitchen, toilet and rooms. Occupants can choose from three different prototypes all of them are multi-story structures, which voids either on a ground floor or in the middle, where occupants, on a long run, can add the functions as the requirement increases.

In Quinta Monroy the similar concept can be seen, where focus was on making “half a good� house. This strategy was experimented in order to come up with an incremental housing solution, which is vertical, to save space so as to save the money and construct a better community.

There, the frames were given to the families and within couple of week it was taken over by the families. Thus, In Quinta Monroy, Alejandro Aravena suggested that in the Third World Countries, where the politics is overpowering, economy is not so strong and the resources are limited, houses need to be designed in a way that the spaces in the house itself becomes the resource.

None of the projects strictly follow just one method of attaining flexibility. There are various layers of different methods to achieve flexibility. Sometimes one method is overpowering than the other. Sometimes, the designer is designing using one method, but some of the aspects are modified due to site-context and a few are added from other methods as well. So it can be said that a project usually is a result of multiple methods to achieve flexibility and is related to the context.

This can clearly be seen in the case of Incremental housing at Belapur, Navi Mumbai. Here, Architect Charles Correa explains all the different aspects that affect the housing in India and as a result gives a manifesto that explains the essentials to build housing in a country like India.

43

USING : FLEXIBILITY

OF INCREMENTAL HOUSING AT BELAPUR

Chapter 02 The New Landscape Fundamentals of Housing in India Introduction: Belapur Housing Current Scenario at Belapur

1. courtyards: private and multi- purpose area of a house

2. doorstep: area of intimate contact

Fundamentals of Housing in India

The New Landscape 1975

The theory of “The New Landscape� was result of the urbanization that was triggered in late 20th century in India. The theory, which was conceived by Charles Correa covers the crucial issues related to economics, politics and morals due to rapid urbanization. The theory suggests that coherent actions should be employed in the third world countries.

Space as a Resource

Space as a Resource suggests the way the housing should be designed in India and in most of the third world countries.

The theories of housing and flexibility that were suggested by architects and theoreticians around the globe had several ways but these needed several other layers for them to be successful in India. The concepts in the New Landscape came from the traditional way in which the housing had been done in India.23

46

Humans are residing in the urban areas now, where living is more than just a room. The room is a part of the entire system that people require. This system is generally hierarchical. For Indian condition there exist four major elements.

3. community courtyard in changu- narayan, nepal

4. principle urban area: town- square in bhaktapur, nepal

First, Space needed by the family for private use, cooking, sleeping and storage.

The Hierarchical System

Second, area of intimate contacts, such as the front doorstep where children play and adults chat with the neighbours.

Third, the neighbourhood meeting places, such as the city water-tap or village well, where people become a part of community.

Fourth, the principle urban area, such as the maidan, used by the whole city. 24 These systems work on the basis of two facts. One, each elements of the system is a combination of covered and open-to-sky spaces. This is crucial because most of the developing countries have tropical climate and the people usually work outdoors. One of the most important elements of Indian architecture is Open-to-Sky space.25 If the equitable privacy is provided, cooking, sleeping, entertaining friends, children’s play can take place in such area. Two, these elements of the system are mutually interdependent.

Lack of space in one of the categories can be adjusted by providing more in one of the others. As the spaces between the activities are interchangeable the spaces can be designed in a way that it encourages the exchange.

Smaller dwelling units may be atoned by larger community space. If an efficient trade-off can be set for this system, occupants can have privately owned open spaces, which can be used for the future extension of the family.

Facts of Working of the System

47

5. high density low rise: ahmedabad pols

Benefits of Low-rise High-density

6. equity: the same size plot works for rich and poor

One of the important aspects of housing in the third world countries is that, the house should be a low-rise structure.26 The low-rise here does not refer to houses, which are seen in suburbs of a city in the Western country or the townships, which are growing in the outskirts of Indian cities.

Low-rise is a concentrated form, the timeless and classic pattern of residential land-use. This method of housing trigger points for incremental growth in which the flexibility is taken care of. As it becomes incremental it causes variation, and the variation comes from the social, cultural and religious background. This way low-rise housing is sensitive to the sentimental aspects of the society. In a country like India, this way of construction is easier and speedier compared to high-rise complexes. If the housing is made from simple materials then the construction time is reduced, as expensive materials have less life span compared to traditional materials. And maintenance of expensive materials is costly and also it requires especially skilled labour when it comes to expansion of a unit.

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Essentials of Housing in The Third World

This theory suggests a few aspects that should be taken in account while designing housing in the third world country.27 Incrementality Equity Pluralism Open-to-sky spaces Participation Disaggregation Income Generator

7. unit plan

8. site plan

These principles predict the pattern in which the units are placed closed enough to get benefits of high-density, yet at a distance to allow for personalization and growth.

Charles Correa in one of the un-built projects tested this theory, Squatter Housing in 1973. The attempt was to structure housing for the urban poor around the benefits of open-to-sky spaces. Four units are placed together under a paramedical roof, so as to save on construction cost. Each room is accessed through a courtyard, providing the family with the kind of open space, which, in a warm climate, acts as an additional room.28 The units are arranged in a clustered pattern to create a hierarchy of open spaces. This, as an idea, was further developed in Incremental Housing at Belapur, Navi Mumbai.

Squatter Housing, Mumbai 1973

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9. belapur housing

Introduction: Belapur Housing

History and the Project

50

Incremental housing at Belapur was conceived by Charles Correa in the year 1983. To consider the open-to-sky space, this project adds another dimension: Urban Equity. The amount of urban space one controls is directly proportional to one’s status and/or income, it has no connection with the actual family size.29 This project demonstrates how a housing can be designed with equity. The sites, which are designed to accommodate more than 90% of Mumbai’s income profile, vary only marginally in area from 45 m2 to 70 m2. The houses built in them are incremental, so they can grow from a single lean-to roof to urbane town houses for the very poor and for the well to do respectively.

Located on six hectares of land just 1 kilometre away from the city center of Navi Mumbai, the project seeks to demonstrate how high density of 500 persons per hectare, including open spaces can be achieved within the context of a low-rise typology.30 A hierarchy of community spaces structures the site plan.

