RES.PI.RE Therapeutic Garden

GUI.LHER.ME SCAR.DI.NI

GUI.LHER.ME SCAR.DI.NI

“God Almighty first planted a garden. And indeed, it is the purest of human pleasures.”

- Francis Bacon

“Parece milagre, mas as sementes de cura começam a florescer nos mesmos jardins onde parecia que nenhuma outra flor brotaria. A alma é sábia: enquanto achamos que só existe dor, ela trabalha, em silêncio, para tecer o momento novo. E ele chega.”

- Ana Jácomo

FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF VIÇOSA VIÇOSA, MG - BRAZIL CENTER OF EXACT SCIENCES DEPARTAMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING/DAU FINAL GRADUATION PROJECT (ARQ398, ARQ399) ADVISOR PROFESSOR: PROF. REGINA LUSTOZA STUDENT: GUILHERME SCARDINI DA SILVA NOVEMBER/2017

THANKS TO: God and my parents, for sustaining me through this process; Prof. Regina Lustoza, for guiding me through the production of this work; Prof. Affonso Zuin, for introducing me to the necessary readings to the development of this project; Prof. Kristin Faurest, for introducing me to the transformative character of green spaces; Juliana, for supporting and bearing with me; My friends at the university, from GC and from IPV, for sustaining and accompaning me at the saddest and happiest times through this process.

INTRODUCTION...........7

RESPIRE therapeutical garden...21

sum.ma.ry

CHOOSING OF LOCATION AND TARGET AUDIENCE....8 INTERVIEW WITH GRASIELA GOMIDE........11 METHODS AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND.12

8PSD...................12 AESTHETIC AFFECTIVE THEORY.................14 MENTAL STRENGTH PYRAMID................14

ATTENTION RESTORATION THEORY.................15

HORTICULTURAL THERAPY................17

QUESTIONING............17

CASE STUDIES...........18

TERRAIN................22 APPLICATION OF THEORETICAL METHODS................26 PROJECT................27

CONCLUSION AND FINAL CONSIDERATIONS.. 35 BIBLIOGRAPHY.......... 36 ANNEX BOTANICAL MEMORIAL.... 37

7

in.tro.duc.tion

Both the built environment and the natural environment affect everyone who uses them, directly and indirectly. Our perception of space, the forms that constitute it, the full and empty spaces, the pathways and barriers, shape the way we feel, and how we relate to each other and ourselves, while inserted in the space.

Such considerations, widely contemplated and considerated in the internal spaces analysis, should be applied also to the external spaces design (HEBERT, 2003), and they can be contemplated theoretically and practically through Landscape Design.

In 1971, the Landscape Architect Norman T. Newton wrote in his book “Design on the land: The Development of Landscape Architecture” about the concept of Landscape Architecture. According to him, Lanscape Architeture is the art — or science, if preferred — of rearranging land, together with spaces and objects above it, for human use, efficient, healthy and pleasant (Newton, p. xxi).

However, some landscape architects and theorists believe that Newton’s definition is too concise for nowadays implications and applications of the study field. Harvard School of Design’s teacher, John Beardsley, wrote in his article “A Word for Landscape Architecture”, of 2017, that landscape architecture combines environment design with cultural and biological ecology, it aims to do more than produce spaces for human use, efficient, healthy and pleasant; Landscape Architecture became a forum for the articulation and ratification of our attitudes towards nature as a society. Landscape Architecture is found at the intersection between our collective and individual natural experiences, approaching historical and material aspects of the landscape, while exploring the most poetic - and even mythological - associations of nature (BEARDSLEY, 2017).

in this work, I propose an analysis from one aspect of Landscape Architecture, providing proper spaces for the recuperation of the mental faculties, and restoration of it’s users, utilizing concepts form Environmental Psychology, shaped as a Therapeutic Garden.

This area of Landscape Architecture is immensely relevant and important, as Therapeutic Gardens are utilized with the purpose of assisting in the recuperation, and/ or learning, and/or treatment of individuals, physically and emotionally (GRAHN, IVARSSON, STIGSDOTTER, BENGTSSON, 2010). The integration of horticultural therapy and Therapeutic Gardens inside recuperation centers has grown exponentially in recent years (JOHNSON, 2014). Examples can be found in the whole world of gardens being used for this end in nursing homes, war veteran hospitals, recuperation centers for people with Alzheimer’s disease, and centers for autistic people, among other applications (JOHNSON, 2014).

Establishing a direct parallel between personal exposition to external environment in its various aspects and forms of appreciaton, and a substantial improvement in the quality of life and restoration effects of people suffering from mental fatigue (KAPLAN, 2001) (and other psychologycal and psychiatrical conditions) I could not not withstand from questioning how few of these spaces can be found in Brazil. It is perceived as a working field of Landscape Architecure that is very little explored in our country, since many examples of therapeutic gardens found in other countries are proven to be functional in providing therapeutic experiences.

This final project proposes to look into and seize this unexplored potential.

8

choos.ing

of the location and target audience

The choosing of the location of the project site was directly associated to the targeted audience for it. It was necessary to search for a site that was located in an area that was of easy access to the users, that reached a relevant portion of the target audience, and that wasn’t located in an area of intense urban traffic. Therefore, it was also important to understand the public that the therapeutic garden would be primarily targeted for. It is important to highlight that, acdording to Kaplan, Kaplan & Ryan (1999), the natural environment experience doesn’t require grandious or remote locations, or a prolonged exposition to the natural environment. Areas close to urban centers, and natural landscapes which we are exposed to daily can contribute positively to the well-being of people.

The regions targeted for the first researches regardind the possibility of the realization of this project prioritized familiar areas for me: the region of Grande Vitória (in Espírito Santo State), the microregion of Viçosa and the microregion of Ubá (both in Minas Gerais State). The city of Viçosa was the chosen place, due to its proximity to me, so I would be able to research it and analyse it personally, but also because it was my current living place, so I could use my personal experience of living and moving through the city.

