GUAM RECORDER
APubicatonOfThe UNIVERS TYOFGUAM
PloduccdByTho MICRONESIAN AREARESEARCHCENTER
EO TOR PeuCaanQ
ASSOCIATEEOITORS
Mar oreG.Drver EmtleG.Johnston
STAFF
Felciaf\a2a M.M.8. Albenl.WllialTI$
Dales.M�9
RostaM.Ch.Jenes EaneP.Concet:don
WRITEFORT�ERECOROER
TileRecorderv,antsankes.fromyoa. Sel\d1hemra:
THEGUAM RECOROER
MicronesianArooAaue1chCen1e-1 unversityof Guam
P.O. BoxEK Agena.Gu,m96910
GU ISSN 0048-6522
Pubished to prov de sc entmc, cultura,and historical nformat on concern ngGuam andMicrones a.
Prnted byGuamPul>licetom
General Orders Pattern For Naval Government
AfterGuam hadbeen ceded u,theUnitedSu,res by thetermsoftheTrt»tyofParis(signedDecember 10, 1898), the problem of governing the isl1Jnd bec;rme a mat(er of real concem co officlfJlt in Washington,D.C.
OnJaauafy 1,1899,thecoalingshi'pBrucusarrlved inGuem.Seemingly,Lt. VincendonLCottman,tfuJ Brutus'c9mmanding officer,had some unfortunate and diSttgreeable discussionswithPadreJoS(JPalomo, the isl8nd'sonlyGuamanian priest.COl'lsequently,in a repoa dared February 20, 1899, Lt. Cottman recommendedthilt, amongotherchihgs,Washington: 1)Expo/thenmoral lepers" (priesr:slfromtheisland,. 2) Rounduf)aJJ persons affllcted withleprosyand sendthemtotheHawalianls/andofMolokai,3)Send allFlllJ}inoconviccsIMckroManila,4)Makeallmales over 18years ofagedoaday'tworkshedaysbweek, 5)Establlshpublicschoolsandcompelallchildren ro go to school,61Milke "American"the businessM wellastheofficiallanguage.
ItIJppears that,. before his depanure for Guam, Governor Rlchard P. Leary, Gut1m's firstAmerican governor,had rtMd and hadbeen strongly influt.nt:4d by Lt.Cottman's ropart. Upon assuming hisofficial dutiesin Guam,Govtrl"l()tLearybegM/$$JingIIseries of General Orders(so.'r/('j ofwhichtttereproducedin this lssue of the Recorder). Some of the Genoral Orders were readlly accepted by thepeople; orhcts Kere deeply resented. Nevertheless, rhe General Orders {having the forceand effect of Jaw}which Governorf.Aqry decreedservedasthepattemforthe Nav41I Government of Guam that prevailed until 1950.
PAULCARANO Edi£or,GvamRecorder
FRONTCOVER:Island navlgator. Photo fromDave Robinson,UniversityofGuanL
VOLUME4,NO.3
GUAM RECORDER
MAGAZINEOF GUAMANOMICRONESIA l'llb shedSyThe
GuamScenicRoute -ByPaulCarano
Spanish Dikes ln The Agana Swamp -ByEI\UlleG.Johnston
Tinian,The HistoryOfAn bland -ByRobertCraham
TheFosino -Author Unkno"-TI
Extracts From Catalogue or Earthquakes Felt ln Cuain 1825-1939 -lly W.C. Repelti
BritishPrivateersV'uitGu1m -ByPaulCarano
Those\VereThe03.ys -ByPaulCarano Du.monlD'Urvilte OnTru.t -ByFrancisX.Heul
SpanishGalleons -ByP.J.S.rucles
GeneralOrderf.issuedBy
The opinlo11txpretJtdin 4rtltlrJpubllffltd in tlli1 mcp:iM ar(rhc:prirat.-ontJqfth�,,,.,,tun1md1l ouldnotbeco11sr11Jed In any ,,,.�ayatreff,ec1l1t1rhe ,•fews ofrMMicrontsi,111Arto Rtst,m;hCtnUr thr IJnlr"·slt)·<J{(;,111m. orthrGo�1mnemof Guam: Yo!um, I Qf tlk rtJ•frUCU#mR�ccrd.:r ('(1n$1Stcdr.,fqplf m r llsut. Volume1tf)nS&rt:dof1hrulJJutJ of'n•hfr/1 hsuerNlff'flbV2{lftd Jwere CO'lf bin�d, and Yo(umr JcQnsi1ltdr,/thr«hlut'S. SubkQUMI 11ult11t<t'I wiflroilfC.ld,twithth� c4/endlrrYt6f. Wtusu11r1hrri11tt tqacceptar,Q&'d anymtlttriairubmltttdforpublurirm.
EDITOR'SNOTE: For many years butespecially sincethe/11rgescale influxof touri$tS into Guam,therohasbeenanurgent andc-0min(li11/V growing need for factual informotlon 6bout the lsla,�d'$ numerous historic,scenic,andrP.CrtMtionalsite5 Itisinanattemptropafljal/ymeet that need that this material hasbeen writte,, Thischirdinsrallmemof the Guam Scer)iC Route <Juts with sites not covered in pteviovs installments, Itishopedthot th'is inlormntlonwillnotonlybeofimerest to ourtegularre:,ders but also will beof real valutJ torhe numerous guidespresemlycondt1ctingtoutsaroundtheisland.
GOVE.RNJ.!P.NTHOUSE
This spacious -.md beautifuUy placed home has housed fh•e Go\'ernots of Guam and their families SUlce construction was comp eted in 1954. On October l3 of that year, Governor Ford Q. EJvldge fonnally ope ned the house with a reception for some 800 a:uests. Governor Richard Ban-ett Lowe and his w fe were the next occupants, followed by Gover-no, and Mrs.JosephFlores. Under Go\•emor Bill l).1n el in 1961, the house was c31Jcd the "Go\'ernor 'sPalace."
When Governor Guenero 3nd hisfomlymo\'ed intoChedwelling in 1963. the home was renamed -GovernmentHouse" andsore3ds the sagn at the: i?}ttc:w:iy today. Plans for an officialhome for the Governor marured dunng the administration of Guam's firSt c:ivilil.lnGovernor car1to1iSkinner.
This si1c on ao A3-1n.1 Hei�ts promontorywith a sweepngview north over Agana Bay was ronnc:rly the site of the pre-war NavalOffice,sOub.
Construction beganin 1952 and progressed m thr e� stages under both prh•ate contractoN and the (;o\'emment's Department of Public Works- Of a total cost of ,ome $300,000 ,boul Sl08.000 waspro,tdedunder Federalpublic ,rorks appropriaton the rest n b udgets of the Government of Gu.m.
Th.. • home ti.-s three almost cqua1 sections: a social are:i u1clodini 0 entrunce hall :ind mtdtipurposc h'in� dining room;a s.\C'� > ljt area wilh fourbcJrooms .ind Ihrcc.· baths md a .small
GUAM SCENIC ROUTE
ByPAULCARA>'>O
gov-ernor·s study: �nd the. serdce area whch contains lhe kitchen, laundry, servants quarters and c.:.rport. A swimmjng pool, buih before the war 0) the terrace or fto:ntin� the house, was filled in by former Co\'cmor Ford Q. EJ,idg,,.
Go"emmcnl House opera1C$not only as a home- for the go\·ernor t1ld h s family bu1 3S :t sodal center which has hou�d hundreds of official ,•sitt>rs and has been the sc<- nc of ma,y dotens of
formu.Jreceprions. It also pro,idcd cm:!rgt.ncy shelter for mmy ramiles 11ner typhoon Karen, whic:h did some S7,000 worthof dumage co windo\,,,s doors and furn sh.Lil$$ but co uJd not destroy the house"s basc re--inforced concrete .i.nd brt1m oonsuuctio n. GUAMINTERNATIONAL ARl'ORT
The firsL .ru..TCmcnt of the termina facilities of the- Guam
GO¥ernm«ntHQuie11ntrat1c:e
Pac;ific:!nlyNewsBuildinglromGOYl'mmtfltHoust.
GOYemmentHou\$<WertOOksth♦QthcdralandAgana8-y,
lntcrn;;ition<tl Ai r-porl W3S dedicated on Sunday. �farch 5, 1967. Tho new faciliti es represent ed an init al itweSlm ent of SI.600,000.00. Both fed•rol and locall>• appropriated funds were utilized for th e cons1nicto n of the termina [adlil rs At the requcs:t or Govern or Munuel f.L. Guerrero, who was off.i.s ond al the l'imc.rormcrGovernor Joseph F ores delvered the prindpal address al the dedicat on cerem on es
The term nal site occupies approximately 2.5 a� ,es of and transferred by the United Scat es Navy to the Go\·�rnmcnt of Guam. Airplanes take off frorn and land on runways that are part of lh.: Navul Air St..ttion bu t pass engers, who use the air termi na , ure in:i c vili an .irca not conuolledbylhc Navy.
In <ddit o n to the usua < rm·a nnd departure aro11, 1he afr Lcrm ,,u a so hss a ��n�,al merchMu.l :w concession area where ix1s�ngcrS muy purchase.
uix free, Hem, such as cameras, watches, jewef,y, perfum�. packaged liquo,, and selected Micron esian products nnd specialt t"S.
IJ>AOBEACH
Some of Gu.a.m's finest hotel$, among chem the C:O nt ne nl31 Traw:lod�.the GuamTok>•u, and the Gu.'!m Hilton are n the hnmedfate vic nityor lpao B each. The be.ach,wbic.:h liesalLhe soulh end of beauLifUITumon Bay,is a goven,ineJHowned and de\·doped park. There s swimming in a dredgedarea and snorkcUng in the undredged area at the south comer C>f the reef. Th sis a g0od spo1 for beg nning -sn orke erS to vi,ewthe wonderS ofcoraJreefllfe. It s a.lso a fav orite she lling site. The park is notab e for Its exteush·e lawns, the Samp:ig1.1ta P1villon, nunierolsph:nicsheh,m, nd many flame trees which wm a (ic-ry red from March hmugh June. lpao 8eat:h sa so a fav orill'
spot for polit cal rnllies, fnmtly picni-es� cultu.ra eve nt') and a great v-.uiety of recreational nct viteswhleh aMenjoyed by the loc-nlpeopleaJid visitorSalike.
PADRESANVITORES MONUMEr-.'T
June IS_. 1668, Is one of the most signHicMt dates in the history of Guam. (1 was C>n that date, 300 yearS ag0, that the \'enerable Padre Dego Luls de San,•itores. SJ., and hs JHrepd band C>f missionaresl ndedonthe shores or G\.am. In fulfillfog Chrisr•s 'Gretll Commission.' Father Sanvitores planted the seeds ofOu.istianilY n Guam lnd the Marianas Is.ands :ind nourished thC>se seeds wfth rus ownlife's blood.
On April I, 1672, Father Sanvitorcs left Nisichan (near the prcscnl Unh·ersity of Gu.,m) 10 retu rn IC> Agana. He was a<.'Companied by n FiJipino assistant named Pedro Cala ngsor,
Guamln�mat ona Airpontllt'min�bulding,,.
They walked duri1g ntoot of1hc day .and much of the niaht, stopp ng ror sometime n one or thevilages3Jon1the rWolY.About seven o'clock the next momi.ng (April2,1672)Lhey arrved�lthe village ofTumhon,situ11cd atthe northern end or Tumon Bay. Lc:aming that there wos a new•born bsby gjr inthe famly of Matnpang, one orthe-chiefsor Tum hon Father $.1nvtorcswent to lhe chef's house 3nd begg.cd him LO bro& out the ehUd Md penuithmtoadmnister baptism. MatapanJbadbeeninsuuctedin the Christ-ian fai1h a.od baptized by FatherS;uwHoresh.iuself.But the ehfofhadfalle,awa)' from the faithand hi anInsulting munnl!r said to the prieu, "Co <lhead. imposter, g0 into m yhouse: and baptize a skttlJ I ha,'C thc:rc."
Addfog. othe r illnJJls, he threatened the miSsiona,y with death.IJi on.tcr 10 gJ\C Matapang Lime 10 calm down Father San\'ilores pthcrcd a group of children andbegantoteach them the Chrisli,m doctrine. tn the meanlimc, another nath·e, named Hirao, came up to where the childr,en were Matipana took Hirao!tiide and sugacslcdlha1the lwo of them kill the mssionary. Not wi.-.hins to be considen,d a cowar d, Hirao coosenttd.
Matttpang. g:id lO ha\'C .in accomplice, went to get sonie spenrs. Whilehewas�ne.Father $.,nvitores entered his house and b,:p,zed the baby girl. When Matapang rerurned an d learned th1t his- daughter tod been baptized he and his uocomplice :iuacket'I mmed.ttley . Hirno st:ruck a ,idous b ow wi,h hs machete. sc.,·crcly wounding t.he priest'shead.Matap;mitbeldrove :ispear throughhschest. After the brutal murder. Ma13-pang and Hirao undressed FatherSanvitores and droa,gedhs body 10 the beach, There hcy tied he3\Ystones tothe feet�put hm int'Oaboat and tookhimout to sea, where they threw him <,wcrboard. Bcfo,c the murderers cou d row 3Wll)', a very sti:nngc.
rh.in# huppt•ntd. Tht: body of F�ther Sam·hores Cill'lle to the surface andhshanc.lsirn.sped the outriucr orthe eanoe.Mat pmg, who was n lhe boat, was very fr gl\rcned. Twice he broke tho hands loose withu s1i1.:k but1hc botly roseathirdtime mdir a-sped al the stern of the -small craft. Regai ling his courngc. �fotapang picked up one:ofth�oars, stru..:k ono hett\Yblow attMheadof1hc priest, mcl qukkJy rowtd aw:iy from the scene. lea\ing lhc hallowedbodytobeswallowedup bythesea
Sometime betw<en Jupc 16, 1674 and June I0, I676, when Don 0Jm an de Esplan was m litary commander of Guim, a chapel ,,..�ilS buiJL where Father
San\•ilorcswaskilled�Acrosswa.'i erected on lhe exa\il..spot, which wa-1 n frontofthechapel. In later years a roof was placed 0\cr 1hc cross to protect it from the elements.The areawasdc:vastttell bya typhoon in 1918:indasmall ctuipo was lH"C"r builtin the.same atta.
In 1940 :i oonl.":retc monumcn l was bu t on the spot where the
The-mertvtdomofFathetSanVitorei.
Vigoand Mataguaomemorial.
cross had stood. The plaque on the monument re.adasfollows: In ths \'er ) p aoe was mn rtyre.d thevener.bc.father DirgoLuis d e Sanvitores, SJ.. F rst Apostle or M9ri:luus on April 2, 1672. Msgr. Okino, Vc. Apostolic dcdic3tcd thsremembramc.Bei ngCovomor of Cuam. Clpt. J.T. Akxsnder. USN,J3n 1940.
11c concrde monument was severely damllgrd during 1he: fighting to relak e Guam in Ju y. 1944. As .1n:sull it was (dt 1ha1, en�ntually, a new monumJnt should be b uih. According y, on June 29, 19ti8 the present Plldr� S1rnvilorcs Monument, ;an imprcssh•..- structur�, was dt>dic,11cd. The monumC'nl was spo nwred by lhcConfnllcrnityof Christian Molh('tS of th\) Oio�¢SC:
o( Agana under th e direct on of Father 7..oJo Cnmacho,past or of Barr gada,who aso supervsedche constructfon.
VIGOANDMT. SANTAROSA
BATTLEMONUMENT
Thisconcre,e monumen, isnear 1he edge or Marne Drive in Yigo. Alonetimeab3<11>•damaged enemy tmk stood near the monument. Toe b3ttles of Vigo and Mt. Smta Rosa were the last ma,ior. organizedhostilities in lhe rcoccuPation of <.,;uam. These hos.ili1es bc gtn on August 1, 1944 when the Mar ni$ re sumed !heir dr\·c toward Rtidi11n Po nt, at the northern tipor th e isand. Al the same time,troops o(the Army's 77th Divi� on bcg3n their
attack on Mt. S!lnt.a Rosa. lntelljgcnc.c gathered from various sourcesindicated that the enemy strength in the Mt. San ta Rosa are.a alone numbered l,500 army troop$, J,000 navy, a nd about 2500 laborers. Th eir arms consisted of 7 l-urgc g1.ms1 13 UUlks, mortsrs, riOcs, machine g uns, and other automatic wenpons Before the American push began, the enem y positons were b asted by acri a bombs, artillery.imd navaJ gunfire.After a b tter batt e th at lastedtwo days, the Americ ans gainedthe summit or Mt. Santa Rosa.There, and on the slopes of the m ountain, they CO\IIHCd the bodes of many enemy de.11d. Th e rest of the enemy force had escaped into the junglein smallgroups
The Muincs completed their drive to Ritidian Po nt on Aug ust 8. Toe lCXt day Army troops reachedPaliPoint. On August, 10, 1944, at II:30, Cencral Ceigcr anno unced that organized enemy resiswncco nCu11mhodceased.
