JOINMUN DELEGATE HANDBOOK & MUN COMPANION

HANDBOOK

CONFERENCE H A N B OO K

01

FOREWORD

P R E S I D E N T O F

J O I N M U N

2 0 1 7

Greetings, delegates!

It is my utmost pleasure to welcome you to the annual conference of Jogja International MUN. For six successful years, we are honored to be able to offer this conference for yet another year. As the first international MUN in Indonesia and the nation’s most prestigious, this conference has been a stepping stone for youths both domestically and internationally in pursuing their dreams.

We will continue to provide you a platform to be able to discuss and question the current international events, through innovation more challenges. With so many cooperation and foreign relations being severed by conflict, this year’s JOINMUN will be about reevaluating international cooperation as a whole. We will debate and deliberate on whether or not we are stronger together or better apart. Thus, we have established the theme of “The Endangerment of International Cooperation; All for One or to Each Their Own”.

Days of committee sessions will be accompanied by series of activities that will help build friendships and gain new unforgettable experiences; serving you the best of both worlds. So fear not, you have come to the right place. JOINMUN is all about discussing and being critically challenged, but also freshen you up through the social events and field trip around the beautiful Jogjakarta—all to bring you nothing but the best MUN experience.

We wish you all the best and can’t wait to see you all in Jogja!

Sincerely.

Felicia Joanna Siahaan

02

FOREWORD

S E C R E T A R Y G E N E R A L O F

J O I N M U N

2 0 1 7

Dear Distinguished Delegates, As the Secretary General of JOINMUN 2017 and a loyal admirer of this conference for the past three years, I humbly welcome you to one of the most prestigious and coveted Model UN conferences in Indonesia. For many students across the country, this was their first stepping stone into the Model UN world and as for seniors like myself, it was our final curtain call. Whether you are just starting out or you are closing in on the finish line, I believe that JOINMUN 2017 will provide you with experience and memories that you will take with you no matter how far you go.

This year we are bringing the theme of ‘Endangerment to International Cooperation: All for One or to Each their Own?’ as a reflection of the growing issues plaguing our world today.

With conflicts splitting regions apart, evolving issues threatening national securities, and airborne missiles, the question at hand is whether international cooperation will prevail. The answer to that is in your hands, delegates, and I hope that you will all make the best decisions for both your countries and the world.

The Secretariat is providing six councils this year, with the United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Crisis Committee, and our premier council, Executive Corporation Meeting. All councils have a large responsibility in their hands to negotiate, debate, and pursue solutions for a better international community. The quality of a council is not determined by how much power it has but rather what it can do with that power, so stride with confidence, precision, and of course, caution.

Lastly, on behalf of the Board of Directors and the Organizing Committee, we cannot thank you enough for allowing us to be a part of your MUN legacy and we hope this will be a chapter that you can always look back on. We are dedicated to giving you the best time at JOINMUN 2017 filled with heated debates, challenging crises, new acquaintances, and endless fun. I wish you the best of luck and I can’t wait to see you all in Yogyakarta.

Yours Truly, Aura Fadzila

03 ABOUT

ABOUT

COMMUN

UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA MUN COMMUNITY

UGM MUN Community was established on 17 September 2008 as the very first in Indonesia and the only Model United Nations community in UGM.

As the trend for MUN growing astronomically every year, so does the community. Until 2017, it has been joined by more than 100 students from various majors and background.

Each year, COMMUN sends more than 7 delegations to participate in numerous international Model United Nations, some of them including the eldest and most prestigious Harvard National Model United Nations, Harvard World Model United Nations, Beijing International Model United Nations, Korea Model United Nations, Berlin International Model United Nations, and Singapore International Model United Nations.

04 ABOUT

ABOUT

JOINMUN JOINMUN was established in 2012 by Universitas Gadjah Mada Model United Nations Community as the first of its kind in Indonesia. To date, JOINMUN is recognized as the most prestigious international MUN in Indonesia, hosting hundreds of delegates from all over the world. In 2015, JOINMUN was officially proclaimed as a part of celebrations for 70 years anniversary of the United Nations.

Starting from its opening ceremony, JOINMUN offers a delicately arranged balance between the authentic Yogyakarta’s culture and modernization following global development. Every year, JOINMUN never fails to provide its delegates with international exposure by inviting international delegates as well as council directors.

After expanding organizing the very first legal council in Indonesia—International Court of Justice—this year, JOINMUN creates another history by establishing not just one, but two councils never held in Indonesia: Executive Corporate Meeting and United States National Security Council. Moreover, the themes of this year reflect the development of global affairs as of late, ranging from economic, social, to humanitarian concerns.

