Maria Silos portfolio IDeA studio_1920

María Silos Molina 20196294 ABEE4046

IDeA STUDIO PORTFOLIO

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IDeA studio 1920 FINAL PORTFOLIO

Table of Contents A. BACKGROUND COMPILATION………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... 3 A.1. Brainstorming Process………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4 A.2. Analysis………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6 B. DESIGN DEVELOPMENT COMPILATION……………………………………………………………………………………………………...... 8 B.1. Design Proposal………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9 B.2. Interim Design Proposal……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 11 B.3. Saint-Gobain Competition Entry………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 37 C. INDIVIDUAL COMPONENT……………………………………………………………………………………………………………............... 49 D. REFLECTIVE ANALYSIS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 94 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 101

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A

BACKGROUND COMPILATION

A.1. BRAINSTORMING POSTER. The process of idea Studio started with Stage 1 where teams made up of architects and engineers exposed brainstorming ideas of the design proposal for the Saint-Gobain competition, a Sustainable Development Park combining residential, education and recreational functions.

A.2. ANALYSIS POSTER. In this stage, architects were asked to make a first design proposal and expose it. Engineers then voted for the project they wanted to work with.

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Brainstorming Process Team F did a SWOT diagram, followed by a table with different categories where was pretended to focus the design ideas.

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Brainstorming Process A mindmap was also elaborated with the main focuses the team wanted to highlight, by one part the environmental issues and by the other part the social issues. The team reached to a conclusion that to create a sustainable neighborhood 3 main aspects depend from one another: environment, economy and society.

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Analysis The poster presented Passive Design Technologies, where it was divided in 3 main passive strategies: daylighting, cooling and heating. Each one of them contained a description of what they are: - Initial design considerations - Rules-of-thumb - Technologies + design solutions The poster also included an analysis of case studies where passive technologies were implemented, to take them as an example.

Feedback: -

The pictures are very clear as a guide.

Rules-of-thumb section is very illustrative.

Case studies were good, it would be better to show how people interact in those spaces.

The relationships triangle summarizes how passive design technologies work, it would be better to give more importance to it and make it bigger.

Nice to highlight well-being benefits, as people need to take this into account when designing.

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Analysis

The most important part of the poster highlighted was the relationships triangle. This explains how passive lighting, passive heating and passive cooling strategies interrelate with each other, each one of them depend on the other to create a bioclimatic environment to have comfort and energy savings.

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B

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT COMPILATION

B. The design development consists in all the process of the project made, since the first proposal until the presentation for the UK Final in the Saint-Gobain competition.

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B.1. DESIGN PROPOSAL B.1. The design proposal was done individually by the architects. A poster had to be created with the first conceptual ideas of the project and the engineers where the judges.

At the end of the design proposals presentation the engineers chose the project they wanted to work with in the development process in next stage.

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Design Proposal • In the initial design proposal four design axis were presented: - Sense of belonging and community for the people who will live there.

- Multicultural interaction as Saint Denis has great diversity.

- Interaction with nature to create a sensitivity in the people to take care of vegetation and take advantage of it.

- Interconnectivity between the different type of spaces that will be created, residential, social, and educational.

• A passive design was proposed to take advantage of daylight by having manual shades, creating terraces and volumes with different heights.

• The proposal for the existent buildings, Coignet House and warehouses, was to create an arts centre were people of the community could participate and make them their own.

Feedback: -

Interesting community approach.

Very clever strategies for passive lighting involving people to create their own environment.

Diagrams were not very clear.

Difficult to understand what diagrams meant.

A first design approach of the site was missing.

It looked interesting but development was missing.

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B.2. INTERIM DESIGN PROPOSAL B.2. In this stage, one architect together with two engineers worked in the development of the project to create and interdisciplinary design proposal for the Saint-Gobain competition in Saint-Denis, Paris. This stage consisted in the whole process since the beginning of the development of the design, until almost the last design details and 3D views. Feedback given afterwards is highlighted following the SWOT analysis made by the tutors. (S: Strengths; W: weaknesses; O: Opportunities; T: Threats.)

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Master Plan Development Conceptual design

Version 2

Feedback: -

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School next to trainline: easier for safeguarding and good to put non-residential adjacent to trainline due to noise pollution.

Natural flow of green space into residential area.

Assess orientation of residential buildings to prevent shading

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Master Plan Development Version 3

Version 4

Feedback: -

Improve connections/links between zones.

Create more realistic building sizes.

Develop the community link – developed allotment idea

Feedback: -

Improve the volumetry of the school.

Develop further the community space between the buildings.

It’s time to make the 3D model.

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Final Master Plan Overview Underground Carpark Great Plaza The carpark entrances are located on the outside of the site to decrease the amount of cars, the majority of the site is pedestrian other than the connection to the school.

COMMUNITY SUSTAINABILITY

Pedestrian corridor and cycle path

Residential Area

Workshops Areas to teach the community different abilities that themselves can teach and share with other.

Residential Area

Noise Barrier Rieder Straight Wall with absorber bodies on the train side. It can help with acoustics of trains over 300 km/h. It is made of concrete, but this is necessary to adequately reduce noise for occupancy comfort. For visual comfort on the site side will be covered in a vertical green wall.

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Maison Coignet Future site museum and community coffee shop.

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Allotment Community food growing area.

Lake Lake with small man-made hill for public seating.

Feedback:

School

Great Plaza It can be used for expositions, different activities and community market.

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Residential Area Interconnected at ground level with crossing paths and a natural flow of green space through the green roofs

S: Sustainability aspects have been embedded on the concept design.

S: The project is thoroughly researched and shows a cyclical research design process.

S: This proposal has a strong concept from its genesis, based on what seems to be the community role, and sustainable aspects.

W: Line weighting/ representation.

W: The design proposal aims at interesting forms and sequences of spaces, allegedly related but not well sorted.

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Final Master Plan Connections CONNECTIONS 1 Historical Buildings 2 Warehouses and School 3 Residential Buildings 4 2 Schools 5 North Entrances and Local Transport 6 Warehouses to Pedestrian Entrance Key internal site connections Key external site connections Our intention was to create an interconnected neighbourhood where the community could have access to all the different spaces.

Paths that link the central buildings were designed as connection elements. A direct link was created between the historical buildings as they are important elements for the community of Saint Denis.

These connections are designed for the community to interact between and with the different spaces. People frequenting the school have access to places for lunch, walks and to learn new skills. The warehouses have multiple different access routes which gives the whole community a chance to learn new skills.

Feedback: S: The configuration of the two streets, structure the social spaces for its used in its sides which would be probably and interesting link with the existing side.

- S: Well defined urban narrative as defined entrance spaces.

- O: Not that clear is the relationship between from the building and the rest of the space.

- O: There is no clear expression on the key internal and external connections.

Improvements: - For the UK Final presentation, the master plan graphics were improved significantly and the surroundings were modeled to integrate the site.

- The new design had a unifying language.

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To the train station and bus stops

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Master Plan 3D As global population density increases the amount of green spaces in cities is decreasing. Green and blue spaces are important for people's mental wellbeing therefore, on this site there is a lake and an abundance of green space.

To aid community integration the green community space flows into the residential area. This connects the two site functions and allows the residents to feel as though the site is one large garden.

To further aid the integration of green space on site, the height of the residential blocks decreases from North to South. The roofs of the residential blocks are half communal roof top garden and half green roof combined with standalone PV panels.

Feedback: W: The space in between buildings is weak in purpose and aims, the scale.

Limited to movement.

- W: The section presents that sense of emptiness, as it can be seen in the series of images.

- O: Space between buildings, is where the real cohesion of community will unfold. Therefore, careful curation of pathways and activities must be carried out.

Improvements: - New section views were created, much more attractive and with environmental elements.

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Site Snapshots 1. Community view

2. Pedestrian Entrance

Feedback:

3. North Entrance (to school)

4. School to NW

5. Warehouses and Residential Connections

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W: The views are least stimulating, consider the use of colour and textures.

W: The expression of the renders and spaces in between the buildings is weak, use precedents to inform your intentions.

Focus in the ambience and spatial nature of them.

O: Strategic 3d views may be rendered to show the true spirit of community instead of detailing all of the site on human scale.

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Master Plan Solar Assessment Summer solstice 9:00 a.m.

12:00 p.m.

3:00 p.m.

6:00 p.m.