CORMORAN MONUMENT
In Lhe U.S.Naval Ccme1cry in downtown A2,3nnon Marine Drive stands a monument erected during Word War Ito honor the German sailors killed when they bew up 1hcir ship, the S)f.S. Cormoran, in ApraHarbor on Ap ril7. 1917. The Cormoran arrved in Apra Harbor on December 14. 1914. Afler droppng .inchor, her captii n informed Governor wmuim J. Maxwell 1hat h s ship was nneedorcoa and provisions. A quck check of theship J)rO\cd th.:lt such was 1he case. Howc\'er, sincethe Connoran w.1s nwarship or ;, woning nation, her presenc,e n the h.lrbor violated the neu1rali1Y whjch theUnitedStates had declared as a resul1 .or the European war between the Allies and the Ce ntr al Powers. Accord ngly.theg0vtrnorordered her to e.ave with.hi twenty-four ho�u-s. S ,ce she wa<1 tru y short of co.11 and p rovis ons, she was unnb e to leave within I.he alloned
time.As aresult, the sMpandher officers and crew we.re nterned, TI,e crew of the C'.ormoran conssted or 33officersa.nd340 en sted men. They gre.itJy o utnumbered che marines who were res1;x:msbe for che defonsie o(1hc is.Jund,Consequenty.tht)' were a real thre"t to thejsand's sccuriry. Mo�over. sfnoe r0<>e suppies:were imted,theymerey aggrnvau:d illl aready OOd sit1.ation.
WhiletheCqrmor,mwastiedup
In Apr.i. Harbor,herofficers and crew wtre permitted to spend much of theirtmeooshore.o�-er ti perod or mnn)' months. the Gtrman IJ)Vemment tred to st(.urt. their release. Amer can authoritesinssted thuthey had been nterned in accordanoewith intemation:tl law and thus were able to bl()(',k he GeTm3JJmoves.
By May 1916 however it appeared 1hat theCormor.n had 1101 been nterned ill aooordance with the full rcquremencs of .ntemational aw. ,.\ccordingJy. new art.ides of internment wc,c drawl up be tween na\'al authorities n Guam and the commtmdil'lg officer of lhc Cormoran, The artic es wae appr o,ed by the Na,·y
DepartmenI, aJ1d 1he Connoran s crew continued tobe..guests" of the na,,aJgo"crnmentofGuam.
As fighii"8 between the Alli� and the Central Pow�rs became increasingly bi11er, the United
States found it almost lmp0ssibc to remain neutral. TheAmer�an people were not at allfleUtrnl n their fee ngs3fld .sympathies.By late J9J6 11majortyofAnlercans were dema.ndJg: thattheUlhed Statesenterthewal'onthe side of Engand, France and the other Allies.PresdentWoodrl'lwWilson, however, resisted all efforts co PU!Jh Lhe nation in10 war. Announcemem ofa campaign of "unrcstrct¢d &11bmarne warforc" on Januar;· 31, 1917. forced Pres dent WUson to brc.ak off dlploma.1ie reJa tons with Germany.Assoon js oews ofLbe break reached Cuun, al.I of the
Cormoran•s crew members were l'C((urcd torema n on board their ship.S nce itlookedIi$ though the United$L'ltes andCermmy might sooo be ;it war. it did not �m desirabecha1 rhey should be st large on ttie lsfand. assupervision wouldnoth:webeen poss.ible.
Arte r several American ships hadbeensunkwithoutwnning by C,erman U-boats,PresidentWilson appearedbeforeCongresson AprU 2, 1917, and u-sked for a declumt on ofwar.Four d:lys atcr the Senate and the House of Rcprescntathes competed action on a w.lr resolution, and the UnitedStales andGerm�my were alwar.
Meanwh.ile, on May 30. 1916. Cipta.nRoy c.$mithhad become governor of Cu.am.Whe l warw� declnred, he was Ur1111ed�tdy notified b)'cabe.A«ordi.ngy in
April I9J7 he dcmrndcd the S\ rrtnder of the Connoi;-an and he crew. Until thistimethe crew mcmbcrshndbeen intc:rnees: now they wereto becomeprisonersof w:Jr.l'h.eCormoran'soonimandtria ofiicer ressted the gcwernor•�� demand. He 3gNed to surrender tile crew but .not the ship. His ptoposal was refused by the gO\eroor. Just afcer theAmerican boarding part� left theship. the ,·e.ssel was shaken by a viotenl
explosion. The Germans had decided to se11d their ship tothe bottom rather than let ii fall i1\to American bands.. Crew memlx-tS jumped O\erboard and wtre rescuedby station craftandboan from the SUppJy. Two warrant officersandfh•eenlistedmenwere drowned. Two otber.; were mlssing. The bodies lhat were reCO\'eted were buriedin thena\'al cemeterywithmilitaryhonorS, TheCormoran sankin 120feet of w3ter about half a mile from the nearest land.SometimeInter it W3S learnedthatsht wasb1own up by a charge of high e,cpJosi,·csin one of her coal bunkers. The chargi: had been on board since the arri,·aloftheship In view of the fact that the German priwne,spfocedu hca"Y str:iin on the islands food supplies, it was decided to send them lo the United Stales. A':cordingly. on Aprll 30, 1917, the offi..:eJS and crew of the Corm6nm werecransfcrrcd to he UniceJ States :board the army transport Thom�. J':'Qur Chinese l;Ju.ndrymcn,who were amongthe prisoners, were released, Twenty-cijht NewCuinca nathes \\'ere permiucd to remuin on the island, since ii wa,; feared that they ml�tsul'fer illeffectsifthe�· were sentoutofthe tropics.
GENERALTURNAGE COMMANDPOST MARKER
This mlrktr stand.s just wilhin Lhc rcnce on the NavalHospita grounds. hi Ag�u,a lieighlS. The MarinesUlder MajorGeneralA.H. Turnage rctaJjatcd in the afternoon of liberaton l);)y b)I b as.ting th� As.in hill! with attille,y, The ne.xt morJ1fog,JuJy 22. the Japanese made ther cotmtcrallack, but were repu sed by the determined Lcsthernccks. Soon combJI units were :tble to push up the hilJs .-ind over tho cliffs. By July 24 :ilmost every µoint or therld�overvokneth1,1: Asao b-e- chhead Wil.$ in Amercan hnnds.
Ge ,e.r.il Turnage's first command po!il was in a hollow
between the shore and lhe towering hlls just beyond the right flank of tbe ol'lgin.al beachhead and ouLofther.u,ge.of Japanese mortar 13re. St.-iff and mess tenlswere setuplntbea re�. and lhc dvision'$ fieldhospit:1 was erected. ThJs post is not markedtoday.
The night of JuJy 25 was the most uncoml'ortablc onespentby the: .Marin� on Guam. WeMher stirred up by a dstanl typhooJ1 bmughl drtncting rn.iJJs thU lasted all nght. Towardmidnight th1. fap.mesie be11;ininntmtingthe Un('$, Mortar fire locrcase-rl, and the fint or the tmmai charJl:eS took pince. l:ronted band� of Marlles wou d $Udrli:nly find 1bcmselves overrun b)' Japanese whocarried)andr.n.inc5�round heir
bc.hs.a,d hured grenades asLhcy sto rmed in with ther suicide charge. Tlle.ir momen tum carried them throughthe lines nnddown nto thecommandpost rea.
Suddenly cooks, bakers, clerks and mess attendants found themseves grubbing for riOcs. Then the field hospit.d was overrun. Corpsmen flung themseves behind cots to fire at thecharging: enemy. Someof the patients hopped ou1 of bed and dashed for the beach. Oth¢rs found riOc.s and rcttmed the enemy fire from under cots. A doctor n the mid,;t of au op.:ration paused for un instant then directed the corpsmen to take uppostionsarou ndhistent. When,he openatlon was o,cr 16 Japanese la>' dead oul$idc the
tent.
By noon o( Jul y 26 theaua:ck had been repelled and the Alnerican lines were once more sec ure American ea.sualtics w ere: l66 killed lo act on, 645 woundedinaction,and34miss ng n action. The terrible price pnid by the JapanesewithIhe r banzai attsck WtlS 3.SOO dead. Th s was lhc turning po nt of thebattle to liberate Guam. Aletterwritten by a Japanc..or;c officer stated, n p.lrl, "h wasestimafod that it was oo longer possible to expe the Amerca.n forces from the s and after the res u ts of Lhe genera eounteranack of lhe night of 25 Ju y werecolleclcdin lhe morning 10 about noo, of the 26th. After th.is h was decid ed that the so e purpose of combat wouJd be t o inflict losses on the American forces in the interior of the island." Gener;d'furnagc was then able t o direct his forces up<Ind ov-er Nm.inHjJIto set uphis main command post on the prt$Cnl Naval Hospit.ilgro\nds.
JAPANESEMEMOR AL, OROTEPENINSULA
A sm,'111 memorl:d st one t o the more than 3,000 J apanese troops who g;i.vc the r fives defending OrotePen nsula was crecte<l near Sumay on lhc Nava SuitJon in 1953, Th e monument s loc.-ited nc�r the end of Mari.JlC Driv e betw een two Navy housingunits, While the 1s.tProvisiona Marine,. Brigade, commanded b y Brigadier General l..cmucl C.Shepherd, Jr., prepared for the assaultOliOrote P.!ni1sula, army lroops of the 77,h Infantry Division took o,·er ctefcnse of the ;\g:il beachhead. TI1ey moved nQrthward to meet the marines from the �n beachhead who wcrc. p\shfoa southward toward Orotc. On July 27,1944. the two groups metand closed the sap between them. Thus the)'sccur� controlo-..·er an ar e.a ext ending from Adtlup Po nt on lite north to FacpiPoint on the sou,h. With the final beachh�d Ihle attai nc<l. lhe n�xt
objectiv�w;isto clearthe Jap1ncse out of the northern hnlt�Qf the island, to whfo-h they had slow y w thdrawn. Their units on Or otc Peninsufa were left behindt o fend forthemseh•cs.
The bri�de. in the meantime., concen1.n1tcd on t:aking Orotc. Ponnsul:i. Onthe moming of July 26 Gener.i Shepherd's marines bePnth e 11na phaseof1heirplSh to destroy the. Japu\ese ol the -peninsua. The enem y was commanded by Air Group Commander Asaichi T:ima, imperia J panese Navy. He succeeded co the comm and ofth.e Orote defenses nfter Co onel Tsunetaro S\enag3 waskilled. He was prepared to contest the m:i.r le ;ldV;tf.loe ever)' foot orLhc way. Tite Japai,ese, k.nowinsthey wtre tr::ipped.weredetennincdto die rather thui surrender.On Lhc. day before,howC\er,Commander Tamaih�dtried to evac. unre some. of his 1,oops from the pen nsu a. Their bartes were seen as they mo\·ed out intoAprnHarbor from SumayI and AmericM pfoncs and artillery hnd wped them out, Failing. in the cs<:ape.ilhmtpl,the remainder ofthe trapped Japinese had tried to break through the mar neImes in uvicious but highly disorganitedbanzaicharge.
A.f1ud14sk t)u:intumillmtshowus lhl.tl hod IJCui /allinzall day bm1m<1 m(Jn: /,:qm:nf, A kl.av, (/()1AmpQ11r ht1mpe,t(J<Jrgu1i:.4tUJn<>/1/tebrigl.Jd�'i dt-ft-nsr, /or tire night, 01: the (!th.er hand 1he. pltt'h bl�klttfit and tht wtplt:a$rmt 'M.-�lhcraided1/t.clapa,esie In makfnx preparutiQns /or their sup�mee./fo,1.
Marlnetfo theJ'n)ntlinesCQltl,Jht:ur SCrt!ttmlng, yd/Ing lm1ghter. a,d 1htl)rtokt11g of lx)111t�s a.t f/M J,rpantl# mcdtfintd mat1gemmtt.At limf!tSO m11ch clllnwr <:r>uld be hea,rd thal ,q,o,ureachtdtheCQ/fllntlllflp()Mthul thea,.sau/thadsturf«J....
While 1he enemy mode ready a1d drcnk Marine 11rrllltrymo la�down nnrmaibarnigesal<mg11,e.swamp1edge and al all ()l/rr:r- p()f11ts of{>()ffibltpetl<'frati()r,, Sh<Jrtly IJ1:/<1rt: midni_tfll f/1�Japar,t:M:cum,ry.mdersfeltt.hatt/lcir mct1hadn:11<:hcdtMpl'Qpucmulic,mal stateandtile(1$'111111lHf(:n.Stlkco<rtmxf
6Uackers t¾'41?ftdfrom thr!co-,:<:r of the mangrom i1t fro111 of tire .3rd 8a11td/Qr, 2211d Marines. Led by �"iJilnt�l'twdswbtgmfo/ficrry,.t _ he enlisft<Im�".tturnbledforworde11,rymg t:r(!rythingcQnCt'frable.U,um.tdyhandr tluf<:h«Ipftdifutb.rtkb.lNJ.llt>iltJ.and piecciQfbNktt11b<mles. togttlttrwi1J the11QrmJJIhifantrywtYlp()rlS When1hrtw;rlnrJapa11esemimt·ame wllhb,nuf!:tt MarineforwMdob�s and com/J(l�y romm/Jndws ga,,,.c the orderrocommercefiring.
The banzai ch argc.i. Uke ,he escape.aucmpt. hadbeen : cosdy fa lure.
BeCcause he wishtd to concude the Orole campaign on 1he 29th, General Shepherd called for the bc!l\'iC$l p re li m i n ar y bombnrdmen1 ot"rcmllining�nemy posjtions1hat had occurred since W-day. The final bombardment was oo cffect:hc thal by early affernoon the m arines, encollntering litte resist ance, capmred the Orote airstrip and swept on to 1he t p of the peninsula. Wiih this t ask accomp lshed, Gt:nerJ.I Shepherd reported 0-otePenfnsu.asecured. At 3:30 in the aftemoon, highrJnking n wa .ind marne officl:'rs. and other offi<:e1"$ �nd men who could be spared froin mopping•up ope.rations.. gatht:�d on the site of the former munne barracks. Thero. ns a marine sou nded ..To the Co ors" on a captured Japanes e bugle. the Oag: oi the United States was r aised onre more over Orote Peninsula. ''Ot1 thjs halowed around lsaid Ge)eral Shepherd]. you off cers and men or the Frst Mar ne Brig3de ha\e .:ivel�d lhe loss of our comradeswho wereovercome by a numerical y superlo.- enemy three d�y$ after Pear] Harbor. Unde, our Oag th s island again stmds ready t o f ulfill its destiny as an American fortres.'i i n the P:icific."
P.aul Caune> $ the l!dhorofUteC11a.m Rccord4r 1tl'rofessot of rlistory,•nd Dir"oc:tor'or the M�oncsiao Arca Rc."fl.-uchCe111er Unl"'cnity or Gu.sm, , -
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Membersoftht:E Cm1ro4-HQubinOkfgve,Sin.If;,,,. de;>rin,ganoldSpains:hrct dke toprtser¥ethefreshwateTforfis;l\ing (PhotobyV,T.Thompson,)
Spanish Dikes
ID the Agana Swamp
ByEMILIEC.JOHNSTON
O,ieof!helei.stknownretiesof the Sp.·mish regime on the sl.Ind ofCua.m isaseries ofdikesin the he.avy growth of the Agsn:i Swamp, The large fertie s�mp area called the Cicn11gti, challe1ged sever:il Spanish gcwernors who felt thatthe are:i held gr-tat potenlial for growing rice However, expendicutt' of large amounts of t.me, money, and effort never produced lhe desired results, Later, Amerc..Ul governors were equally unsu�ful ln their attemptslo u1ilizetheswamp11rea.