10. cluster courtyard

11. entrance of a cluster

To ensure that the dwelling units will all be incremental, each unit is placed on its own piece of land. The walls supporting the roof or the upper floor are not shared with any neighbour.31 This independence only minimizes the amount of collaboration; it is involved in essential undertaking such as roof repairs, but also allows each of the houses to be extended unilaterally.

The physical plan is based on the open/enclosed space trade-off. Within the plot, each family has open-to-sky spaces to augment the built-up area. These spaces include kitchen yards, terraces, front courtyards etc. The circulations and community areas are arranged in a pattern, which sets up the hierarchy of spaces.

Usually, a low-rise high-density housing take the form of row houses, organized along monotonous linear corridors.

In Belapur Housing, the houses are clustered around small community spaces.

Designed Incrementality in The Housing 51

12. unit arrangement

13. clustering pattern

Clustering Pattern

14. cluster repetition on site

At the smallest scale, 7 units are grouped around an intimate courtyard of 8 meters X 8 meters.

Three of these clusters combine to form a bigger module of 21 houses, surrounding an open space of 12 meters X 12 meters.32

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This spatial hierarchy continues until one reaches the largest neighbourhood space where primary schools and other similar facilities are located. Down the center runs a small stream, which drains off the surface during the monsoon.

Services

The house sites are arranged with the toilets located in pairs to save on plumbing and sanitation costs. For each site, the main structure of the house can abut the boundary on two clearly specified edges, in a pattern, which ensures that it will be a free-standing with respect to its neighbours. No windows are allowed in these walls, so as to protect the privacy of all occupants.

The typology of the houses forms two sets. Within each set, the houses can grow incrementally to the next state of development, as family income grows.

15. site plan

16. cluster axo

17. cluster services

no windows on these walls

service lines

53

54

18. units plans and axos

19. belapur housing

The housing consists of five basic series of houses and two clustering patterns. Four of the houses are single families; the fifth is a double unit. The construction is of brick walls with Mangalore tiles roofs. The illustration shows the typical plans and axonometrics.

Description of the Units

These houses consist of a plinth, a roof, a toilet, a tap and a yard. This is the smallest unit of the housing.

Type A

These houses consist of an entrance verandah, with one room, a kitchen, bath and toilet and a courtyard.

Type B

These houses consist of two rooms, a kitchen, bath and toilet with a yard and a courtyard.

Type C

These houses consist of a studio and a balcony on the first floor, two rooms, kitchen, bath, toilet, yard and a courtyard on the ground floor.

Type D

These houses consist of double units one on the ground floor with two rooms, kitchen, bath and toilet with covered yard and a courtyard; second on the first floor with room, terraces, bath and toilet and a utility area.33

Type E

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20. newly constructed house(left), house with interventions

56

As discussed earlier, humans live and usually they change their surroundings by adding or by removing. This happens due to various reasons. Following the rituals that one has been following since a long time, coming across different cultures, responding to the social aspects of a community, resistance from any particular aspect, effects of the climate, changing generations of the family are some of the reasons of many. These reasons are directly proportional to the amount of change that one makes to his immediate environment.

21. houses with interventions and new paint

Residents’ requirements, they never come to an end, untill and unless a generation gets added on. But in that case also the new requirements arise and the whole cycle starts repeating itself and it keep on going on. Requirements may change its nature in case the owner changes but that only affects the nature of changes that would take place. With the passage of time the amount and kind of changes are huge and refined. And with advancement in technology, spatial configuration also changes. So can be said that the time plays a great role in housing.

24. newly painted house with small compound wall

22. houses with newly added griils and gate

23. house with added upper floor and grills

Current Scenario at Belapur

with layers of values and sentiments of the occupants occupying the house.

Such transformations can be noticed in Belapur housing too. 30 years of time has affected both the kind of changes and the amount of changes. A wide range of changes can be seen from the change in the finishes to the change of whole layout and from the addition of pavement to the addition of another floor above. Each of the housing units have grown from a basic and minimal unit to houses

Occupants try to create a visual demarcation of their area by putting planters around their house. For the sense of ownership, the owners also added different colours to the outer faรงade. This helps the house to stand out in the monotony of the society. To make their semiopen spaces private and secure, residents put grill. All these small interventions helps an owner to personalize their house in the community.

25. abandoned house

26. house with added kitchen and a temporary planter

57

27. house with grills and new paint(left), abandoned house secured with grills

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28. apartments typology

Belapur Housing was designed to provide houses to almost 3000 people. Because of the cluster formation due to courtyards, small community spaces came into existence. In some cases, to differentiate a community from the others, gateways have been added. Not only in the entrance of a cluster, some houses also have added gateway to their common courtyard. This sense of belonging of community spaces among the residents have given rise to the chances of changing the common places. Like addition of plinth around the common tree, or putting plants give the residents the sense of ownership of the shared community spaces. Though the residents take care of the common spaces, they do want to stand out and create an identity of their house.

The act of individualisation is done by something as simple as adding few steps to the plinth, by changing the faรงade with different colours or adding planters, or by adding grills to the openings. The occupants have created their own parking spaces in their houses without hindering the community spaces. Some of the parking spaces are just open space near the house while some are gated area near the houses. The parking spaces vary in size 30. house with grill-gates and touch of paint

31. parking area outside the house

29. newly constructed houses with treated community area

depending upon the number of vehicles in the house. With the changing times and additions to the residing families, in terms of generations or family members, changes in the typology of the house form can be seen in the housing. Some families have added a floor above to accommodate more functions in the house and changed the layout of the original house plan, while some families have created an apartment typology (high rise apartments compared to low rise residences). Though residents have tried to adjust with the changing times by adding another floor or creating apartments, some families have left their houses in the artistes’ village and abandoned them to migrate to other cities. These houses are not resold to other people, and they lie unused. As Belapur lies in tropical region, where there is a lot of rain, some occupants have modified their roofing system. Few families have dealt with rain just by adding weather-shed, while some families have changed their roof structure from sloping manglore tiled roofs to the flat terraces. All these are attempts by the occupants to adapt to the climate, changing time and still keep an identity. Such flexibility is provided by Belapur housing.