In the morning, the two north west apartment blocks are quite shaded in the morning on the west facade. For the north east blocks, the east facade is shaded in the evening. Their orientation although not ideal is necessary to have the reducing height of the central residential blocks.

Equinox 9:00 a.m.

12:00 p.m.

3:00 p.m.

6:00 p.m.

As the school is located at the south east corner of the site, it remains unshaded until the evening.

However, as a school will not be occupied in the evening, this is not an issue. Also, the minimal shading is beneficial for optimum PV electricity generation.

The allotment is mostly unshaded for the duration of the year which will improve the growth of produce.

Winter solstice 9:00 a.m.

12:00 p.m.

3:00 p.m.

6:00 p.m.

As the warehouses have the lowest building height and are located near the centre of the site, it would be expected that they would be substantially shaded. However, the warehouses are only partially shaded around the sunrise and sunset hours.

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Residential Design – South Façade The wooden façade gives a natural warmth to the buildings.

Feedback: S: More interactive balconies to be used in renders.

- S: The folding screens can also be integrated with solar passive heating and cooling strategies.

- O: To apply concepts and develop the façade.

Improvements: - More appealing façade views were designed.

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Foldable shading device

By having movable shading device, people can control when they want to allow daylight in. This device will help protect of extra undesired sunlight as the terraces from the floor above work as a horizontal shading strategy.

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Residential Design – North Façade Sliding multi-rail glazing

Improvements: - More appealing façade views were designed.

Climbing plant

North Corridor Glazing closed – Plan view Glazing Rail Connection

VOID

Flower Bed Railing

Glazing

Dura Cladding

North Corridor Glazing open – Plan view

By having movable glazing the North corridors can be both internal and external at the resident's discretion. This ensures thermal comfort and protection from weather during the winter months. Whilst also enabling residents to have cross ventilation through their flats in the summer months.

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Residential Design – Roof Sacrificing some of the PV panel efficiency in using them as a pergola. However this design will make the rooftop more usable throughout the whole year by providing protection from the sun and rain for human comfort. To make up for this loss of power generated part of the roof will be used for PV panels with a green roof.

Benefits of green roofs combined with tilted PV panels: • Evapo-transpiration from vegetation increases panels efficiency by decreasing the ambient temperature which will mean that the PV panels produce more reliable power during the summer months.

• Reduces dirt on PV – by reducing air born pollutants and dust drifts.

• The solar arrays create several different micro-climates therefore, increasing the biodiversity potential of the roof.

• Light and rain can penetrate the solar panels which ensures good vegetation cover.

Improvements: - Roof gardens were modelled accordingly to what the team intended to design.

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Residential Design – Flat Types Feedback: -

1 BEDROOM FLAT 47.67 m2

S: Well documented process and iteration for the housing.

S: As far as architecture proposal the housing scheme is consistent and well sorted, is particularly interesting its genesis for the flat types defining users and scales, in this case including the ground floor used.

3 BEDROOM FLAT

2 BEDROOM FLAT

80.05 m2

65.36 m2

The ratio of apartment sizes was determined by: - St Denis population is made up of young people (average age is 33.9) [UrbiStat Srl, 2020] - The high proportion of young families [UrbiStat Srl, 2020] - The average family size in Paris is 1.9 children per family [Statista Research Department, 2013] 80 = 31.87%

105 = 41.88%

66 = 26.30%

60% of the flats are greater than 60 m2.

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Residential Design – Ground Floor

For residents to keep flats clutter free which will help with comfort.

Key Connections Fresh Air Stale Air

PLANT ROOM

LOCAL COMMERCE

LOCAL COMMERCE

MAIN ENTRANCE

WAITING AREA

The ventilation AHU will be positioned on the roof to provide primary cooling and supplementary heating. The plant room's sole purpose will be for the primary heating system which is provided by a ground source heat pump (GSHP). A building management system (BMS) will be housed in the plant room which will link to the individual temperature controls in each apartment.

RESIDENTIAL AMMENITIES

RESIDENTIAL AMMENITIES

STORAGE ROOM

Fire Fighting Lift

E.g. Workspaces, a bar room which can be rented out to decrease ‘parties’ in flats. This should help with noise reduction and resident cohesion.

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Residential Design – Sample Floor 1 Bedroom Floorplan

Cross-ventilation strategy to provide natural ventilation at the occupant's discretion.

Adequate air quality will be provided via MVHR and can be supplemented by natural ventilation.

2 Bedroom Floorplan

To ensure adequate internal air quality the utility room is partially external with louvre window on the south side. This is to create constant ventilation in the room when clothes are drying, they produce pollutants which are bad for occupant's health. To combat the heat loss the utility will be accessed via an external door.

Cooking is another large source of internal pollutants such as PM2.5, therefore source control in the form of an efficient cooker hood will be installed (Fisher and Paykel HC60BCXB2 [Fisher and Paykel, 2020]).

Feedback: T: Residential plan layout replication.

Improvements: - Residential plan layouts were only used when needed.

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Distance from stairs to flat front door is <9m as is the distance from all internal flat doors to the flats front door to meet fire safety regulations [HM Government, 2019].

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• • •

Benefits of MVHR: Continuous supply of fresh air which provides good IAQ. Excellent controllability.

Humidity control.

Prevents air pollution build up.

Up to 30% energy savings compared to natural ventilation [Paul Heat Recovery, 2020].

Saint Gobain’s MultiComfort Acoustic Comfort Indoor Air Quality Thermal Comfort Daylighting Visual Comfort

Feedback: - S: The residential design-materials and systems diagram is one of the best done in this term. And above all consistency to explain its role in the architectural.

Novelio Classic Clean Air Gyproc Soundcoat Plus Depth: 6mm Plaster board Depth: 12.5mm

Depth: 65 mm Depth: 300 mm Depth: 203.2 mm

• Vertical GSHP • MVHR Connected in a district heating system

MVHR Natural Ventilation

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Natural Daylighting supplemented with LEDS

• • • • •

Dura Cladding Webertherm XP Rigid Insulation Board Depth: 12.5 mm SGG Cool-Lite SKN SG: 0.21 Light Transmittance: 70%

0.0951 W/m2K

• •

• • •

1.0 W/m2K

Benefits of GSHP: When run efficiently at about 45°C heat pumps can produce around 4x energy than they use.

Clean way to heat buildings, free of all carbon emissions on site [GSHPA, 2020].

Short payback period.

0.7299 W/m2K

Residential Design – Materials And Systems

0.2002 W/m2K

Silent Wall FINISHES: • Novelio Clean Air • OPTIONAL: Thistle Magnetic Plaster • COMMUNAL: Altro Fortis

Grey Water Recycling Rainwater Harvesting Ceiling Void (-30 cm) Proplas PVC Wall and Ceiling Panelling (Utility and Bathroom) Master Rigid

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Silent Floor

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Multi-functional Floor Underlay Swiss Krono Grad Selection Flooring

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Residential Design Alterations With regard to daylighting, the original buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Lshape form was changed to a simpler rectangle block to ensure that every apartment in the block will receive similar levels of daylighting.

Increased Window Size

Daylighting was insufficient in the apartments. Having a greater window area was successful in improving daylighting. Sections of the room furthest from the windows had too low a daylight factor.

Daylight Factor [%]

Swap 1 Layer of Insulation to Hempcrete

Hempcrete is an alternative insulation material that is less carbon intensive throughout its manufacturing process. However, provides a higher wall U-value. [UK Hempcrete, 2020].

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Residential Daylighting And Energy Assessment

1)

Calculations haven’t included the energy savings of MVHR

2)

Software limitations haven’t allowed for accurate window properties

3)

Inaccurate equipment heat gains

20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Average Heating

14.96kWh/m2

Reasons for not achieving the target energy demand:

Heating Season: 15th Nov to 6th Mar Cooling Season: 12th Jun to 9th Sep [Weather Spark, 2016]

18.18kWh/m2

73% of the working plane area receives over 300lux for at least 60% of the annual daylight hours.

Although the cooling demand achieves the target, the heating demand still needs to be reduced. The glazing was the source of the highest heating and cooling load which would indicate that the glazing area should be reduced.

However, this would have a detrimental effect on the daylighting of the building.

Load [kWh/m2]

Daylight autonomy (DA) quantifies the amount of percentage of time target illuminance is achieved. A DA value of 60% achieved [Saint Gobain, 2020].

Average Cooling

SGG COOL LITE Properties: U-Value = 1.000W/m2K SG = 0.21 τ = 0.70

This area only has a DA value of 20% due to the presence of internal walls.

