Federation Square East: Development Proposal

+ Federation Square East A concept design RMIT University – School of PCPM BUIL1005_Building Systems Assignment 3

Lecturer: Student:

Dr Guillermo Aranda-Mena Gianmaria Garbin 3385297

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Federation Square East_ The site and the surroundings

Tot. 3.3 ha

Source: Google Earth

Gianmaria Garbin

RMIT University_SPCPM_BUIL1005_A.3_Federation Square East

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Federation Square East_ Facts !

Location

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The site is located between Federation Square and Batman Avenue, representing a strategically important setting of Melbourne, giving its proximity to the Central Business District and its direct link to some of the best attractions the City could offer. It is indeed at the heart of the urban area, offering a gate to the Olympic Park sports precinct, the MSG, the Southbank arts precinct, Flinders Street Station and the Yarra River.

The potentiality the site reveals are demonstrated by the Bracks Government, which spent around $1 million on engineering, feasibility and design reports since 2006 (Roffey, 2013). Successive Victorian Governments have investigated opportunities for a potential development but there are several key issues that should be considered, in terms of associated cost and competing interests.

Source: fedsquare.com

Gianmaria Garbin

Site development

The site development will require a decking system over the existing Jolimont rail yard, which is estimated to cost around $300 million (Roffey, 2013). This figure is relatively high, as the “deck” realization will deal with engineering and logistical difficulties due to the construction over a major rail activity area.

The other challenge is to balance public and private interests. It is clear that private investors would find the location very attractive to develop new residential buildings or office towers, though this opportunity might not appeal to the public. Given the high cost to build over rail, the government has had a strong emphasis on the site being a project for the private sector. However, Major Projects Minister David Hodgett said the government would be mindful on the need to maintain public space and “civic need” (Willingham, 2013). If private investors are expected to contribute to fund the project, competing interests of public amenity should be balanced with potential residential, commercial or office developments.

RMIT University_SPCPM_BUIL1005_A.3_Federation Square East

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Federation Square East_ Facts (II) Melbourne current planning rules say incoming developments should not cast shadows over certain areas of the city. Shadow Planning Minister Brian Tee said planning laws are there to protect Melbourne’s most iconic sites for future generations. “Whether it is the Yarra or the Cathedral the government won’t let anything stand in the way of developers making a profit when it comes to Federation Square,” Tee said (Martty, 2013). However, giant shadows could be cast over Southbank, St Paul’s Cathedral and Federation Square, as the state government says that the redevelopment of the Federation Square East site is under special consideration (Willingham, 2013).

The Government’s plan to cover the railway yards was unveiled in 2008, with big business and tourism operators “supporting the push to breathe more life into the area”. The total Federation Square East project would cost hundreds of millions of dollars, but commercial projects such as a boutique hotel and retail outlets would mean private enterprise would contribute a lot (Johnston and McMahon, 2010).

Gianmaria Garbin

The first vision of how Federation Square East would look is provided by the Herald Sun, showing design work by Major Projects Victoria to cover the busy railway of Jolimont. The design is modelled on Chicago’s Millennium Park, a big tourist drawcard also developed to cover ugly rail tracks. Millennium Park also connects a key body of water – Lake Michigan – to the city. What needs to be considered is, however, the concept of a landscaped desk which includes space for a boutique hotel, shops and office space plus areas for public art and performances.

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Federation Square_ Facts !

Federation Square has been built to celebrate ideas of “identity” and “place” through a needed civic and cultural space. The project had to include cultural and commercial buildings and an open amphitheatre capable of holding up to 15,000 people. Moreover, it had to be built above the city’s major transport hub, which is Jolimont Railway Yards.

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Lab architecture studio (London) formed a partnership with Bates Smart, a famous Melbourne architecture firm, to proceed with the realization of Federation Square. The construction began in 1998 and required $450million investment that was supported by the Victorian State Government, City of Melbourne, the Commonwealth Government and the private sector “through private tenancy fitouts and major sponsorship alliances”.