Viçosa is a city located in the Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais State*, distant approximately 4 hours from the state capital, Belo Horizonte. Deciding for Viçosa, while facing the question of the exact location of the project site, three options were considered, considering the before mentioned criteria for this location process.

(I) The first option would be a garden located in Viçosa’s city center, at the service of the city center residents, under the supervidion and maintenance of the City Hall. This option was quickly discarded, because there was no adequate sites available for the implantation of the garden, as the available terrains were next to intense traffic areas, of people and cars.

(II) The second option would be a garden located in the external areas to the urban center of Viçosa, at the rural zone, which has proven also unsustainable, due to the difficult access to it for the majority of the population. This is becauese of the lack of quality in the public transportation, which, at the present moment, it wouldn’t be able to supply the demand of the population of the city center and proximities of Viçosa, and also the rural population itself of areas relatively close to the area.

Lastly, the third option would be a garden located inside the Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), at the service of student and servers of the university, besides public programs of psychiatric and psycologycal treatment for the general population, provided by the local government. A suiting site was found inside the university, it is located at a distance of approximately 600 meters of the main traffic paths of the university - proving to be free of noise from intense traffic of people and cars - but still being accessible by foot, and so, being ideal for this proposal.

9

(*) (I)

viรงosa.MG BRASIL

Therefore, following the before presented logic for the choosing of the location of this project proposal, it was necessary to observe and collect data that justified the choosing of a site inside the Federal University of Viรงosa (UFV), relating it to the targetet public of the project.

While collecting information and data about work and study-related stress, it was found that, regarding stress, the college student is one of the most vulnerable groups (LACERDA, 2015).

(II)

10

Besides the stress related to the academic life at Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), the impact of the work routine on the servers of the university was also considered. According to Antunes (2015), work-related stress occupies the second place amongst the most frequent health issues relating to working, being already considered in the classification of work-related diseases (C.I.D. – 10; 1999), in mental and behavioral desorders, with the code F43 in severe stress reactions and adjusting desorders.

Therefore, I sought to utilize methods from Environmental Psprocurchology and Evidence-Based Design to design a therapeutic garden that focused on assisting the recuperation of university’s students and servers, that have been diagnosed with diseases related to stress and mental fatigue. Such as anxiety crisis, panic and depression (ANTUNES, 2015).

After consulting with the Psychosocial Division of the university, it was found that the majority of cases diagnosed by the psychiatric ward in the year 2016 were cases related to panic and anxiety disorders, and to depression episodes, as demonstrated in Graphic 1.

The gathering of such data adds to the personal knowledge of diverse stories of students and servers of the university that, suffering form such conditions, had very few options of recuperation in the public sector. This shows and confirms the relevance of this project,so being that the treatment via therapeutic garden is currently a nonexistent option in the university and the public health sector of Viçosa.

quantity percentage

Graphic 1: Relation of the ward of UFV, with the codes al Statistical Classification Font:

number of cases diagnosed by the pshychiatric for each disease according to the Internationof Diseases and Related Health Problems - ICD. Psychiatric Ward of UFV.

F41 Panic Disorder [paroxistic episodic anxiety] F32 Light Depressive Episode F34 Ciclotimia F31 Bipolar affective disorder, hipomaniac actual episode F60 Paranoid personality F20 Paranoid Schizophrenia F50 Nervous anorexia F71 Moderate mental retardness

F90 Activity and attention disorders F19 Mental and comportamental disorders due to drug abuse F29 Non-organic psychosis not specified F33 Recurrent depressive disorder F12 Mental and comportamental disorders due to the use of cannabinoids - acute intoxication F70 Light mental retardness F84 Infant Autism

11

an interview with GRASIELA GOMIDE DE SOUZA

Psychologist // head of the Psychosocial Division of UFV

What is your funcion at the Psychosocial Division?

Psychologist; acting on mental health in the interface of the clinic-social area; currently at the coordenation of the Psychosocial Division.

What is the Psychosocial Division? Who is served by it? which services does it offer?

A sector of the university linked to the Pro-Rectory of Communitary Affairs, formed by professionals of psychology, psychiatry and social services. It has for a target public the university community (students, servers and dependents).

In general, how do you perceive the general psychologial state of the students of the university?

We don’t have any researches/statistical data regarding the psuchological state of UFV students.But we have an empirical observation of the increase, for the last years, of the demand, the severity and the complexity of the cases we attend.

Could you briefly explain how is the psychological and psychiatrical treatment at the Division? What are the phases of the process? Does it vary a lot according to each diagnosis?

The psychiatric attending is realized by scheduling. The treatment is basically through medication.In the psychological area, we have two models of individual intervention: Psychologists on call (model of intervention without previous scheduling); Brief psychotherapy (for spesific cases).

Which tools besides meetings at the offices do you utilize?

- Therapeutic workshops (groups with varied themes)

- Conviver Project (directed at the residents of the university accomodations)

- Community Therapy (in experimental phases)

- Participation in institutional comissions related to themes regarding mental health.

- Bem-Viver Program, which coordenates the campaing of prevention of alcohol and drug abuse - “Março de Boa” Program.

To which extent do you accompany the state of each patient?

For those who initiate a brief psychotherapy, the sevice centers on an elected focus. The end of the process relates to working this focus; with a variable average of 12 sessions.

Do you think that the service of the Division reaches a sufficient amount of yout targeted public? Do you feel that it’s potential has been reached?

Because it is formed by a small staff, the reach of the Psychosocial Division can’t supply all it’s demand. What doesn’t mean that it’s actions aren’t significative inside it’s limits.

In your opinion, the physical location of the Psychosocial Division (a recluse, green area) has any impact on the treatment of these people?

Yes. Users always refer to the physical space, surprised, specially when they face the lawn, and the trees. It is noticable how well they feel when we perform a group activity at the green spaces by the house.

How do you feel that the green areas of the university affect this treatment?

It enables a state of relaxing and well-being that favors inner contact.