Governor Fmncisco Ramon de Villaloboo {1831-1837) ordered theAg.:ul.aRiver tobediv-trtedto run paraleltothe seathroughthe city of Agana Water from the stream was u.sedfor w3Shing and t:eLhng but was 100brackishror drilki.ng. One of Go\·emor Villalobos' reports makes reference toonh•onedikeinthe A&.1n:.1 Swamp. l'lisreportrel.'ltes
that a swampy vallei• fay to the eastorSi.najan.a,''whereadjke.has been madeoucofrough stone3.11d in the centera wooden bridse to falilitatc:pass.aie.••
Governor Felipe de la Corte (1855•I866) was grc,11)' concerned with thehealth ofthe peopefrdnginAgana.Heb amed \l/UtdsfromtheA&3l3Swampfor bringing colds .-ind other aiments co the city.HerecomJnendedlhat lhe swampbedrained andplanted withcoconuts.bamboo,andother trees to >urify thatfe,·er-breeding spot.
system ofirri.gation ditchesmade of manposteria. The djkes were heavily overgrown and hiddeo by ,,egetation but werestill presef\•ed infairly&oodcondition.Howe,er, any parts of the dJkeswhichh3d been made of wood, such 3S floodgates, had totted away completely. Moreover. reporced Governor Olive, the project for draining the swamp in order to grow rice had been abandoned. GoYemorO ,·esuggestedthat the swamp should be returned to its forme.r status as communal property and should be used for
TheAt,&naSwampnseenfromtheSnaan.ahll.Thedtnwgrowths11own Inttlspiatu.re ndcatftwhyit$,odiiffcucto ocatetheodSpanshdkes.
According to no1es made by WilliamE.Saliordfromrecordsin I.he archives of Agana. GO\'tmor Manue Brabo y Barrera (187.S-1880) wus responsbe for ·'ditching.. 1heswampand sca ng prisoners to work phuning. rce. Theproject w;,1,s notsucres.:sfu)for the swamp didno1drain propery. By Lhe lime of Co\emor Francisco Olive y Carda (1884-1885), the recl amation syslcm in 1.he Ag3na Swamp had grown to atleasttwodjkesand a
growing taro and com or for 1>3sturingc:mlc.
Governor Richard P. Leary, the first American governor (1899-1900)W.t.Sl,'TC-ntly dslurbed by the unJteaJtll)' conditions he found in tJ1e citY ofAgana. He. a.ndotherJtO\'ernorswhofollowed hi.in, enforced sirict sanitation ruleslOimprove livingconditions. Moreover henndother American ,overnors ga'le serious consderation to 1heposs.ibiUtyof dra n ng tJle Agana Swamp. FinnHy in March.1933.Go,emor
Ednn nd S. Root took definite action. He appointed a board to lnves1i,gatc the feasbility of draining the s,,,.·amp and convt.rting itinto11rubeland.Th.e oommjttec gave11favorablereport und workbcgsn inJune, 1933.A channel, twenty (cet wde and three feetdeep, wa_s cue intothe canes,owth to theAg.a1aSprings Reservoir. When the proj,:c, was competedinFebrunr>, 1934, the water evel had dropped so that some of the land w.:is suitabe for panting com.Months later it was reported that the workhud by no means solved tl1e problem completely;constantm,dn1en11nce and further work were required. App:rentJy. the Spanish dikes were not affected by lhe reclamationproject-atleastI.hey were not mentioned in the governor'srepon.
HeaV)' bomba.rdmem which cu.used Lhe destruction of Agana duri.ng World W3,r JI resulted in 1be Agana River returning to nearer its former short outet 10 thesea.TheSpani:shdikes <'IJ)pear to huve been und sturbed by this action, More recent altempLS 10 open the area have a so been aba.ndo11ed. In thefare 1960's tJ,e El Centto 4-,H Club of Ddjguc, Sinaj:ma, cleared the .a.rea .'lround the dkes IC> preserve fresh water fish for sport fishing. Constant ma Hc.nanoe , is slill needed bceall$C the. swamp vcgeta.L on growssor:tpidl).
·rhe ste of Lhc:se Spanishdikes is often listed among areas of historicvalue. Howel'er ita_ppears 10 have ver>• low prioriry at present. Today the dikes can be located by ony the mosl dc1crminc.d hikers who wield sharp machetes Md follow know cd�ableguidei.
Mrs. EmilicG.Jol1n.uonlstheCtlraor of lhe Pacific Colection, Mk:roncsian Area RcSC"arcll Center. Uni\crsty of Cuam.
TINIAN HISTORYOF ANISLAND
llyROllERT6.CRAHAM
Theisland oflm :m bashad o longflndi.:wove-dhstorysincelhe Sp;ioish rir.H be�n to record evenl$inlh<'seventeenthcentury. The Spani'ih Chrsti.aniti.ng 11nd depopuation of the isand was followed b)•twohundredyearsof rcuth·e �01. In the 1930s: and l940sth.eJ:ip.-in¢stbuilt upacity of IS.000 and fought the Americans fiercelyfor what they considered lo be part of the r home isands. l11e Amercan milit.1ry lLsed 1inhin breO)• but extensivey in thc 1940:s. h wns from Tinian's. �ir bsses tbM ,he D29s lcfl to drop the n1omic bomb on Hiroslnm andN;igasaki. After theAmericun milirntykft. the island was repopu lted with Ch:tmorros from Yap. N<>w most n-ecntlytheAmerican mi1it:Jr)'has gan expressed an interestfor .t bak on 11nian. But :i \'OCal por11on of the isand resdents oppose the mtl tar)' take over. Thitpaperwill er.ice he hstoyof lin 111 from Chnmono culturi!'to the I.Ut.::st movements m the 111m1.iry·s bd 10 rem�ke the hfand.
The ltUJ!dreds of years of pre contact Chamorro history were no doubt invoved and \Olatile Sadly cnoui.h theeveots of those prc--oontnct years have beet, <>St to \Is AnthropoJogists c,:111 onlysurmsewhatfire inthe ancjeJll Olamorro village must havebeenlike.
The orii;inal Mkronesitn,S seuled the M�rian�s rrh.ips as or ly as I500 8.C. Before contact they Jved in ,·mages of from SO to 600 people and practtccd subsistence agrcutwre. They wcrt'. dvided into three classesJnd therew:isfeuding and warfare b<.'lwecn the \'srious &l'O\JP,S.
Todayone ofthefew remnums ofth('ancientChumorrocu turejs the aneSton1.-s.InTininnthey3re i;roup.::d into lhc House ofTaga. Tot! House of Taga 11lts on the edge or San fosc VillaJ:c, overooking : rhe harbor. (It h� had agood vanl:igepo nt10w:itch theurrws and departures ofthe Spanish.Jup.une,SCsndAmericans.)
For:s \,•o,rd traveer theHoust of r.,ga m;ht be rc-ss th:in imprussl\'e for H ii. In ruins.Bu t
consider the history. There were twch·cmonumentsorlanestones as they are called in Gt1arn.The monumc-nts were t'ivcfeet round and li(1ccn feethgh, They were topped wth great stone capitals 1hat arc bele\·cd to ha,·e supported the buidings of the great chic( Taga. It is nmored 1ht1t one of Tag-a's- daugJHets is tntombe.d in one ofthe capitals, In JS2I. the Micronesian life became unra\dedwhm Magellan landed somewhere n the Marianus.He k lledsever.iipeope, [hereby in troducing the Ch�morros for the Orst ,imeto fire and to firearms (pcrh3ps the ullimate accomplishments alolt:, with the Chrstian church of weste.rn Elropcan chilization.) Mage1km promp1Jy named the Mari:mas''IslandsofThie\'CS..and mssionures were soon on their way to convert the heatht>ns to Qnhokism. The Missionaries wouldhaveto workfasts nce,he heretofore prolific Chamorro$ wouldsoonbegintodje of(.
The Spanish were harsh cooqucrors oftheMarianas.They ,forcedChristanity on thepe-ople and with the introduction o( Western diseases the populaLon declined,
Like Guam t'inian was Olris:1anizcd by thoSpansh. n 1668, .1 Spanish missonary on 11n an w3SJctaekcd and histwo hepers: were killed. Two yearS later Padre Sanvi1orcs,thefamous mssionary from u hi£1, Sp.1nish family, went to Tinia1 from Gu m. He found l'hc natives quarrelsome He returned to Guamfor support. On hssecond trip to Tnian. Sanvitorcs took with hJm m ssionaries, ai;sistant$ tind 1en nati\'es. This time he pacilicdlhepeopeandlhcybuilt twochurchl/$.
Meanwhile on Gmim 1he Olamorroswere prov ng le5$easily corwinced. Jndet.-d mony Spanish were .:1chk.-ving lhe glories of
martyrdom when they attempted toforcelhillwayin10nath1ehuts toperrorm baptisin.
In 1680, D.Jo$Jtf de Quiro g:l beeame Governor o f theMaranas. Quiroga saw 0,rstianity as so important that he ntt acked lhe uncon, erted and put their chiefs to death.Those who sur-ivedOtd (barn for the more pagan and thus mtm h.osp hlblc islands of ,he north-ern Murianas.
On y a year :iO:cr Quiroga became s.ovcrnor he was forcedto go to the north ern Marianas to bring back the Chamorros. They we.rc needed to work on the farms This mustbe1he earliest example of blackbirdlng l11 the Pacific snce. th.eo,a.ruort0s were brought back V1rtuaUy a$ slaves. Quirog a abolished the small Chamanian V"ill.agts11ndforctd the
latteStones tlTlnian (Ske1ChfromO:tmie-,byRenzi..)
In August, 1681, the new GO\'�rnor GeneraloftheMananas Don Antonio de Saravia.arr ved. Meanwhifc Quirog: was on his Chird trip to the northern ise$.
Under tht more �nevoc:nt Saravia lhe peope ofGuamtook un oath of fidcUtyto theSpanish Kn&;Uld things calmed down as they adopted Span sh manners andcustoms.
In 1683, Sara\'ia died and Quiroga promptly decided to conquer the northernislands. On March22. J684,heleftfor lmiU1 with a frigate andtwentyca.ttOd:. The surprised people of Tnfal submitted a�d Quiroga continued on toSa pan.
While he wasawayfrom Guam theIslanderstherefe\Olted.kill ng fifty soldiers, two pdests and someass.stanrs.11iey:ittackedthe Governor Gener.i out:.ide the chur�h ond left hlm for dend.He r<X-overed,hO\vever
The. skmders knowing they would be punished. again f!e( to lhc north. Quiroga mounti!d another e-xpedition. Theresident$ fled to Agt1iJµ11'1-bU( lh:y surrendered there «nd were removOO r.o Gu:un Oulroga lhcn pro�ded to COIJC(:l all !hi! rt'Sdt:nt$ or the Mananas and to l�te lhcm on Saipan andGuam . US1er the Saipan popula11on was 3sortmwcdtoGuam.
In 1742. the H.M.S.Ceutur/011 under Lord Anson nrrved off Tinfan. Suffer ng from scurvey theywerepk�SC'dwiththe isfald.
• people into more efficient 3Jld conceu.rntcd ncighborhoods.2
1herehad0,ce be.en popuacfon or 30.000 on TnUln. Now there W3S ()nly n handful on that Island, 200 to :300 on Rota to grow rice and 4.000 on Guam. Thal was lhc whofopopulation or the Marianas.
By the J760s two otherBritish ,oyagersfoundTini3n apparently deserted by the S1»1nsh and nathc.s.The comb ned effects or \Ve$tcrn d�alSCs relocation.nnd armed 00,flfot o,er Om�tianity Were making the Chamorro extiJ>ct,
rn1815,some immigrmtsfrom the Caroine Jslands apparently settled onTni�n.Towal'dtheend of the cenrury 1J1t Gennru1s bought the northern /.fariamu from the Sp;msh. Hom�teading was allowed on Rota andSaipan but not on 1'inian.Presumab)'the h()mesteaders camefrom the rest orCcrman controlledMcronesia. At the same: time GuamreJJ itUo Amercan hand$3$a re$Ultofthe Span shAmerican\\'.1r.
During World War the Japanese seized all of Ge.rman
Micronesia 1ltey built up � capita list CCOllQOl)' that Mcront.sia had ncvc.r seen betorc norhas$11.'!tllsince
In 1944, tbe island was derendcd by 9000 Japanese troops. They were \'tterans of Manchuria 11nd were beuer roo. armed andtrninedthan thetroops of Saipan. The Jop:-u1ese considered the Maranas 10be an integral part o( the r empre and thus the.ir defensewas- extrem�Jy lmportm1t.
The 1\Jnerlc11ns too, rccogmzed the importance of the Marianas ,inoe Japan would be withn bomberdi5tance from an)'orthe s.binds Tinian was cons[dered ide.il for the newJy de\e oped 8-29.The lsla11dwasre .ith·elynot and thus 1herewouldbenoarea1 difficultyin buUditlg the ncce�ry long_runways.
After theCl'tptu.reor5.'lipanthe
Amcrlcai1 assault OJ1 Tin3n was set for Ju.I)'24,1944.Therewas extenslve pre ln n di n g bombardineiu. N.1p.-.hn w;tS use for the first time and i1 w.u oolsidercdasuccuss.
TI1c Americans lmdc<I on the northwc;st beaches nnd b> lhc nextday theyhadswept south10
Th s isand he found altogethc-r pc3s:ns and dtli�htfu.l. It wa.� fairly t!Xmtng with life. Cre.lt herds of milk white cattle !U1ltCd on th�ro!Ung lawns ond nocks. of domes1ic poullY nruttcd about, giving the place un a r or bcini; inh.-bikd But the only peoplewtirt.iSpan sh scrgl•itnt and a ,umber of natives3
Thosefewmitivcsto dAnsonthat
DuringtheJap;mese times58%of the 39square m lesoflandon Tinfan was planted w11h sugar cane. There were two :;ug;ar c�UlC mill:1 md a cvilian popuJaton of 15,000 C()ns.isling or Japanese, Okinawans, and Koreans. Jn addition.therewereI50001roops. PresumablyChere were aso a rcw Mcronesi11ns, ;ilthoug,h in other placesthe Japanesewere findln& that lhe Mc:rooesians did no1 make very productive workers Jn.us lhcrc was probaby litte if un> altc-mpt made lo impOrt Mcronesans as aborers �Likt oth1:.rfap�ncse population «nttrsinMicronesia,liniiln had11 town to support ts popula1ion. Amo11p.them;iny,1orcs.;nd p.ices of entcrt,1inmc111 there were schools- beaut) sho 1ls, mc,vics, photo shops, lish mnkds, hardware store.�.indtcmpcll.
Son JoseVUl:igc.TheJap.:ineseput up stift rcsstnncc and it wasn't until the fim orAugust chatmosl of the pockets of r-.,sislancewere de.illw th.
Arter ih capture Ti1ian was buill up into :in imporrant Amcric:in militaryb:isc.By1945, lhc Amercnn popuation on the island was IS0.000. The is and had �.iliiedjrs potcnti;tl as,1r1air �SC with ca,ht ru1w�ys on 1wo scp:iratc airfields.. The runways wen: then the lon_gcsl n the wor d.
On 1he southern part or the ishlnd :i l.1.rt,-e harbor was de,eoped. Jt w3s here that the destroyer lndinni'lpo5 delivered the part$ ror the11tomc bomb. General Cunis Lemay c:onnec1ed the southern harbor to the. nor1hcrn airlield!i b) n dua hghwny.
nni:in ' s spotlight in modem hstory wasllhort livrd. With the final dde.it of Jopon it was no ongn oon�dcrcd nc:cessary to have a largt>force in the Maranas
-4I;
S,.akwatereonstfucted atTinanbySe>.abeff.
By 1948 the mi it:u-ywas mo,•mg out and lhc Na,,y was faced with the problem of how to dispo.se of theisland.
At that lime thero were 430 poopoof Ch.imorro dcscc1tUvlllg in Yap.They had first migrated therefrom Gu.am in thelater half of the n lltlct-nlh century. Later immgraJHs c�me from Ssip:m in 1898 and stm mo.re in th e I930s. There1hcy were used succcssi,cly by the Ccrmansand the J ap:.mcs¢ as go,•crnmcnt workers and copra trade-rs. Whi e in Yap the Chamorros retained their own cuJ1ure and tngu.-.ge while .aso earningYnPCSCandJapane,e.