32. reconstructed house (left), addition of extra floor (right)

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33. house with no change (left) and reconstructed multi-storey houses

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With the passage of time, a family grows. And with time and advancement in technology, new niceties also get incorporated.

Here the houses have adapted to accommodate such modern amenities. Initially, the water was supplied from community water tap. But now, many residents have added over-head tanks to store more water. Some houses have also added an asbestos sheet structure on the roof for different purpose like for extra storage or to just to make a covered terrace. When a family grows, the requirement of the area to carry out daily household activities increases. Houses here have grown within the courtyard provided in the house. So each house has a private yard, as the architect believed that open-to-sky space is essential for family life. But as the need for more space arose, people have utilised this courtyard to accommodate some or the other activity. Many of the original buildings are demolished and now replaced by bigger concrete houses. Yet the courtyard and the hierarchy of the community spaces still remain intact, which has lasted beyond individual dwelling.

34. treatment of the community area

35. houses with addition of new areas and homogeneity in painting

Incremental housing at Belapur was designed in 1983-1986. The housing has been inhabited for more than three decades. This is a good time period for the post-occupancy analysis of a housing. In so much time, almost a generation of a family gets added or the nature and life-style of the occupants can also change. The time period of the occupancy is beneficial to support this case study as growth and transformation in the houses can be observed.

As discussed in the methods for achieving flexibility, here, the architect has inculcated various flexible design elements which can be exercised by the occupants. The houses were designed to be incremental in nature and there are various community spaces of different hierarchies. The layouts of the houses were designed in such a way that they can be easily built by masons and craftsmen. The residents of this housing have exercised the elements of flexibility provided by the architect in various ways.

All these make the project an appropriate case study for the post-occupancy analysis in flexible design methods in housing.

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Chapter 03 Analysis Introduction Mapping Personalisation Additions Replacements

site plan of belapur housing showing the selected cluster road

road

stream

64

N

Introduction and mapping of the selected cluster: The cluster that is located on the mid-south edge of the housing has been selected for an in-depth study of postoccupancy. The cluster features 23 houses, which have gone though a similar sort of transformation that the other parts of the housing have gone through. Since the cluster is located on the edge of the housing, it has a main road on one of the sides, the other side faces one of the internal streets. Rest of the two sides share a boundary wall with the rest of the housing.

Type-2 cluster gets repeated thrice to form a bigger community cluster which has two additional houses to get an enclosure. In original design, type-2 clustering pattern consisted of type-C, type-C4, type-D, type-D2 and type-E units. Illustrations show the site location of the cluster and the typical cluster type-2 axonometric view with the axonometric view of original housing design.

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type-C

type-D

type-E

type-D2

type-C4

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typical cluster type-2

This cluster has a population of approximately 70 people, a wide range of sects and culture can be seen among the community. Three smaller clusters of seven houses and two enclosing units, in total there are 23 houses in this gated community. Oldest of the residents have been staying in this community since the beginning. The cluster demonstrates various ways of modifications on both unit level and on a community level.

At a community level, residents have treated the courtyards by adding sit-outs and pavement. To make it a closed community they have added gate. The reason for doing this is to prohibit vehicles to enter the community.

On a unit level, residents have added different colours to their houses and have treated the edges by adding patios, sit-outs, planters and low compound walls with grills. Various reasons exist for adding such elements. This has helped the houses gain their identity so this has been categorised as “Personalisations”.

To improvise the house, the residents have introduced a new structure to the house. These interventions add up to the original structure and has a higher degree of transformation, so has been categorised as “Additions”.

For various reasons, number of residents have introduced a new layout. Discarding the old design and constructing a new house on the same plot is the most common and huge trend that can be seen all around the cluster and has been categorised as “Replacements”.

The next part shows the mapping of the cluster of 23 houses, which is largely categorized by Personalisation, Additions and Replacements. This has been supported by detail reasoning and inferences.

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4/15 5 persons 4/14 3 persons

68 4/16 3 families, 12 persons

4/17 6 persons

4/21 abandoned

4/20 3 persons

4/18 2 families, 7 persons 4/19 4 persosns

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personalisation additions replacements

N m 0 1

2

4

8

4/27 abadoned

4/26 5 persons

70

4/22 3 persons

4/28 2 persons

4/25 2 persons

4/24 abadoned

4/23 5 persons

71

personalisation additions replacements

N m 0 1

2

4

8

4/33 3 persons

72

4/34 3 persons

4/32 5 persons

4/31 3 persons

4/30 2 persons

4/35 4 persons

4/29 5 persons

73 4/36 3 persons

personalisation additions replacements

N m 0 1

2

4

8

4/34

4/24

4/28

personalisation by treating the edge

personalisation by painting

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Personalisation: Small interventions or changes in the look, without changing the structure of the original design, are included in this category. This includes the treatment of the edge, painting, making patterns on the wall. This category includes houses that have no changes in the original design. Things may have changed on the periphery of the house or on the outer/ inner surfaces of the wall. Personalization mainly talks about the identity of the house within the community and various sorts of relationships of the house with the community or with the immediate courtyard. Two trends can be seen in this category, which are personalization by painting and personalization by treating the edge.

Personalization by Painting: Giving house a touch of paint is another way of personalization that can be seen in the neighborhood. Here all three houses in this category demonstate this trend.

In a lot of cases, even after the reconstruction or addition, this trend has remained.

house 4/34

house 4/28

house 4/24

Personalization trend in addition category: The houses, which have gone though the additions of various elements, also have tried retaining the color trend. Newly added parts also follow the same color scheme.

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Personalization trend in replacement category: The houses, which were reconstructed much later by the old residents of the community, have followed the same colors for the exteriors.

Personalization by Treating the Edge: Introduction of new elements on the edge of the house have been noticed in this category. In following cases these new elements don’t alter or restructure the house, instead they add to particular values to the house. This way of personalization affects the sense of association with the community. These trends are recorded in the houses, which have not gone under any sort of alterations or additions.

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Case one: This D-type house, which is occupied by two who have owned this house since the beginning, has only gone through personalization.

The house has a blank back façade. As the occupants were not using the corner made by that façade, people started using it to dump garbage.

They have added a planter outside to treat the edge, which helped to make the corner much cleaner.