However, these areas are the hallway and bathroom in the apartments.

Simulated Properties: U-Value = 1.4554W/m2K SG = 0.26 τ = 0.55 27

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Residential Solar Assessment

The focused building remains mostly unshaded from surrounding buildings throughout the year except for winter. The shading from the surrounding buildings is more prominent in winter due to the lowlying sun, which is why having the decreasing heights of the apartments blocks is beneficial. The balconies provide a lot of selfshading in the summer due to the high altitude of the sun in summer.

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Residential Ventilation System 1 MVHR Air Handling Unit 2 Smoke Alarm 3 Supply Diffuser 4 Extract Grille 5 Incoming District Heating 6 LTHW Plate Heat Exchanger 7 Incoming cold water (from onsite cold store supplemented with mains water) 8 Domestic Cold Water Break Tank 9 Stand Alone PV Panels 10 Green Roof 11 Hot Water Exposed Pipework Insulation 12 Building Management System (BMS)

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5 Ventilation System Design Considerations: 7 • Main aim is to provide adequate IAQ therefore a powerful cooker hood (Fisher and Paykel HC60BCXB2 [Fisher and Paykel, 2020]) will be used as source control is the most efficient way to remove pollutants and cooking is a large source of internal pollution.

• Supply diffusers are placed in areas that are not consistently occupied to prevent draught problems.

• Extract grilles are placed in wet rooms with high pollutant and stale concentrations.

• Airflow of less than 0.25 m/s to prevent draughts [Jones, 2017].

MVHR System Layout • Ventilation will provide 30m3 per hour per person [Saint Gobain, 2020].

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District Heating System Schematic Solar Panels

Geothermal Energy Solar Panels

Improvements: - Graphics were unified with the rest of the presentation.

Solar Thermal Collectors

Solar Thermal Collectors MVHR Greywater Recycling

MVHR

Rainwater Recycling

Purifier

Energy Centre with Short Term Energy Storage Tanks Purified warm wastewater Borehole Seasonal Thermal Storage (Long Term) 30

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School Design Design Considerations: • • • •

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• • •

Divide classroom areas by age, separate small children with their own playground.

Create a central playground so children can interact with each other.

Use roofs to place PV panels and help with the energy savings for the community.

Use natural and sustainable materials for construction and for aesthetics purpose, to give a natural appearance and with colour sparks to make it a vivid place.

Have a controlled access to the school for the community to use the space for extracurricular activities in non-school hour.

Classrooms south-east oriented will take advantage of solar radiation to gain heat and have more light inside the classrooms.

Propose skylights in the north roof to gain daylight but avoid overheating.

There are outdoor workspaces for children to have interactive learning.

Happiness and comfort

Feedback: S: The school needs to pull out stronger design as architecture and not just as a sustainable design.

Improvements: - Highlighted the most important design and sustainable aspects of the school .

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Calming

Colours for Children

Increased alertness appetite [Pancare, 2018]

Lots of bright colours are used throughout the design as they help children distinguish different objects and can affect their mood.

Therefore, it is important to understand the impact of each colour in order to design effective learning and play areas.

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School and Heritage Materials SILENT FLOOR The top finish of the floors will be polished concrete to reflect the history of the Coignet House.

To create a cohesive design throughout the entire site, similar materials and finishes were chosen for the residential blocks, school and heritage. The materials used will be in harmony with the rest of the site, connecting all the buildings.

SCHOOL – EXTERNAL WALL

DURA CLADDING

ALTRO FORTIS

HERITAGE BUILDINGS – EXTERNAL WALL

Dura Cladding

Concrete

Altro Fortis

Rigid Insulation

Webertherm XP

SGG COOL LITE GLAZING

Due to the limited resources available about the Coignet House and the warehouses, the quality and condition of the current state of the buildings is unknown. Add Webertherm XP and insulation to the external façade of the wall.

Webertherm XP Brick

Gyproc Soundcoat Plus Plasterboard MCU

Isover CWS32 Insulation

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Coignet House Overview The external façade will be restored the external façade of the Coignet House to its former glory.

The walls and floors will be polished concrete to represent the history of the Coignet house. It will add a ‘modern’ feel to the building which externally is remaining very traditional.

The map details an interactive tour of the site which highlights the sustainable elements and features. The tour will start in the Coignet house with the history of residential construction including the use of concrete.

1 Coignet House (History of construction inc. use of concrete) 2 District Heating Energy Centre 3 Solar Thermal 4 PassivHaus Construction 5 PV 6 Sustainable School

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OFFICES

LEARNING SPACE FOR SCHOOL TRIPS Teach children about sustainable construction SECOND FLOOR

MUSEUM History of reinforced concrete History of Saint Denis

FIRST FLOOR

COMMUNITY CAFE GROUND FLOOR

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Warehouses Overview •

The warehouses are to be used by the community throughout the year to share and learn new skills.

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To develop and be able to create new things to sell or share with the community.

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Wooden cladding/ shading integrates the warehouses with the residential development.

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House the district heating energy centre.

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Dura cladding will be utilised as external shading devices.

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For interior finishes, utilise glass and recycled wood.

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Internal space divided up using glass rooms to create a flow throughout.

Improvements: - A more graphic mood board was elaborated with precedent images to illustrate better the team’s ideas.

- A unified graphic designed was added to the mood board.

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Community Triangle 1

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Physical connection to Coignet House and main site

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Produce from the allotment can be sold at the market space

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Any products and/or goods made in the workshops can be sold in the market space

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Skills learnt in the workshops can be applied in the community cafĂŠ

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To pay tribute to Francois Coignet, a physical link in the form of a bridge will be created between the main site and the Coignet House using concrete. However, as this will look daunting, the addition of green paths and planters on the walls will create a welcoming appearance and link back to the residential blocks.

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Site Lifecycle Feedback:

Sustainability must be considered in the whole life cycle of the site and its materials therefore; this project has considered embodied carbon from the offset.

Ways we have considered embodied carbon: - Lots of timber on site particularly in the residential buildings which will be sourced from the neighbouring timber yard.

- Minimal use of concrete on site the only use is where necessary (acoustic wall and CMU).

To combat the use of CMU in the school and residential external wall construction Hempcrete was considered however, when implemented the construction didn't meet PassivHaus standards (Heating and cooling load of 15 W/m2).

Life cycle of the site: - Inspired by the Manchester Life Apprenticeships Scheme [Manchester Life, 2016] all contractors on this development will provide apprenticeships and placements (eg. Architect, Engineer, Project Manager, Building Contractor, Quantity Surveyor and Local Planning Authority). This will further help integrate the community into the site and reduce unemployment rates in Saint Denis.

- Most products have a long life-cycle and can be recycled post use.

- Most products were partially chosen based on their longevity which is certified by their manufacturers.

S: Very good and competent proposal regarding to the environmental analysis.

- S: A consistent process and final proposal.

- S: Very good process and dedication to detail in this excellent team work.

The pragmatism of the team to adopt strategies and to explore variations and resolve versions.

- T: The architectural posters and architectural language is not as appealing as the strength of concept.

- T: Poor resolution of videos and the imagery in general.

Improvements: - Views were highly enhanced, showing life and ambience through a human perspective.

- The overall design of the presentation was improved with a more attractive and graphic design.

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B.3. SAINT-GOBAIN COMPETITION ENTRY B.3. After the interim review, the project received feedback to improve the project for the UK final of the competition. Improvements and completion of the presentation were made following tutorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; feedback. The objective was to be selected to the final round of the competition taking place in Paris.

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Pedestrian connections

Location The site is situated in Saint Denis, Paris, France. The population of St Denis currently tends to be young professionals who leave the area after a few years which impacts the local economy. This development aims to become a place where people want to make home for many years.

For this to happen it is important to integrate the surrounding community into the site. A way that this project hopes to achieve this is through the expanse of green space which connects the sections of the site in a fluid way. Green space is good for the local populationsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; well-being especially as densification has decreased the amount of green spaces in Paris.

Key: Internal Connections External Connections

Vehicle connections

Ways embodied carbon has been considered: As concrete has a high level of embodied carbon it is only used where necessary (acoustic wall and CMU). Therefore, timber has been used as the primary construction material to ensure minimal use of concrete on site which will be sourced from the neighbouring timber yard.

To decrease embodied carbon, suppliers will be chosen based on their proximity to the site, with local and national suppliers being prioritised, where possible. Sourcing materials in this way is not only beneficial in terms of embodied carbon but in supporting the local economy and community.