05

ABOUT THE CITY

Y YO OG G YA YA K KA AR R TA TA

Yogyakarta, colloquially known as “Jogjakarta” or “Jogja”, is the capital of the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Java, Indonesia. It is well-known as the city for college students, hosting numerous tertiary institutions, the largest of which are Universitas Gadjah Mada and Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta.

It is not an overstatement to say that Jogja is the essence of the Javanese culture. As the source of a fine collection of classical Javanese art including the famous batik, gamelan, dance and wayang, Jogja is a well-known tourist destination. A large part of this well-preserved culture would be the Keraton and the Royal Family of the Sultanate; with the Sultan still serving as the head of the regional government. Even as the city keeps up with the pace of the nation-wide economic development, there is no question that the Sultanate would still lead this precious city just as it has always been.

Jogja is a city like no other; a delicate and well-put combination of the classic and the modern. This city will be the witness of your journey in JOINMUN 2017 and beyond.

06

ABOUT THE CITY

G E T T I N G A R O U N D Your hotel, Grand Aston Yogyakarta, is situated downtown along the road namely Jalan Urip Sumoharjo, which also has access to the main public transportation hub. While Jogja is no stranger to tourists, it would be wise to stay alert, especially in crowded places.

PUBLIC BUSES (TRANSJOGJA)

Buses are relatively easy to be found in the nearby bus stop, although can be very crowded sometimes, this transportation system covers vast and most of vital areas of the city.

TRISHAW CART (BECAK) & HORSE CART (DELMAN)

If buses are too mainstream and you thinking of something unique to enjoy the ‘Student City’, you might want to consider to try trishaw carts or horse carts which tend to be inexpensive, and you can also negotiate the price with the drivers.

O N L I N E T R A N S P O R TAT I O N

While the current transportation trend is the online transportation system, which you can easily download from your smartphone. There are several options for you whom wish to sightseeing using this type of transportation, as you might familiar with are Uber, Grab, and the local one namely Gojek. These apps offer much cheaper transportation price for both motorbike and car, and also come with integrated map where you just simply type the place you want to go and it will show you the distance and charge. But you must use Indonesian mobile SIM card before accessing the app.

CAB

If you have to use a cab, there is a minimum standard price that you have to pay no matter how short your travel distance is which will be Rp.25.000 but it’s very convenient and easy to be found.

07

3

ABOUT THE CITY

1

F O O D A N D

G O I N G

2

O U T

4

Wondering about the taste of Yogyakarta’s delicacy? Or looking for some spots to hangout?

Worry no more, we collected some ideas for you: 1. MALIOBORO STREET

Don’t forget to stop by the one and only Malioboro Street, most famous spot in the city. With thousands of stalls offering variety of goods, from souvenirs, foods, clothes, and many more in just one place. Just walk 7 minutes more from the street, you will find yourself at the very center of the city as the Tugu monument lies within the crowded roads.

2. GALERIA MALL

The main venue located at the main shopping street with only 5 minute-walk to the nearby mall called Galeria Mall.

3. GUDEG

The signature dish of the city ‘Gudeg’, a main course made from boiled young jackfruit with steamed rice and served with poached eggs and chicken.

4. BAKPIA

For snack lovers, ‘Bakpia’ will pamper your taste with the sweet and sticky texture of green beans and various flavors in every bite of it.

08

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

B O A R D O F

D I R E C T O R S

S E C R E TA R Y I

PRESIDENT

SEC-GEN

Felicia J. Siahaan

Aura Fadzila

S E C R E TA R Y I I

TREASURER

UNDER SEC-GEN

UNDER SEC-GEN

Karina Larasati

Arumdriya Murwani

Maria Putu Mia

Hanin F. Salsabila

Kalingga Restu

DIRECTOR OF PROGRAM

DIRECTOR OF FINANCE

DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS

DIRECTOR OF LOGISTICS

DIRECTOR OF VISUAL DESIGN

M. Rayyan Fahmi

Gabriel Pierre

Gidion Ivan Arly

Melinda Gularso

DIRECTOR OF DOC U M E N TAT I O N

DIRECTOR OF D E L E G AT E R E L AT I O N S

CO-DIRECTOR OF D E L E G AT E R E L AT I O N S

Fany Kartika

Tiarra Dya

Wahyu Ramadhan

Regina Wangsa

DIRECTOR OF DIRECTOR OF ACCO M M O DAT I O N & FOOD & T R A N S P O R TAT I O N BEVERAGES

Nindya Kirana

Farhan T. Arrahman

09

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

C O M M I T E E S O F

J O I N M U N

2 0 1 7

PROGRAM

DOC U M E N TAT I O N

VISUAL DESIGN

Regina Wangsa (Director) Marieta Audy Tito Audithio Shafira Ray Hasnabila Waluyo Handy Wicaksoni Alvian Reyza Furqon Hasan Caleb Hukom