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Case two: This is a type-C house, occupied by tenants. A member of the family works in a company, which has provided them the house. As the house is on a lease, any sort of addition or replacement is not possible without the consent of the owner.

As a family occupies the house, they decided to make a compound wall and a high gate at the entrance for privacy and security reasons.

This small addition provides a secure area within the property; the private courtyard becomes more intimate which simultaneously creates a new relationship with the outside.

4/14

4/29

4/17

4/30

4/20

4/33

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4/26

Additions The category includes the houses, which have small physical changes. These houses have residents living here from the beginning. From the analysis it can be seen that the residents have reacted to the flexibility provided by the designer. The modifications are the result of social, cultural and climatic aspects.

Architecture and the way one treats it, reflect the culture of particular society. It can be broadly termed as cultural forces resulting from customs and traditions, which play an important role to shape the built environment.

Social Aspect

The social aspect is a huge phenomenon that shapes the architecture. Social aspect here means the social life of the family that exists in one particular unit. The house form normally remains the same till there is no change or increase in generation living in particular housing unit. The requirements increase as the generations expand. As generations increase the need of extra spaces and privacy increases. This is how the change in cycle changes the house form.

Technology Change

The advancement in technology has revolutionized home appliances and the lifestyle attached to it. Housing appliances need specific space in a house to perform well.

Media appliances like television and computers also need different spatial arrangement. The perpetual innovations and their pace decides the future, making the provisions in housing almost futile.

Climatic Aspect

Historically it can be seen that the climate has always affected the way people have built and the way different communities around the world have added or removed elements from the structure. Climatic factor is one of the factors that have always tried to make architecture efficient and work against different effects of the climate.

Here, how the provided flexibility accommodates this uncertainty has been talked about.

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Original type-D2 house.

Addition of weather-shed safety elements.

and

Addition of living area and utility area.

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Case one: 4/14 Inhabitants: 3 Reasons: Generation change, Privacy

Additions: Living area, Utility area, Compound wall

The family of a working couple and their son owns this type-D2 house since the past 25 years. The house opens up in the biggest community space of the neighborhood and the entrance of the house was accessible from there, which was mostly used for parking. Extra room was not there when the couple and the son were staying. They were using the upper room as sleeping area and the room beneath as living room.

The house from the entry.

The house from the outside of the community.

The house from the inside of the community.

Personalised by addition compound- wall and grills.

of

a

81

When the son got a job, his work timing started to differ, so the need of an extra room arose. His father retired from work, and started staying at home for longer duration, watching television. Hence, another room, which could act as a living room was needed. The aging parents started using the ground floor, while the son used the upper floor. Since the house used to open in the community area directly a point of disconnection was required.

The drawing shows the original and the added structure. For adding a living room, the family used the private courtyard. The space between the toilet and kitchen was covered to make extra utility space in the house, as a lot of activities were spilling out of kitchen. A front yard has been added by making a low height compound wall in order to provide privacy.

Original type-E house, with an external staircase.

Addition of weather- shed and safety elements.

Addition of living area, extra utility area and toilets.

Personalisation by boundary-wall and grills.

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House from the internal courtyard.

High walls and grills on the external side.

House from the Street- side.

Case two: 4/17 Inhabitants: 6 Reason: Generation change, Climate, Security Additions: Living room, Grills, Weather shed A family of six has been staying in this type-E house since the past 23 years. The house shelters three generation of a family. The parents are out almost the entire day due to work, leaving the house and their daughters in the care of the grand mother. The house, whose backside faced the external street, consisted of two small bedrooms on the ground floor with an outdoor courtyard. As it was a double unit typology it had an external staircase leading to one small room on the first floor with a small utility space. The house has a small kitchen and lavatories on both the floors.

The rooms on the ground floor, which were used by the grandparents earlier, have now been combined into one room. The grandmother uses the room, as she is old to go on the upper floor and rest and usually her granddaughters accompany her. While the parents use the rooms on the upper floor.

83 As the grandmother stays on the ground floor, the family has added a room by using the external courtyard that was provided, which acts as a dining cum living room. As the grandmother is at home the entire day with her granddaughters, grills are added at the periphery of the house for security. To accommodate some cooking activities outside the kitchen, a utility area is added between the toilet and the kitchen.

In this region, in the month of July and August it rains heavily, because of that the family has covered the small terraces and the external staircase with PVC sheets.

Original type-C unit.

Type-C house with an addition of the living room.

Using Courtyard to accommodate living area.

Removal of the compound- wall.

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House opening- up in the courtyard.

House from the internal courtyard.

Case three: 4/19 Inhabitants: 3 Reasons: Climate, Privacy, Recreational activities Additions: Living area, Weather shed A family of three owns this type-C house, a case where there are minimum changes. The couple has a young kid, so the need of an extra room has not arisen yet. As it is a nuclear family, they have a lot of visitors.

85 The need for additional living room emerged to carry out recreational activities. The rooms used to open up directly in the courtyard and there was no visual block between the rooms and the courtyard. Furthermore the rooms were exposed to the rains also, because there was minimal weather protection.

Thus, the issues of privacy and climate shaped the additions, which can be seen on the structure now. These are the only addition to the house. An addition of a living area has solved both the issues and has provided an extra space, which can accommodate recreational activities for the family.

Original type-D unit.

Addition of the weather- shed.

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Addition of an extra room, toilet and terrace.

House from internal courtyard.

House from the external street.

Flat terrace to accommodate overhead water storage tank.

Case four: 4/26 Inhabitants: 2, 7 non-permanent Reasons: Generation change, Technological, Social Additions: Bed-room and toilet, Expansion of kitchen.

This is a family of eight people, living in two different units in the same community, 4/26 and 4/33. The family consists of the grandparents, their sons, daughter-in-laws and grandchildren.

The grandparents stay in this particular unit. So only two people live in this house but a family of eight dines together in this house. This type-D house, earlier, had two small bedrooms, kitchen, toilets and a private courtyard on the ground floor and another small room on the first floor. The house is situated on the edge of the community so it faces the external street on the backside.