Tod3Y it S difficult to unrave the web o( events th at led toth eret urn ofthe Chamorrosto the Mariam1s..
Athous.h the admin stra• t on sponson:d th e rctum, bclic, ins the mo,•c to be in the best interests of both theChamonos andtheYap natives, thereisnoC\'ide-n1.� that cocrdon was exerc sed; the Chnmorros were nformed lhnt the)' <:ouJd ret urn to Y-.ipifthey fow1d conditions completely unsntisfnctory in the Marianas ◄
What.e\·er were thu mot ves or theNa\·ythe e:iders oftheYnp,ese Chamorro oommurthy made an inspection tr p to T nan They
found the s atd :icocptableandln 1948 :ibout lrnlf or the comnninity scttJcdthere.Tilcyeor before the others h d moved to S.,ilXJn bu1 many biterjoiJled lht' Tini,rn community.
Thonew resdents of Tinan h.ud some in.itialudju.st menl prob ems. The> had not been coinmcrcia farmers on Yapbutthiswas 10 be their role on Tin '1n. There w:is s ome initi al confusion and we:.mnessand u dcsi ru to returnto Yap. But the people seemed to m3kc a satisfaclOr)' adjustment to a new island, ;1 lh�w commun ty and a newwiyof fft Ak·>:.ander $poeh r wr te$th;1t bySeptember, 19S0,the vilbgc wa.s beining.to shows gnsofrcslicnc,:.
O\'er lhc next few years- i:hc
sland enlcrcd a ph!!sc as a sleepy Micrones an viltag�. 11 wos little affec.Led by the chonges in its politiculstutus.In I9SO,PresideH Trumiln p ut the northernMorfa1las undc.r the J),:pnrtmcnt of the Interior With the :1d\·cl1 of the Korean War. in 1952, the Na, y again took O\'Cr the islands with th e excepton of Rot.a. It wasn't until 1962, that lhC- NuV)' rmaJ y rclcnscd control of 1he i$1:.md s Tinionwas litUc 3ffectedby all of this Theis :mderswenttheir quiet way working on .small farms. TI1e produce was shipped to te..i.rby Saipan or Guam.
In June.1965, theMicronesian Development Company sigr.ed wi1h lhe Trusl Territory so�·ernmcnt a twent)' ) ear lease for 7.SOO 3Cres oflandc:m Ti.nla 1. This was a most one thirdofthe is.11nd. Ke n Jones. statdider b us nes:.sman fromGuam,whowas bt:11ind MDC, began to import cattle r·o scll to lhc Guam and S aipanmurkcts.
ThemilJtary alsoheld aboutone third or the island in retent on rights.11tc harbora.,ddockswere still in good rtpalr. the dual highway was still passable .-ind tile runwsys wcrt $fillsoUd.W th the fllb:ck from Asfa n the late 1960sit wa.s :illtoo nnc.hforthe milit3ryto gnoro.
In 1972, ;it 1hc poUlical status ttilks in Hana, Maui, the Oc>arlm cn1 of Defense announced th al if wanted Tini:in
MsoFa<:IO"f Tnari
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as a militury base.MayorBorja on Ti ni an so on replied that J00% of the pcop!::were n favorof such a b�.
Upon rcncctfo11.i n lhe pastfew >'cars the people of Tlnian havt tri.:d toba<:kstepfrom their initial cmbrnoe of lite 111llitiU) Toda>' lhcrc s�conructofopi n onasto whatthe900residentswant.
The n\il tary h3S offered to move the ,•ill:igc ;iway from Its pre9ent needed s.itc. Inreturn tht. people would be gven f umished hoosing rresumnbly work would alsobetl\'ailabc to U1cm
Ma1y of LlC people of T nim hu, c cxpres.ied their di$opprovnl of the military's proposal. They pohlt out lh,1 Tin an s mnnly a fttrming community and the milit ary l ake o,·er would predude lhc possblity of cont nuii1gthat type of lif�. Many arc also di sturbed at the n1ili1ary's prop osal thnt the vilJag� bt' relocated out of the way of lht' harbor :md airfields Surely thc.y must be tempted by lhc miJitnry's C)(.pcnsh·e offor orfree hqusint?.
Meanwhile-. the llqnoluluand G\ am papers wcrl.! reportng thm the mlitary t ake over was immlnenL Dillingham. a large Honolulu basedconstn1ctionfinn. was reported readyio reopen the old mlilary quarry. Stand ard Oil orCaliforn a madeknown pfans10 build a thirty million dollar oil retmcry.5 It was repor1cd 1ha1 1inian wouldbetjointAirF'o rco, NnvyandMar ne air baseat1d naval f.lcilil)',
But the milit ry h�d not reckoned with the Micronesians' increasing ability to strike n hMd barga n. The (r:igmentalion or Mk rc.'mesfa with sepuate politic.ti stat us tulks ror the Mari anas; the v ocul opposilicm or many �'li<roncsinn!:to the milit11rv: nnd the la rg<: pLyrntnls mode to disp aced Marshu.l:h.�, 1made tho 'finla nese rcc onsider their postion, lf the miUtory enteredThlianI1 woth.l mein .:iboomingeconomy. The politci)1s of St1. pan app.irentJy wruH('d toeontrollh al
af0ue 1ce., In Ma rch, 1974, the Dlnr cl Administrator of the Marianas vct()(:d , m unkip al ordinancethathadbeenpassedby the T nia11 council.Th atordinance vould ha"�aUowedthov oters on Tinian lO expre-ss th.c.ir vews and wishesonthe ssue of the military. The District Admnistrator expla ned his \'Clo by stressing that since the inceptiol\ of the statustalks the Marianashad been negot ating as a whole. He said that the benefits to all the Marianas must be upheld. Finally he said thal to permit one municip aUty t o attempt to influence the st atus negoti ations wouldbegi n fragmentat on.
Also n 1974 an environmenta l imp act study was released on the effectoramilil'arybase on Tinian. The study was all but worthess slncethe milftarywould notnwcal theplansithad.
In April. 1974.three menfrom Tinian hired a Guam l:iw finn to prepare a positio n paperun behalf of those people of Tinan who opposed the U.S. mililary p .ins for the is and. The men included Mariinas district legfalalor and former st,tus negot ator Herman Manglona, Tinian co uncilmen Syh�slerCruz and former council speaker FelipeMendiola.
In �.pl)' to the announcement or the hir ng orthe l:iwfirm, the head of the M1rima..� Status Col'llutlssion. Pdwflrd Pangdfoan, implied th3tthe.commiltee would not Usten10su ch a report. Hesaid he believed that the peop e of Ti nian were already bt'ing rcpresc.ntedcmiheCommssion by I w o ca pable Ti nis n r-eprcsenLnth·cs
Congress of Micronesi a represent;iti\'e Pelipe Ata ig. whose election dstrict ncludes Tin an. !irud tb!lt such a position paper would onJy "... ere.ate confusio n amoog the people or T n an n.nd h ldtr the current st:itus talks,. He sad that the Cuam aw firm orA.rfola,C ushnie !llldSteve.ns:'1.ad io buSillC'S$ in the stntus talks,6
Berna.rd Hofschneider one of
the two Tin nn rcprcscntaliv�s0l thestatus commission said thathe would go along w itll what .. majority of thC' people orTininn w.i.nted. The other inember Jose Crut. had no commc.nt. Cruz, bowe.,,er1 orig.in:illy from $ajp an, had earlier been reported in fa\'Or or;i militarytake- over.
Through the Jaw frm Lhc three men su,aestcd tbnt the m it a.ry m.ight be accepted i( it remained on theuorlhem thirdofthe island nnd pilld re nt.JI foritsusic.1 They aso complained about lhe cconomfo mor.i.torlum tJ1nt h d been imposed by the Tr governmcr.t.
TI1e Tr hod started the inorat oriun, on economic development in Aug ust, 1973. They had done so without pr or consoltatJon with the M ari anas DsLrict Leglslanr<:orwith Tn an leaders. Unde, the moratorium, agricu ture bomdl�adh1g was no longer aJJ owed und the economic growth of the sland came to o hiUt. And there it hasrcma nc<I. Toall.ippearanccsthe govcrJlment of the Trust Territory is keep ng It$ hunds off Tmfan si nce the nilitary stated ts desre for lhe island.
Today 1he vsitor encounters.i qu et isl;md where poopk. go about their work ind ust rousy The pOplllntiOJl has cont lUecl lo rise. In 1951 tl1crc wc,c 387 people a11d today there arc 900. Thi$ s mpottant as it indc:ites t.he young peop e are stuyi1s on the island. The fonni.ng :ind ranching economy ofTinian seem s able lo pro\'id e wo.k for Lhc popu1Hion. Th$ is in contrastto most other nondistric.t centers in Micronesia. lllc out i$1unds almost without exceJ)tfon, have s�en a decl ne in popul.at:011 as the poople headed for the brsht lights of thedistrict centers.
The bright lghts of San Jose village are noL impressve. M any peope lh'cin refurbished quonset huts. The r:nhcr dcfapidotcd build ngs arc not auracth•c The village is spread out more than necessary for such 1 sma.ll
p(>pulation. There are man)' vacanthouses.
The lSland hasnLarge C-atholic church,there.arethreestores.two .small hotels. a dispensary. a oombination court house-p0lioe station andjail.andasehool.The peope operate mat\y small individual farms that produce papaya,cabba,g,e.tomatoes,green onions,sweet potatoesand olher v't:gttabc$. The- produoe is sttippcd by ;\jrMicronesiaorAir Pacficto Cuam and Salpan.Ken Jones now hAS 8,000 he.ad of canJc 01 h.is ranch and has rccentl}• hnp0rted dairy cows fromNewZeaJand.
TheislandumiJrece.nllyhashad a growina economy. Before. the moratorium waslmp<>scd an adult after rcac-hinatheage ofeghteen was aJlowed tochoose a homcsitc for a minimum fee. That is no longt.rallowed.
Thepeope orthevillagea.re not asrricnd y asth0$leinnearby Rota oi:otherpartsofMicro.nesia.TI\e)' a.re like the Yapcse are w dey reported to be-unreceptve to visitors. Thevisitorwill beleft to gohis own way.
ln many other pares of Micronesiathereareoutsders who havesettJedin theconmunityand become an ntegral pa.rtofit.That doesn•c seem to be the case in Tinian. There arc no PeaceCorps people eonttactteachersor other non�ficrones.ia.ns. Then! are, howe\•er se\'eral Korean and Filipino men who had married Chamorro women8 before comina to Tinian Marriage is spp31'ently an accepl'ed way of enteringthecommunily.
Pcrhaps the peope of Tinan have recentlygrovrn S\Jspcious of vis.Hors. The milh&l)' covets the sland and must be in the backgrould astheyt.ry·to wn the. locaJ people to their view Who knows wh;,t CIA types ofsecret agentsha\'evisitedthatisand?
In my1hree)'ean. oftra\'e and Mna in Micronesia f ha\'e ne\'er encountered suchreservedpeople. This is a trait that s apparent y also followed within the
community. In taJ.ks I hac1 with Connie Fleming, young and co1cemed Tnian woma.n, 9 she saidthattherewsslittleg0$$piJ1g and that people tended tom nd theirownbusiness.
Onecan't help but admre the resistance the small popufotfon of Tinianis puttingup.Theirstruggle against what some of them
eolsider to be ex«s.,ve military needs s but anotherchaptuina long and intcrestiJli history as Tn.ian faces theruturc.
Robert B. Grahlm s a teacher at the H1nnoo Loop Element81}' Schoo. Guam. Formedy,for aperiodoftwo )-ean he served as 11 Peace Corps volunteerinI.he.MatshaDlsltnds..
NO'rES
I.Ba1cd on•radio carbond:icfromSaipan.
2.ThC$e neighborhoodsaR-theb"'1ilfor mllllyof heprettntdn),ilbgdonCuim.
3.TheGuamRecorder.March-Septecmbtr 1928.
4.Spoc.hr,..TheT nianChamonos"pg.17.
S.HonoluluAd,-ettiscr March25,1973.
6.heific. DailyNews,April24,1974.
7.Toe mllit:uy chimed th;i.1 pa.rtoftheJt:a.ndwhh nihuy rettnuon fights bu; someofltehJa.ndendsputedtalclaim.
8.Spochr$<1)'$thattheprocnl•day Cbamorrosareheterogcocous norigin.In"'The Tinian Chamonos...page16.besaysthat..Since theday,ofe.arl) coo1act.the Cbamorroshave.incorporalcd admbttur�ofSpanish,Filipino American ndian. Chinese, Japanese, English. American, and variou.s other nadonaliti-es, Ther eutvrccanbechartcieritcduanHispanicUid<xe.nictype..,."
9.Conne F1eminl ruru he Ar Pa.clflt.: office-. Hct btotm operates ht Air MlcrQsl�a ofiice. Her1t1Qlheirunsth�AemltlgHou:I.Rrsrauratll:1ndstore.Her f.1 .htr runs theFlemngrmi;h.They11re1hcprincipalbU:SU)CssfamilyonTinJan i:nd�ryopposedlo be milibry
BlllLIOGRAPHY
Alkirt,\\�UtamH.''An J\trod1.1C1on101hePeoplesandC\llturesofMicronesia." l:laf\C)'.R()andHtU."HtJIOryoftheMada.11.alslands.''
·•11oooluuAdttrtisct''J97l1974.
•·Gu:1mRecor�r"J,br¢h•Sep!ember l9Z8.
·•MitanasVariety" 1974.
..M:ictoocsa.n Rtponcr" Vol. XVIII.1970. '"Mkronih)r''1973.
Newreld,Gabrle-tla."Tfoian'' "PacificDallyKe,.s··1970-1974, Spoch.r. Alexander."The Tini:lnChamorro,."HumanOrg11nl:ulion.Vol. I0,no.4. 1951.
·1erritori11 S)an., 1966.
THE FOSINO
ModNndaylarrnerus:lngaF06nototillhis crops.
inore modern andup-to-date thnn the fosino. Oneorthe founder$ of this school of though! appears to ha\'e been Don P:tblo Perez, who becane Governor of the .Marianas Islands on Sep1embllt 8, 1848. In his first repotts 10 the Captain Genera or lhc Philippines, his i mme diate soperior, he commented ontheinadequ:,cy of the method practiced by the
NOTES
nall\•cs of cultivating the soil b) means of 1he "fosino". in consequence of which "ther J'larvests ire smaJIwhichmight be lnrgc."'2
E\·en yet Cuam•s rn�t. used as,ic-ulluml implem,nt.�xcept the machete which s used for3lmost everythng,isthe fo:sino.
The fol;ino, 1 or thmtit hoe, consists ofnwide trans\ crse blade, place T·ib on the end of 3 long slender handle. the,itemof the T being a hollow$0CkC1into whc;h the end ofthe htndlc litstightly. Ths isthrust�hcadof the laborer, and ser\'es to dear aw,y bushes md l() cut the weeds Usually there $ L'OVered al one Lhrusl a sp:ioe 6 feel in length and the wdthortheblade The use ofthis impemem s unh·ersal. E\'cn the women are adepts. tnd tiny fosinos art made for ittle chi dren.The fos no s s:lid tol)e well baanced so thu with no grc3t cxerti0l on the pnrt ofthe l11b-Orer t swings back and forth when proper)'supported.
Despitc jts ooe alleged advuntnge, rhere begn '° be increas ng numbers who ree that m any furming implements !Ire
I.Ptono1.1nced(Ofl�ehl'l}'oh,
IGuam Recorder.JUI) 1934J l..Much ofLhc finltwopuagraphorthbartclt! suktnfrom '"U:seru.J Pan($or Guam..byWilliRnEdwtlS:Jford.