Life cycle of the site: - Sourcing materials locally helps to support the local economy and community.

- Most products have a long-life cycle and can be recycled post use.

- Inspired by the Manchester Life Apprenticeships Scheme all contractors on this development will provide apprenticeships and placements. This will further help integrate the community into the site and reduce unemployment rates.

Community Triangle

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MASTER PLAN Maison Coignet Future site museum and community coffee shop.

Workshops Areas to teach the community different abilities that themselves can teach and share with other.

Great Plaza Pedestrian paths and benches to connect to surrounding areas.

Lake Lake with small manmade hill for public seating.

Ground Floor Filled with local commerce and residential amenities.

Glass faรงade to allow for a through view.

Allotment Community food growing area.

Noise Barrier Rieder Straight Wall with absorber bodies reduce noise pollutions of trains over 300 km/h. It is made of concrete, but this is necessary to adequately reduce noise. There will be a green wall for the site side.

Market Place It can be used for expositions, different activities and community market.

Aims Key:

Roof The roof is a combination of the sustainable and community aims. There a tilted PV panels and a PV pergola.

School There are roof integrated PVs and sustainable construction materials used. A colourful school provides a positive learning environment.

Residential Area Interconnected at ground level with crossing paths and a natural flow of green space through the green roofs.

Green Wall The short side of the building will be green walls.

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SITE OVERVIEW

1 4

3

3

2

2 1

4 South Elevation

West Elevation

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SITE SYSTEMS

12pm Solar Panels

Geothermal Energy

Summer Solstice

Solar Thermal Collectors

Solar Panels Solar Thermal Collectors

6pm

MVHR Greywater Recycling

MVHR

Rainwater Recycling

12pm

Lake (Cold Store)

Purifier

Winter Solstice

Energy Centre with Short Term Energy Storage Tanks Purified warm wastewater Borehole Seasonal Thermal Storage (Long Term)

4pm

The systems used are based on a solar assessment of the site.

A selection of the solar assessment results can be seen to the right.

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RESIDENTIAL - EXTERNAL

Central Buildings’ South Façade Central Buildings’ North Facade

We combined our two main aims, sustainability and community, in our roof top design. Combining tilted and horizontal PV systems ensures adequate electricity generation as horizontal PV panels have a lower efficiency. However, utilising the panels in this way will make the rooftop more usable throughout the whole year by providing protection from the sun and rain for human comfort.

Having movable glazing on the North corridors creates a dual mode corridor which can be both internal and external at the resident's discretion. This ensures thermal comfort throughout the year in the different seasons.

On the south façade of the residential buildings, the horizontal shades will block undesired sunlight and prevent overheating, if the occupants desire, as the shades are movable. The wooden façade, made up of cladding and the shades, gives a natural warmth to the buildings. For the west and east façades, a different strategy was proposed using the same cladding but working vertically movable.

The site is characterised by a central flow of residential buildings with decreasing heights towards the south. This allows greater daylight exposure of each block and less obstructed views.

Roof PV Panels

East Buildings’ East Façade

East Buildings’ West Façade

Shading Strategies:

East + West Facades

South Facades

Corridor Glazing System

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RESIDENTIAL - INTERNAL

Design features have been implemented to passively ensure good indoor air quality. These include cross ventilation through the flats and each flat having a partially external utility room with louvres. Having a partially external utility room prevents clothes being dried in the home which produces pollutants and decreases the quality of internal air. The utility will be accessed via an external door to ensure thermal comfort in the flat by reducing heat losses.

Cooking is another large source of internal pollutants such as PM2.5, therefore source control in the form of an efficient cooker hood will be installed to provide adequate IAQ (Fisher and Paykel HC60BCXB2 [Fisher and Paykel, 2020]).

One-bedroom flat (66 m2)

Construction to prevent thermal bridging

Wall â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Ground Floor Junction

Balcony

Seal all penetrations through air barriers using a flexible sealant or tape.

Ensure insulation tightly abuts construction.

Position windows away from the insulation line.

Partition Wall Wall â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Flat Roof Junction

Use thermal blocks.

2 bedroom flat floor plan

Two-bedroom flat (80 m2)

Ground floor plan

Three-bedroom flat (105 m2) 80 m2 = 31.87%

105 m2 = 41.88%

Cross-ventilation strategy to provide natural ventilation at the occupant's discretion. Adequate air quality will be provided via MVHR and can be supplemented by natural ventilation.

Distance from stairs to flat front door is <9m as is the distance from all internal flat doors to the flats front door to meet fire safety regulations [HM Government, 2019].

66 m2 = 26.30% PLANT ROOM

SHOP

SHOP

MAIN ENTRANCE

WAITING AREA

RESIDENTIAL AMMENITIES

RESIDENTIAL AMMENITIES

STORAGE ROOM

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RESIDENTIAL – ENERGY AND LIGHTING ASSESSMENT

Third Floor Central Residential Block

Daylight autonomy (DA) quantifies the percentage of time the target illuminance, of 300 lux, is achieved. A daylight autonomy value of 60% is achieved [Saint Gobain, 2020].

73% of the working plane area receives over 300 lux for at least 60% of the annual daylight hours. That means people have the ideal level of natural illumination to do activities which will positively contribute to their well-being.

Central Residential Block

The north sections of the central buildings’ apartments have a daylight autonomy value of 20% due to the internal walls separating the bathroom and hallway. This is acceptable as lower lux levels here won’t affect people’s well-being as they are transit spaces.

Although the cooling demand target is achieved, the heating demand is not. The glazing contributes the most to both the heating and cooling load. The selected glazing product properties could not be implemented in Revit. Therefore, we are satisfied that our design will achieve the heating target if the actual glazing properties are simulated due to the current small difference in the heating load.

Energy Consumption

Heating Season: 15th Nov to 6th Mar Cooling Season: 12th Jun to 9th Sep [Weather Spark, 2016]

Reasons for not achieving the target energy demand: - Calculations haven’t included the energy savings of MVHR - Software limitations haven’t allowed for accurate window properties - Inaccurate equipment heat gains due to limited information

9am

The balconies on the south façade provide shading in summer to reduce solar gains and glare. The staggered buildings’ heights prove beneficial by minimizing the undesired shading on each block, creating a bright and pleasant space for the residents.

12pm

3pm

6pm

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RESIDENTIAL – SYSTEMS AND MATERIALS

Depth: 203.2 mm

- Novelio Classic Clean Air - Gyproc Soundcost Plus (Depth: 6 mm) - Plasterboard (Depth: 12.5 mm)

Depth: 300 mm

Depth: 65 mm

- Dura Cladding - Webertherm XP - Rigid Insulation Board (Depth: 12.5 mm)

Example Ventilation System Layout

- Vertical GSHP SGG Cool-Lite SKN

- CHP Boiler

Light Transmittance: 70%

VENT. & COOLING LIGHTING

- Natural Daylighting supplemented with LEDS

EXTERNAL WALL SYSTEMS

- Natural Ventilation

INT. WALL & GLAZING

- Split VAV System with Dual Ducts

INTERNAL FLOOR

BASE - Grey Water Recycling - Rainwater Harvesting

- Ceiling Void (-30 cm) - Proplas PVC Wall and Ceiling Panelling (Utility and Bathroom) - Master Rigid

Silent Floor

U-value: 1.3W/m2K

GLAZING

INTERNAL WALL

Ventilation System Design Considerations:  Supply diffusers are placed in areas that are not consistently occupied to prevent draught problems.  Extract grilles are placed in wet rooms with high pollutant and stale concentrations.  Airflow of less than 0.25 m/s to prevent draughts [Jones, 2017].  Ventilation will provide 30m3 per hour per person [Saint Gobain, 2020].

Key: 1 MVHR Air Handling Unit 2 Smoke Alarm 3 Supply Diffuser 4 Extract Grille 5 Incoming District Heating 6 LTHW Plate Heat Exchanger 7 Incoming cold water (from onsite cold store supplemented with mains water) 8 Domestic Cold Water Break Tank 9 Stand Alone PV Panels 10 Green Roof 11 Hot Water Exposed Pipework Insulation 9

10

Silent Wall

1

FINISHES: - Novelio Clean Air - OPTIONAL: Thistle Magnetic Plaster - COMMUNAL: Altro Fortis

- Multi-functional Floor Underlay - Swiss Krono Grad Selection Flooring

1

11 6 5

2

8

3

4

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SCHOOL Design Considerations: A central playground will aid in the interaction between children. To ensure the safety of the children there will be controlled access to the school. The outdoor spaces encourage interactive and creative learning. PV panels will be implemented on the roof as part of the district energy system on site.