The grandparents are old and it is not convenient for them to walk much. The grandchildren stay in this house during daytime. The cooking for all three families is done together by the grandmother and daughter-in-laws here. But the kitchen in the old design was way too small for this family, so the need of a big kitchen, a dinning/ living area for different purposes and a bedroom on the ground floor was felt.

A temporary stay for different members at different times of the day can be seen in this house as the grandchildren are in this house during the day. Using the space on the backside of the house, they extended the kitchen and the two rooms in the front to convert it into dining/ living area to make the kitchen and dinning space big. For the aging grandparents, the toilet has been shifted in the private courtyard in the front to add an additional room on the ground floor on the backside. Since the house opens up on the external street on the backside; for security reasons it is shut completely from the backside by making a blank wall with minimal fenestrations. Overhead water tank requires flat terraces, which was not there in the old design. So, the addition of the toilet features a flat terrace, to accommodate the water tank.

The family has used the front-court to accommodate the toilet still a small part of the private courtyard has been left open in order to get air circulation. This ventilates the living room and the bedroom on the backside and accommodates few extra activities, for example kids play area, evening sit-out, etc.

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Original type-C4 unit.

Addition of grills, gates, compound wall and weather-shed.

88

Addition of compound wall, living room and terrace weather-shed.

House opening up in the central courtyard.

Addition of gate, grills and weather-shed.

Covered terrace used as storage.

Case five: 4/29 Inhabitants: 5 Reasons: Generation Change, Life-style change, Security, Climate Additions: Living area, Flat terrace, Grills and gate Since a long time a family of five houses in this type-C4 unit. The family of three moved here years ago. Now the son who is married takes care of the mother. He also has two daughters of age one and three.

A private courtyard had been used as living area in the house. The existing layout of the house is same as old design, except the backside of the kitchen has been extended towards the toilet for extra utility area.

As the kids are young, the house is covered with grills on the periphery and a gate is added.

The family also gets their year long supply of onions from their native land.

To store these onions, flat terrace is provided over the living area, which is added in the private courtyard. It also accommodates an overhead tank. The storage area needs to be kept dry, as the region faces extreme heat and rain. To protect the storage, an additional frame structure with roof is noticed on the terrace.

89

Original type- C unit.

Personalisation by addition weather- shade and gate.

of

Addition of weather- shed and flat terraced utility area.

Addition of the enclosure on the backside of the house.

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Addition of a gate for security reason.

Black- wall facing the external street.

Personisation by tilling and planters in the courtyard.

Higher compound- wall, creepers around the courtyard.

Addition of storage area with flat terrace in the courtyard.

Full wall enclosure between the external street and interior.

Case six: 4/30 Inhabitants: 2 Reasons: Social, Privacy, Security Additions: Living/ Dining area, High wall, Gate A family of two rented this type-C house. The back of the house faces the edge of road.

When the owner used to live in this house, he made some small additions.

Covered area between the toilet and kitchen.

There is an addition of space between the kitchen and toilet acting as dining area and living area.

The back of the house has been extended till the edge of the road to attain privacy and security.

The utility area has a flat slab to accommodate an overhead tank.

Toilet and sink in the interior.

Personalisation has been done by tilling, planters in the courtyard and by adding high compound-wall and gate.

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Original type-D house.

Personalisation by grills and weather-sheds.

Addition of room on the upper level and a weather- shed.

Addition of living area and extra utility area by using the yard.

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Personalisation by grills for security reasons.

Addition of upper level room and flat covered terrace.

Flat area above to accommodate water tank and compressor.

Addition of grills and weathershed.

House from the courtyard.

Secondary entry to the living room.

93 Case seven: 4/33 Inhabitants: 7 Reasons: Life-style change, Privacy, Technology change Additions: Living area, Room expansion, Flat terrace The same family who owns 4/26 also owns 4/33.

Two sons and their family share the house and both of them are earning members of their respective families. Type-D houses had 2 small rooms, a kitchen and toilet on the ground floor and a small room on another.

This house is used only for sleeping purpose, other activities happen in the other house. As there are two families living in one house, the issues of space and privacy emerged.

To keep the privacy between two families, one more room is added on the top by converting sloping roof. The two rooms on the ground floor have been combined and made into one big room. A living room is added in the front-court featuring a flat covered terrace accommodating utility area, which acts as a service area having air conditioner’s compressors and overhead tank.

4/21

4/31

4/19

4/27

4/32

4/18

4/25

4/16

94

abadoned houses

reconstructed by new residents

streetside reconstruction

4/35

4/23

4/22

Replacements

4/15

Abadoned Houses

Reconfigured

by New Residents 4/36

Streetside Reconstruction

reconfigured by old residents

Reconfigured

by Old Residents

This category includes houses with total reconstruction on the same plot. This has been broken down into four sub-categories.

Abandoned houses, reconfigured houses with actual owners, reconfigured houses with new owners and reconfigured houses with a specific reason.

Abandoned houses are the houses, which are reconstructed and left as an investment. These houses are reconstructed in a way that the properties can’t be misused and don’t become a nuisance for the rest of the community.

Reconfigured by the new residents category includes houses, which are constructed by the recent-moved-in residents. In a lot of cases the reason to move to this community was to be in a decent residential neighbourhood.

Street-side reconstruction includes houses, which have totally or partially left the association to gain the advantage of the street. Economy and better real-estate values are the reasons to make this sort of reconstruction.

Reconfigured by the old residence have the houses which are owned by the old owners.

Social, cultural, economy, desire to modernize; better way of life in general are the reasons for the reconstruction in this category.

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4/27

Abadoned House: Two reconstructed-abandoned houses have been noticed in the community. These houses that the owners have inherited are kept for investment purpose. These two particular houses have been reconstructed in a way that encroachment doesn’t happen and illegal activities don’t take place on the property.

Both the houses use a similar concept of using full plot area for reconstruction, leaving no open spaces, making it secured with high compound walls, high grills and gates.

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4/21

4/32

Reconfigured by New Residents: This category includes houses owned by recent-moved-in residents. They have moved to this part to be in a better community. It has been noticed that these residents, when they move in, see the house as an old- deteriorated house and they directly go for reconstruction.

Also, these are families who think of a house as an investment and hence to get a better real-estate value they make it look big and shiny.