The Therapeutic Garden is a garden designed based on concepts of environmental psychology and evidence-based design, utilizing all the potential of its natural elements to assist the recuperation of patients. In your opinion, a therapeutic garden would be a desirable adition to the recuperation process of patients?

I imagine so. Although I’m not deeply familiar with the concept, I believe that being inserted in an environment with natural elements enables a state of relaxation that favours the inner contact.

12

meth.ods

8 P S D eight per.ceived sen.so.ry di.men.sions

and theoretical background

Researches around the 1980’s, published in the United States, verified the beneficial effects of gardens, parks and green areas in the mental capacity and mental strenght of people in general (GRAHN, IVARSSON, STIGSDOTTER, BENGTSSON, 2010). The use we make of these spaces and the relation created between the user and the environment is a vast field at the so called Environmental Psychology, that concerns not only nature, but the designed external space (WELLS, EVANS, CHEEK, 2005). Exploring, therefore, the fact that the man has a scope of meaning, which concerns the relation of themselves with the external environment, and the communication between both of them, since the being itself extends to the physical space, sometimes more subjectively (GRAHN, 1991).

There is a lot to be explored in the literature found in the areas of Environmental Psychology, and Landscape Architecture, related to Therapeutic Gardens. This project, however, stuck to some methods developed in studies, explained in this literature, that relates to the desired theme.

Contemplating the possibility that the designed space would be the most desirable possible to the most amount of people, one can observe the need to sort out and indentify which are the perceptions of people about such spaces, since a single space wouldn’t be perceived in the same way by every user. For so, there is the 8PSD method (8 Perceived Sensory Dimensions), a theory that was developed by the teachers and researchers in the area of Landscape Architecture, Patrick Grahn and Ulrika Stigsdotter, in their article “The relationship between perceived sensory dimensions of urban green space and stress restoration”, in 2009 at Sweden.

The theory is based in researches realized with users of natural spaces. It delimited eight main dimensions that constitute the foundation of designing parks and gardens. The dimensions described in the study are the following:

1. Serene: Pacific and silent environment, without disturbances, safe. Like one of a countryside church;

2. Nature: Natural environment, without human intervention, promoting fascination for the wild nature;

3. Rich in Species: Environment provided of a great variaty of species of animals and plants;

4. Space: Environment tha offers a feeling of entering a new world, like a new, spacious room.

5. Prospect/Festive: Open green environment, that wxplores the views and is inviting;

6. Refuge: Recluse environment, where one can withdraw and be with oneself, like a sanctuary;

7. Social: Environment for meeting with others, festivities and leisure;

8. Culture: Environment that is able to provide fascination by evidencing values, beliefs and strugles of a people. Like historical ruins.

Of the described dimensions of the study, some are more necessary than others (GRAHN, IVARSSON, STIGSDOTTER, BENGTSSON, 2010). In this project proposal, due to the limited physical space of the terrain, I will propose a clipping of the method, so fewer dimensions will be contemplated - encompassing the ones that are more necessary - Serene, Nature, Space, Refuge and Social (GRAHN, IVARSSON, STIGSDOTTER, BENGTSSON, 2010). These dimensions become important references to the design of different spaces provided by the garden, taking in consideration that the dimensions designed become more attractive to the individual when they house subdimensions, that are the same dimensions already presented, when they are indetified as a secondary feature of the area.

13

Serene: Pacific and silent environment, without disturbances, safe. Like one of a countryside church;

Nature: Natural environment, without human intervention, promoting fascination for the wild nature;

Rich in Species: Environment provided of a great variaty of species of animals and plants;

Space: Environment tha offers a feeling of entering a new world, like a new, spacious room.

Prospect/Festive: Open green environment, that wxplores the views and is inviting;

Refuge: Recluse environment, where one can withdraw and be with oneself, like a sanctuary;

Social: Environment for meeting with others, festivities and leisure;

Culture: Environment that is able to provide fascination by evidencing values, beliefs and strugles of a people. Like historical ruins.

aes.thet.ic af.fec.tive the.o.ry

14

Roger Ulrich, professor and researcher in the area of Environmental Psychology and health-related design developed the Aesthetic Affective theory. In 1983, in his article titled “Aesthetic and Affective Response to Natural Environment”, he develops the aesthetic impact that nature has on the individual. According to the theory, nature holds sensory information that can tell us when is possible to rest, which results in a decreasing of stress.

Nature, according to Ulrich, has the hability to rapidly reduce or induce stress in a simpolic-affective level, that he defines as “aesthetic”. He argues that the visual impact of the environment itself can sinalize danger or safety, and this is most important when people experience high levels of stress (GRAHN, IVARSSON, STIGSDOTTER, BENGTSSON APUD ULRICH, 2010).

Therefore, we can validate the recuperating character of nature considering this theory, that suggests that the stress reactions should decrease in a restoring natural environment, suggestind that the healing effects of nature are a matter of unconscious processes, located in the most ancient parts of the brain, connected to emotion. (GRAHN, IVARSSON, STIGSDOTTER, BENGTSSON APUD ULRICH, 2010).

men.tal strength pyr.a.mid

The Mental Strength Pyramid theory, is a method developed also by Patrick Grahn, in 1991. This method relates to the theoretical concept of “Scope of Meaning/Scope of Action”, também also developed in the article of Patrick Grahn, Carina Tenngart Ivarsson, Ulrika K. Stigsdotter, Inga-Lena Bendtsson, “Using Affordances As a Health-Promoting Tool In A Therapeutic Garden” in 2010 . The concept suggests that the rehabilitation of stress and mental fatigue related diseases is a matter of communication between senses, emotions and cognitions. “When people feel good, they can handle and function in many environments, in most of them, and they can feel that some environments and people give them strength and pleasure. [...] When people feel weak, the same environments and people can be perceived as threatening, even intimidating” (GRAHN, IVARSSON, STIGSDOTTER, BENGTSSON APUD ULRICH, 2010).