Fany Kartika (Director) R.A. Ignasia Sukma Putri M. R. Dimas Dwiyoga A. Jeremi Sahala Sitanggang Fadilah Rahma Dzikri Rahmanda Sakhina Putri Anjani Nanda Handaru

Melinda Gularso (Director) Maitsaa Nur Sya’ban Nisrina Husnul Khotimah

D E L E G AT E R E L AT I O N S Tiarra Dya (Director) Wahyu Ramadhan ( Co-Director) Rizki Amalia Laksmiputri Yasira Salma Sony Hermanto Sahnaz Melasandy Jesita Ajani Kevin Iskandar Putra Audira Wirifdah Armanitya Anadya Yaumil Fathira Rahmat Putra Perdana M. Namora Adhara Salsabila S.

FOOD AND BEVERAGES Farhan Taufik A. (Director) Yuniar Puspa Ningrum Meichek Mastra Albert Adiel

T R A N S P O R TAT I O N AND ACCO M M O DAT I O N Nindya Kirana (Director) Sarah Sahasrani Pricilya Jeihan Vianni Bimo Reisnanda Putra Nisrina Ratriningtyas Arif Cakranegara

FINANCE PUBLIC AFFAIRS Gabriel Pierre (Director) Anisah Bella Istiqomah Veronika Xaveria Ikhsan Satria Bimasakti Adella Maulidanti Mutiara Dewi Saraswati

M. Rayyan Fahmi (Director) Zahra Maheswari Devryani Yodhita Maureen Romindo Lucke Haryo S. P. M. Cesare Negoro M. Fakhri Abdurrahman Ligia Abigail Simbolon

Muhammad Gamma Haezy M. Trisakti A. P. S. Rian Nur Hidayat

Fitri Mardikas Teddy Krishna Puntokaloka Lentera Bintang Renjana

LOGISTICS Gidion Ivan Arly (Director) Jevin Edric Faradias Divya Karyza

10

I N F O R M AT I O N

R U N D O W N DAY ONE

THURSDAY, OCTOBER 26, 2017

12.00 16.00 18.00 19.30

-

15.00 18.00 19.30 20.00

Check in & registration Opening Ceremony Dinner Conference 0

DRESS CODES:

DAY T WO

COMMITTEE SESSIONS Business Attire SOCIAL NIGHT Smart Casual

* Aston: MR = Meeting Rooms

-

10.00 10.30 12.00 13.00 15.30 16.00 17.30 23.00

Committee Session Coffee Break Committee Session Lunch Break Committee Session Coffee Break Committee Session Closing Ceremony

V

Aston: Aston: VI Aston: Aston VII Aston: Aston: VIII Aston: Aston:

FRIDAY, OCTOBER 27, 2017

08.30 10.00 10.30 11.30 14.00 15.30 16.00 20.00

-

10.00 10.30 11.30 14.00 15.30 16.00 17.30 23.00

Committee Session I Coffee Break Committee Session II Lunch Break & Prayer Committee Session III Coffee Break Committee Session IV Social Night

Aston: MR* Aston: MR Aston: MR Aston Aston: MR Aston: MR Aston: MR Canting

DAY

S AT U R DAY , OC TO B E R 2 8 , 2 0 1 7

08.30 10.00 10.30 12.00 13.00 15.30 16.00 20.00

DRESS CODES: OPENING CEREMONY Business Attire

Aston Aston: Hall Aston: Hall Aston Hall

THREE

MR MR MR

COMMITTEE SESSIONS Business Attire CLOSING CEREMONY Evening Dress (Female) Black Tie Attire (Male)

MR MR MR Hall DAY

DRESS CODES: FIELD TRIP Casual and comfy, bright colours!

Please bring umbrella, poncho, or other rain kit.

*TBA = To Be Announced

DRESS CODES:

FOUR

SUNDAY, OCTOBER 29, 2017

08.00 - 09.00 Check Out 09.00 - 15.00 City Tour 15.00 - 19.00 Farewell Gathering

Aston Borobudur TBA*

11

I N F O R M AT I O N

DELEGATE RELATIONS DIRECTOR OF D E L E G AT E R E L AT I O N S

Kindly note the following individuals are our team of Delegate Relations for each council, and shall you need any assistances please do not hesitate to contact us.