The use of natural and sustainable construction materials gives a natural appearance and the colour sparks add vibrancy to the school. Classrooms are south-east oriented to take advantage of solar heat gain and ensure natural daylight.

Skylights in the north roof will help to gain daylight but avoid overheating. The abundance of natural daylight in the classrooms is important for the children and teacherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wellbeing. The spacious and bright design encourages a positive learning environment.

Library

Toilets

It is important to understand the impact of each colour in order to design effective learning and play areas. Yellow and orange are associated with happiness and comfort. Red is linked to increased alertness and hunger. Whereas, blue and green tend to have a calming effect on children.

Primary entrance

Primary building

Playground Kitchen Infants building

Infants playground

Admin

Infants entrance

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COIGNET HOUSE In the Coignet House, each floor has a different function aimed at integrating the community with not just the Coignet house but the site.

A community cafĂŠ will be located on the ground floor, this will teach Saint Denis residents valuable transferrable skills to help employability. As this will be volunteer run it will ensure that the cafĂŠ is affordable to all Saint Denis residents.

The first floor will be dedicated to a museum that will commemorate the rich history of Saint Denis and the importance of reinforced concrete to the community.

A learning space for school trips will be located on the second floor. Children will learn about sustainable construction, followed by a tour around the site which will highlight all the sustainable materials and renewable technologies used.

To ensure visual cohesion throughout the site, dura cladding will be used on the external facades of both the warehouses and Coignet house. Before a full selection of materials, a structural and current material assessment must be done of both the Warehouses and Coignet house. .

WAREHOUSES

The main purpose of the warehouses is to create a space to share skills by providing a variety of workshops for the whole Saint Denis community. For example, retirees could conduct workshops teaching employable skills to help reduce the levels of unemployment in the area. Internally will be an open space with flexible dividers to ensure the space can be utilised by the whole community.

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Feedback and Comments This comments were made in a tutorial meeting we had previous to the deadline of the UK Final presentation.

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A very competent rendering and good use of precedent images to show your intentions.

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Give an identity to the project, name it to make the project stronger.

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Great job in slide 2 with reference images, it is very powerful. Shows compliance to the whole brief.

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Renders done form a human perspective as we asked you to. The plan at the top left gives excellent reference, and the most important thing is that you donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t need text.

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The sections with the trees shows a scale and a technical representation with the landscape.

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Amazing summary of all systems and intentions.

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Slide 8 is brilliant because it shows the intention of why the residential buildings are placed in that way.

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Very competent infographic about systems and materials.

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The school complies with the project; the color scheme is very good.

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The view of the Coignet House and the warehouses connected by the bridge is well represented and gives a great summary of heritage intentions.

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Very pleased with the evolution of the presentation.

Special nominations by Saint-Gobain.

Excellence in Technical (evidence led process)

Development

Excellence in sustainability implementation: energy efficiency, low carbon, materials, etc.

Excellence in team interdisciplinary approach

Excellence in the creative compliance of the Saint-Gobain Multicomfort criteria.

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C

INDIVIDUAL COMPONENT

C.1. This stage was meant for further development of the project in an area of interest. Daylighting was developed further in this project as different types of movable shadings were proposed depending on the orientation of the buildings. Additionally this shades could create a dynamic faรงade and create unique identities to each one of the buildings.

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Image by Saint-Gobain

Daylight Analysis

Every space needs to have the right environment so people can see well and perform in a correct way. This environments need to have the adequate amount of light, not too dark and not too bright, as this can cause visual discomfort.

(CIBSE â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Comfort, 2006)

Visual comfort depends on peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ability to control light levels around them and is composed of a variety of aspects: - Views of outside space and connected to nature - Light quality - Luminosity - Absence of glare

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Daylight Analysis The human eye is naturally adapted to natural daylight than artificial light, in fact, daylight is one of the most important criteria when choosing a home.

This is why my individual component will focus on daylight assessment and analyse a type of shade.

The assessment will be measured according to the illuminance, which is the amount of light reaching a surface and is measured in lumens /m2 or lux. Task illuminance is the amount of light that people need to see well for a particular task, according to CIBSE-Comfort.

Image by Saint-Gobain

According to CIBSE, the amount of lux inside a house or residence should be between 100 and 300 lux.

I chose to share these infographics as an introduction of daylight and visual comfort, since some of these aspects are related to the daylight assessment done for two of the buildings in the project with different orientation.

They explain in a graphic way how daylight and the right amount of it affects our daily tasks and the effect it has in our mood.

This aspects were considered in the conclusions at the end of each assessment.

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Daylight Analysis

Two buildings with different orientation (one S-N oriented and the other E-W oriented) were chosen to see how different daylight perform on them.

Daylight is depends on season and designing challenging.

in constant variation, it the geographical location, time of day. This is why for visual comfort is

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Daylight Analysis

This is a floor plan with the result of a daylight analysis to give an idea of where each type of space is located, as the following analysis results will contain just the colour part.

9:00 A.M.

12:00 P.M.

3:00 P.M.

6:00 P.M.

This pictures show how daylight changes throughout the day. This example is the summer solstice in Saint-Denis.

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Daylight Analysis The types of shades for each of the chosen buildings were defined as various studies suggest.

Precedent projects for south faรงade

Precedent projects for east/west faรงade

AALEN University Extension in Germany

58 Social Housing in Antibes, France

Residential building Barcelona, Spain

in

Loblolly House in Maryland, USA

Casa Bagh Janat in Isfahan, Iran

Social Housing + Shops in Mouans Sartoux, France

Cรณrdoba 188 in Mexico City

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Daylight Analysis Two types of façades were modelled, simulated and analysed with Sefaira in Revit.

• South façade: - Movable shades were designed with horizontal fins and horizontally foldable, as this type of shades work best according to the sun’s position.

Shades closed

• West façade: - Movable shades were designed with vertical fins and vertically foldable, as this type of shades work best according to the sun’s position.

• East façade: - Rotational vertical shades were designed in the east façade to block undesired sun in the morning or in the afternoon.

Shades closed

Rotational vertical fins

Shades open

Shades open

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Daylight Analysis: S-N Building Annual Analysis South faรงade

North faรงade

The analysis showed that spaces with a continuous occupancy, like bedrooms and living rooms in the residential floors and in the ground floor commerce, have above 300 lux illuminance from 50% to 100% of the occupied time throughout the year. The spaces with less or non illumination are storage rooms or the corridor, which is a transitional space.

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Daylight Analysis: S-N Building Annual Analysis South faรงade

North faรงade

The daylight analysis in the S-N building with the shades closed shows a significant reduction in percentage of occupied hours with at least 300 lux reaching less area. This means that the shades do their work to reduce the amount of daylight when residents want to. The amount of daylight could be reduced more if the windows sill was higher, as in the current design windows sill are projected form the floor to take advantage of daylight and views. The north corridor of the building are always illuminated.

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Daylight Analysis: S-N Building Spring Equinox â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 9:00 A.M. In the morning the ground floor has good levels of illumination as shops are glazed. The analysis shows how the east side of the building is more illuminated than the west side, this is due to the sun rising from East and shadows are cast to West. Also it can be seen that as floors get higher they are a little more illuminated also due to the front buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s casting shadow.

The majority of the area of the flats have between 200 and 400 lux, which are good levels of illuminance, but have an excess of daylight near the windows.

Shades open

Shades closed

5F

3F

1F

GF

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Daylight Analysis: S-N Building Spring Equinox â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 12:00 P.M. As the sun gains height and places itself in the middle part of the sun path, flats receive a significant amount of direct sunlight. Flats are well lit, in the areas closer to the windows the levels of lux are very high and it goes lowering down as the area gets further away from the windows. Ground floor receives high amounts of sunlight during midday. If light is too bright, shades can be used in this time of day. The front buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s shadow barely reaches the analysed building.

Shades open

Shades closed

5F

3F

1F

GF

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Daylight Analysis: S-N Building Spring Equinox â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 3:00 P.M. As the sun keeps advancing towards West and loses a little height, illumination levels also start to decrease. If people want to have a nap or watch TV, shades can be adjusted to lower daylight inside the flat. At this time of day in early spring daylight can aid to heat the flats, but as the season advances it can cause overheating, this is when shades are useful to mitigate it. The ground floor and is highly illuminates and with probable overheating, the use of blinds is recommended.