Essentially, the individual’s hability to deal with different kinds of environments is directly linked to everything that the environment means to them, and with what aspects of the environment they are able to deal with. So, the Mental Strength Pyramid defines just how much a certain group requires a supportive environment that is free of human involvement, as demonstrated;

15

1

2

3

Figure 1. Font: < http://www.mdpi.com/ijerph/ijerph-11-07094/ article_deploy/html/images/ijerph-11-07094-g001-1024.png> Acesso em: 10/04/2017.

The group at the base of the pyramid is the one that needs the most of a recluse environment, and the degree of this necessity decreases as we move up from group to group. Until we face the group at the top of the pyramid, that feels prepared to involve actively with other people. This kind of characterization of the environment, related to its use and target public, is important to the definition - however abstract - of the different approaches necessary to the Therapeutic Garden. If we allow these different groups to acess areas of the garden that comprehend the mental necessities of the individual, we can create more suitable environments to mental recuperation, enabling also that the individual can move through the areas, as their treatment advances.

The Fascination (I) provided by aspects of the natural environment cand be called “light fascination”, provided by clouds, sunsets, breezes, objects that hold the attention, but not in a dramatic way, having the essential characteristic of being easily accesible. The vegetation is a recurrent theme, when considered the light fascination. It provides patterns aesthetically pleasing - views of trees and grass, flowers, the garden - which context can allow that people reflect on tough subjects that would be too confuse or painful to be contemplated under other circunstances.

The characteristic of Retreat (II) is clear when er perceive the frequency on which natural sceneries are the prefered destinations for extensive restorative activities, like mountains, lakes, creeks, forests and woodsm that are choses as places for a retreat. However, as opportunities for retreat are increasingly more meager in the urabn context, natural environments that are more easily accesible offer an important resource for the restoration of direct attention.

at.ten.tion res.to.ra.tion the.o.ry

4

The Attention Restoration Theory was developed by Rachel e Stephen Kaplan, professors and researchers in the field of Environmental Psychology. In 1989 in their book “The experience of nature: A psychological perspective”, they focused in the restoration of the direct attention that an individual can give to the environment on which they are inserted. The theory suggests that the direct attention is a limited resource, that can easily be taken to exaustion if we don’t give it opportunities for recuperation.Natural environments don’t demand complicated decisions from their visitors; theu don;t need to process information, prioritize, plan, and so on, therefore their capacity for direct attention can be recuperated.

(GRAHN, IVARSSON, STIGSDOTTER, BENGTSSON APUD KAPLAN, 2010).

The restorative character isn’t reserved to the natural scenery in any way, but, it is perceived that natural environments tend to be particularly restorative (KAPLAN, 1992).

The article “The restorative environment: nature and human experience”, of 1992, presents different properties of a restorative experience, through four concepts applied to the natural environment, being them: Fascination, Retreat, Extension and Compatibility.

16

The Extension (III) refers to the sensation of vastness provided easily by wild and distant natural environments, but which can also be provided by relatively small environments.

Arranging the pathways and trails, one can make a small area look like a much larger space, providing a feeling of being in another world to the user.

Lastly, the Compatibility refers to the special resonance of the natural environment and the human inclinations.

To most people, operating in the natural environment seems to require less effort than operating in the â&#x20AC;&#x153;civilizedâ&#x20AC;? environment, despite having more familiarity with the latter.

People already approach natural areas with the purpose tha these areas serve readily in mind, increasing their compatibility with such environments.

Such important concepts will be observed and aggregated to the process of developing the therapeutic garden, to optimize to the maximum possible the utilization of the proposed area, as the recuperation of the capacity of direct attention plays such an important roll in the mental restoration of the targeted public.

(I)

(II)

(III)

17

ques.tion.ing

hor.ti.cul.tu.ral ther.a.py

why doesn’t UFV already serves as a therapeutical green space?

In the context of a Therapeutic Garden, where its characteristics are designed to serve a restorative end, it’s necessary to care for the social aspect of it, when interpersonal relations play in this restoration process. In this way, horticulture acts like an important factor, since the social inclusion generated by horticultural therapy is already identified as an important and positive outcome, promoting social processes and interaction with other individuals (DIAMANT, WATERHOUSE, 2010).

Horticultural Therapy is an emergent therapeutic movement, that utilizes horticulture-related activities to promote the health and well-being of disabled and vulnerable people (DIAMANT, WATERHOUSE APUD SEMPIK et al, 2005). This is important, because it allows to add to the space of the garden the possibility of the physical activity as a recuperating agent. Such activities can be adapted to the habilities and necessities of each individuals, facilitating the approach of issues like: recognizing individual necessities, managing behavioral barriers and encouraging team working (DIAMANT, WATERHOUSE, 2010).

As we establish the Therapeutic Garden as a viable and effective tool for the assisting the treatment of stress and mental fatigue related diseases, a question can be raised about the necessity of creating a new natural environment at the university. Because the Federal University of Viçosa (UFV) has extense green spaces at the spaces close to its buildings, and in the course of all the access routs, therefore, one can question if only the presence of such green spaces doesn’t already characterize a therapeutical space.

Well, discussing the relation of the direct attention in the recuperation and restoration of mental fatigue and stress, Kaplan (2001) developed the Attention Restoration Theory (ART) establishing that, if an individual is engaged in a conversation while going through a natural area, there would be few mental activity in resonance with the environment and, presumedly, the environment would have less restorative capacities. Therefore, is necessary to have an environment that have restorative experiences as a priority, because, according to Kaplan (2001), without having the restorative experiences as a priority, a lot of restorative oportunities are probably going to be lost. “If an individual develops their capacity of knowing what to look for (in an environment), an environment that can be confused - or even boring - turns into one that is rich of things to see, explore, and think about” (KAPLAN, 2001).

18

case stud.ies ther.a.peu.tic.al gar.dens

19

MIS.KOL.CI

therapeutical garden at Autistic Center of Miskolci, HU. Artemisia Landscape Design, 2013.