CO-DIRECTOR OF D E L E G AT E R E L AT I O N S T I A R A D YA A R M A L U C I TA +6281578011602 Tiarradya@gmail.com

WA H Y U R A M A D H A N ( V I C K Y ) +6285700158258 wahyuramadhan35@yahoo.co.id

YA S I R A S A L M A +6287869926141 yasirasalma220 @gmail.com

PAT R I C K P R A B O W O +6281314930467 patrickprbowo @gmail.com

A L I A YA S M I N A . +6281284123891 alia.yasmin.arief @gmail.com

AUDIRA W. A. +6281293654341 draudira @gmail.com

SONY HERMANTO +6285786530375 sonyhermanto191 @gmail.com

N A D YA A Z K I A Z . +6281288952951 nadyaardjijanto @gmail.com

R. AMALIA LAKSMIPUTRI +6282218087132 amalialaksmiputri @gmail.com

A N A D YA YAU M I L F AT H I R A +6281291291998 nadya.soempono @gmail.com

NAMORA ADHARA +6281299068315 namoraassiregar @gmail.com

R. PUTRA PERDANA +6281285962524 putragperdanaa @gmail.com

SAHNAZ MELASANDY +628125100009 sahnaz.97 @gmail.com

KEVIN ISKANDAR PUTRA +6285729491111 kevin.iskandar98 @gmail.com

J E S I TA A J A N I +6289531729475 Jesitaajani01 @gmail.com

VENUE MAP

12

I N F O R M AT I O N

Grand Aston Yogyakarta | First Floor

EXECUTIVE C O R P O R AT I O N MEETING

UNDP UNODC UNICEF

BALLROOM / HALL CRISIS COMMITTEE

SPONSOR BOOTH COFFEE BREAK & LUNCH AREA

R E G I S T R AT I O N LUNCH AREA

E L E VATO R / L I F T

COMMITTEE ROOM

RESTROOMS

NO USE

GROUND FLOOR

UNSC

IMPORTANT CONTACTS

AMBULANCE +62274 118

POLICE Polda DI Yogyakarta (0274) 884444 Polres Sleman (0274) 868424

TA X I Asa (0274) 545545 Armada (0274) 512787 Jas (0274) 373737 Pataga (0274) 371725 Vetri (0274) 563551

H O S P I TA L Jogja International Hospital ‘JIH’ (0274) 4463535 Rumah Sakit Panti Rapih (0274) 563333 RSUP Dr. Sardjito (0274) 587333

13

I N F O R M AT I O N

GET

READY

FOR

TH E

JOINMUN BALL A T

T H E

CLOSING CEREMONY Saturday, October 28, 2017 | 20.00

Dress Codes:

EVENING DRESS

SUIT & TIE

FACEBOOK GROUP

All information of the JOINMUN 2017 will be shared through Facebook group, kindly join through this link:

https://www.facebook.com/groups/J OI N MUN 2017/ or scan this code:

MODEL UNITED NATIONS

CO M PANION

01 GREETINGS

Dear Delegates, It is our pleasure to welcome you to Jogja International Model United Nations 2017! We sincerely hope that you will enjoy your experience with us over the course of four days full packed with committee sessions, field trip, social night, and our gala dinner. As this is our sixth consecutive year holding the first international MUN, we intend to provide you with nothing but the best.

Jogja International Model United Nations (JOINMUN) was first held in 2012 by the Universitas Gadjah Mada MUN Community. Since then, it has been named one of the most prestigious MUN conferences in Indonesia. The conference is attended by both national and international delegates, with total 15 nationalities joining in.

The grand theme of JOINMUN 2017 is ‘The Endangerment of International Cooperation : All for One or to Each their Own?’. This theme is chosen to highlight the growing trend of divisiveness in international politics marked by issues such as BREXIT, the boycott of Qatar by the Arab League, the United States leaving the Paris Agreement, to name the least. Delegates will be pushed to their limits as they venture out in finding solutions and negotiate with fellow delegates, and decide for themselves whether to choose international cooperation or safeguard their national interest.

This MUN Companion hopes to inspire the spirit of passion and enthusiasm within delegates to pursue for progress and growth, not just in their council and substance, but in themselves. This book provides various information and tips about Model United Nations in order to act as a starting point for you to develop yourself. Know that everyone has their own pace, style, and flair when it comes to MUN, so do not forget to be yourself and have fun. We wish you good luck, and bon voyage in your Model UN journey.

Regards, The Secretariat of JOINMUN 2017

02 I N F O R M AT I O N

HISTORY OF THE UN The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achieving world peace. The UN was founded in 1945 after World War II to replace the League of Nations, to stop wars between countries and to provide a platform for dialogue. Article 1 of the UN Charter defines the UN’s objectives as centered on maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and the self determination of peoples, achieving international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all, and functioning as a center for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends. The dual goals of preserving peace and improving the quality of life for humanity have carried the UN into nearly every corner of the complex network of interstate relations.

The UN’s conference machinery has become permanent: it has provided a mechanism for the management of international conflict on global issues.