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Federation Square has received by 2003, a year after its opening, five major awards for architectural and design excellence, making it the most awarded project in the history of the Royal Australian Institute of Architects (RAIA) Victoria.

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Federation Square is the size of city block or 38,000 square metres (3.8 hectares) and is built on top of a working railway. Unlike traditional public spaces like Venice’s San Marco or New York’s Rockefeller Centre, Fed Square is made up of a series of interlocking and cascading spaces. Buildings open at all angles into the city, creating unexpected connections and vistas. The idea of “Federation” included in the brief has influenced the design concept of bringing disparate parts together to form a coherent whole.

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The construction of the deck beneath Federation Square is one of the largest expanses of railway decking ever built in Australia. It took twelve months to complete, with structural work only possible during breaks in the train timetable in the early hours of the morning. The deck is supported by over 3,000 tonnes of steel beams, 1.4 kilometres of concrete ‘crash walls’ and over 4,000 vibration-absorbing spring coils and rubber padding. It is designed to support some of the most sensitive uses imaginable – galleries, cinemas, and radio and television studios – and it needed to isolate them from vibration and noise.

Source: fedsquare.com

Gianmaria Garbin

RMIT University_SPCPM_BUIL1005_A.3_Federation Square East

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Federation Square_ The façade !

The fractal façade

The building façade system, utilises new understandings of surface geometries to allow for the individual buildings within Federation Square to be differentiated from each other, whilst maintaining an overall coherence. Three cladding materials: sandstone, zinc (perforated and solid) and glass have been used within a triangular pinwheel grid.

This modular system uses five single triangles (all of the same size and proportion) to make up a larger triangular ‘panel’. Following the same geometrical logic, five panels are joined together to create a larger triangular ‘mega panel’, which is then mounted onto the structural frame to form the visible façade.

Through the varying proportions of façade materials within this triangular grid and their combinations within a changing set of patterns or figurations, unique surface qualities have been developed not only for each building, but also for the different orientations of each façade.

Source: fedsquare.com

Gianmaria Garbin

RMIT University_SPCPM_BUIL1005_A.3_Federation Square East

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Federation Square_ Composition !

The Square: the Square represents the civic and and spacial key for the entire precinct, establishing connections with the diverse context of the city and the surrounding urban and riverside landscape. The Square is surfaced in approximately 500,000 cobblestones of variegated coloured Kimberley sandstone from Western Australia.

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The Ian Potter Centre – NGV Australia: it is the world’s first major gallery dedicated exclusively to Australian art, accompanying visitors through shifting gallery view lines and cross connections.

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BMW edge: it is a modern amphitheatre which has a glass “skin”. It is located at the river end of The Atrium.

The Labyrinth: this is a hidden maze of zig-zag corrugated concrete walls, creating a passive cooling system designed to cool the Atrium. It is located beneath the Square but above the deck.

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Alfred Deaking Building (SBS and ACMI): the facilities are assigned into two different buildings, one more enclosed (virtually windowless), the other more open, containing the ACMI and SBS. Two different arcades provide public circulation within the building, as well as linkage and connection to the rest of Federation Square.

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Yarra Building: it provides the enclosure for the plaze at the southern edge, linking the Square to the riverside.

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St Paul’s Court/Melbourne Visit Centre: the court is to integrate St Paul’s Cathedral with Fed Square through spatial connection to the site.

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Transport: the two components of the building are a crystalline volume, formed by the perforated screen façade, embedded into a zinc clad ‘shard’.

The use of the perforated screen visually links this building with other elements of Federation Square.

Source: fedsquare.com

Gianmaria Garbin

RMIT University_SPCPM_BUIL1005_A.3_Federation Square East

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St Paul’s Cathedral_ Analysis !