The Autistic Foundation of Miskolc functions as a permanent home for young people and adults with autism at the city of Miskolc, in the interior east of Hungary. The garden was built in 2013, as part of a project financed by the Swiss-Hungarian fund for the making of a project of sustainable agriculture.

ed

i ar

(v

es pĂŠ c

s

s ie

das ria va

divisĂľes reais

(real divisions)

(LANDSCAPE)

The garden consists of circumscribed circles, planted with herbs, vegetables and ornamental plants, organized accordingly to their dominant sensorial effect. It has also a sculpture made out of willow tree branches located at the center of these circles, simbolizing a place of shelter or solitude, and also simbolizing a basket, that is the main product of the iniciatives of arts and crafts with the residents of the center.

And also a greenhouse, which allows all of the future plants to grow at the site.

s)

ie

c pe

The garden of Miskolc demonstrates very well the objective use of architectural elements (the sculpture) and elements of landscape (vegetation beds with different species) as therapeutical elements to promote mental and physical health of the targeted group, through activities proposed in the garden.

OBJETO CENTRAL +CAMINHOS =CANTEIROS (central object + pathways = vegetation beds)

20

Around the 1970’s, an orphanage in the center of Fredensborg, DK, was transformed into the Alfa Rehabilitaton Center, by Denmark’s counselor of addictions , Jørge Maltesen.

AL.FA

therapeutic garden at the Alfa Center of Rehabilitation for the treatment of chemical dependents at Fredensbog, DK.

(active participation)

participação ativa

(retreat)

retiro

(engaging participation)

engajamento

Amra Ljubijankic and Cristina Conciatu, 2013.

(emotional participation)

participação emocional

N

áreas definidas (defined areas)

de o s ã ea siçing r á an ion tr ansit r (t eas) ar

divisões imaginárias (imaginary dividions)

Through behavioral analysis, of the psychology of the built and inhabited environment, the methodology applied to redesigning the alfa rehabilitating center demonstrates a new possible view for designing therapeutical spaces, to specific treatments.

The presented project, proposed by Cristina Conciatu e Amra Ljubijankic, in a masters thesis of Landscape Architecture, by the University of Copenhagen intends to revitalize the space through the re-signification of their spaces, following precepts of Evidence-Based Design, that involves the application of aesthetic and practical knowledges of Landscape Architecture, alltogether with researches, besides special attributes and necessities of the targeted group.

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RES.PI.RE ther.a.peu.tic.al gar.den

22

upe ra he l ) (t ica den t ar g

(RECEPTION)

) TRANSITION

d) roa ry unt (co

gen.er.al spa.ces a.nal.y.sis

a.nal.y.sis and di.ag.no.sis

(PROPOSED

Spaces described after visual analysis of the terrain’s region, through aerial views and visits to the site and surroundings.

The chosen site is located in the Federal University of Viçosa, by a sufficient distance from the main arterial routes of the campus (approximately 600 meters) to be away from the noise of intense car traffic, but still being accesible for pedestrians. The site is within a former university server’s village that is now abandoned. So I initially proposed to use the last two houses and its sites for the design proposal On the course to the chosen terrain for this project, the existing landscape inciates a transition from environments – from a built and busy environment to a more natural one – sheltering, calm, serene. The ambience transforms gradually, allowing the user to initiate, without realizing it initially, the transition of ambiences.

1. Four Pillars

NSI

TIO

3. Ed. Arthur Bernardes

TRA AL TUR

2. Central Library

(2)

N)

(1)

(NA

(RETREAT AREA)

PRO.JECT SITE

Arriving to the area, we find an earthen floor, with stones, already at the end of this found transitions between the built environment (UFV ambience) and the natural environment. This project intends to propose a new transition of ambiences between this ambience, the one of a natural environment inside UFV, to this new ambence, the therapeutical garden, by flooring the pathway with grass.

5. Project site

4. Effie Rolfs School

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1. path.way

Transitioning space, where the introduction to the Gardenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s environment is proposed, and the treatment is initiated through the reflection and the spacial elements

3. tran.si.tion

Transitioning space, for the receptionand the garden, as well as for the reception and the reclusion space

des.cribed spa.ces Spaces of the terrain area described and analyzed through photos, obtained by visiting the site.

2. re.cep.tion

Introductioning space to the garden, the first space seen, that should invite the user to get in the garden

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4. res.to.ra.tion

Moderate sized space, at the front and central parts of the garden space, ideal for designing a space for social interactions

6. back.yard

Small space next to the first house where an ornamental arrangement can be made for complementing the ambience of the first house

10. re.treat

Recluse space, but connected to the reception space, ideal for designing a space reserved to users who have to abstain form human contact in their treatment

7 e 9. in.te.gra.tion

5. con.tem.pla.tion

Wide space at the back part of the garden space, with potential for housing a mor individualist design, but without being in retreat

Space of the second house and of the site next to it, that can serve as a horticulture area, as well as complementing the gardenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s circulation.For that purpose, the house wouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be able to be used, as it is in really bad shape, and out of reach of the university (for legal reasons). This design proposal wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be taking into consideration to use this house, but to demolish it and use its space.

8. first.house

First house on the site. It is in great shape and within the reach of the university, so it is ideal for seving the administrative parts and the consultation with psychologists and psychiatrists at the Psychsocial Divison.

Insolation studies of the site, made through observation inregular visits to the site

in.so.la.tion

25

The analysis of the insolation areas of this project is very important, because sun exposition is directly related to which species could be used in the design for the garden, as well as the level of sun exposition that each environment proposes. Therefore, combining the insolation studies, we can get to a map that relates insolation areas to delineate which areas can house species of luminosity full sun, or half shade.

07:00

12:00

de.cliv.i.ty Declivity of the project site demonstrated through graphic elements.