To cope with its ambitious and wide-ranging purposes, the UN system has structured several principal organs: The Security Council, the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the Secretariat, the International Court of Justice. It also organizes other important organs, specialized agencies, and other autonomous organizations within the system. Within these organs, UN members discuss, debate, and formulate policies to resolve certain issues.

The pursuit of human rights was a central reason for creating the UN. World War II atrocities and genocide led to a ready consensus that the new

organization must work to prevent any similar tragedies in the future. An early objective was creating a legal framework for considering and acting on complaints about human rights violations.

The UN Charter obliges all member nations to promote "universal respect for, and observance of, human rights" and to take "joint and separate action" to that end. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, though not legally binding, was adopted by the General Assembly in 1948 as a common standard of achievement for all. The Assembly regularly takes up human rights issues.

The UN and its agencies are essential in upholding and implementing the principles enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. A case in point is support by the UN for countries in transition to democracy. Technical assistance in providing free and fair elections, improving judicial structures, drafting constitutions, training human rights officials, and transforming armed movements into political parties have contributed significantly to democratization worldwide.

The UN, after approval by the Security Council, can send peacekeepers to regions where armed conflict has ceased or paused to enforce the terms of peace agreements and to discourage combatants from resuming hostilities. Since the UN does not maintain its own military, peacekeeping forces are voluntarily provided by member states of the UN. The founders of the UN had envisaged that the organization would act to prevent conflicts between nations and make future wars impossible, however the outbreak of the Cold War made peacekeeping agreements extremely difficult due to the division of the world into hostile camps. Following the end of the Cold War, there were renewed calls for the UN to become the agency for achieving world peace, as there are several dozen ongoing conflicts that continue to rage around the globe.

03 I N F O R M AT I O N

W H AT I S

MODEL UNITED NATIONS Model United Nations (MUN) is an academic simulation of the United Nations that aims to educate participants about civics, effective communication, globalization and multilateral diplomacy. In Model United Nations, students take on roles as foreign diplomats and participate in a simulated session of an intergovernmental organization (IGO). Participants research a country, take on roles as diplomats, investigate international issues, debate, deliberate, consult, and then develop solutions to world problems.

Simulations are conducted in many languages, including the six official languages of the UN. Because MUN was created in and the majority still takes place in the USA, most simulations are in English. Some conferences, however, are conducted in two or three languages. For example, in Mexico, Colombia and the Southwestern United States, many conferences are run in both Spanish and English. In Canada, both French and English are used. Some conferences, like in the Dominican Republic offer up to three languages. In Brazil, in spite of Portuguese being the country's official language, some of the most important MUN conferences in the country are held in English Model and civic simulation education are older than the United Nations itself. Records indicate that as early as the 1920s students in the United States of America were participating in collegiate simulations of the League of Nations, the predecessor to the United Nations. The modern day National Model United Nations in New York City and Harvard Model United Nations both began as simulations of the League of Nations in the 1920s. Harvard Model United Nations is the oldest running High School Model UN conference in the US, founded in 1951. As the League of Nations was dismantled and the United Nations was born in 1945, simulations of the League of Nations were transformed into Model United Nations. Some conferences still perform historical simulations, however, including League of Nations crisis situations. These simulations now have grown to over 3000 and 2000 annual participants.

Participating in MUN is an unforgettable learning experience that not only immerses young people in the study and discussion of global issues, but also encourages the development of skills, which they will find useful throughout their lives. Model UN enhances students’ capacity to engage in problem solving, it teaches aspects of conflict resolution, research skills, and communication skills, and it creates the opportunity to meet new people and make new friends and also to come away with a better understanding of the problems facing the world today and how these problems can be solved.

04 M U N C O M PA N I O N

RULES OF PROCEDURE Since Model of United Nations is a formal type of conference, then it certainly needs a proper system and procedure in its application. The Rule of Procedure is the compilation of rules that is meant to be the guidance of the conference. There might be a lot of delegates who get involved in this conference. And definitely, there might be a lot of different arguments and points of view as well. And this rule of procedure is made to handle this situation.

Rule of Procedure is an organized procedure of the conference that must be followed by every delegate in order to have a productive process of conference. Some aspects of parliamentary procedure are often misunderstood. They include:

1. PRECEDENCE Precedence is the hierarchy established between different motions. Thus, after a Moderator recognizes a motion from the floor, he will ask if there are any other motions on the floor. If, for example, another delegate makes a different motion, the Moderator will act on the motion of higher precedence first.

2. QUORUM A quorum is the minimum number of delegates who must be present for the committee to conduct business. Unless challenged and shown to be absent, a director may permit debate when he or she feels that one quarter of the members are present. To conduct substantive votes (on resolutions or amendments), a majority of the members must be present.