St Paul’s Cathedral represents a Melbourne landmark, located opposite to Federation Square, on the eastern corner of Swanston St, one on Melbourne’s busiest intersections. It is diagonally opposite to Flinders Street Station.

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The architectural style of the Cathedral is neoGothic and was constructed in sandstone and limestone between 1880 and 1931, to replace an earlier bluestone church (the city’s dominant material).

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Designed by William Butterfield, the Cathedral’s architecture is described as Gothic transitional, combining Early English and Decorative Gothic styles.

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Highlights include the fine polychromatic brickwork, beautifully patterned floor tiles and mosaics, banded stonework, fine timbered roof and tiled dado walls.

Source: thatsmelbourne.com.au

Gianmaria Garbin

RMIT University_SPCPM_BUIL1005_A.3_Federation Square East

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The Herald &Weekly Times Building_ Analysis !

The Herald and Weekly Times Building is located at 46-74 Flinders Street, dominating the corner with Exhibition St. It is an important heritage landmark of the City. It was built between 1921 and 1928 as an office building.

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The building is architecturally significant for its monumentally and neo classical styling, which combined with the roof-top neon signs and the twin radio towers conveys an image of the commercial, social and political power and dominance of the print media in the first half of the XX century. It is an early example of the commercial neo classical Beaux-Arts influenced idiom in Victoria.

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The five-storey building was built with a concrete encased steel frame structure. The neo classical facades present giant order Ionic pilasters. At the base of each pier there are notable bracketed lights.

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In 2007 it was made the podium of the Ernst & Young tower.

Gianmaria Garbin

Source: walkingmelbourne.com

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The Ernst & Young Building_ Analysis !

The Ernst & Young Building is one of the Melbourne’s most technologically advanced premium landmarks, located in the Paris end of Melbourne CBD. It was built on the preserved foundations of a city classic, the Herald Sun building. It is located on the corner of Exhibition St and Flinders St and is serviced by all modes of public transport.

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It is a high-rise quality building which offers, with its 165 m 40-storey, exceptional sweeping views over the CBD and Yarra River. It was completed in 2005, is an “A Grade” building and has a 4.5-star NABERS Energy rating.

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The skyscraper is a mixed-use building which provides office, parking garage, residential and retail. The architectural style is modern, with glass as the dominant facade material.

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Adjoining The Ernst & Young Building is the Sports Star Car park, located at 32 Flinders St. The additional entrance via Flinders Lane allows direct access into the lobby.

Gianmaria Garbin

Source: thatsmelbourne.com.au

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First considerations_ Comparative analysis Federation Square

Federation Square East

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“Disharmonic”

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“Harmonic”

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Straight lines

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Curved lines

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Fractal facade

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Green roofs

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Linear approach

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Non-linear approach

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Stone paving

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Green and brick paving

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“Cold”

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“Warm”

Mixed-used development Gianmaria Garbin

RMIT University_SPCPM_BUIL1005_A.3_Federation Square East

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Mixed-use development_ Overview !

Successful mixed use areas can be achieved through :

Definition

The principle of mixed use should be promoted, especially in city centres, so as to introduce more variety and vitality into urban fabric. Housing and work areas, as well as other compatible uses, should be closely related in time and space so as to reduce the need to travel, conserve energy and reduce pollution (Hoppenbrouwer and Louw, 2005). Mixed land use developments can enhance the economic vitality and perceived security of an area by increasing the number of people on the street and in public places (Smart Growth, n.a.). !

Rule of thumb

A mix of land uses, including residential, and access to the shops and services required for daily living that is well integrated with public transport, designed to maximise surveillance and to be safe from traffic will support the use of active forms of transport. A wider range of local transport services will be supported as density of activity increases.

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locating development within easy walking distance (400 metres) of high quality public transport corridors or other public transport operating at a high frequency

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providing a range of development types that allow for a mix of day and night time activities supported by dense residential activity that aids with natural surveillance and provides a ‘base load’ of activity

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providing high amenity open space and recreation areas especially for children, and

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ensuring that lighting, street furniture, signage, footpath treatment and safe road crossings provide a safe and convivial urban realm for all users.