Extracts From Catalogue Of Earthquakes Felt In Guam
1825-1938
l11e association ofeu.rthqu.akes with oceanic deeps is illustrated by the sei.sn1jc histor) or the isJandofGuam MarianasIsands. TheNero Deep,co thesoulhust of CU3m hasa depth or 5269 fathomsatapoilllabouc90nUes from Guam aad earthquake -shockscanSlfol) becharacteritcd asfrequentinGu.am (n the fok>wn g catalogue we confine ourselves to the shocks wl\ich have. been perccl\ed by personsandreported.Therecords or the Wiechert I nverted
Pendulum seismoaraph, installed in Agana i.n 1914 indicate thal there are quite a number or earthquukeswhich:.trefelcandnot reported, or whid: could be felt under favoruble conditions. The reportsfromSuma)'we� inadeby the member of the Commercial Pacific CableCompanywhomade Lhe routne ineteorolojical observations at the pont.. The reports from Agana afterAugust 19J4, are due to Mr. W W Rowley who wasin chargeofthe seismographfiom tJle ti,nc or lu
ins.taUation to the tme of hs retirement in November 1935. Since then the insmu.nent has been u11der the care of Messrs. Inocenco Aflaa.ue MdAuma.sio Haniu whocontinue toreportthe perceptiblecartJlquakes.
The fact tllat most of the e.lftbquakcsare reportedasfellin Ag31rn does not imp) that they were not felt lo o�her places on theis.land.
The sources of information used in the comp 3tion of ths cataoguewerethefoUowiJ.1g.
B. --Dicdonnri<>Groz,v/iro-Estadit1lcr>-Hl1t()flt:0delaJfllipimu FT. Mamtrl 8at1ta.Mildrid.185a
CA.-EorthquaMRecordsfromAiana. lsbmdofGtmm. Cle>-'tllmdAbbi(!'.Jr, Terreitio.lMagnadrmu,rdAtmosph�rlc/;le,:rrlclry.Ju,1e1904, Vol.IX,No 2. t'C.-"CJComercit4"AM'1nilanel'o'Jf'IJ"/WT.
ByW.C.REPETTI
ML.-lntheyear1892Mt,,eldeIA14ofGuamsent 10f,'aJh¢rMl�ISt.rdemt Maso,S.J..•listofl:iJTtliquakes"'-hid/l,ehtldtg�nfroma,m,m.wriprjol.fmol ofimporwntevtnlsinGrom.II,cndt-dl'.ithti�note: "TheseQTCtlteSWIdataStpplN:dbyllt�11bo11c--me.mlonedbook.1111dtlcy luwtM'n ui/iedbyp�f'l](NIIofthatJWrif)(/(J82j10)'BhoCTeiti/llfD1f.k'4: remind yo1. liowenr, that tht,1 m()dtrdtc 11nd llg/11 eartllqua�J. wltlc.1 {rtqu�111ly1ha.ke us,oretrolme111/Q,inJ,bu,merdptl1erioltruones.•·--M08, Stpt 1902.
JfOB.- ManiklObkntot()ryHulktlnt.
MOR.--AAmiloObmwroryR«ords.
SAI. SomeNote-sCon«min1 tile VolNnoe1 and�irmlcPJmome1,a ofJl1e Marl,mas!,lands.Rei ;ltftuelSaderraM"w.S,J....tfOB.SC'pt.1902
JIB. -"I.aVo:E-,panolil...AMan/lanc-wrptJpt>r.
Time,..We do JlOt know whnt standard time was folowed in Spansh days;probablyme.:insoJar time, corrected at intel'\!aJ$. Our recordsWI')' a notationthalupto 1916 the lime in Guam W3$ 9h 391n .
On April 18,1918 the offic al time wos declared to be that of the meridian 149deerec44' 55° eastofGroc:.nwich,themeridianof lhe gowrnor s p.1lace. This n\oved only a fraction of a second chan,efrom the exsting
Sketchof;)Guamaiiianfami]yt\1$Mngf10t'l'11here11,1hquake thre11ten1dh�e
standard, too slia}lttobe of any practicalimportmce.
On February 7, 1922, the official time was dec ared to be thatoftlle IOtJ1 llmczoneeastof Greenwcli1 the time ofthe 150th meridianea$lofGreenwich.
Intensity-In some cases the Rossi-Fo,el scale of earthq\l.a.kc Intensitiesisreferredto.
EARTHQUAKES--
182S and1834.Ourin&the months ofAprilandMayof lheyears 1825 and 1834 terribe earthquakes were experienoed in Lh.is sland, (.'lu83ng great damage to bulldinp and spreadin& consternation amona the inhabitants, who beJieved their last hour had come, -�ILSM.
1849. On the 2SthofJanuary of th s year, at four minutes before 3 o·clock in the afternoon, n terribe subterninean no!'.C W3$ heard; ot the same instant tJ,crc was II terrble earthquake, with stronJ \Crtical and horizontal movements, lasting a minute a.ndahalf,duringwhichtime the :ist fcarfol hour of compete desolaton seemed to ha\'Carrived.Ihe towc.ro( tJic pruish church of San lgnado, lhnt h:idjustbeen competed,was throwndown upon theroofofthechurch, The parochal residence of Agru,a, .is wen as those of Umatac, Pa.go ·and Aa-l,t, with thelr churches, and varoushousesin thetowns, weremoreorlessni.ned. one of 1hose that suffered most being that ofthecollege of San JuandeLetranTheroof andmanylimbersfelltothe around, the heavier timbers alones.·ivingitfromcompete destructon. As 3 re$1.1H of lhc C.U\'ing n of the earth from thegreal sh,odcs from theschoolofSant:iCruzina line parallel 10 the r\'er, twe:l\'e or fourteen boles
opened in lhe ground, from which issued sail water and sand. ln \':trious olhor parts of tho city great cracks appe:!red in the ground,froin which gases issue-d, which, perhaps, hidden in the bosom of the earth, were the cause o( the epidemic that then deso.ated the city;for this is showrt froiu the fac.t that afte r thesegaseswere thrown out th e pest disappeared. There was only one fntal accident;it was theou,c or a woman or Inamjon, who happenedtobe near the r ver Talofofo, when a great se: wa\·e romna over the ro.ld caned her ot'f artd she w:is nc\'eTseen :igain.Aperson of this town had tho cur osity and pa1knoe to count the earth shocks that occurred from the '25th off anu ary to the 11lh or March, and he gives the number as ISO. -MLSM.
A party ofCaro neIslanders aJ.me to CuamfromSatawal 450 nauticaJ miles SSE of Cuam, s:iy ng that their isand h.ndbeen inundatedb> sea waves following the earU1quake.-CR.Oct. 1933: pp.110 and 115.
186'2.On the first ofJuly, �bout 7:48 a.m. (the moment when theclock was s10>>ed by the eorthquakc), a smal bu [ suffidc.nt1>• perceptib e vertical movcmc.nt wasfelt, and soon terrble.oscillaliom in ta N.S direction followed. which C11Used 1he fall of many tile roofs. Tht earthquake lasted 3pproximateJy for forty-fve seconds.-ML. SM. CM. Oct. 27,1862.
1863. On December 7t.h, litte nfter 1hree o'clock in the morning, o lltrong and tong earthquake con sist ng of vt.rUca mcwtmcnts. aroused the in.ha.bic.a.n[sor this [own.
-ML.S�L
1866.Oo June.24, a1 abour 1:25 p,m.. there w;,1s :11
earthquake smi ar to thatof 1863.-ML SM.
1870. 011May 13th.ai3:27 p .m., two -1:errib1e vertic:il earthquake shockswerel'elt whkh if they h.ad been horizontalwoud havecaused gre3l damage lo the stone buildinp. The.re wus an intervaJo(:tbout e.nseconds betwee n theshocks.
1892. May 16. At 9:10 p.111., '™' ti.inc shown by :t stopped clock, ihere- Y..'!IS 11 terrble vibratory movement wttich C11used the people to leave their houses. h wasfollowed by a very brusk oscillation from N to S anda soE t o W, in which di rection iL ended. as sh.oWn by picnueswhich were swuna 10 the west in the hou-ses.The c:,rthqu:ike tasted 60 seconds. Tiles of the masonry houses felJ and some walls we re mcked. A eaaue from tlle town there were some small snkings of the arou nd. The coast receded to the reefs, buL for tunately due ,o its sow return, lt did not pass iis ordnary Unc.ff it hadoome b,;lck with n rush It would have dragged the who e viJlage of San Anto no into the surf That n ght there were three more $mall quakes. east to west. a nd others on thefollow ngday s -)LLS.\.
1893. February 17.At 1:30 a.m., three strong vbratory shocks aeCOl'llpll. \l e d by subtel.T3J\ean noise. Duration two min.u,es.B:trdy per�pt bt shoc;ks continued lhroughoul the day. -ML in MOR. VE. March 18, 1893.
1902. Scplelllb<r 22. Al II:24 a..m.. thft'e.heav)' shol."ks rnd one light oiie. l:istfng in all 2½md 3½ mi nu1es."during whch time. the isl:i:nd acted lik<' a shp thrown 011 her beam tnds iJ1 h,e3vysea" Lislll afftrshock.s :ii I:00; 2:47: 6:14: 7:14: ind 10:44 p.01. Sevrn other $hlwks
time not noted.News of the eatthquake was brought to ManiJa by the stat1oo $.hip " ustin"andlhefollowing s :i rcrume of the .lCOO\tnt which appeared n lhe Manila TimesofOctober7, 1902. On September 22, at 11:IS a.m., a teffible subtel'ta.Jleous no $C \WSheard.afterwhichLhe eatth bega11 to trembe lgh.t�• until lhereale:irthquake.wh. ch, as it fasted 4$seconds,wa slo ng enough Co overthrowever>•th.ng and terrify not onty ihe natives but the Amercans �1so With one or cwo exceptio ns, :ill the stone buildings n Agtr na suffered considerably and will need much rep air ng. Some of the houses we.re completely ru ned. One house in particular S3.llk 2 fc.ct al one end, prese..i1ting a very curious picntre, and manyofthehouses are distorted all out of prop0rlio11. Walls 18 :ind 20 inches thick:iwayedto aodfro, cracked, and came to the ground;tile roof:1camedown on all sides; the ground opened in many places 3nd s1,ou cd out salt water from the cracks: at P li these crevices go,•e for th l3Ses of a ch3r.tc.ter-stc odor; hughrockswere disodgedfrom the hillsides and produc edgreat l:lndslidesi many bridges were thrown down, prevt:lllhli the p.,ssing of ,,ehicesbe,ween the dtY of Ag_ana and the port of P ti. some Smilesdistnnt.where the warehouses are sin,Hed� te ephone conntelfon was also ntcnvpced owJli, tO the falling of manyof1lle�ts.
The c:a�altic$ r�portcd were onl)•li ve nnr.ivt$ injured. On the ba.nd of Sajpn n.nlso, masonry bu ildio_p wef"\' shattered.Af1tr the e-;.lrthquakt the who e isJartd se(:'1111.,"<I tobeinv bration;when th<- "Justin .. kft for MMila more th3n 100 small earthquakesh::id been fcJLfrom the othC'r isl:ands and,·,·en from oth er points of Gu311\ outsdeo f Aga na no n�w� has been rec eived up to th�pr(>S\�flt.·rhc
Eorys.ceneofearthqua.b damag,tInGuam.
dnmaae wss esllmatc.d to amount to 250,000pesos..-SM.
1902. September 23.At 405 and 8:20 a.m., tiiht shoe.ks At 12:4S p.m,, twolighl shocks and one heavy. "There was an amost continuous tremor of the earth during th e aftcmoota, not notioeable apparenty eXoept to persons on Roors of buildin.as eevated tibo,•e lhe ground. Se\•eraJ quite marked shocks in the evenfog."--Seaton Schroeder CommandsnL -CA.
1902. "'Ever since the enrlhqunke of Lhc 22nd. a tremor or trembtins of th e earth ocaJrs nt intecvals varying from one t o five minutes No mention of this was madeinourdaily reporr.sbefore.forthereason that at first we thought it wus :ill Una.gination, but without a doubt it is a fact. As many other persons re.por1.ed to us thattheyh a,,·o felltremorsquite pl ainly aitd i n the s:am e wny." (Uns gned.)-CA.
1902. September 30. Al 1030 am., lightshock."TrembliitJ of the earth still continues and does not seem co decrease any.''-(From Day' s Record Sheet.) At 10:40 p.m.•two lighl shocks.. -DA.
)902. October I. 4:10 a.111., IWO shocks; liT$t b.e,1vy, second verylight;l3stinsin all abou1 tourseconds.-cA.
1902 October S. Frequ ent slight earthquake shocks have been felt eachday sincethestrona shock of September 22nd. They arc of very short duration butarcverydefinite shocks, usuaJJy followed, and sometimes -preceded, by .I noticeable pu .$:tlion or trembling lastingforsome30 or60seconds.Atnightwhen ying in bed lhc shocks and trembling ore foll with greater dcrmition. The observer$ detailed for the mcteorologiC3l statioll are quartered to i;i small stone house bult. Jow on the ground. Persons Mng il wooden house$oftwo stor es feel many shocks which the observers fail to notice
1902.0ctober 10. 1:10 a.m. One light shock lusting about 3 seconds 10:00 p.m., rwo shocks, the first light, the second he avy lasting in all :bout 4seconds. ''Therewas another quite noticeable earthquake, sudden and short, at9:IO a.m.During a great part ofthenightofthe 10th the earth was in a
c on ti nu o u s li g ht tremor"-Optain Schroeder -cA.
1902. October 12. 12:32 a.m. Two light shock.$, lo.sting about one second. "The 1.re,non mencioned n the accompaoyjng report of October 5th werenoticed on Monday or Tuesday of this wec.k, but were plainly felt during thenight of the 8th, 9th,20th.-Lt.C'<>x.-CA.
1902.Decembcr 24. 7:13 a.m.
Two very he.avy shocks, lasting in all about one mltJtHe and thirty seconds. Note: My observations of t.bt.shock at 7:1S a.m.,gives duration of shock 30 second s, vbratiolls slowbut ofgreater rorce thari atiY of the minor shocks since September 22nd...Lt. C.Ox. ..CA.
1903.February I. 702 p.m. A ·\·cry sharpreport or rumble totl1eeastward followed by two rather heavy shocks, lasti.na:in all about se,•enteen seconds.-CA.
1903. February 10. 12:39 p.m. Two shocks, the fil'$t light and lhc second hcavylasling in all about one mnute, ffteen seconds,Damagedthe walls of lhe governor's man-Si.on The fint partwilSa rapid\'ibralion,N andS, and the latt er part It c o mparatively slow oscillatiotaE.10w.-CA.
1903.February 11.9:lOp.m. One heavy shock, asting abou1 eight seconds. Botwren II:00 and 12 00 p,m.. anothers:hock.-CA.
1903.March 27. 1:24 a.m.Three shocks, the 111$1 and second light, the third very heavy, lasting in all about thirty seconds. I:29 a.m. Another shock, r ather heavy, l asting about ten seconds.-CA.
1909.December 10.At9:00a.m.
o� December IOlh lhere. were ,wo shocks la.<;.ting lwentyseoonds,ofwhichthe sec.ondwas the more�verc. Ditcction or the shocks SE-l'fW In Agann practically all the east andwestwalisof native rnortur houses nre bndly cracked. Jn nearly every house articles on shelves of these walls were th.rown down,whi1ethoseof the oorth and south sides remained in pJace. The Women•s 1-lospitaJ, built of local mortar, was so badly injured ;1s to necessitate tearingdown;its tieroofsld off 10 the west, and the worstcrackswerein1he east waJL Many ceiling boards wereshakendown in various houses. Se\'ertt fissures opened in 1heground,from one-ofwhkh, ncilr the river, came a largenow of water. The rver bedsank illsevera paces. TI1e paS$fl& wave could beseen dstinctly ;lS it crossed the pubHc square: and the stat.ionship in the harbor reported having felt lhe shock. No damage of mport,Ulce was done in lhl.l other towns on lhc is.land.
The buidings of theC.nbe
Station at Suma y, constructed of re-enforced concrete were 1101 injured; bul a few objects were thrown down, and the Slcel water tOW('r couJd be seen iWaying. No shocks were not-iced before- or after the carthqu:ikenor wasswt.Jlini e..xtruordinar)'obser;ed .nthe sea.Thedisturbancewas not foll al Yap. Western CArol nes. (Report from Commercial Pacific cable Co.)-MOB.
1912.0ctober 26. 6:32 p.m.
Sumay. intensity VJ, duration 15 seconds. lt beganwithweak\•it,rations. W•E, for a few seconds; followed by strong unduations NW-SE. which stopi,td clocks and shook
houses and furniture, witl1ou1causing anyda.mage. -MOR.
1917.May 10. i:33a.m. Sum.:i) Strong earthquake whch stopped docks bm caused no damage, Perceptibe in ,\i311".-MOR.