4/31

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4/25

4/18

Streetside Reconstruction: This case has three houses in total. Two of them were corner, type-C houses. In the original design type-C units shared a corner with the community and as a whole, the cluster was designed in a way that all the seven units opening up in one courtyard get the same amount of importance. Over a period of time houses around went through additions and reconstruction. Peer pressure made these two type-C houses lose their association with the rest of the community and rebuild.

Apartment typology from the exterior street.

Parking from on the ground floor.

Corner condition of the apartment with the internal court.

4/16

At the same time these two particular units were opening on the street-side. This gave them an advantage of getting a higher real-estate value, which could accommodate parking in front of the house. Because of these reasons they have been turned into an apartment typology and the owners are staying on the same property and they have rented out two floors for residential purpose.

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Apartment typology opening on the external street.

Community space in the front of the house.

Parking in the front of the house.

Case two:

4/19

In this particular case the house accommodates home based school of kids with a household. For better approach the school has been kept on the street side. In order to do that the house has been reconstructed in a way that it opens up on the both inside and the outside of the community.

The other part of the house opens up in the internal courtyard. This way the house is accessible from both the sides.

street

house

courtyard

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Reconstructed by Old Residents: This category includes houses, which are owned by the owners who were the residents of the community right from the beginning. These residents have lived in the old houses, have seen things changing around them and have tried adding things to get a better layout and in the end they have changed the entire configuration to deal with a lot different aspects which include social life, economy, way of life. Deterioration of the house because of the construction quality, desire to modernize, and mainly the sociocultural aspects are the reasons for the reconstruction.

Five cases have been noticed in this category, these families have been living here for a long time.

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Case one: In original design, the rooms were placed in a row. The owner has been staying here since last thirty years, with his wife and son.

After the son got married, the need of reconstruction emerged to provide his son with more privacy. Both the son and daughter in law were well educated and had different lifestyle.

But the parents and their son were attached to the community, and were used to the neighborhood.

So instead of shifting somewhere else, the son decided to stay in the same house and modify the house.

The new design has one more floor above, which accommodates bedrooms, which was the intension of the reconstruction.

4.

6.

5.

3.

4.

7.

3.

5.

2.

1.

2.

Original type-C4 unit plan

Reconstructed house plan

1. entry 2. bedroom 01 3. bedroom 02 4. kichen 5. yard 6. toilet and bath 7. coutyard

1. entry 2. living area 3. toilet and bath 4. storage area 5. kitchen

1.

Here, the plan of reconstructed house has been compared with the plan of original design. Division of the plot and the open area ratio has been kept the same, which can be seen from the comparision. It can be seen that the oriantation of the entrace is also kept the same, in the old 101 design the house used to open up in the main courtyard, in the new design the house does the same.

Similar Three Cases: Three more houses with similar reconfigured plan layout have been noticed in the community.

Case two: A family of three has been living here since the past 25 years. Parents and their son occupied the type-C house with two bedrooms, kitchen, personal courtyard and toilet for a long time.

Same as case one the son got married and there was need for one more room.

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The family has a lot of relatives visiting them from their native place. The family gathers for dinner and when the relatives come they would have small social gathering. The son and his wife have a kid. But both of them stay out the entire day and so they have a baby sitterhousehold helper staying in the same house most of the time.

The new design has a living area, kitchen, dining area, guest bedroom and toilet on the ground floor.

For the domestic helper, they provided a small guest room, where the baby stays the whole day.

Again the comparison here shows that the rules to divide the interior spaces come from the old type-C house design.

7.

6.

5.

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

2.

5.

1.

6.

3.

Original type-C4 unit plan

Reconstructed house plan

1. courtyard 2. entry 3. room 01 4. room 02 5. kitchen 6. yard 7. toilet and bath

1. entry 2. living area 3. guest room 4. toilet and bath 5. dining area 6. kitchen

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Conclusions It can be observed in the case study that housing is an ever-changing phenomena and it’s a noun rather than a verb. So it can be said that housing is a process, things are not static and forces of time keep on changing. Some of the forces of time are changing lifestyle, family structure and technology. So even if the houses are custom made, it needs a dimension of flexibility in order for it to fall rightly in future when a family under goes these forces.

Belapur housing has clearly revealed that the housing needs to inculcate flexibility and it has demonstrated it boldly. The aspects to achieve flexibility that the designer has given the utmost importance while designing has helped.

Hierarchy of the open spaces, freedom to paint and treating the edge, easy construction method and various layout designs are some of the features amongst many, which can be considered as designed flexibility in the context of this project.

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How to achieve a seamless randomness is, a lot of times, a question. When there is flexibility, there is freedom and at the same time there is a question of homogeneity. In the case of British Council Housing the houses were designed by individuals so not a single house was similar to the other, but still it stood firm in terms of homogeneity. When there is an effort in the designing stage the seamlessness takes care of itself.

Here, in the case of Belapur housing the freedom of painting has helped to achieve this homogeneity. Homogeneity, here, comes by the decision taken on a community level, which was a result of the efforts made by the architect. Using colours for painting was one of the trigger point to say that this is the minimum that an one can personalise his house with.

This trend is still implemented, even after 30 years. The residents have taken a decision on a community level to use shades of these colours. Furthermore, this way of painting has remained in other two categories; Additions and Replacements. When residents add a

new structure to their houses or when they add a compound wall or a plinth and even when they discard the old design and replace it with totally different one they use the same shades for painting.

Similarly, the treatment of the edge can be seen as a common trend among the cluster of 23 houses. It is another minimalistic way of approach of giving the identity to the house.

This comes after the ways in which developer has respected the design decision of the architect of giving freedom to the residents to add planters, patios, sit-outs or to add small compound wall to mark their territory.

Treatment of the edge can be categorised as the second kind of space, in the hierarchical system of the spaces, which was discussed in the “Fundamentals of Housing in India�, this spaces are categorised as the areas of intimate contact. Here, the argument of the architect proves itself right. Adding a planter or steps, small compound walls or just putting pots are the most common way of doing it, which can be seen all over the community.

More importantly,as this trend exist on the threshold of the house, it not only affects the house but also the community. It has been noticed that as soon as the edge of a house is treated, it starts changing the association of the house with the community and adds antithetical value. Again, houses with new additions and newly constructed houses also consider this when they add or when they make new structures.