A larger version of mixed use development is commonly called Transit Oriented Development (TOD), particularly where development is centred around major transport nodes such as train stations. TOD makes better use of transport infrastructure to ‘back fill’ high capacity transport corridors.

Ref: NSW Premiers Council for Active Living: Designing Places for Active Living

Gianmaria Garbin

RMIT University_SPCPM_BUIL1005_A.3_Federation Square East

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Mixed-use development_ Benefits ! 

The range of activities in a mixed use development encourages social interaction as people fulfil more of their needs in their local area. Ideal developments should include a range of employment, education, recreation and retail opportunities and transport connections within comfortable walking or cycling distances of a dense population base. Without this high population base in a densely compacted area, many of the preferred uses will not survive financially. They also incorporate a mix of civic, institutional and commercial facilities; and a mix of public and open spaces to cater for a range of users (children through to older adults) with a diversity of needs (Bowe, 2004).

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These principles for mixed use development work best in large centres but can equally enhance local centres. Any additional population and employment density in a centre will increase the economic activity and financial viability of the centre. The availability of public transport, cycling and walking facilities is important to facilitate access to and within the centre but over time less car parking is required as people come to appreciate the amenity of walking to and through the centre.

Source: Hoppenbrouwer and Louw, 2005

Gianmaria Garbin

RMIT University_SPCPM_BUIL1005_A.3_Federation Square East

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The new development_ Overall considerations What to include

Potential issues

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Retail and restaurants

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Transport, traffic and parking

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Office space

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Noise and water issues

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Open spaces

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Decking system and cost

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Green spaces

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Logistics

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Civic needs

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Railway activity

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Public art and performances

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Space strategy

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Ecological habitat, green lung

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Users’ comfort

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Boutique hotel

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Council, community and private investors support

Gianmaria Garbin

RMIT University_SPCPM_BUIL1005_A.3_Federation Square East

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Traffic flow, accessibility and transit_ Scheming

St Paul’s Cathedral

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RMIT University_SPCPM_BUIL1005_A.3_Federation Square East

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Initial Sketches

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Defining the building_ Concept Ideas !

Integration of natural scenery and business world through glass walls and new architectural technologies

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One-of-a-kind-structure designed to be a “non-building”

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Offering sculptural iconic solution and also a pleasant communal area

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Enhance outdoor gathering and community building through wide open space

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Connection with the bridging deck (from/to the Yarra) Link with Yarra: continuum of the Yarra Bank (“The hill”?)

Gianmaria Garbin

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Curving green roofs to prevent a loss of open space

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Sloping, tapering arched-form building + “the hill” building

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A swirling green roof, curve layout in a nonlinear approach

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Elegant four and three storey buildings

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Landscape molding the building (landscaped deck and roofs)

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Curtain wall facades, roof openings

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Glass and transparency

RMIT University_SPCPM_BUIL1005_A.3_Federation Square East

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Main building features_ Concept ideas !

Green concept design

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Transparency

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Green continuum

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Visual connection with the Yarra

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Sustainability as a design key aspect

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Green roof accessible to visitors

Ref: California Academy of Science_San Francisco_Renzo Piano

Gianmaria Garbin

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Design reference (I) Nanyang Technological University_Singapore Design: CPG Consultants Concepts: arched-green roof, curved-linear approach, curtain wall

Source: greensource.construction.com archdaily.com

Gianmaria Garbin

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Design reference (II) California Academy of Sciences_ San Francisco Design: Renzo Piano Concepts: undulating living roof, “bubble� roof openings, green technologies

Source: arup.com, greenspacetoday.com archdaily.com

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Design reference (III) Science Center NEMO_ Amsterdam Design: Renzo Piano Concepts: usable sloping roof, straddling the entrance of a tunnel, bridge connection

Source: e-nemo.nl, flickr.com archdaily.com

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Final sketch 1_ Traffic flow

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Final sketch 2_ Functions

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Final sketch 3_ Section

[Gateway]

[Integration]

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Final sketch 4_ Concept design

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Design considerations (I)_ Federation Square East !