Shades open

Shades closed

5F

3F

1F

GF

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Daylight Analysis: S-N Building Spring Equinox â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 6:00 P.M. In the afternoon, the sun starts to set at the West and loses height. Shadows are long and casted to East. Ground floor starts to lose illuminance, having a desired level of lux. The flats receive daylight just near the windows, spaces further inside are not illuminated anymore. North corridors lose illuminance too but still are well lit having between 200 and 400 lux, energy can still be saved at this time of day.

Shades open

Shades closed

5F

3F

1F

GF

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Daylight Analysis: S-N Building Summer Solstice â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 9:00 A.M. In the summer solstice, the sun path is longer and sun is higher, causing more duration of the day. In the morning the ground floor has good lux levels, just close to the windows it may cause glare as lux levels reach +800 lux. In the flats the analysis shows that they start to get illuminated, the higher the floor the more daylight it receives. In the weekend or whenever people are still asleep shades can be closed and daylight is blocked.

Shades open

Shades closed

5F

3F

1F

GF

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Daylight Analysis: S-N Building Summer Solstice â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 12:00 P.M. During summer shadows are shorter, allowing more sunlight and probable overheating. At midday, the ground floor is quite illuminated, with excess of daylight because of the glazing façade. The analysis shows that with the shades up, flats have better illuminance than in spring, as in summer they have less lux levels because sun is higher and the balconies work as a shading strategy, and helps mitigate overheating and helps have a better distribution of daylight.

Shades open

Shades closed

5F

3F

1F

GF

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Daylight Analysis: S-N Building Summer Solstice â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 3:00 P.M. At 3:00 P.M. daylight starts to decrease a little as the sun starts its way down, but still there are high lux levels and probable overheating. Shades can be used to reduce annoying sunlight and block it to avoid overheating and create a comfort environment for the residents.

Shades open

Shades closed

5F

3F

1F

GF

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Daylight Analysis: S-N Building Summer Solstice – 6:00 P.M. During summer, at 6:00 P.M. there’s still good amount of daylight as the sun path is longer. In the sun path diagram it can be seen that shadows are cast to the East. This lowers down the lux levels inside the building from the South but the north corridors are still with high lux levels. Illuminance in the ground floor in the inner part has comfort levels, near the glazing façade illuminances is very high.

Shades open

Shades closed

5F

3F

1F

GF

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Daylight Analysis: S-N Building Fall Equinox â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 9:00 A.M. During the fall equinox, the sun path starts to get shorter and the sun is not so high anymore. Similar daylight performance happens as in spring equinox. During morning, flats are still with low lux levels except for the area near the windows which reach +800 lux. The north corridor is well lit and the use of electricity is not needed anymore. Ground level is well lit since early morning.

Shades open

Shades closed

5F

3F

1F

GF

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Daylight Analysis: S-N Building Fall Equinox â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 12:00 P.M. During midday in the equinox, the illuminance is higher because the sun is lower than in summer and it can reach further inside the flats from below the balconies. With shades closed the amount of daylight is reduced but still reaches good lux levels, as the shades are designed with spaced fins not blocking daylight 100%. As stated before, this can cause overheating in early fall, but it can be really useful to preserve heat as winter approaches.

Ground floor is extremely lit, this spaces will need shading devices such as blinds.

Shades open

Shades closed

5F

3F

1F

GF

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Daylight Analysis: S-N Building Fall Equinox – 3:00 P.M. Lux levels inside the building start to reduce a little. In the ground floor can be seen that the east part has less lux levels than the right part due to the sun’s position, as it begins to load West. The use of shades might be useful for residents’ comfort if they desire.

Shades open

Shades closed

5F

3F

1F

GF

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Daylight Analysis: S-N Building Fall Equinox â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 6:00 P.M. During fall, at 6:00 P.M. the sun is low enough to not lit the building. The space inside the building is almost not illuminated except for the north corridors and areas nearer to the windows. Flats still have more daylight as they are located in a higher floor.

Shades open

Shades closed

5F

3F

1F

GF

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Daylight Analysis: S-N Building Winter Solstice â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 9:00 A.M. During winter, the sun path is the shortest and sun is at its lowest angle. The daylight analysis shows how the sun is barely starting to rise from the East, as this part of the building is the first to be illuminated. Another factor is the front buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s shadow, as it is long and casted to the analysed building from the west side. Shades help to lower the excess of lux levels in the morning if people still want to be asleep.

Shades open

Shades closed

5F

3F

1F

GF

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Daylight Analysis: S-N Building Winter Solstice – 12:00 P.M. In winter solstice midday, many different things happen in the building regarding daylight. The analysis shows very clearly how the highest floor receives a considerable amount of daylight, which can help heat the flats but may cause visual discomfort. The lower floors don’t receive enough daylight as the front building’s shadow is casted over them, just the east flats receive good daylight due to the buildings’ position. The north corridor receives between 400 and 600 lux which is well lit. The ground floor is also well lit most of its area.

Shades open

Shades closed

5F

3F

1F

GF

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Daylight Analysis: S-N Building Winter Solstice â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 3:00 P.M. At 3:00 P.M. happens the same effect but with less illuminance as the sun loses height. The top floor is the most illuminated and the lower ones are the least illuminated, but this time the west flats have more daylight as the sun is further to the West. The lack of sunlight during winter in the middle floors could be a problem for the occupants, as they wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be gaining too much heat. Ground floor starts to lose lux in the innermost area.

Shades open

Shades closed

5F

3F

1F

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Daylight Analysis: S-N Building Winter Solstice â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 6:00 P.M. In winter, sun lasts the least in the year, and in Paris it sets at almost 5:00 P.M., so there is no daylight anymore at 6:00 P.M.

Shades open

Shades closed

5F

3F

1F

GF

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Daylight Analysis: S-N Building Conclusions The building model design is a concept of what I intend to be doing in my professional life. This daylight analysis is my first attempt to know how this types of shades perform. From here on now this shades will be enhanced and studied further together with orientation and comfort in my dissertation phase and afterwards in professional life.

-

Images showed how at 12:00 P.M. in all seasons, the building had the greatest levels of illuminance with shades opened, despite having horizontal shades, including the balconies. The excess of sunlight can be mitigated if windows had a higher sill. Windows were designed from the floor to ceiling to get advantage of the views and daylight.

-

Closed shades do help to mitigate undesired daylight as lux levels are reduced. Thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s still some light going through the shades as they are designed with fins to not block sunlight 100% but to reduce it.

-

Almost all the time the areas near windows reach 800+ lux, this can be enhanced elevating the windows sill, but as stated before, windows were designed like this in purpose.

-

The ground floor shops were designed with a fully glazed façade, this with the purpose to create a visual effect of cross sight through the buildings in the neighbourhood, from a human perspective. The analysis showed how the ground floor has almost always lux excess, creating uncomfortable environments as daylight can be too much for comfort and also can cause overheating. Some improvements can be to reduce the amount of glazing in the façade or having a shading device like blinds.

-

The north corridors half of the time also had excess of illuminance, this can cause visual discomfort but not overheating, as being in the North it does not receive direct sunlight to heat it. As this is a transitional space this is not of high relevance. The benefits in the corridors will be the savings in electrical power.

-

The principal purpose of the movable shades design was to allow the user to adjust comfort in their flats. Also they have an aesthetic purpose as people are using more and more this shades design with spaced fins to still allow some view and daylight. Comparing when shades are opened and when they are closed, the analysis showed that despite shading devices are not 100% closed they do mitigate a considerable amount of lux and the users can have different environments inside their homes. The design of the shades needs further analysis to be able to have an optimum performance.

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Daylight Analysis: E-W Building Annual Analysis West faรงade

East faรงade

As in the S-N building, the analysis in the E-W building also showed that spaces with a continuous occupancy have a good daylight distribution, above 300 lux illuminance from 50% to 100% of the occupied time throughout the year. The spaces with less or non illumination are storage rooms, bathrooms or the corridor, which is a transitional space.

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Daylight Analysis: E-W Building Annual Analysis West faรงade

East faรงade

The daylight analysis in the E-W building with the shades closed also shows a significant reduction in percentage of occupied hours with at least 300 lux reaching less area. For W and E orientations shading is more difficult as shades should turn in the right angle to block daylight better. To improve the blocking of daylight windows seal should be higher, the fins of the shades should be closer together or to have the right rotating angle.