This has been noticed that in the community of 23 houses, residents of 7 houses have decided not to reconstruct a new house and add whatever was needed. Reason for these additions include social aspects, changing lifestyle, changing generations, changing technologies, need of security, protection from climate and privacy needed within the family and from the community.

Residents have responded to these needs by the addition of layers on the houses by using the design feature that were provided. For

social or recreational needs occupants have added a living area by using the courtyard, for extra storage they have used the yard to make a utility area, high walls asre added on the backside of the house to get privacy.

To make the house work well for the user to use, small reshuffling of the usage of the spaces within the house has been noticed. For security reasons the houses have partially or fully been closed off by an additions of grills or small compound walls.

Changing technology and lifestyle has affected the way people have added spaces in the house. Back then residents used to get water supply from community water tap and now from municipal corporation. Original design did not feature flat terrace roof but now residents have started storing water, which needs a space for the water tank. So the new addition of a toilet or living area feature flat terraces. Also, these terraces are used for extra storage space and to keep the air-conditioning compressors.

Architect had designed these houses with open and closed space trade off so that all the open spaces can be used to accommodate all the different activities. Using the courtyard, the backyard and the open yard to accommodate living area, utility area and extra space respectively has been a pattern for addition though out the cluster. The simple structure of the house has helped the residents to grow house vertically and horizontally as well.

It can be seen that the residents have used the private open spaces when they had to add an extra room. This was possible because of the way the hierarchy of community spaces was designed. A house in a cluster opens up in a smallest community courtyard. This courtyard, because of the size, has acted as an intimate courtyard so when the residents decided to add an extra room, they used the open space that was provided on the property. It can be seen that one of the aspects of the “Workings of the System�, described by Correa, has helped.

Replacement category has four subcategories out of which two, abandoned and replacement by new owners are the categories where it

has been noticed that the sense of belonging hardly exist. When the new residents move to the community they barely associate with what is existing, more importantly to get better real-estate value out of an old and detoriated house they prefer investing in reconstruction than renovation.

Having a house on the street-side affects the form of house. Several post-occupancy analysis have revealed that the houses on the street have a greater tendency to go through transformation compared to the houses that are within the community. Economy and real-estate value are usually the reasons why these houses transform so rapidly. Getting transformed into an apartment typology or having a commercial unit attached with the household are the common trends which can be seen in this category. This has happened because of the ease of access and better parking facility.

It has been noticed that the reasons for reconstruction are similar to those of additions.

As opposed to reconstruction by new residents, reconstruction by old residents carry the value of old layout and thus the association still remains. In the community, for reconstruction, three houses that open-up into the main courtyard have used similar layouts. This way all three houses have responded to the courtyard.

Another important aspect that can be highlighted here is that the overall planning has been done as a spreaded community and not as apartment blocks, which has given an opportunity to the residents to replace the houses which may not have happened in case of apartment blocks.

In housing the transformation starts with small interventions like adding a pot and then a planter, by painting or by adding grills. As the time passes the degree of changes increase, which results into addition of rooms or new structure and changing time makes residents, ultimately, to replace it with a new structure. In Belapur housing, the design and the associative concepts have supported all these needs so that the houses can grow.

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Illustration Credits

Chapter 01: Housing and Flexibility 3. Zhang, Yue. “Building a Slum-Free Mumbai” January 2016. WilsonCenter.com www.wilsoncenter.org/article/building-slum-free-mumbai 5. Kowta, Jayaram. “no title” March 2007. Flickr.com www.flickr.com/photos/jayaram/511843180/in/photostream/ 8. Jordan, Alec. “Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village” February 2012. Wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuyvesant_Town–Peter_Cooper_Village 9. McCrea, Ted. “Pruitt-Igoe after completion” February 1955. Collections.mohistory.org collections.mohistory.org/resource/146801.html 10. Pingstone, Adrian. “RV Parks” July 2007. Wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_park 11. Friedman, Yona. “2 Walls+1 Roof” 1992. Yonafiedman.nl. www.yonafriedman.nl/?page_id=365&wppa-album=1&wppa-occur=1&wppa-photo=3 12. Nouvel, Jean. “Nemausus Housing” 1986. Ibosvitart.com www.ibosvitart.com/index.php/site/projet/logement/Nemausus#ad-image-7 13. Yasuhiro, Ishimoto. “Ishimoto Yasuhiro : Katsura Imperial Villa” July 2012. Wordpress.com aiseries.wordpress.com/2012/07/25/ishimoto-yasuhiro-katsura-imperial-villa-photography/ 14. Zwarts, Kim. “Supermodern 1920’s Rietveld Schröder House” 2008.

Inhabitat.com inhabitat.com/1920s-rietveld-schroder-house-in-utrecht-is-a-simple-elegant-and-completelytransformable-home/

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15. Holl, Steven. “Void Space/Hinged Space Housing” 1992. stevenholl.com www.stevenholl.com/projects/fukuoka-housing 16. Segal, Walter. “ Walter Segal Self-Built Houses: Segal Close and Walter’s Way” September 2013. studioglobalpraxis.wordpress.com studioglobalpraxis.wordpress.com/studio-actions/postcards/walter-segal-self-build-housessegalclose-and-walters-way/ 17. Shaw, Felix. “Walter’s Way to solve the housing crisis” January 2016. localdialogue.com localdialogue.com/walters-way-to-solve-the-housing-crisis/ 18. The Architectect’s Journal. “Lewisham Self-Build” 1977. ajbuildingslibrary.co.uk www.ajbuildingslibrary.co.uk/projects/display/id/2011# 19. Knight, David. “The Guide” June 2011. DK-CM. http://www.dk-cm.com/writing/the-guide/

23. Hertzberger, Herman. “Centraal Beheer Office Complex” Space and the Architect: Lessons in Architecture 2. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: 010 Publisher. 2000 pg. no. 90 24. Eyck, Aldo Van. Aerial view of the Orphanage. Aldo Van Eyck Works.