Building appearance !

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To design the building façade to express the different functions of the building and to enhance the character and diversity of the streetscape The façade treatment re ects the activities carried out within the building, whilst respecting the size, appearance and proportions of existing adjoining buildings

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Site configuration !

Clearly define spaces for pedestrians, utilities, service, parking and storage areas

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Establish links with the public realm

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Provide covered walkways, outdoor seating and landscaping where possible

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Create a walkable context that is stimulating, legible, comfortable and safe for pedestrians

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Provide ground oor façades that are rich in detail and interesting for pedestrians

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Clearly identify the primary entrance and distinguish it from secondary entrances

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Integrate each use in a manner that achieves a seamless appearance

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Plant and machinery used by non-residential activities are integrated within the building or are suitably screened

Design entrances to be clearly visible from the street frontage, readily identifiable from public areas, to be well-lit at night

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Foster outdoor gathering and community building in open and green areas

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Suitable relationship established with nearby heritage buildings (Herald Sun building in particular)

Gianmaria Garbin

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Design considerations (II)_ Federation Square East !

Sustainable design

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Maximise the use of natural light through orientation

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Design the internal layout to maximise energy ef ciency

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Select building materials that minimise embodied energy

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Ensure the design of windows and shade devices maximises winter sun and minimises summer sun

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Consider future adaptability in building design

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Access, safety and comfort !

Provide separate access to public and private areas, allowing each area to function independently and providing greater security for all occupants

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Design buildings to provide casual surveillance of access ways, entries and driveways

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Incorporate passive solar design and natural ventilation

Provide adequate lighting of all pedestrian access ways, parking areas and building entries. Lighting should be on a timer or movement detector to reduce energy consumption

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Incorporate green rooves and walls into building design

Vehicular movements needs to be separated, and all pedestrian movements are segregated

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Minimise waste produced during building construction

Integrate signage into the architecture of the building

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Design buildings to provide acoustic seals and appropriate wall and glass thickness

Incorporate waste management and recycling facilities into the building design

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Design considerations (III)_ Federation Square East !

Noise, air quality and vibration

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On-site Facilities and Services

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Tailor noise attenuation to the types of uses, the intensity of each use and the proximity to sensitive uses

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Provide facilities and efficient, comprehensive services to ensure the comfort of users with minimal impact on adjacent precincts

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Design the built form to adequately contain sound and allow ventilation

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Provide community schemes for each land use and level of the building

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Use acoustically attenuated ventilation systems that allow both ventilation within a building and effective management of noise

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Locate loading facilities at the rear of the development and try to minimize parking areas

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Examples of systems include ‘Silenceair’, the Acoustica ‘Aeropac’ product and exhaust and intake vents located high in the building’s envelope

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Design parking areas to take into account multiple uses and the need to provide separate parking area in some circumstances

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Design buildings to facilitate air movement, such as by creating an open building plan, atriums, internal stairwells, ventilation chimneys and solar-powered fans

Manage services/plant/equipment/metering such that the responsibility and cost for maintenance is clearly defined

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Ensure that streetscape and pedestrian environment are enhanced

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Maximize the open space areas and encourage the use of green spaces

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Provide adequate insulation to absorb any vibration (consider past issues with the Fed Square development)

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Urban and landscaping_ Overall considerations !

The entire railway zone will become one with the city, enhancing public green areas.

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Appropriate structure and dimensions for the urban landscape need to be in balance with the heights that characterize the metropolis.

The landscaped public space will cover more than 2/3 of the total site area (3.3 ha).