3. POINTS There are three types of points at MUN (It could be different depends on the organizations which hold the conference). First, a delegate may rise to a point of personal privilege. Although they are in order at any time (a delegate may rise to this point even during a speech), delegates should use caution when employing this point; it should be used only when a delegate experiences extreme discomfort that may prevent him or her from engaging in worthwhile debate. Second, a delegate may rise to a point of order. Used to call attention to an instance of improper parliamentary procedure, this point is in order only when the floor is open unless it interrupts a speech that is, itself, out of order. Third, a delegate may rise to a point of parliamentary inquiry. This point is used when a delegate is unclear about a specific aspect of parliamentary procedure and is usually phrased as a question. It is not, however, used to obtain substantive information about a topic and may be raised only when the floor is open.

05 M U N C O M PA N I O N In general, the flow of a Model UN conference goes like illustrated below:

Roll Call Agenda Setting (If there are more than 1 topics) Opening Statement General Speaker’s List Motions: A. Moderated Caucus B. Unmoderated Caucus Working Paper Draft Resolution Amendment Adjournment of the Debate

RESEARCHING

CONFERENCE TOPIC Researching conference topic is about finding additional facts, opinions on the issues that the conference discusses. Research is the base of all argument that we are going to explain or write in the conference. Thus, a good and deep research would result on a good opening statement, working papers, and perhaps a good resolution.

First of all, in researching conference topic you should develop an understanding of the issues that will be debated at your Model UN conference. To understand that topic, reading background materials would be very helpful. If the conference background materials pose questions, you should answer them with your country information. Look further the key words that the Study Guide implies to increase your depth of knowledge of the topic and aim of the conference.

POSITION PAPER

Position paper is an essay detailing your country’s policies on the topics being discussed in your committee. Position papers are a great way to sift through and distill all the information you discover through research in a simple format that serves as a valuable reference for yourself, other delegates, and directors.

CONTINUE

POSITION PAPER

06 M U N C O M PA N I O N

The position paper is not an exercise in elaborate writing styles or a demonstration of breadth of knowledge on a topic; rather, it is an opportunity to clarify the issues, state a position, and suggest solutions from a certain national perspective for the benefit of fellow delegates and the conference staff. Furthermore, it serves as an organizer allowing consistent and coherent representation during the simulation, the position paper indicates a participant's degree of readiness to the chairpersons.

Many conferences require that each delegation submit a position paper. Most conferences that require position papers ask for position papers about around a month or even a week (depending on the conference) before the conference so that staff members can read position papers and get a feel for the direction debate will take. If the conference you are attending does not require a position paper, you should still consider writing one to help you organize your research and prepare your speeches.

Writing a position paper will help you organize your ideas so that you can share your country’s position with the rest of the committee. Many delegates use their position paper as their opening remark. Writing a position paper might appear to be a daunting task, especially for new delegates. If you conduct extensive research, a position paper should be easy and useful to write Position papers are usually one or two pages in length. Your position paper should include a brief introduction followed by a comprehensive breakdown of your country’s position on the topics that are being discussed by the committee. Many conferences will ask for specific details in a position paper, so, be sure to include all the required information. Most conferences will provide delegates a background guide to the issue. Usually, the background guide will contain questions to consider.

A good position paper will not only provide facts but also make proposals for resolutions. It will include: 1. A brief introduction to your country and its history concerning the topic and committee 2. How the issue affects your country 3. Your country’s policies with respect to the issue and your country’s justification for these policies 4. Statistics to back up your country’s position on the issue Actions taken by your government with regard to the issue 5. Conventions and resolutions that your country has signed or ratified UN actions that your country supported or opposed 6. What your country believes should be done to address the issue 7. What your country would like to accomplish in the committee’s resolution and how the positions of other countries affect your country’s position You can also add up what the international leaders have said about the issue to show the urgency of solving the problem, but however, this is more of icing on the cake.

REMEMBER to answer the QARMAs and don’t use the first-person point of view.

07 M U N C O M PA N I O N

OPENING STATEMENT

Opening statement is (formally) the first step in opening the conferences. Opening statement is a simple form of position paper. Each delegation of the countries would be offered to make their speech (opening statement). More related the issues to the country they represented are more chances for them to convince the others on the opening statement. That is why most country wouldn’t just pass this occasion and sit. Instead, they would come over, make a speech, and show how their represented countries care to the situation that is going on.

Briefly, the opening statement is defined as the initial statement made by delegation of each country, outlining the points of view each intends to represent the country. Ideally, it should start by talking about brief history on the issue as it relates to the represented country. Then the main idea of this speech would just straight speak about how the issue is currently affecting the represented country.