Bassum, The Netherlands: THOTH Publishers. 1999. pg. no. 91 25. Osaka Gas Co. “NEXT21, Osaka, Japan” 1994. Open-Buildings.org open-building.org/ob/next21.html 26. Osaka Gas Co. “OPEN BUILDING IN THE CENTURY. COMPLEX Next21, OSAKA” 1994 laciudadviva.org www.laciudadviva.org/blogs/?p=9133 27. Piva, Marco. “Next21” 1994. Studiomarcopiva.com www.studiomarcopiva.com/next-21/#!prettyPhoto 28. Ibid 29. CIB W104. “Open Building Implementations Booklet” 2004. Open-Building.org open-building.org/ob/bibl.html 30. Shu-Koh-Sha Architectural and urban Design Studio, “NEXT21, Osaka, Japan” 1994.

Open-Buildings.org open-building.org/ob/next21.html 31-35 Balestra, Filipe and Sara Göransson. “Incremental Housing Strategy in India” 2008.

Archdaily.com www.archdaily.com/21465/incremental-housing-strategy-in-india-filipe-balestra-sara-goransson 36, 37: Aranya Community Housing Pictures. Courtesy of Architect B.V. Doshi (Submitted to the Aga Khan Award for Architecture), 1995.

38: Aranya Community Housing Drawings. Courtesy of Architect B.V. Doshi (Submitted to the Aga Khan Award for Architecture), 1995. pg. no. 13 39: Doshi, Balkrishna. “Aranya Township” In Mimar 28: Architecture in Development, edited by Hasan-Uddin Khan. Singapore: Concept Media Ltd., 1988. pg. no. 27 40-43 Palma, Cristobal. “Quinta Monroy” 2004. Elementalchile.cl www.elementalchile.cl/en/projects/quinta-monroy/ 44. Aravena, Alejandro. “Quinta Monroy by Elemental” February 2016. Arcspace.com www.arcspace.com/features/elemental/quinta-monroy/ 45. Fernando Neyra. “ARTWORK by Fernando Neyra - Part 3” May 2016. Arquimus.com.ar www.arquimus.com.ar/ilustraciones-por-fernando-neyra-3ra-parte/ 46. Sinopoli, Luke. Energy in Architecture: An Infrastructural Approach. Cincinnati, Ohio, USA: University of Cincinnati, 2004. pg.no. 13.

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Chapter 02: The New Landscape 2. Bhatt, Sritej. As a part of documentation for “Conversation With Crafts”, International IMIAD Workshop and DICRC. September 2015.

6. Panchal, Soham. As a part of documentation for “Conversation With Crafts”, International IMIAD Workshop and DICRC. September 2015.

7,8, 12-18: Correa, Charles. “Belapur Housing” In Housing and Urbanisation. Mumbai: Urban Design Research Institute (UDRI), 2013.

9-11, 19: Courtesy of Charles Correa Foundation, Goa.

Citations Chapter 01: Housing and Flexibility 1. Hertzberger, Herman. HUISWERK VOOR MEER HERBERGZAME VORM. FORUM XX1V-3, 1973.

2. Hertzberger, Herman. Flexibility and Polyvalency. Vol. 8.

3. Pawley, Martin. Architecture Versus Housing. London, UK: Studio Vista Pub. 1971 4. Malik, Shubha. Flexibility in Mass Housing. Ahmedabad, India: CEPT University. 1994. pg.no. 3 5. Ibid pg.no. 5.

6. Schneider, Tatjana and Till, Jeremy. “Flexible Housing: Opportunities and Limits”, Architectural Research Quarterly, Volume 9(2), Cambridge, United Kingdom. pg.no. 157 jeremytill.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/post/attachment/37/flexible_arq_1.pdf

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7. Schneider, Tatjana and Till, Jeremy. “Flexible Housing, a architectural studio in University of Sheffield, 2006. Afewthoughts.co.uk www.afewthoughts.co.uk/flexiblehousing/about.php 8. Malik, Shubha. Flexibility in Mass Housing. Ahmedabad: CEPT University. 1994. pg.no.15.

9. Habraken, N. J. “Supports: An Alternative to Mass Housing.” Vol. 2. Edited by Jonathan Teicher.

United Kingdom. 1999, pg.no. 32.

10-14. Kashikar, Vishwanath. “Temporal Dimension of Flexibility in Space Use: The Case of Multistorey Housing in India” Singapore: National university of Singapore, 2006. pg.no. 20 11, 12. Ibid pg.no. 21 13. Ibid pg.no. 23 14. Ibid pg.no. 28

15. Architectural Foundation. “Walter’s Way, Lewisham” a documentary. August 2015. YouTube.com www.youtube.com/watch?v=0JbqJNAUOR8 16. Kashikar, Vishwanath. “Temporal Dimension of Flexibility in Space Use: The Case of Multistorey Housing in India” Singapore: National university of Singapore, 2006. pg.no. 25.

17. Merin, Gili. “AD Classics: Habitat 67/ Safdie Architects” July 2013. Archdaily.com. www.archdaily.com/404803/ad-classics-habitat-67-moshe-safdie 18. Kashikar, Vishwanath. “Temporal Dimension of Flexibility in Space Use: The Case of Multistorey Housing in India” Singapore: National university of Singapore, 2006. pg.no. 28.

19. Habraken, N. J. “Supports: An Alternative to Mass Housing.” Vol. 2. Edited by Jonathan Teicher.

United Kingdom. 1999. pg.no. pg.no. 32.

20-22. Neves, Sofia and Amado, Miguel. Incremental Housing as a Method to the Sustainable Habitat.

Ahmedabad: 30th INTERNATIONAL PLEA CONFERENCE. 2014. pg.no. 2.

Chapter 02: The New Landscape 23-26. Correa, Charles. The New Landscape. Mumbai: The Book Society of India, 1985.

27-31. Correa, Charles. housing & urbanisation. Mumbai: Urban Design Research Institute, 2000. pg.no.47.

33. CIDCO. “Own your House Scheme’85 In the Artistes’ Village, Belapur, New Bombay.” Mumbai: CIDCO.

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Hertzberger, Herman. Herman Hertzberger- Huiswerk Voor Meer Herbergzame Vorm. Forum XX1V-3, 1973.

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...thank you.

HOUSING : FLEXIBILITY GUNJAN NIRANJAN MODI