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A fundamental challenge is the difference in the urban character of the north and south side of Federation Square East.

Establish optimal connections within the green areas to create a permeable urban area and to link all the access points to the site.

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Pedestrian and cycling brick-paved routes will be integrated in the landscape.

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Bus, tram, taxi and the area for short-term parking are integrated with the existing urban fabric and don’t constitute barriers.

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A private covered parking zone will be included within the southern building. Bicycle sheds will be installed as well.

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Leaf and wave-motifs wooden decking will be applied as an urban-landscaped installation (ref: St Kilda decking, the Simcoe WaveDeck, Toronto).

Design harmonic built forms as they integrate in a transition process from the landscape to the urban area. Design and build “buildings-non-buildings” as link elements between the Yarra and the City.

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Large architectural extensions will be avoided on the site. However, the east-building will represent a grand entrance on the city being clearly a gateway to the high-rise urban centre.

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The presence of green will be ameliorated extending the Yarra bank area.

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Urban and landscaping_ Exemplary intervention

Ref: Seattle Art Museum Olympic Sculpture, urban landscape art and ecology, city and waterfront Gianmaria Garbin

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Green features_ Green screens, walls and roofs !

Green roofs

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Along with living walls, green roofs have numerous environmental, social and also economic benefits (please refer to the following page). They create the optimal plant-building symbiosis which provides safe working environment while growing various plants and housing biological species. !

Australian experience

Green roofs have been increasing in popularity over the past 10 years. Some of early example include the Freshwater Place residential tower in Melbourne (2002), CH2 building housing the Melbourne City Council (2006) – Australia’s first 6-star Green Star Design commercial office building, and Condor Tower (2005). Since 2008, City Councils and influential business groups have become active promoting the benefits of green roofs. “The Blueprint to Green Roof Melbourne” is one program being run by the Committee for Melbourne and in 2010 the largest Australian green roof project was announced.

Green and pleasant screens

Normally at a big construction site, an ugly OSB wall plastered with posters provides a barrier between the site and the rest of the city. As the project needs to communicate a green design concept, green walls will be installed as urban ecosystem designed to help buffer, protect and revitalize the construction area.

The wall will collect rainwater and wastewater from the construction site, filters and stores it, and then distributes it around the site. The external wall, which the public sees, has plant pods, sitting areas, shade, bird nests and lighting to provide a pleasant public outdoor place to enjoy. The wall itself acts as a water storage tank and planter, while the interior wall on the construction side has a sprinkler system to help maintain dust (Meinhold, 2009).

Green walls will be applied also in internal spaces, as Origin Energy head office did to its 22 floors. This will extend the “landscaping” and green features within the interior environment as well.

Source: greenwall.com.au, inhabitat.com.

Gianmaria Garbin

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Green roofs_ Significant benefits !

Storm water management

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One of the more significant problems facing Melbourne is its underground storm water infrastructure and capacity to service the city’s sprawling development. Green roofs reduce storm water volume and attuenate water flow, thus helping to alleviate the pressure on storm water infrastructure.Green roofs also filter and cool water runoff. They can help prevent nitrogen, phosphorus and toxins from waterways. !

Reduce Urban Heat Island Effect (UHIE)

Built up urban areas experience UHIE, increased temperature during warmer months. As construction materials will largely consist of glass, steel and concrete, with high thermal mass and properties reradiating heat back into the atmoshere during the night, green roofs can help reduce the UHIE by lowering ambient air temperatures (up to 2°C reduction with just 8% of green roofs!).

Source: growingup.org.au Gianmaria Garbin

Amenity

As Melbourne move towards high density living, there is proportionally less green space at the ground level to the number of residents. Green roofs can create sustainable interactive community spaces where people can garden, visit, play and relax together.

Green space is recognised as being beneficial to health, reducing stress levels and providing “escape” from the stresses of urban living.