GSL & MOD. CAUCUS MAXIMIZING THE USAGE OF GSL One of the questions that MUN beginners frequently ask is: “What kind of benefit do we use GSL for?” Understanding the importance of GSL is very essential to get the most out of conference and increasing the chances of your country’s voice being paid attention to by other delegates. To put it simply, if you can utilize the GSL well, you can push forward the agenda that your country seeks for in the conference. It can also get you noticed by the chairs of your effort to contribute to the debate.

Below are some tips to maximize your GSL: 1. Listen to what other delegates have said on certain issues, and make responses of their assertions in your GSL. 2. Make a subtle reiteration of the motions that you have proposed but failed in the procedural voting, to convince delegates to support those motions should you propose it again.

3. Encourage delegates to pay attention to the urgency to certain issues or the importance of your solutions compared to other existing solutions.

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M O D E R AT E D CAU C U S It is quite clear that the purpose of making motions for moderated caucus is to discuss about topic areas that become the main concern of delegates. However, there are things that needed to be considered when making motions, because no matter how good our motions could be, other delegates would never accept them if they do not understand it.

How can we read situation and come up with interesting motions that will be voted in favor by all other delegates?

1. Listen to the needs of your bloc AND the other bloc. When you can come up with general motion on a specific topic that accommodates both blocs the need to debate about a certain issue, it is a definite win.

2. Already imply an idea that you would like to discuss/debate in unmoderated caucus, give the big picture of your idea and when they ask you to detail it, just say you are going to talk about it in the moderated caucus to hear what the other bloc says and that you would like to get their help of supporting the motion.

3. Don’t be afraid to revoke motions that have failed with different words. It has a purpose, which is to show the importance of that issue you want to bring.

UNMODERATED

CAUCUS

Unmoderated Caucus or usually called UMC is a debate format in which delegates can leave their seats to go and talk to others freely and informally. This is usually when delegates find allies and work on draft resolutions. In order to move into an unmoderated caucus, the motion must include the overall caucus time and preferably the purpose of the unmoderated caucus.

Example:

Senegal moves for an unmoderated caucus for 10 minutes to complete draft resolutions.

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WORKING PAPER On a simple way, working paper is defined as an unofficial document which describes ideas on current issue or “what is happening� in the debate floor. Working papers mainly serve as a point of reference for discussion in committee by putting abstract ideas into a concrete, written form.

Because there are time limitations on sessions in a conference, working paper is being used to effectively express opinions, stances, and principles of your delegations to others. It describes ideas to answer unanswered questions, in doubted arguments, unfinished discussion, and caucus results.

As a crucial way to communicate, working paper acts like a blog, they inform others about what your delegation think is important to address to solve a certain issue. The point addressed in our working paper serves as a basis of a caucus. It also acts as a proposal to support on making a resolution. Keep in mind that a good working paper is a step forward to a good resolution. A good working paper may determine the course of debate.

Working papers are drafted by a relatively small group of delegates, who will most likely be the paper’s sponsors. They are then discussed with a larger number of delegations and revised as needed according to their input. These second-stage delegates may become signatories to the paper. In order to be formally introduced to the floor, working papers must be in the required format and garner a certain number of sponsors and signatories (specified in rules of procedure). The chairperson will then examine the working paper and may require changes before it can be distributed to the committee at large. After approval by the chairperson, the working paper is upgraded to a draft resolution. When writing a working paper, it is best to make it concise and straight to the point. The chair would not even bother a working paper with needlessly long sentence. The idea presented on a working paper is mainly based on facts.

Provide your working paper with facts based on previous researches, existing laws, or previous resolutions.

RESOLUTION WRITING Before we know how to write a resolution, we must know what is a resolution? Resolution is a substantive output of committees at the MUN Conference, another definition of resolution is political pressure on member states, expressing an opinion on an important issue, or recommending action to be taken by the United Nations.

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10 M U N C O M PA N I O N

About the power of the resolution is a non-binding law; a non-binding law means that there is no obligation to member states of United Nations to follow the resolution. The only UN body may produce resolutions that are binding upon the member states is the Security Council.

Writing a resolution/ drafting a resolution is a very critical issue because each word in a resolution will greatly influence the appeal of the resolution. Therefore, in drafting a resolution the writing should be clear, concise and specific. In writing a resolution, there are three steps.

The first is the Working Paper. A working paper is generally put together by a state or states that have a common interest in the debate in question. At least three of those states then become Sponsors of the paper. By sponsoring a paper, a country is indicating its firm support for its provisions. Once the paper is written, a certain number of Signatories for the resolution must be sought out (the number of signatories required varies depending on the size of the committee. Usually a number in the 1/4 range is average.) Being a signatory to a working paper does not necessarily mean that you support it as is. Rather, it indicates that you feel the issues in the paper are worth considering.