1917.June19. 2:00a.m. Sumay. Two sharp e:1rthqW1kes which seemed to be qujte violentbut didnot st-.>pwun clocks or spIJ solulon from b.'Jttery jars ns other app;lFenty lghter quakes have done on previous oc casion s Agana, perceptble: one pen of the sesmograph was dislocated. -MOR.
19 l7. November 24. 8:52 p.m. Agana. strong e3r-thquake of Jongdurationwithmotionof arolling ch:iraeter;nosudden shocks Sumay, stro ng earLhquake, lnsling :1bout two scoonds,whichstopped clocks and spilled baltery soluHons.--MOR.
1932June12.2:59a.m. SironJ cnrtl1quake of intensily VI. Qn1erln lhe Nero Deep,SE ofCu:�m.
193S.JanuilryIS.I09a.rn.Apno, nnabrupt earthquake feltby many persons. hs direction wasEro W: itsintensity,JV; and its durat on, four secon ds. Sounds accompanied tJie shock. -MOR.
1935.F,bruary 19. 607 :i.m. A,sana,aSl!\ere earthquake. MOR.
TI1e following te egram was rcceh·ed :it the f',fanla Obser,-;.itory from the CovemorofGuam:
Octob�r JO. Guam. E.1rthqu:,ke of unusual intensityforceVIII,duration :ipproximatey one minute. occurred at 4 39 1.m. chs date follow�d by t,ight shocks in next kn minutes. l)ircction of 1he �hocks NC-SW. Ca.su:ilties nonc,
Slig]H damage to buildings, remarkabe l view intensi)' of originnl shoek. Mfool" shock$ooutinung."
M.r. W. Rowley, the seismic obsen·er, reportedtJunduringthe firststronishoek.whichw;ijofan abrupt andtwistjng chatttcter, the church bellwas reported to have. rung, the church tower c ock stopped, plnster fell, wtilJs were CJ.'!Cked,tilel'ell,glassesand dishes wtre broken, and electric fans were chrown from shelves The seismographwasbadythrown oul of adjustrnen, During thedny of October 30, Mr. Rowleycounted 25 shocks of ,•arious intensities from n to V; on October 31,12 shocks intensitiesI(to IV.
On No\cmber 13, another le eg:rom wM rectived from Guamwhichre�d: ·•cu.,m h:1sexperienced snce 440 thirty Oetobtr lhtee hundred se\tn earthquake shocks, Fifty-one shocbin last twenty four hours lleaviest shock, snce major in tialshock. occurred 6:28twt,JvcNo\·ember inteosity V( Rossi-For�I scale duration aboul 1hirty seconds. Slight additonal damase to buildnis. No injuries to persots.''
1'he sesmograms of Guam from October 30 to November 27 show atotal of747 shocks, includng a.II from 1h, n.N1ind strongest shock down to the smo.Jcst, manyof whichwere imperc.eptiblc tohuman S<lSeS·rh s is u mnimum nlunbe.r for the Sl"ismograph wns O\Jl or st'rViccaboulfifteen hours. 1936.December 14. 7:30 a.m. Agana. strong carhquake of ntensil) Vil Another shock of i111eosi1y Ill at IJ:19p.,n ltOR.
w (".Rcpcll,S.J., wa.s1hc �c-World W:ir U chef of lht" Sciinic :ind �!li:,uuicOi\•sion. �bn :i.Obk,:iory. Pfilippne!&ands.
British Privateers Visit Guam
ByPAULCARANO
Ciptain WOQdes Rogers, in command or theBritishpriva1eers 0\ke and Duchess, lef't Brstol. England, n the ye:ar 1708. He salJed for the purpose of preyina on Spanish shippna. AO:er ounding Cape Horn, 3l the SOUlht'mmOSl tp of South A.meric.i. hjs OeeL stopped at th.e sland ofJuan Fernanda. There hepcked tip"Rob nsonCrusoe," whose reaJ nllme wasAlexander Sekirk and whO had l�·ed :tone OJl theisland for more than four yea.rs. From there thefleets3ilcd asfor northasQipeSanLuc3Son the Ca iforni&. co3St and then .-.cross the P11cif'ic, in fifry-eight days, to Cunm. Arrivingthere on March 11, J710, captain Rogers sent a leuer to the so\·crnor, LieuteMuHGenera JuanAntonio Pimemel. ln his letter, Rogers offered10bu)'anypro\·isionslhat the Spanillrd.s coud spare.
Morco,-er, his Jetter contajned a threal: if the Spanardsfoiled lo deal with him in :an honorabe manner. he would bl'3s.t their villages with his ships'guns. At that t me. his ships consisted Qf the Duke. Duchess.Marquis, and Batche or-the fatter two bcin& former Spanishshipscapturedby the13rti.sh.
Rogers' letter appcan; lO have acted like a ch .arm on Go\emor Pimentel. He answered :ti once "with apresent of four bullocks. and limes. oranges, Md cocoa nuts.·•Inreturnforthegovernor's kindness,Rogers in\'itcd bjm and four ofhis officers abo:ird ship. There the)' wete dined and enterrn.ined by the ship's crew. Later, Rogers tmd his officers wenI to the palace in Agana. whereth-e)'werecord ally rtCt"'ived by the g<>\'crnor.After part;king of 'sixty dshes ofvario usitQrts,"
Rogers gave the goYernor "two RCifO bo)S dress'd in lh·erics toaethcr with �arlet .clothe serge and sxpiecesofcambric.''l)uring his week's stay at Guam, Rogers bought"15-smalllean cattle,two cows and cal\'es, 60 hogs. I00 fowls, with lndfan com, rice, yams. andcocoa nuts."Hewasso mpressed by the workm;:i.nshp and speed of the natives' c.11�oes, orwhichheSSYJ. .,by whatIsaw. I believe may run twentymilesM hourror1heyp.asscdourshipslike abird Oyin_g,"Lhathetooko ne of them with htm backto London The following is Rogers·account ofhisarriva andvisitinGuam:
On the 10th we made land, being the sandSerpana tRot.al, whi(.lhboreN. W.distant about8 Leagues. The Dutchcss made another lslandto the Westwatd, which bore W. by S. distant abOut 10Leagues; the latter they took10betheIslandCuam,sowe cl3pt uponaWind, a�dstood for ii.
M31ch 11. This morning wehad sight of bOth Wands, the Northernmost bearing N.N.W. distantabou1 7 Leagues, ond he BodyoftheWcstennostW.S.W.S Leagues.TheSpanardssay there is a t;reat Slloal between these tslands bur nearest 10 Serpana. We ran along the Shore, bcn,g satisfied it was the l.sJand of Guam. from whence there ca.me se,,eral OyiJ1gProwsto lookatthe Ships� they runby us verysw ft, but oooe would venture aboard. At Noon theWcstcrmost part of lhe Island bore West, and at the samecime we made a small low Isa.id johdng to Cuam, with n Shoal between itandGuam�the tsland appear'd green and \'Cry peasant offoritthereruns aSpit or Sand to the Somhward,but keeping il a gOOdBirthfromyou as·you ne-ar il,there's no Dangl!r, being gradua Soundings to the Shool.After wewtrccleare>fiiwe sprongourLuff",;ind stood infor the Ha.rbotr whch liesmidway betwixtIll.isand1heNonhpan of Lhe lsla ld, There came heavy Flaws or Wind off Shore,
Umn:ac on•ofth t • , e Wtdiedv1ll119'1snnbylht8rithhplme\VoodttRo,ers,In1110.
8rtUshand�nbhbattleonthehighS¢at•
sometimes for us, and 3L other l mes against us;butwegotto�l Anchor in the Afternoon n 12 Fathom W3ter,o.boul half3Mile offShor�.wht.re lhcre was:,little Vllfagt. 'rt,e smal lsl3nd 10 the Southward bo� South of os. dstant about 3 U..agi.C$, and another small one to the Northward bore N.N,W, about 2 Lea8J,1es. The Necessity or our
stoppng◄tt these Isands togeta Refreshment of Provsons. was ver)' great, our Sea Stort lxina, almost exhausted, and what w e had h:(t was very ordinruy, especially our BreadandFlower, whichwasnotenouahfot14Days at the shortest Allowonce. ln order to rccnit quietly, we cndcavour'd to get some of the Natives aboud that w1:re in the
Prows, to keep'em asHostagesIn case of sending any orourMento the Governor: One of'em,aswe were turning nto the Harbour withSpmishCo ours, came under ourStt'rn.Tho.rewere 2Spaniards in the Boat, who asked whal we were,andfrom whencewec-amc? Beinganswer'd in $pmish, thatwe were Frends,andcame from New Spain, they willing ycameaboard. �md ask'd ifwehad my Letterto the Co\'cmor?We had one ready, but before wecou dgetitsigned by alJ the Commanders. lhere came a Messenger from the Gove.mar, who dem anded the same Account of us. We immediatelysen1hm awaywith2 of our Linguists,detainingoneof the Spaniards till lhey retum'd, TheLetter wasthus
SIR:
We being Scromts lo Her Majesty of Great Britain, and stopping ;it these Islands in our Way to the East Indies, willnot moest the Settement, pro\'ided you dea frendy b)' us.We wUJ pay for whatever Provisions and Refreshments you hliVe to spare, n suchmanneras t,c-11agreeswth your Conveniency, dther in Money, or any Neccssurics you wanL But if after ths c vl Request youdeny us, anddo not act like a Man of Honour. you may immediately expect such �UJitaf)Treatment.aswearewith ease abe to give you. This we lhought flt lOoonflm, under our H:IJ\ds, -ecommendingto )'Ou our Friendihp and kind Ireatmcnl. whfoh we.hope you'lestct.m.and murc your�Jf weChen shallbe wiLhlliestrlct·estHonour, YourFriendsandbumbeScrv.tnJs. TotheHonourable W.Rot,l(rS, Go,'t'rtourorlheIsl.and S.Cout1.ney. ofCuam,Marchil.1709 £.Cooke.
Morch 11. In th.e Morning we and the DutchC$ mann'd our Pinnace,.-uidseotherashore wth aA.1gofTroee,where they were entertain'd curteousl>· b> the Natives. who promis'd to supply us with such Provisions as they
cou)d spare, pro\•ided the Governour would give'em leave. About Noon our linguist rctum'd, and broughtwithhim 3 Spanish Gentlemen from the Go\ernour, who inanswer toour lettersentanother,expl"e$ingaU
Readiness imaginabe to accommodate us with wlult the Island afforded, and that he.had sent those Gentlemen to treat withus. I immedia1dy sent for C'apt. Dover, Courtney, and Cooke,Ee..being not able tostir out orthe Sh.ip, and desir'dthey would come andconsultwith me howtoact.
March 13.ThisMorningwehad 4 Bullocks, I for eachShip,with some limes, Oranges.and Cocoa Nuts. Our Msunderstandings at California ha� been very much uugmcnte.d snce byour Want of pro,..;s ons, one Ship's Company bengjeaous the otherhad most ond best;butnow being arriv'dat u P11ce of Ph:ntyI we arc all indifferently wen reconc ed, and an Entemtlnment was provided aboard the Batche or for rbe Spanish Gentlemen, where m05t ofourOmcenappointedtomeet. J be.in¬ ableto move mys.elf was·ho sted n nChairOU[ orthe Ship,andalso outoftheBoatinlo the .Batchelor there we had a good Entertainmcnl, and as:reed, that on Thursday next a Representative for each Shi_p should wait upOn theCo1,·ernour, o.nd makehima handsomePresent for his Civi)jty and .R.eadlnessto suppyus.
Mareh IS.Th..isMomi.ngwehad anotherEntcrl3 nmen[aboardthe Marquiss�whereT ikewisewentin thesamemanner aS-before. March 16. This Morning our Pinnace went with SC\Cral ofour Officers to accepl of the Gmernour's Jnvitation ashore, who rec.eiv'd them wth all imaginabe Friendship and Respect, havlng near 200 Men drawn up n Arms at their Umding and the Officers and Oergy or the Island to conduct them to the Govemour's House whichWilS a very handsomeSe.at
considering where we are: They entertain'd them wilh at least sixty Dishes of several sorts. the best could be goton the lsland. and whenthey tookther Uaves, eachfiredaVolleyofSmallArms. n1ey presented th& Gove.mou r accor(ljngaswehadagreed,with2 NegroBoysdres.s'd 1 Livel'ies 20 Yards orScarlet Ooth Serae,and 6 Pieces of Cambrlck. whkh he seern'd wonderfuJJy pleas'd wilh. and promis'd to assi�t us in whateverla)'inhisPower.
March 17, This Day wegot our Dividend,bengabout60Hogs,99 Fowls,24Baske�ofJndimCom,
and 14BagsofRco,44Basketsof Yom.s,and800CocoaNuts.
M.:irch 18. Th�re was nn Entcrc.a. nmcnt abo.-rd ustod:,y, where \1:e had most of our Oflicers.,nnd4S)'t�UlshGentlemen frorn the Covernour Imade 'em as \Velcome as Tme and Place would :Jfford, dh•ertJng 'em with Musick, 3nd our Sailors Dancing till Night, when we parted very friendly. We got some more Bu oclc.s on board, being small lean Cuttle, but what we glad)' accepted o(: e.ach $hiphad 14in '"·
March 20. Thj,: Morning �11ch
Woode,Roeensaidthatn41dvnofGuamCC>udthrow non,$likethetwoshownontheright" withu�eh.aforce, aitokilliimanat8considerabledbtanc.."
•
•
• Shp h.nd
2Cows andCalve$more, befogche ast W1:,u� liketo get. We h:id a Meeting on boo.rd the Marqu ss, where 'twas agreed to mnkc � handsome P:resent to the G-:wernor's Deputy, who had the
Fatiaue to �t ou.r Provis ons to�ther, whc-rei.n he us'd nll possbe dspatch. We gnve him aod the rest of the Gtntlemen what they csteem'd doub e 1he Value of w�t we l't'cdved of them1 which they certify'd under 1he:lrHands,andthat weh;1d been ver)! cM to them. We also gave them the likeCtrtiOcnte,sgn'd by a.II our Orne-en to shew to cny E ngli�h t-h:it might hn,·e occasion to recruil there. and parted very friendly Havi.ng finish'd that Affair il was agreed, that we should steer from henoc.. nWest ind by South Coum togo clear of &::>me (sJand$ that Jie ln our way, Md then thoughtit proper to steer directly for the South fast part of Mindanao,and from thenoe. the dearest Way to Ttm!te. h was t1Jso agre«J. lhnt our Sh p be ng very eaky, r Should delh•er to Cape. Courtney oneOtes1 ofPlate andMoney,to be put onboardthe Dutchess
�farch 21.AtBreak of Day we hoisted our C.o oucs, and fired n Gun forO\JrConsortsto unmo,r. ln the meantime, with the.
Consent of the other Officer!i I put m otd Spaniardashore,call'd Ant. Gomes Fgucro. whom we took .n the 1stBarkh1 the South Seas, and design'd 10 carryh m to Great Britain,tocondemn all our Prus took there: blll he being now n aJJ appcar:ince notlikely to Jve,we.agreed co dismss him h.e pvingus a Certificate thathe saw us attack and take sever.d Priz�• all &ibjeclS toPhfUp V. King o( Spain, Ee. ( gave him some Qothes and other odd thingsto he p him inhis Sickness then put him 11shore to the Deputy Covemour and the rest of the SpMsh Officers, who ga\ e u1; a
Certificate. thatthey rcceiv'd$UCh aP�rson.
IshalJ heregive aOescriplion of theIsle ofGuam.