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Daylight Analysis: E-W Building Spring Equinox â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 9:00 A.M. In the morning, the solar graph shows how the sun starts to rise from the East.

This is the reason the east part of the building starts to illuminate first. In East and West orientations they receive the most daylight when the sun rises and when it sets. The flats have low illuminance at this time of day, most of the area below 200 lux as the west façade is not yet illuminated.

Shades open

Shades closed

5F

3F

1F

GF

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Daylight Analysis: E-W Building Spring Equinox â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 12:00 P.M. At this time, the sun hits the south part of the building. In the ground floor, shops are highly illuminated near the facades while further inside the amount of lux reduces. The flats are now being illuminated majorly with a good level of lux, near the windows is where illuminance will be higher. Here it can be seen also that the top floor is the most illuminated. The East corridor at this time of day have between 200 and 400 lux, although it may seem under lit, these are good levels of illumination.

Shades open

Shades closed

5F

3F

1F

GF

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Daylight Analysis: E-W Building Spring Equinox – 3:00 P.M. At 3:00 P.M. the sun hits directly the west façade due to the building’s angle. The building is highly illuminated and this can cause undesired sunlight inside the flats, the use of shades can aid to reduce lux levels at this time of day. It may also cause overheating if the shades are opened. The ground floor is extremely illuminated as the façade is made of glazing.

Shades open

Shades closed

5F

3F

1F

GF

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Daylight Analysis: E-W Building Spring Equinox – 6:00 P.M. At 6:00 P.M. when the sun is further West and low, the shadows of the buildings are longer and reach the analysed building from the centre, as the solar graph shows. In the floor analysis it can be seen how the shadow of the other buildings influence in the illuminance of the centre part of the building reducing the amount of lux. While in the rest of the building it can be seen the sun’s angle reaching every space inside, creating an excess of illuminance. Shades should be used here for the occupant’s visual comfort if the desire and to mitigate probable overheating.

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Daylight Analysis: E-W Building Summer Solstice â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 9:00 A.M. At 9:00 A.M. in the summer solstice, the sun is higher than in the spring equinox. The images show how the East façade is already high illuminated and the ground floor where is glazing has 800+ lux. To the contrary, the flats, which are facing West, have good illuminance between 200 and 400 lux, causing visual comfort.

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Daylight Analysis: E-W Building Summer Solstice â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 12:00 P.M. At 12:00 P.M. in summer solstice, the flats continue with good illuminance without any excess. The East corridors are also well lit as their illuminance is between 200 and almost 600 lux. There is no overheating threat, comfort can be achieved at this time in the flats. Illuminance is very high near the glazed façades of the ground floor.

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Daylight Analysis: E-W Building Summer Solstice â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 3:00 P.M. At this time of the summer solstice, daylight hits directly the west façade of the analysed building, which can cause undesired daylight and overheating. Shades are recommended to be used by the residents to adjust comfort in the flats. The west corridor is well lit without excess, but the ground floor still has extreme illuminance. Blinds are strongly recommended in this type of full glazed spaces.

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Daylight Analysis: E-W Building Summer Solstice â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 6:00 P.M. At 6:00 P.M. in summer solstice, the illuminance inside the flats is still high and a little loaded to the East, as the images show. Movable shades are recommended to be adjusted to block undesired sunlight and presumable overheating to create a comfort environment. During summer solstice the ground floor is always highly illuminated, the glazing façade does not help to achieve comfort.

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Daylight Analysis: E-W Building Fall Equinox â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 9:00 A.M. In the fall equinox, daylight has similar effects as in the spring equinox, as the sun returns to a middle height. As the sun rises, the east part of the building receives daylight, while the west side has low lux levels in the majority of the flatsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; area. The ground is already highly illuminated.

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Daylight Analysis: E-W Building Fall Equinox â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 12:00 P.M. At 12:00 P.M. in the fall equinox, the sun hits the south part as can be seen in the ground floor image. The south part is highly illuminated while the north part is under lit. Illuminance levels in the flats are between 200 and 800 lux, having the highest levels near the windows. Mostly the flatsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; area is well lit, as so does the East corridors. As the height increases, the flats get more illuminance.

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Daylight Analysis: E-W Building Fall Equinox â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 3:00 P.M. At 3.00 P.M. is when the extreme illuminance starts to get into the flats.

Movable shades should be used to adjust daylight inside the flats to avoid the excess of light and avoid overheating. The ground floor is also extremely illuminated. The East corridor is well lit without daylight excess, but as the sun does not reaches them, it may feel cooler.

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Daylight Analysis: E-W Building Fall Equinox â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 6:00 P.M. The same effect happens as in the spring equinox, daylight reaches the flats through the West as the sun begins to set. Illuminance looks in linear diagonal path as the shades when opened create vertical shades. The entrance of daylight can be mitigated with less space in between the vertical fins. Shades are recommended to be adjusted to avoid undesired sunlight and overheating.

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Daylight Analysis: E-W Building Winter Solstice â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 9:00 A.M. As stated previously, in winter solstice the sun is at its lowest angle with a shorter path. Flats are still not illuminated as sunlight does not reach them yet. The ground floor starts to get lit from the East, having 200 lux in the inner part of the shops and a high illuminance in the east part.

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Daylight Analysis: E-W Building Winter Solstice â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 12:00 P.M. At 12:00 P.M. in the winter solstice, the building receives daylight from the South. Flats are well lit having an illuminance of 200 to 600 lux in the majority of their area, as the sun does not hit them directly. Floor 1 could be a little under lit at this time of day, as floors get higher so does the illuminance levels. Shades are recommended to remain opened in winter to receive daylight and therefore some heat. The east corridors are becoming under lit with 200 lux. The ground floor in the inner part is well lit, while near the glazed facades have high illuminance.

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Daylight Analysis: E-W Building Winter Solstice â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 3:00 P.M. In winter, shadows are longer as the solar graph shows. The other buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s shadow reach the analysed building from its northern part in the lower floors. The flats where the shadows does not reach them are highly illuminated. This is good for receiving heat from the sun in winter, but may cause excess in daylight. Residents can adjust their movable shades if they want to.

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Daylight Analysis: E-W Building Winter Solstice â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 6:00 P.M. In winter, sun lasts the least in the year, and in Paris it sets at almost 5:00 P.M., so there is no daylight anymore at 6:00 P.M.

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Daylight Analysis: E-W Building Conclusions Shades of the E-W building are designed in a different way as their fins are placed vertically and also they move in a vertical way. Further study is required to shade these orientations with a more optimal performance.

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The greatest levels of illuminance the E-W building are during morning in the east façade and during afternoons in the west façade. The analysis showed how in the afternoon flats receive an excess in daylight almost in all their area. This is due to the sun’s position as it is lower and can reach further inside the building. To avoid this or reduce the amount of lux in the flats, the movable shades should be adjusted by the residents.

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Closed shades do help to mitigate undesired daylight as lux levels are reduced. At some hours, especially 3:00 P.M. and 6:00 P.M. when the sun hits directly the flats, the shades design is not enough to block undesired sunlight.

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With this orientation areas near windows also reach 800+ lux, but less of the time than the south façade. This can be enhanced elevating the windows sill, but as stated before, windows were designed like this in purpose.

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The ground floor shops are also extremely illuminated, creating uncomfortable environments as daylight can be too much for comfort and also can cause overheating. Blinds can also work in this building to protect the inside space of sunlight and overheating and avoid and uncomfortable environment.

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The west corridors are highly illuminated in the morning as the sun rises from East. For this time of day, rotating shading devices where designed in order for users to adjust them whenever they need to. As the day goes by and the sun travels West, the corridor loses lux levels reaching between 200 and 400 lux, creating a comfortable environment.

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The shades designed for East and West orientations in this building do help mitigate the excess of daylight in the building, but is not enough to reach comfort in the afternoon. Shading these orientations is more challenging as they have to be designed according to the accurate angle of the sun. In order to know this in a more exact way, a sun mask diagram is needed to be done, which needs further study. A better solution for shading the west façade will be to use rotational shades, since in this way the users can adjust the angle of the vertical fins as the sun travels West.

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REFLECTIVE ANALYSIS

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REFLECTIVE ANALYSIS â&#x20AC;˘ What was your main contribution/strength during the project?

My main contribution to the project was to deliver the whole design part. Since the beginning I started creating and delivering design concepts of the project in order to present the progress to my teammates and tutors to get feedback.