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Social benefits

Green roofs provide various social benefits by providing “green reliefs” to the urban landscape. They have the potential to increase employee’s happiness by enhancing their surroundings. This in turn can improve business profitability since it has been theorised that enhancing the emotional or physical comfort of employees can increase productivity and lower absenteeism. Building marketability and levels of occupancy increase as well, thank to the additional “green value”.

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Other green facts_ What to apply !

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Heat and Humidity

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Natural light and ventilation

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Radiant floor heating

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Access to daylight

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Heat recovery systems

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Automatized skylights

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High-performance glass

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Motorized windows

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Planted roof

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Photo-sensors for artificial light

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Reverse osmosis humidification system

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Multi-crystalline photovoltaic cells

Water efficiency !

Rainwater absorption and collection

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Reclaimed water from City of Melbourne

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Recycled Building Materials !

Recycle demolition waste from other building sites

Purification system from Yarra

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Use recycled steel for structure

“Smart” irrigation technology system

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Use fly ash concrete

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Use recycled content insulation

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Use sustainable harvested wood

Ref: http://www.archdaily.com/6810/california-academy-of-sciences-renzo-piano/ Gianmaria Garbin

RMIT University_SPCPM_BUIL1005_A.3_Federation Square East

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Building materials_ Overview !

Glass

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As the attempt is to pursue a green design concept, glass is a wonder material that combines more than a few advantages such as transparency, natural daylighting, blending of exteriors with interiors and acoustic control. Glass, a wholly recyclable material, plays a noteworthy role in accomplishing greater indoor environmental quality and energy efficiency, fulfilling numerous criteria for green buildings

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Brick paving will be used as a decorative method for creating landscaping and hardstanding. The main benefit over different materials, other than aesthetic properties, is that the individual blocks may be easily replaced (flexible paving). Different laying patterns may be applied in different typical areas of use such as patios and pedestrian paths, and as building finishes as well.

Steel

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Greater flexibility in glass dimensions and facade design may be achieved by the use of inherent strenght and durability of steel. Steel built curtain wall systems allow larger free spans, narrower sight lines and improved performance over traditional aluminium system. There won’t be the need for a secondary support assembly; the system consists of cold rolled hollow steel grid profiles, which are made from pre-galvanised strip.

Gianmaria Garbin

Clay brick

Wood

Wood or timber decking, in contrast to Federation Square sandstone paving, will be used in a number of ways such as finishes, part of garden landscaping, to extend living areas, and as an alternative to stone based features such as patios. Due to environmental concerns, composite decking, a mixture of wood pulp and recycled plastic materials, will be used to lessen maintenance over time even if it is more costly than normal or treated lumber.

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Building system_ Overview !

Provide a complete, integrated set mutually dependent components and assemblies that form a metal building system capable of withstanding structural and other loads, thermally induced movement, and exposure to weather without failure or infiltration of water into building interior.

Include primary and secondary framing and accessories complying with requirements.

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Performances: seismic, thermal (U-Factor, RValue), air infiltration, water penetration, wind resistance.

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Rigid modular primary frame type: solidmember, structural steel framing system with interior columns and horizontal I-beams.

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Steel beams are connected to the columns with bolts and threaded fasteners; historically, rivets were uses as connection elements. The central “web” of the steel I-beams is often wider than a column web to resist the higher bending moments that occur in beams.

Gianmaria Garbin

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The rolled steel “profile” or cross section of steel columns takes the shape of the letter “I”. The two kind of flanges of a column are thicker and wider than the flanges on a beam, to better withstand compressive stress in the structure. Square and round tubular sections of steel can also be used, often filled with concrete.

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A popular alternative (other than sheets of steel deck) to cover the top of the steel frame is a floor of precast concrete flooring units with some form of concrete topping. This needs to be designed and engineered to accommodate and support the green roof.