Once a working paper has the appropriate number of signatories, it enters the second stage and can be presented to the body as a draft resolution. The third step requires that the draft resolution be voted on within the committee. If the draft receives at least 2/3 of the committee’s votes, it will be passed and referred to as a resolution.

Before the draft resolution passed onto a resolution there is still a possibility to change or clarify it, the step to change or clarify the draft resolution called the amendment of draft resolution.

Amendments can add, delete or change only operative clauses of a draft resolution. An amendment can be friendly or unfriendly. A friendly amendment is proposed when all the sponsors of the resolution agree on the change that is to be made, thereby making a vote unnecessary for the inclusion of it into the draft resolution. A vote is needed in the case of an unfriendly amendment, where not all of the sponsors agree on the change. Both can be proposed by any member of the committee, even those who are neither sponsors nor signatories of the resolution.

The only difference lies in who supports the change. A friendly amendment will simply be included into the draft resolution. An unfriendly amendment must be submitted to the chairperson with the appropriate number of signatures (specified in rules of procedure). There will be a vote whether or not to include it into the draft resolution.

Resolutions consist of three main parts:

HEADING PREAMBULATORY CLAUSES OPERATIVE CLAUSES

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11 M U N C O M PA N I O N

HEADING The required heading includes the topic of the resolution, the committee in which it is introduced, the number of the agenda item concerned, and both a list of the sponsors and signatories of the resolution. A document number will be assigned to the resolution as part of the heading by the secretariat and it will then be referred to by this number for the remainder of the simulation.

P R E A M B U L ATO R Y C L AU S E S Within the preamble of a resolution, one will not find clauses proposing action or making substantive statements. The preambulatory clauses explain the purpose of the resolution and state the main reasons for the suggestions to follow. This is where previous UN resolutions are referred to and relevant precedents of international law are cited. Preambulatory clauses should specifically refer to factual situations or incidents regarding the topic at hand. The preamble may also include altruistic appeals to the common sense or humanitarian instincts of member states with reference to the Charter, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Humanitarian Law, etc. The preamble remains critical since it reflects the general context of the problem treated in the resolution. Once the draft resolution is introduced to the committee, the preamble cannot be changed anymore. Remember that preambular clauses begin with participles (in italic), and are always followed by a comma.

Some common preambular clause beginnings are:

Deeply regretting

Having examined

Alarmed by

Observing

Desiring

Realizing

Approving

Having received

Emphasizing

Recalling

Deeply convinced

Having studied

Guided by

Recognizing

Deeply conscious

Keeping in mind

Having adopted

Noting with regret

Deeply disturbed

Seeking

Having considered

Noting with satisfaction

Noting further

Taking into account

Having devoted attention

Noting with deep concern

Noting with approval

Welcoming

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M U N C O M PA N I O N

O P E R AT I V E C L AU S E The main part of a resolution is a logical progression of sequentially numbered operative clauses. These clauses may recommend, urge, condemn, encourage, request certain actions, or state an opinion regarding an existing situation. Each operative clause calls for a specific action by member states, by the Secretariat, or by any UN bodies or related agencies. The action may be as vague as denouncing a certain situation or calling for negotiations, or as specific as, for example, a call for a ceasefire or a monetary commitment for a particular project. Keep in mind that only Security Council resolutions are legally binding upon the international community.

The competence of a committee, as specified in its constitutional treaty, determines what may be included in the operative clause. Resolutions are seldom complete solutions to a problem; they are usually only one step in the process of developing a solution.

Operative clauses are numbered, begin with an active, present tense verb (in italic) and are followed by a semicolon, with a period placed after the final clause.

Some common operative clause beginnings are:

Accepts

Proclaims

Affirms

Further invites

Expresses its hope

Deplores

Approves

Reaffirms

Further proclaims

Designate

Authorizes

Recommends

Further recommends

Draws attention

Calls

Regrets

Further reminds

Emphasizes

Calls upon

Reminds

Further requests

Encourage

Condemns

Requests

Further resolves

Endorses

Confirms

Resolves

Has resolved

Solemnly affirms

Considers

Takes note of

Notes

Supports

Declares accordingly

Urges

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M U N C O M PA N I O N

POINTS SHOULD BE CONCERNED IN DRAFTING A RESOLUTION: A resolution is a UN body’s 'answer' to a current problem that falls into its competence.

Once a resolution is passed, it accounts as an official policy of the body that passed it.

While most resolutions are a statement of policy, some may include an entire treaty, declaration or convention.

When writing a resolution, it is important to be aware of the committee’s competence and authority to call for certain actions.

Resolutions can be either general statements or directives to specific organizations, UN bodies, or states.

Resolutions can, for example, condemn actions of states, call for collective actions, or as is the case of the Security Council, require economic or military

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