After every tutorial, my team and I worked together in the recommendations given and I also asked my engineer teammates their opinion in the design I was proposing. One of my strengths I think was listening to my teammates and also getting them involved in the design process, although I was the one designing, I wanted their opinion for them to feel the project belonged to them as well.

As the project kept progressing, my main contribution was to continue improving the design and delivering the model of the project, so my teammates could work on their engineering part, I always tried to do my best and deliver on time despite our hour difference.

Another thing I consider a strength is that in order to deliver a better graphic design in our presentation I decided to dive into Photoshop, which I wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t familiar with. I learned how to use it in our advance in a short time lapse to enhance the graphics of our presentation, and I feel proud of the results.

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REFLECTIVE ANALYSIS • What did you learn from your team mate(s) contribution/strength?

I consider that my teammates had many strengths which made us a good team. As an international student with a very different learning system I learned from my teammates how things work in UK, they taught me that things will always work out good if we keep our dedication, working, improving and giving our all and never giving up. A major contribution from both of them was their patience towards me when I found it difficult to express myself, and it was not only their patience they were always helping and teaching me words or expressions I couldn’t find. Also they were always cheering me up and thanking me for all the effort put in the design of the project, for that I will always be grateful for, because when I felt like my work was not enough they always encouraged me.

Because of the sanitary crisis that the world is undergoing we had to work from different countries with a considerable hour difference. We met via Teams at my mornings and at their afternoons. Their contribution was amazing because when new met, they had already made progress in the project while I was still asleep. Their contribution was not only in the project but for my life experience too.

From the project’s perspective, Celine’s main strength and contribution was her leadership, many times when we got stuck she came out with brilliant ideas. All her contributions were great, but the best thing she did was the residential materials and systems infographic, it was so visual and well explained.

Liz was also a really good contributor to the team, she made all the numbers and most engineering part, which was more difficult for me, and explained what they meant. Her major contribution was to model one of the buildings to analyze energy and daylight performance. Also she contributed with the master plan slide for the Saint Gobain competition, which I thought it looked great and very visual and so much more understandable than before.

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REFLECTIVE ANALYSIS • What have you learnt from team work… was there any negative aspect?

To be honest I don’t like much teamwork, especially at school because some people don’t take it seriously or there can be problems because people don’t contribute the same was as others or don’t do it at all. Sometimes I feel is a little unfair when half of the team works and the others don’t.

That being said, in the first teams made my team was team F in the brainstorming exercise I felt that almost everyone contributed to the work, there were one or two cases that I felt that didn’t. The next exercise was the analysis part, my team had to make the poster for passive bioclimatic design. Since the beginning we divided the work between all of the team members. Here I realized some people were not contributing at all or waited for the others to tell them what to do. In other occasion, one member of the team was really bossy when he hadn’t helped with his part yet and that caused me to have some discussions with him. Another thing was that one of my teammates and I were doing other people’s work because that hadn’t done it yet. That part of the teamwork really stressed me out, I think when teams are big there will always be discussions and people that won’t agree with each other, but it has to be worked out in the end. Despite this problems in the end we all got to work to get the job done and I think the results were pretty good, I liked very much the final results.

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REFLECTIVE ANALYSIS • What have you learnt from team work… was there any negative aspect?

By the other hand, my team for the project development was the best I could have asked for. I was very happy that they chose my design proposal to work on. When people with the same objectives and willing to work come together great teamwork can be done. I can’t find any negative aspects in this team, I think that the three of us were really engaged with the project and each one of us did our corresponding part, and even there were times when one had more free time than the others and helped us getting the work done. An important thing in our team was the respect we had for each other, we respected our time and our work. When we agreed to meet at an specific hour we were there on time. A very valuable aspect of our team is that we were not just teammates, we became friends. In our meetings we were not talking just about work all the time, we talked about our lives and learned different things from our country of origin. They asked me about life in Mexico and I was really happy to talk to them about my country, as so did they. They told me about their school lives and gave me recommendations of things I had to do in UK, food I had to try or places they recommended me to go. Sadly coronavirus happened and I had to return to Mexico. This wasn’t an obstacle for us because we had our meetings via Teams and I really enjoyed every time we met and talked. When one felt down the others cheered her up, we supported each other.

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REFLECTIVE ANALYSIS • After this project, what would you like to improve as a professional?

This project made me realize that architecture is not only about design and creating amazing spaces, it is also a commitment to the user’s comfort. When I was about to begin university to study architecture I felt a little guilty about the profession because in the construction business there is many nature destruction in order to build. I told myself that I wanted to be different and work together with nature and find a way to protect it through my profession. After I graduated I worked in Mexico City for a housing developer and luckily I was in the urban image area. There I developed more my awareness towards nature and how can we use it to create spaces for people to enjoy and contribute to their well-being. What I was missing was the sustainable knowledge this course has made me aware of.

The construction business is one of the sectors that contribute more to the use of energy and emissions of greenhouse gases. As a professional in this sector I want to be more aware of the damage we can do to the environment and contribute to mitigate this. I want to create sustainable architecture which will save the use of energy and contribute to the environment, and people’s wellbeing and economy. This project was my first approach to start designing and learning about sustainable architecture, off course so much work and research is left to be done but this taught me the direction I want to go. In the individual component of the portfolio I chose to assess daylight with a specific type of shades because they are being used much lately and I wanted to test them and see how can this type of shades perform. This project will also be helpful for my dissertation, because I want to research and simulate Mexican residential design in terms of thermal comfort, so I will consider this project as a first approach. The assessment done in this project together with my dissertation is what I want be doing as a professional, to create bioclimatic, sustainable architecture in Mexico as a large amount of residential buildings are being built, and what a better way to them with a sustainable design and help create more awareness in Mexico.

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REFLECTIVE ANALYSIS • How and when are you planning to do it?

My plan after the master is to start designing passive residential buildings and then take this to other type of spaces. I’m really interested in this field and want to adapt this in Mexico’ climate with the building materials and methods we have. If I can’t start designing and building on my own my plan is to send my CV to architecture studios that have the same objectives as me to continue learning and to gain more experience, but at the moment I don’t have anything secured. The first research idea I intended to do for my dissertation was the integration of nature and architecture and how can it create resilient and sustainable spaces. Talking with my supervisor I realized that this research was meant for a PhD. I mention this because my objective as an architect is to design with nature, I’ve been always interested in this and what better than to prove that nature can contribute to comfort in spaces. So I decided that this research can be done as part of my daily work, and I know that with time, dedication and experience I will reach this goal.

• Would this project have any influence in the direction your career may take?

Before I began the Master in Architecture and Sustainable design I had an idea of which direction I wanted my career to take, since my first dissertation topic was about what I’ve been willing to do as an architect from long before.

This project specifically did influence in what I want to do as a professional, it helped me open my mind to a whole new aspect of sustainable architecture that I was not aware of before and now is definitely something I want to integrate in my work. As I mentioned earlier, this project was a first attempt or a first exercise in the type of architecture I want to be creating, maybe not in a huge project like this but definitely starting with smaller buildings and I’m sure that with experience gained through time I will be able to produce complex sustainable projects. I want to asses thermal comfort and energy performance in every architectural project I design from now on because I have learnt all the benefits it can bring to the environment and people’s economy and well-being, and I’m sure clients will appreciate that.

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Manchester Life, 2016. The Manchester Life Apprenticeship Scheme. [Online] Available at: http://mcrlife.co.uk/manchester-life-apprentices/

PANCARE, R., 2018. How Do Bright Colours Appeal to Kids?. [Online] Available at: https://sciencing.com/do-bright-colors-appeal-kids-5476948.html Paul Heat Recoverty, 2020. MVHR Guide. [Online] Available at: https://www.paulheatrecovery.co.uk/mvhr-guide/ RENNIE, D. and F. PARAND. Environmental design guide for naturally ventilated and daylit offices. Watford: Construction Research Communications Ltd., 1998 Saint-Gobain The Multi Comfort Hub. [Online] Available at: https://multicomfort.saint-gobain.com/ Statista Research Department, 2013. Average number of children in families in France in 2011, by family type. [Online] Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/750111/number-childrentype-of-families-france/ UK Hempcrete, 2020. Better Than Zero Carbon Buildings. [Online] Available at: https://www.ukhempcrete.com/services/better-than-zerocarbon-buildings/ UrbiStat Srl, 2020. Maps, analysis and statistics about the resident population.

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