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Exterior wall system: the exterior skin of the building is anchored to the frame using field assembled high-performance architectural glass and connecting components. Highly engineered curtain glass wall system will be installed, providing structural integrity, provision for movement and weather-tightness.

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Building Technologies_ Overview ! 

Building Automation and energy solutions

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Control Products and Systems: HVAC (controllers, damper actuators, combi-valves, sensors and thermosts), Fire Safety Systems, motion and photosensitive lights, security solutions.

Total Building Solution

With Total Building Solutions, flexibility of building technology may be achieved, integrating disciplines such as building automation, fire safety and security.

This will require a full-service provider of building technologies, such as Siemens BT. Scenarios are: evacuation in case of fire, fire alarm in critical storage facilities, access outside working hours, comfort, air quality, lighting systems, etc.

Green Building Monitor: as part of energy management program, this tool can help disseminate information and motivate building users to save energy. It displays values related to power and water consumption, temperature readings and greenhouse gas emissions. Build reporting analytics and provide intelligence packages derived from meter data flows.

Efficiency Monitoring: Internet-based Energy Monitoring & Controlling (EMC) tool by Siemens.

The Advantage Operation Centre (AOC) uses EMC for controlling and adjusting the building systems.

Demand flow: it is a holistic approach designed for centrifugal chilled water systems, in addition to bathroom fixtures, irrigation and water drainage.

Gianmaria Garbin

Ref: buildingtechnologies.siemens.com

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An integrated approach_ Conceptual charts

Ref: buildingtechnologies.siemens.com Gianmaria Garbin

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References Bowe, C. (2009), Design principle – Mixed land use, Health Spaces and Places. [Online] Accessed 8 October 2013: http://www.adelaidereview.com.au/archives/2004_11_26/feature_story4.shtml Chen, A. (2009), Nanyang Technological University, Green Source, The magazine of sustainable design. [Online] Accessed 11 October 2013: http://greensource.construction.com/projects/2009/05_Nanyang-TechnologicalUniversity.asp Coupland, A. (1997), Reclaiming the city; Mixed Use Development (London: E & FN SPON).

Federation Square (n.a.), Federation Square – Design and Architecture. [Online] Accessed on 13 October 2013: http://www.fedsquare.com/wp-content/uploads/Federation-Square-Design-and-Architecture.pdf Foster, S., Giles-Corti, B. (2008), The built environment, neighbourhood crime and constrained physical activity: an exploration of inconsistent findings. Preventive Medicine, 47:3, 241-51 Giles-Corti, B., King, A. C., 2009, Creating active environments across the life course: "thinking outside the square".

British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43:2, 109-13 Hoppenbrouwer, E. and Louw, E. (2005), Mixed-use development: Theory and practice in Amsterdam's Eastern Docklands, European Planning Studies, 13:7, 967-983

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References (II) Johnston, M. and McMahon, S. (2010), ‘Bold vision for redevelopment of Federation Square East’, Herald Sun, 10 October. [Online] Accessed 12 October 2013: http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/bold-vision-for-fedsquare-east/story-e6frf7kx-1225942971393 Meinhold, B. (2009), Replacing ugly construction site barriers with beautiful living green walls, Inhabitat. [Online] Accessed 15 October 2013: http://inhabitat.com/living-green-wall-buffers-filters-construction-zones/#comments.

NSW Premiers Council for Active Living – Designing Places for Active Living, accessed 12 October 2013: http:// www.pcal.nsw.gov.au/case_studies/pcal_category_cities,_towns_and_neighbourhoods.

Smart Growth Online: Principles of Smart Growth – Mixed Land Use, accessed 15 October 2013: http:// www.smartgrowth.org/about/principles/principles.asp?prin=1&res=1280.

Willingham, R (2013), ‘City’s heart left in the dark?’, The Age, May 14. [Online] Accessed 8 October 2013: http:// www.theage.com.au/victoria/citys-heart-left-in-the-dark-20130514-2jk1q.html.