Declivities noted by perception in personal visits to the site

(HALF SHADOW)

(FULL SUN) (FULL SUN)

18:00

SECTION XXâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

SECTION YYâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

(natural seren e)

(transition)

(transition)

(SERENE social)

(Social ) prospect (transition)

ne.ces.si.ties pro.gram (transition)

of

the theoretical backgound

(FESTIVE serene)

CE PA e) (S fug re

AP.PLI.CA.TIONS

26

8 P. S. D. As exposed previously, of the eight perceived sensory dimensions, I stuck with five maind dimensions: “Space”, “Serene”, “Festive/Prospect”, “Natural” and “Social”.

Through presencial analysis, visiting the project site, I found possible to assign subdimensions to the main dimensions. So they will house also as secondary characteristics the respective dimensions: “Refuge”, “Social, “Prospect/Festive” and “Serene”.

MEN.TAL

strength pyr.a.mid The mental strength pyramid allows us to separate the targeted public by the different steps of recuperation of th mental capabilities. Applying the concepts of the pyramid and taking in consideration the analysis of insolation and spaces, it was possible to arrive to a designation of a phase of treatment for each space of the garden, allowing the individual to transit between these spaces as their treatment advances.

>areas for individual reflection >areas for socialization and collective activities >recluse area for individual treatments >vegetable garden for horticultural therapy and more engaging activities >house for support (use existent) >transitioning ramp between the different declivities of the site >new construction to serve as support for the vegetable garden and the other house >spaces that reinforce the transition UFV/Garden

con.cept forms plan sec.tions and views

PRO.JECT

27

N

RES. PI. RE. ther.a.peu.ti.cal gar.den “RES.PI.RE” (“breathe”) is an invitation for a hiatus in your everyday life. An opportunity to transport yourself from the space of the university to another ambience, that inspires restoration and reflection about what happens inside and around you.

FORMS PLAN tall plants medium plants small plants creeping plants/forage local trees planted trees (proposed)

SCALE 1:500

horticultural therapy planted grass stone incrusted with bromeliads

28

N

MAP OF FLOWS The flows of the garden are demonstrated in these schemes, and all of them can be observated as flows that goes both ways (entering and exiting). There is a flow path at the garden that perpasses all its spaces (map 1) until it comes back to its origin place . Since the entering path of the garden is characterized as beig â&#x20AC;&#x153;naturallyâ&#x20AC;? more attractive to the new user. This pathway leads the individual to transit through every space of the garden, so they can ben in touch with every phase of their recovery.This can be easily demonstrated through the mental strength pyramid, previously presented.

The contact with the spaces of emotional participation (1), of active participation (2 e 3) and the outgoing involvement (4) until proceeding to the exit of the garden, in this case. The space directed to reclusion. If the user wants to acces any of the spaces independently, or get directly to one of the spaces, or even acces directly the houses, they can easily transit through the spaces of the garden using the flows demonstrated by different colors (map 2), relating the colors to the possibilities of individual flows in the second map.

map 1 ESC 1:500

map 2 ESC 1:500

FLOOR PLAN.TA BAI.XA PLAN ESC 1:200 SCALE

Palo-deágua

Capimchorão

Costeladeadão

Capimdospampas

Grama Existente

Furcréia

Terra Existente

Citronela

Espadade-sãojorge

Heraroxa

Acorus

Abacaxiroxo

Vetiver

Rochas

Gramaazul

ÁrvoreSamambaia

Árvores Existentes

PauAlecrim

IpeRoxo

Laranjeiras

GramaSantoAgostinho

1:200

N ESPAÇO DE REFLEXÃO INDIVIDUAL

Pinanga-de-coroa Orquelito Sagú Kaizuka Palmeira-Rápis Licuala-Redonda

ESPAÇO DE ATIVIDADES EM GRUPO E HORTICULTURA

CASA DE APOIO 2

ESPAÇO DE RETIRO INDIVIDUAL

ACESSO

RECEPÇÃO

CASA DE APOIO 1

ESPAÇO DE SOCIALIZAÇÃO 1

ESPAÇO DE SOCIALIZAÇÃO 2

Horta

COR.TES ESC 1:200 SEC.TIONS

árvore-samambaia

laranjeira

árvores existentes

existing trees árvores existentes existing trees árvores existentes

SCALE 1:200

+3,50

+0,40

CORTE AA’

ipê-roxo

ipê-roxo

ipê-roxo

rampa proposed proposta ramp

SECTION AA’

laranjeira pau-alecrim

árvores existentes existing trees

existing tree árvore existente árvore existente existing tree

árvores existentes existing trees

+3,50

+1,00

SECTION BB’ CORTE BB’

banco proposed proposto bench

deck/banco proposed proposto deck/bench

banco proposed proposto bench

árvores existentes existing trees

existing trees árvores existentes

0,00

0,00 rampa proposta proposed ramp

SECTION CC’ CORTE CC’ prédio proposto proposed second house

árvore- árvore-samambaia samambaia ipê-roxo

ipê-roxo

31

(1) The transition from the earthen pathway to the grass pathway is marked by a â&#x20AC;&#x153;totemâ&#x20AC;?: a stone encrusted with bromeliads, simbolizing transformation, pretty things that can grow from hard and unlikely surfaces. The pathway is inviting to the recuperation, it goes on until the reception area, and gives acces to other areas of the garden flows.

32

(2) The reception area marks the transition between three spaces of the site, the pathway, the recluse area, and the garden, and therefore, should be a sociable space, but serene and calm.

The vegetation beds intercalate with the benches to promote an even broader integration with the plants. The alreasy existing tree in the space was preserved and valued as the center os the space.

33

(3) The space at the back of the garden intends to provide the sensation of retrieving, allowing contemplation, from a place where one can watch what happens in the other areas of the garden. While it is an open space, it intends to provide meditation and individual seclusion. The limits of the vegetation beds are in a way tha they delimit a wide room, but cozy at the same time.

34

(4) This transitioning space of the garden gives access to an exit/entrance of the garden, and also of the horticultural therapy area. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s an area destined to transitions, to the more engaging activities, as such as to a more quiet pathway back to the university.