TheIslandofGuam Dc-scrb'd, Th.sIsland s about40Leagues round:theAnchoringPlacois on theW.Sde,and abou1 the Middle there's a lar,e Co,·e. with several Houses built after the Spanish Mode,with Aooommodalionsror the Officers and Crew of the Acapulco Shjp, the Settlement being made here on purpose (or that Shipto recnit,u,in herWay to Mmil,1. There are about 300 Spnninrds on ths and theNe ghboringIslands: most of the Nati\'es art' their Converts. TI1eytold us they have 8Fathers 6 of of whom teach Schoo), besidesperforming theirOfficesas Oergymen. They have also Schools tauaht byMullauoesand Indians. who have eatn'd the Language, so thiu most of tht. Natives understnnd Spansh. The Spaniardsinform me,that there's a Range ofIslands from hcnoeto Japan. Among which th.ere are se\·eral abound with God, and they ·were now b uild ng a smaJJ Vessel to d scover them, in order togetaTrade.
llle lsland of Guam i1 sef abou1ds with Orunges. LcmoS, Ciuons.Musk and Water Melons, whteh wertbrought e ther by the Spaniards. The Orange Trees
Sketehofontofthee:a,lie-«church«bullInUMe:1ac.
tJuh·e \'Cry wellhere.Theblandis full of Hills and Dales. and St.reamsofgoodWater They have Plenty ofC.11dc, butsmall,poor and gtneraUy white. The lndioo Pant grows wild in such Abundance, that were they industrious, and had Coppers to boil it up, they mightha\Cg.real Qu�ntities or that Commodity; bul bcin& so remote and out of the Way ofTrade, they makeno Useofit,nordothey mprove nny tiling but what contributes to thelr present Subsistance; and having that, theyareeasic Money is of so littleUse. md so scarce among them, th0tthey could no t raise 1000 Dollars n the whole Island to purchase Commodities fromus,which,hey woudg).udy have done. Here !Ire about 200 Solders, who re«ve their Pay fromMan.OabyasmallShip o nce per Ann.Th� Ship brings them Ooaths, Sugar, Riceand Uquor for whichshe carriesbackmostof the Mone y ngain. Th.ishas m:Jde. them or late sow Riee Lil the r Valleys, and make otJ1er Improvements.They aboundwjth Hogs.whch are the best Port in the Word, because they feed altogether on O:>coa-Nutts, and Bread-Fruit, which tire plentfu1 here; and were not lheSpaliards s.1olhrul, they mght h.ave moot Nocess.aries of the.ii'own CTow th fortheMairnenanooofUfe. Their8t<e1tdFruitl thoughtthe most remarkable Thing on the sland.Isaw�"iOmOofitwhichwas as Jarge as Oranges, Md much resembled them. They [ell me, that when ripe they arc th.tee Times n$ arge, andgrow in inru1y other Places near the Equi.ooxin the East Indies The Leaves!Ire :tmost as large as thoseofFi.is. something like lhem, bul of a brown Colour TheTree islar,e, and they ha\·e suchPlenlyofchis fruit in the Season. that they fatten their Ho� wlh them.The Fruit h!lS no Stone, and by the Aoeoullt they gave, the hlsde rcs.embes a dry Po tato or Y:11n, with whichthe.y likewiset1bound. The Wind blows constalltty 1l
S.E.Trnde here,exceptduringthe Westery Monsoo1,s, which fas1 from the Middle of June to the MiddleofAugust.
Tiie Covemoor lives, on the- N. side ofche lsJand, whc.n:there'ss smal Vill:i.ge, and a Co11vent, beng the <:h.lefHabitation ofthe SpmishWomen onthe lsland.The Indians arl) tall and slrOJlg, ofa dark olh·e Colour. go all naked, exctpt a Oout about their Posteriors and the Women have little . Ptttic:oats. The Men are dextrous �t flinging of Stones which they make ofCay, of an O\'al Form, burn ng them. till as hard as Marble, and are so good Msrks--men, thal the Spanfards sny. they seldom mi$sltlning any M:irk, and tJU'OW it with such a Force, as to kill a Man n a consider able Distance. I heardof no other Weapons thattheyl�sed, but a Stick orLance madeofthe ht.avlestWood ntheJsand.
The Go\'Crrtour presented us withone of their Oying Prows, whichI sholldescnOCherebect1t1SC of the.Odnes.sorit.TheSpani3(ds told me 'twould nm 20 J..c.ugues perHour, whichI chinktoolarie; bl.ii by whatlsaw,Iverilybelie\·c. theymayrun 20?-tiles or more n the Time1 ror when they viewt.-d our $hips. they(XtSSCd byusJjkea Birdny nJ,Th¢seProwsnrenbout JO Fool Iona. notabove 2broad. !Ind abOut 3 deep they have but one .MaS1 w hch stands in tho Middle . with a 1fat Sail, made n the Fotin or Ship'sMizen.The Y!lrdisslung in theMiddle. anda MansitsateachEndwithuPtiddJe to steer her, sothat when Lhe)'to abOut.1hey don'ttum1hcBo.1tos we do to bring the Wind on the other side, but only change the $.'.Iii.so that the TrackandSheet oftheSal :t.rcusedalke, and the Boat's He.�d and Stern are lhe same. onlythe>' change them.as 0:c:ision requires. to sail efthct
Way: for1hey are so narrow that they couldnotbct!r MYSsl. w<re it not for Booms, d11l run O\H fromtht \VndW'.itdSde fa.su::1'd to a aric Log shap'dlike a 80�1, rind ne:ir ha f llS long. whch
btcomes contiguous tothe Boat.
On these Booms .i Stage ismade abo\'e 1he Water on aLevelwitl1 the Side ofthe Boot.upon wh.ch they cnrry Goods or 'Passengers. The greatest incon\·tmicncy in sailing these Boats is before the Wind, forbythe Out-layer whch s bult oul on 01c Side, if the Wnd prcsse!any thi;,g hc:a\Y Oil the contrary Sde, the Boat s ovtr�t, whch oitcn happens; haV'ln.abrought oneoftheseBoats to London, it might be wot1h fittina up lo put in the Canalin SL. Jamcs's Park for aCurio1iity, s:in<.:e we hU\'C none Ukc itin this Part ortheWorld.
As !IO<>n as the B«lt rcturn'd from tindng Sen ior Fguro we put under Sui) ha.,,ng a fine Breeze ofWindatE.N.E.Wehad gi::ncrally fair Wealher herointhe Oay Time, and Showers commonly n the Night,butvery sultry.TI1cWind alwaysoffShoar be.twxt 1hc E. Md N.E. OUr Dec.ks nrc fiJJed with Cattle and Provender. When Woodes Rogers and h s pirute crewstenCu am onfi.farch 22. 171O. Governor Pmentcl's troubles were not o,,er. In fact, lhey hadjust begun.Some of the priests (and others) in Guam registered serious charges ag_t1inst thegovernor, includingihechnrgc ofgi\ing1.lid ndcomfortto lhcenemy. As II resu lt, Governor P mentelwastaken to M.1nil:iasa priso ner 1\fter a series o( investigations that druggedon for sc\·cr.tlyears:on August20.17t9, the Audencia ofManila (l body of men of noblerank th:nact.ed somewhat like a supreme court) found lhesov;;;rnor gulty orthe churgc:s leveled agsinst Mm. As p!irl of hspu lishmen1, .illofh s wealth in Gu(l..m and Mrnila was confiscatedbytheCrown.
Paul Cari.no isthe Edito,of1heGua111 Rtoot'des.aPr,:,fworof fuor)'.andDi ,«torortht}.t!eronesbnArea Rttcauh CentnUnh't'1sltyorGuam.
•
BYPAVlCARJ\NO
Dumont D' Urville on Truk
By FRANCISX.HEZEL
AUTHOR'SNOTE:
Dumont O'Urvll/e i$ getteraffy considered the principal explorer of rho Truk lagoon UMil his visit in 1838, on his second voyage around rhe
world, we have no written dMcrlpJit>n of Truk proper by tmy explorer who actually et,U!f6d rhe lagoon, excep(ing ArMIMo's report of almost thrttcenturlesearlier.
Thegttat Frenehe-xp<ml,,,LaPerouse whod1APPf,1'tdinlhct Pll,cifcIn1788.O'Unille ' svisittoTrukw;n.intended, omon9 otti.rthngs,tou,archto,LaPcrouH.
On December 22, 1838, some 30 or 40 canoesfuJ of Trukese raised a deafeningshout as they watched the twoihips,Astrolabe and Zclec slide lhrough one of 1he narrow p:tssages n the southea$t pa.rt orthe reef.In the trading lh3ttookplaceassoon 11s the-ship hndround anchorageoff tlle isatld or Tsls, the Trukese exchanged macs, combs, omamen[s and bags for knives, braceletsandneckfaccs
1;3:ry in the :1ftemoon the captan went ashore :nTsis and wasreceivedin afriendlywayby achitf hemetaongthtpath.The nextanornl.naf he and someof his men visted the island ofParam where he madetheacquainl!mce ofthree youngmen whomhelater employed as guides: Otokoi, Kepoul, and lkcvets.The trudlng tlr t had been conductedabo:ird ship lhnt morning proceeded pcacefuUy enough, he obsc�d. The only unpensnnt incident in\·olwd a nnt\e whohad triedto trick the captain; but he was summarily put off thesh.p"and the esson was not lost on the others." Dumont D'UrvUc commented that ..the natves ve toa,ether in h::irmony and appear naturallygentle:indp,e�oefuf' :i judgement that he wouJd laterbe obligedtorevi�.
On December 24, t.he Frenchmen split up into two par1es: one was sent out IQ explore the barrier reef the 01l1cr 10 explore Pa.ram is and. Me:1.nwhile a single Frenchman went toTss to carry ou1further ln\esl gation. Messrs. Mare.scot andOt:$graz,whowerenmongthe p.arty th.it he!!ded for Parnm, �llbmilted this :icoount or the r tra\c!
"Aftcr walking aIons the shore for a whi1c,we turned nl:rnd nt the bidding or our sude, Otokoi, We would come on groups of womeJ, nnd chidrt!n from time to Lime, bul whemwer we made a motion towUids them theyOed with a
N;irivttoftheC11tQlinehanch of,..ti.dtTru.khapart,.ntt.fir ouoggetcanoes.
scream, Our guide seemed bolhetedby the coldreception that we were rece\'ng nnd began to hold up thegirtswe had given him to pro,·e our friendliness But the peope's fear pro"cd greater than their curiosily andLhcyOed.
"We passedol.u-gc house which ooked asthoughitmahtbethe dwellingofachef.InrronL ofit were lhrce spendd-looking war canoes,about45 feel n ength. The od mM who we.rt se:ued within 0<>kcd delighted to sec us andtm•ited us tojon them. We began tocommunicate wth one another by signs. The) offered us coconuts., in rctum for which we ga,c them fish.hooksandglass trinkets.The women began to approach the house ittleby lillle,buldidnot dare enll'r the hutAtthe lrast gesture on our part,theymade motions oflee. I wss$Uq>r St.•d by U1eir timidity and was wonder ng what the rl;};ison m�ht bewhen 0�eoftheyoung w..-nwho h.adn>wl.'d\SO\Wto Panam offcn:d lS th(.' full pOSS(SSIOl'I of one ()f the slund beaut es who stood ,uoood the house. I d..-clnccl. <�Pkillillj 1h31 my com)mio'l
and I were under a taboo. At thi$ thtrc wus a murmur of appro\·a among the gt0\p or men, u.nd the women became kss t mid n. most immediately.
'Thegre.ntcst attraction or the women seemed co be their youth. Allchosewhowere past lite � or 20 were ugly and deformed.with notlheslightest trnoe of wttlt they must have been in theirearlier years.I d d not notice the least bt or c:nttoo ng on any women. The men appeared to be very jealous. for they ga\e me to understand that a woman who delivered hersef to a stranger without their conseuwouldbe immcdiatc::typuttodeath.
··Young girls go competely nakeduntilthe age orten,after whch they wtar a skirt or '3vaava Jnplace oftheponcho which is worn by 1nen.women drape a p ece of woven coth
Q\Cr theirshoulders.They v.·ur the r hair ona and Jet ii fall behind their he.td. Like the men. they h:i\'e pierced ears from which they hang rinss of shell.
..Wo men fish off1he reefs lh.at surroundlheisland:thsthC)'do a1 nightwith1orches ofrt.sinous
woocL In eachha.ndtheyhodu small net, the whoe group arranged n the.sh.npe of a circle. I!ll$osaw nhmd oomusedFor wea\•Ulgclo th.
''Wepassed the whole daywith the peope of this is-land. On returning to the beachfor our canoe. the peop e greeted us muchmorewarmlythan before Tiie chidren no ongerran off. andthewoineoalJcameout and spoke to us.AtS o•ctockinlhc evening wefinaly efttheshore. Md an hour later we were a1)03rdthe As1·rolabe."
M. Jacquinot, who had aone tl!one toTsis,reportedthathe,had seen only three or fou:r houses that wereinhabited11 the time Ever)•one. seemed frightened of him. At his arrival t�. women we� t"lidden awa)'orwhisked orr 10anotherislli.l\d.Si.neech.erewcre no customstoob.serve,oolcctlont to mrike, or strnng,e handwork to SIUdy, he returned to lhC Zelee with the ntention ofsettn&out toexplore Fefan thenextday.
On Lhc followingmorning([:>cc, 15). canoes r,orn the nearby slands came to vs.it the sh p. as U$Ual.On one of themwasaman \\.'earing a Jsrge orangeponcho and shell necklaceswho appeared to be a chef. He had come from Ftf:ln along with two olher natives, Jacq_u not pcr$Uadcdh.lJn with the offer of a blue necldace to take him10 Fefan. T.akng hjs gun and a bag filled wthtrade goods and biscuits.hcquinot set outin lhecanoefortheAstrolabe to pick up Oesgr:i:z who had promised to accompany hm. In the meantime, howc\·cr, Desarai hadchangedhisrnind, forhe had hopes of pickin.a up a goden rowry$hellin the lradngthatwas going on aboard the sh.p Jacquinot decded10 continue on alone well aware ofthepcrsonll riskinvotvedandfar i('ssconfident 1hanhehadbeen a btt'-atlier On the way to Pefan, hcq\linofs c.3noe was over1aken by another bear ng M. Lafond, andtogether
the�• made for Lhc island. Jacquinot'sacoountcontinuc5
"'Whenwe anded, wt:weremel by 3 group of chidren of both sexes who surrounded us and showed their deUa,ht and iurprise at seein& two strange persons.. We took 3 few steps through the mangro-.+e swamps andc.i;meupon what ookedHke the house of a cltief. An old man "'3$sittingourin CronLAl seeng us, be appeared extrcmeJy frigHe \ed and wanted to ea\·e.Ouraude,the )Oung chief. had a hard tme restr:iininghjm,butourgiftofa fewpresenlsseemedto rcassufC.' hm :i bit. Meanwhie, the children offered us some old ooconucs.. Ow guidess1.ddenly runled around sod gestured10 us that we were to getbackin t.he canoe. We did nor know where they "''3ntedto cake us, andwere afraid that they were uyns to bringus back toour $hi>,We.Jet them knowthatwe wanted to wt\..lk inland.When they attempted to d.ssu.1de us we insisted andfollowc.d tJ,e p.ath we h.nd started on. They(ollow-cdusquietly.
''Later we cameto reali1,e that v.i.e had misread the intentions or our guides ·rhepaththatwe wt.rttravelingwasnothinabuta b-ig swamp andwehadto keep stepping o,·cr lhe &n:!rled root$ of mangroves. After walkina about a haJfmie, struggingto keepourbaance aJI theway.we returnedtothe't:f')'placewhere we had dsembarked from the canoes.
..Alons. t1te way we were surprisedloseean orangtue�awild one, to besure,butone whose fruit was qute good, even if a little on thesourside. Wheredid this tree come from?
We know that orange trees are notfoundinOceania,andthose that are found in ·Tong.a and Tahitfhave been importedfrom elsewhere
"A short dist ance from the shoreswecame upon some huts scattered here and!here.Eachis ocatedon asmallbayorrh1.1Jet 1ha1 h.a.s been dua out ria,hc downto the seashore. Eachhut could hod only asinglec:alloe. The hou�s weredesertedwhen we:passed;theioh,;ibH.1.1ts were no doubt aboard our sh.ip uading. Insde there¼>eremats and l;u;e ovalsh,-iped wooden bowls� p:dn1ed red. that were u�d to carry water, On the wallshungweapons:bundlei; of spea.rstippedwithstingrnylails warclubs of hard wood: and longpikes,polishedandpaioted yellow, with 3 bulge a1 each enclOneortheir weapons s a sling made from- oocoiut twne, with which they hurl projecties,thesiteandsh.apeof a human eye, thatarecareful!)' arouodf-rombasalticrock.