35

con.clu.sion and final considerations

The design of an open space for recuperation should be unaccompanied by a careful observation of the public that will be attending it, its profile and necessities. And, despite of the complex and uncertain nature of human relations, and of what motivates it, consciously and unconsciously, we can nowadays use tools from Environmental Psychology and Landscape Architecture to certify ourselves that this open space comprehend all the necessary spaces to provide therapeutical recuperation.

Therefore, it was possible to locate the necesstity to design a Therapeutical Garden inside the Federal University of Viรงosa, after pointed out the profile and necessities of the students and servers, collecting data refering to the therapeutical services provided by the university.

The use of methods and tools provided by the theoretical background on Environmental Psychology evidences the different between natural green spaces and the green spaces specialy designed for the therapeutic purpose, when the latter uses the same elements of a regular garden, rearranged in a way that these spaces serves a purpose. To design a Therapeutical Garden is to provide a new tool for the recuperaton and the rehabilitation of people diagnosed with diseases related to stress and mental fatigue.

bib.li.og.ra.phy

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DIAMANT, Emna; WATERHOUSE, Andrew. Gardening and belonging: reflections on how social and therapeutic horticulture may facilitate health, wellbeing and inclusion.

British Journal of Occupational Therapy, INGLATERRA, v. 73, p. 84-88, out. 2009.

GRAHN, P. et al. Using affordances as a health-promoting tool in a therapeutic garden. Innovative approaches to researching landscape and health, Copenhagen, v. 2, p. 120-159, mar. 2010.

GRAHN, PATRIK. Landscapes in our minds: people’s choice of recreative places in towns. Landscape Research, Suécia, v. 16, n. 1, p. 11-19, mar. 1991.

HARVARD DESIGN MAGAZINE. A word for landscape architecture. Disponível em: <http://www.harvarddesignmagazine.org/ issues/12/a-word-for-landscape-architecture>. Acesso em: 01 jun. 2017.

HERBERT, Bonnie B. Design Guidelines of a therapeutic garden for autistic children.

2003. 115 p. Tese (Mestrado em Arquitetura de Paisagismo) – Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Louisiana.

JOHNSON, Clare. Gardening and Autism: Observations, benefits and results. Chicago Botanic Garden, Chicago, jan. 2004. Disponível em: <http://my.chicagobotanic. org/education/therapy/gardening-and-autism/>. Acesso em: 25 mar. 2017.

KAPLAN, Rachel; KAPLAN, Stephen; RYAN, Robert L.. With People In Mind: Design and Management of Everyday Nature. Places, Califórnia, v. 13, n. 1, p. 26-29, jan. 2000.

KAPLAN, S. Meditation, Restoration, and the Management of Mental Fatigue. Environmet and Behavior, Michigan, v. 33, n.

4, p. 480-506, jan. 1987.

KAPLAN, Stephen. Aesthetics, Affect and Cognition: Environmental Preference From an Evolutionary Perspective. Environment and Behavior, Michigan, v. 19, n. 1, p.

3-32, jan. 1987.

KAPLAN, Stephen. The Restorative Environment: Nature and Human Experience. The role of horticulture and human well-being and social development, Portland, p. 134142, jun. 1992.

LACERDA, Ana Nere De. Indícios de estresse, depressão e ansiedade em estudantes universitários. 2015. 86 p. Tese (Graduação em Psicologia) – Universidade de Brasília, Brasília.

NEWTON, Norman T. Design on the land: The Development of Landscape Architecture.

Inglaterra: Belknap Press, 1971. 714 p.

RELF, Paula D. Psychological and Sociological Response to Plants: Implications for Horticulture. Viewpoint, Virgínia, v.

25, n. 1, p. 11-13, jan. 1990.

SEABRA, Alexandra Paula Ferreira de Carvalho. Síndrome de Burnout e a Depressão no Contexto da Saúde Ocupacional. 2008.

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STIGSDOTTER, Ulrika K; GRAHN, Patrik. Experiencing a Garden: A Healing Garden for People Suffering from Burnout Diseases.

Journal of therapeutic horticulture, SUÉCIA, p. 38-49, jan. 2003.

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37

AN.NEX

bo.tan.i.cal me.mo.ri.al

CAPIM-DOS-PAMPAS Scientific name: Cortaderia selloana Popular names: Capim-dos-pampas, Cana-dospampas, Cortadeira, Penacho-branco, Pluma Family: Poaceae Category: Bushes, Forages Height: 2.4 to 3.0 meters, 3.0 to 3.6 meters, 3.6 to 4.7 meters Luminosidade: Full sun

ABACAXI-ROXO Scientific name: Tradescantia spathacea Popular names: Abacaxi-roxo, Moisés-noberço, Espada-de-iansã Family: Commelinaceae Category: Foliage, Forages Height: 0.3 to 0.4 meters, 0.4 to 0.6 meters Luminosity: Difuse light, Half shadow, Full sun

CITRONELA Scientific name: Cymbopogon winterianus Popular names: Citronela, Capim-citronela, Cidró-do-paraguai, Citronela-de-java Family: Poaceae Height: 0.9 to 1.2 meters, 1.2 to 1.8 meters Luminosidade: Full sun

ACORUS Scientific name: Acorus gramineus Popular names: Acorus, Mini-cálamo-do-japão, Acoro-gramíneo, Junco-japonês Family Acoraceae Category: Foliage, Forages Height: 0.1 to 0.3 meters, 0.3 to 0.4 meters, menos de 15 cm Luminosity: Half shadow, Full sun

COSTELA-DE-ADÃO Scientific name: Monstera deliciosa Popular names: Costela-de-adão, Abacaxi-do-reino, Banana-do-mato, Ceriman, Monstera Family: Araceae Category: climbers Height: 6.0 to 9.0 meters, 9.0 to 12 meters Luminosity: Half shadow

ÁRVORE-SAMAMBAIA Scientific name: Filicium decipiens Popular names: Árvore-samambaia, Felício, Filício Family: Sapindaceae Category: Trees, Ornamental trees Height: 4.7 to 6.0 meters Luminosity: Full sun

ESPADA-DE-SÃO-JORGE Scientific name: Sansevieria trifasciata Popular names: Espada-de-são-jorge, Língua-de-sogra, Rabo-de-lagarto, Sansevéria Family: Asparagaceae Category: Foliage, Forages Height: 0.4 to 0.6 meters, 0.6 to 0.9 meters Luminosity: Half shadow, Full sun

CAPIM-CHORÃO Scientific name: Eragrostis curvula Popular names: Capim-chorão, Barba-de-bode Family: Poaceae Category: Forages Height: 0.4 to 0.6 metros, 0.6 to 0.9 metros Luminosity: Full sun

FURCRÉIA Scientific name: Furcraea foetida Popular names: Furcréia, Agave-furcréia, Furcrea, Piteira, Uroatá-açú, Gravatá-açú, Caraguatá-açú, Pitera, Pita, Cocuiza, Family: Asparagaceae Category: Bushes, Tropical bushes Height: 0.9 to 1.2 meters, 1.2 to 1.8 meters Luminosity: Half shadow, Full sun

38

GRAMA-AZUL Scientific name: Poa pratensis Popular names: Grama-azul, Grama-azul-do-kentucky Family: Poaceae Category: Grass Height: 0.1 to 0.6 meters Luminosity: Full sun

KAIZUKA Scientific name: Juniperus chinensis torulosa Popular names: Kaizuka, Caiazuka, Caizuca, Cipreste-kaizuka, Junípero-chinês, Kaiazuca Family: Cupressaceae Category: Bushes, Ornamental trees Height: 3.0 to 3.6 meters, 3.6 to 4.7 meters Luminosity: Half shadow, Full sun

Grama-santo-agostinho Scientific name: Stenotaphrum secundatum Popular names: Grama-santo-agostinho, Grama-de-santo-agostinho, Grama-inglesa Family: Poaceae Category: Grass Height: less than 15 cm Luminosity: Half shadow, Full sun

LARANJEIRA Scientific name: Citrus sinensis Popular names: Laranja, Laranjeira Family: Rutaceae Category: Trees, Fruitful trees Height: 6.0 to 9.0 meters Luminosity: Full sun

HERA-ROXA Scientific name: Hemigraphis alternata Popular names: Hera-roxa, Rubrastilis Family: Acanthaceae Category: Foliage, Forages Height: 0.1 to 0.3 meters Luminosity: Half shadow, Full sun

LICUALA-REDONDA Scientific name: Licuala peltata Popular names: Licuala-redonda, Licuala, Palmeira-leque Family: Arecaceae Category: Trees, Palm trees Height: 2.4 to 3.0 meters, 3.0 to 3.6 meters, 3.6 to 4.7 meters, 4.7 to 6.0 meters Luminosity: Difuse light, Half shadow

IPÊ-ROXO Scientific name: Tabebuia impetiginosa Popular names: Ipê-roxo, Cabroe, Casquinho, Ipê, Ipê-de-flor-roxa, Ipê-mirim, Ipê-preto, Ipê-rosa, Ipê-roxo-da-mata, Ipê-tabaco Family: Bignoniaceae Category: Trees, Ornamental tress Height: 6.0 to 9.0 meters Luminosity: Full sun

ORQUELITO Scientific name: Cyclanthus bipartitus Popular names: Orquetillo , Ciclanto , Mapuá.

Family: Cyclanthaceae.

Category: Bushes Height: 1,8 m.

Luminosity: Half shadow.

ESPADA-DE-SÃO-JORGE Scientific name: Sansevieria trifasciata Popular names: Espada-de-são-jorge, Língua-de-sogra, Rabo-de-lagarto, Sansevéria Family: Asparagaceae Category: Foliages, Forages Height: 0.4 to 0.6 meters, 0.6 t0 0.9 meters Luminosidade: Half shadow, Full sun

PALMEIRA-RÁPIS Scientific name: Rhapis excelsa Popular names: Palmeira-rápis, Jupati, Palmeira-dama, Palmeira-ráfia, Ráfis, Rápis Family: Arecaceae Category: Bushes, Palm trees Height: 1.2 to 1.8 meters, 1.8 to 2.4 meters, 2.4 to 3.0 meters Luminosity: Difuse light, Half shadow

39

PALO-DE-ÁGUA Scientific name: Dracaena fragrans ´Massangeana´ Popular names: Palo-de-agua , Dragoeiro , Paud´água , Coqueiro-de-vênus , Dracena.

Category: Bushes.

Family: Asparagaceae.

Height: 6 m.

Luminosity: Half shadow, full sun.

PAU-ALECRIM Scientific name: Holocalyx balansae Micheli Popular names: Pau-alecrim (RNC), alecrim-de-campinas, alecrim Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Subfamília Caesalpiniodeae Category: Trees, Ornamental trees Height: up to 25 m Luminosity: Full sun PINANGA-DE-COROA Scientific name: Pinanga coronata Popular names: Pinanga-de-coroa , Pinanga , Pinanga-de-corona.

Family: Arecaceae.

Category: Palm trees Height: 5 m Luminosity: Half shadow

SAGÚ Scientific name: Cycas revoluta Popular names: Palma-de-iglesia , Sagú , Cica-del-japón , Palma-de-sagú , Cyca , Palmeira-sagu , Cica , Sagu.

Family: Cycadaceae Category: Bushes Height: 2 m.

Luminosity: Half shadow, Full sun.

VETIVER Scientific name: Chrysopogon zizanioides Popular names: Vetiver, Capim-vetiver, Capimde-cheiro, Capim-cheiroso Family: Poaceae Category: Foliage, Grass and forages Height: 0.9 to 1.2 meters, 1.2 to 1.8 meters, 1.8 to 2.4 meters Luminosity: Full sun