..Some huts, larger lhtln the othert-. contained lhe great proas or war canoes U1at arc capable of fast speed(although their lipeedhasbeenexagseroted b>' some explorers).Ouriuides brought us into one of these houses which hed wo cmoes panted red and black. The house wa.s decorated with carefuHy executed carvings.In it cJ1ere were. severalmen sitting on the Ooor n aclrde t.ng�d in CORVCr$8tiOn, I'm sure- tl10H ,,..e must bavc been lhc man topcofconvc.rsueion Untilthis time we had no1 seen any women. The11. 1umint1owards the entrance, I saw several young ladies half•hiddcn by large banana Jeavcs who kept peeking 31 us When they realiied that Uteu presence was de1ectOO,they ran off- onlyto return awhi e later toconti.nu� their a,,mt. Finally onr of the men spotted thrm and angril�• orde�dthrm toIt-ave Theydid so.
"We. left t!lc c:moehouse and foUo...,-ed the pa1.h up a hill oo,·ered wHb ovet)' tre-es.Here
andthereweoouldseetheroof or a house. Our youni suide tried tokeep usfromfollowing the path. but we ,ushed on despite hm.At the top of the hill we fouJld two or th.rec houses nested in II t;,rove or coconut and breadfruit tr<es. Allatone�webeheld�bevyof young women whorn.r,towards us dsplaying necklaces and other object$ that 1hcir husbandsandbrothersobtai,ed fromthe ship.Thewomenwere slender,butratherugJy-onthe whole, 001 as:mrnclive as the men. The inost rem:irkabe garntenl was a bit or yelow fabric they wore 3tound their neck. We have nol seen this anywhere ese n lhePacJfic;it resembles the poncho wornby the Araucanos of Chil e Our iuide appeared so upset that after ah'ins Ule women a fow gifts we putaquickendto the encounter.
''The res1 ofour trpwasspent collecting plants insects and :;hells. We learned that the natives had no knowledge o( litearms:thiswase\•jdent inthe surprise ind (r s.ht that they showed atthefrs1s.holIfired. Thetr astonishment was even greater a moment later wh.en they s:iw a birdfallbloody:ind H(c css
"Towards c"enfog Ule canoes ren1rned from the shipandthe housesthath:idbeen:ib:indoned during_ the day filled up once again. The natves who had remainedbehind durngthe day run to meetthe newarr,alsand told them doubtlessy of the gun they hadjustseen Shortl) afterwards the nnl\'es surrounded us and asked us to shoot some birds thU w�re tunning along thes11or�. Ifired two or three times and ht ihe largcl to their astomshme:nt. Thunderstruck. lhcy let ou l ti long"OH!"and struckthe pa m of theirhandag:alnslthe hollow oftheir arm.
'
"As night began to descend, i1 became difficult to see the birds. One of the natives pointed to a bird,but I looked for a long dme wit.hout being abe to make it out.Finally I $3:w tJ1e head and Jon&neck of the bird andfired.Oneof the nativespicked up the dead bird and brought iL over 10 an old man sinlng on a rock. lie exunined It for a lime with deep attention. sLruck the h-ollowofhh arm andbegan to speak to the peop e The group of rnt.iveslistenedwilhreligious attention 10 the od manwho was doubtless a sage-perhaps even the patriarch or possibly the. high priest of the tribe. What I would have gi\'cn lobe ableto understandwhalhe was saylngto Lhcm!
"As everyone began ea,•ngthe beach, Lafond and I made for the: house nearest the 11hore. Man)"women�-mdchidrenwere seatedaroundanovenhollowed into the ground where there were ftsh, bananas and other kind.$ of food cooking,. As we unpu;ked our own meager provi!;ionsorbiS<:utandcheese, hands reached towards usfrom ever)•where.We savejust about eVtr>•thing we had in response toLhe t-"Vcr-multpJyn&demands of the people, hO>ng 1Jiatwe would be given a shareof the food that was on Ihe flre. Evcr)one seemed 10 like the biscuit we�3\e them,butthey lhre.w away the chee� wiU1 obviousdsgusLAsfor thewine. Lhe)drankitwithawnce.
"We were finalJy gi�n fts.h which, unforlunatcly wa$ only half-cooked. Lafond hnd been given some crnbs. But alas! They were worse than raw: they were stiU alive! Soheput them in h.is bag to take them backtothe sUp for study,for the speces ooked nteresting.
"When we told our iuJdts th.at we wanted 10 sleep, the)
brought usto a canoehouseand showe-d us a mat on 1heOoor We laydovmthere10rest,buta throng of narives gathered around us and beg,1n an ani tuated conversntion. As you mighlwelJ magine,LhjswasnOI conducive to a good night's :itecp. Wllat's more, I fet the hands of two or three or the natives as dley sUd -OC(<n$ the noor lowa.rds m)' bag.SoI ro$C) examined lhc canoe, andlhrew my mat on itsplalform which was lveor six reet above the ground. Hoistlna myself up, l madem)'bedtherewithmyb:tg under m>head. myrifle inone hand, and 2 fairy Jarae geological hammer inlhc other. Armed suchwise onm)'for-tress.. l waited patien1lyfor what was 10come.
··untilthenthenati\•esbaddone nothinito causetheleastbt of fear. Stillin au, their deceitful andtreacherousnature2ndther co,•etousness of ourbelongings inspired thoughts that were anything bu1 comfonini,There were a �d number of them nowaroundthefire.Thon,all or 11sudden,one orthern.sounding a Ions wail bro ke into a ch.:mt that endt"d on a .shnU note. When he finishedhepointedto Lafond,who ,\'35creepngcloser to1hefireso thithecouldhear bener. lns1antaneousy my companionthunderedout\·erscs of1he ..Man.cilles,"tbesonasof Beranger and other piecesmuch to the delight of bjs audience.
"Thenon eof1henitives,n nrgc fellow. roseandbegan 10dance in the mostbi:z:n.rrcw:l) to hjs own singing. The reddish light of thenre wh.ich reOectcd off hls bronzt features. the b ac.k sl\adow of the dancer that fell betweenthe.firetl.ndrn}'Self.hs strangecontortions-all of th:. made the sct\e- lhemost wierd one imaginabe, Then iI was Lafond's rum tod.1.nce, He had just madetl.bravestrutwhenthe natives demanded chat he
uodrm. Lafond thought h better nol 10 refuse, and a moment later U1erc he was in natura1ibu$ doing the "cavalier scul"infron1ofthe sa,•ages.
•r woke .n the morning after a deep seep and went down to the bcschwith theintentiono f rclumint 1.0 the ship. All the n.:ith·eswere already gat.hercdat the sho re filling canoes with c:ircrully chosen roond stones. At first we feared that these were tobe usedaswenpons,but in tho canoeonthe\\'llY to the. ship we learned that they1,1,'C� only 10 be emp oyed as weights for fishing lines. At last wercuchcd our ship andJoyfully cLimbcclaboard,"
Meaowh e, �I. Laforgehndiso returned 10 the sh.ip nftcr passing the night on the tiJ\Y i$and of Onan He foond ilO one there c.-xcept for some li:shern en who told him that they liVed on he islandofToi.
DumontD'U,villehimselfspent the belier partorthe threed.ttys on Tsis taki.tlg on wnler. He was impressed by the large taro swamps there andconcludedthat thep nntgrewwithoutcullivation on tl1e part of tlle nath•es. "Nothing was more distressing th.an to see the canoehousesthat sc:rv«t as meetine places forthe natives," he observed. ''Parts of hem were eaten away� these placc.sseem 10beentrelyil>festcd with vermin.••D'UrvUc abonoted that the natives pck 1kt' out or oneanother'shair "Less out ofa senseof proJ>riety thunbecuuseor die ta.ste they havenCQuiredCor these insects whichthey ea1 wth relish,"D'Urdi.le,like the others n his party. obsen·ed that nJlhough the men reoeivcd hm g3c.iou$1y the.re were. 110 women in evidence He supposed thalthe men hid them away or temporariy removed them 10 another island "due to justifiable doubt their virtue." The only :inimas he saw wero a few cats, some few wild he1s. and
MenoftheCuofl.net.
numerous rat$ proportions of hetofc
E-nry the next morning (Dec, 26) O'Urville apJ)Oinlcd M, Duroch o ovef"9:'c the hydrographic suney 1.ha1 was ,o be carred out in 1he smalJboat. Al4:30a.111.,beforethearriva o( the n atives and th.� commencement of the day's trading acti\•ities, lhc parry eft the ship L)'Un•iUt' W3tched wtth surpriseas the aunchreachedthe norlhC3S1 tip of fef:tn. only to turn around unexpectedly and make for the ship II.gain. M. Oumoulin's acoounc or the trip rouows:
"Early in the momhla·wecook on board the launch of the Astrolabe a cannon, a case of weapons and powder,MdLeft to tJtpore a group ofislands behindFera.n.On arrivinathere. we 111et a groupof canoeson their way to the ships These canoes, which we� all from Uman, came towards: us and meed with us playfully for a while. The nalh·es in chem seemed to h.nvo peac:tful intcntio.iis. andtheyusedt.\�.ry meansartheirdsposaltotryto persuade usto comeand ,sit theirisland.
..PJssing through lhc channel tl1al sepamtes Oubon from Fcfon, howe,er1 we saw a number of canoes whose construction was cn1irely d.iffe.rtnt from thosewehadjust :Seen set outf'romalargevillage on the norchem shoreofFefan. As we �re inak.ing our way throughthechannel,u strng of �rs uppe.ared 10 bar ourv;a}' and madeusf�l'thatwe y,,-ou d no t find a passa-1,re for the launch.The natives must ha\e thouaiu Ll1ntour boat had run aground on the reef for they chose.this rnomenltoattick us.
"Suddenly our sailors wt.re hit witl1 a shower of oran-1,'ts thrown by the nat.lvts in the canoes We took thisforajoke at first-but to et rhe naLives understand that we did not t'tjoy this kind ofa prank. we threwtheorangesimotbesea.In a split scoond the who e complexion of the: s tuat on changed. One of the chefs standina atop the �noe platfornt, hurled a spearal us At that instnn1 therest ofthe nativespickedupthe r weapons Md made ready for combat. Our poslton was critical, We had troube kcepiJ1g the cre.w under control, yetwewere.too
near the reef10turnandfight, f'ifty or sonatives armed with sli.ng:s and $tones were cootl.n_g on foot over the reef. II'they :idvantt-d towithin sling r11ngc, we wtre rtnishccl Withn seconds each of our men was nrmcd wHh a loaded weapon. E,•cryone then helped withthe sails. The foresail was rased, andthe windcarredus through the whoe OoliUa of canoes while the nau,,es rainedspe.arS uponus.
-Nol :1 sin.gle shot h.ad been fired so far, evm though M. Ourochandrhaddruwn abc<td on the chef who wnsdirecting lhe auac.k not more than six yards fromus.We assumedthat when he s.-iw Ihe sun baneI ponting at thJs chesthewould refrain front further hostilities; butafter lookingalusfor about half a minute, he picked up more M«s and gotready 10 pursue theatt:a.;k.
..On the shore Iona l.ines of wornen could be seen fUJlnJng towardsthemountainwiththeir children and lheir possessions on 1heir backs. The Ootills regrotped for tJ,c a1tack- over 20 c.:moes. with fh-e 10 Ccn warror, Jn each. The chit.fs canoe h<?d no fewer th-:tl 22 men. The natves were only encouraged to redoube their efforts after observng what appeared to them to be 3 shameful flightonourpar1.The batte W3$ ine,,irnb e, so we motioned to thethreefriendly canoes from Uman that had folJowed us all the. while to witlldraw.Thistheydd.
"The F'efan eanoes approached us in serried rank, ed by the cruers canoe and another smaller one.IntheprowortJlc taller two men welt! busiy doi"ng lewd3nd derish•e dances forourbenefitWbenthe chiers canoe was not more than fl pstol'slengthfrom us,thechef
rattooedMtivesofthtCarolin,, (This.indotfler1k•ti.hts 11Ccompel\yngthisar1.dcarefromOcitane byR4111ziJ
took off hs poncho and let down hi$ hafr n an apparent sign offrlendsh.ip. But v.-csaw chal eachofthe nativesin the canoehad picked upaJaneein che meantime Then weopened lire. The shotfrom the cannon tore lhcchierscanoetop eces, while M. Duroch3.lld Ibrought down thetwodaMerswho had taunted us for so long. The nati\'d Oed in haste Tho� unfortun ate souls who were in the firsttwo canoesjumped nto the sea made arampartofthei.t wre.ckt"d boat:s, and swam into the wind as fostastheyoouJd, co.rryins the r dead and wounded and lhe rcm3.ins or their canoes with lhern. The beaten natives madeforthereef surtounding Dublon,n otdarir:t& toreturntotherownvilJagefor fear that they would fall nto ourhands.
..We continuedourexploration. but aswe53i edback10thereef to ook foranopenin&wesaw the Ootilla the.re with mostof the warriors. They evidently thoughlthntheycouldwailin safetY ne�r the \'Hagc for lhe ncxt opportunit)' to attack, So weridd ed them y/i{ltgrapeshot from .i considerabe distance. Unfortunately our aim wastoo good - and we soon saw the nativesjump into thewaterand car�• 1he bodies of their dead with them. The wounded had not unc.red asins:Je cry during the engagement. After this fusillade the nath-es who were watching from the treesonthe shore hastily left their perches 10:;eeksafetyfar inland.
"Saddened ;11 having to take such extremc measures. we con tinued on our w.i)' and found a na.rrow pass bct�f:n r-'.cfan andOublo.n.On the way back10theshpwe passedtwo cmocs thal had been cripp ed in the first batll-e. We were surprised that the)' had not sought safety ashore, bu1 1hey were probably afraid offalling
•
�turnedaftet the survey team h11d safe)•reboo.ti.Jedthesltip, Ville!)!IntheCarOlnes.
into the handsof theirtnemies on Dublon. We passed by Lhem without firing, although v.-e coud have annihilal'cd themif ·we hadchosentodo so
"Oneof thecanoe$from Uman, whose crew had begged us to t.tke refuge on their isand when the hostilites began. remained wilh us the whole time. When the fightwas over,theywentto all the islands t o tell of the defeat th at their traditional enemies had suffered at ow hands. In the meoot me, we thought that 11 wouJd bemore prudent not to a11emp1 to and at MY or the isands. After surveying Moen islandnnd two or th.ree of the isolated reef islands from the hunch, we steered forourshps.Thanksto our friends rrom Uman, the news of our fight spread quickly throughout the whole lngoon. We were ooru.'l;}.med about the safety of tJl�. two Frenchmen who had been on Fefan that day. But $hortly aft.erwearri\ edback:itthe ship Lafond wns brouiflt aboard by a native canoe, Md at 6i.n ilte evening Oui:orps W3S a so returned, safe n.nd $0\ �d, br a ainoe.Ducorps to d us th11 as soon -asbishost on fcfru1 had
he:ud the news of the fight he nsisted on brniins th e Frenchman b:ick to the ship mmediately all atrcmble with fright."
After dinnera party h�adedby D'Urvillc landed atTsis wherethe news of tJ1e battle had aJready becomeknown.Theyfoundabout SO nati\1CS armed with spears. Through Mafi, a 1'rukese intcrprct.:r and guide, the frenchme.n made the warriors ha11d over ther weapons withthe as:sur.inee that they would be
The next morning (Dec. 27), there were fewer canoes than usual con.lina o ut to the ship. Among. those who did come ou1 were Otokoi and lkevtcb from l�t.tm, They brought food gifts and took gre�tt pains to explain thot the chiefs of Um:10, Tsis, Fefim, .Moen, F::afob:1guets. Udot, eh:., were the enemies of the Frt.nehmen, while the chiefs of P.:lr.lin �d Tnrik were lhe lr friends. They tis.sured us that a.boot a dozen orouren�m les h:d bten kill ed or wo unded hl the botde ofthe d:iy �fore.llley aso g;:ive cJte nnmcs of the different isandsill the �goon.
That same morn ng, two offlcc.r.. from the Astro lsbe met with three from the Ze ee onTsis. The>• w:itched u fifty or .so natives g.:ithered on the beach, with the number growing each moment The natives were aJI armed with spears wilh mcc:iJ po nts- probab1y in�de w th the iron hoop the peop ehadobcnined in thepre, ous d.tys' ttndng. The aultude of the natives w.'1$ far Crom congeniol, nndJacq unot h;d .tltc:ady been ntt:.'lcked on th.at same sbnd. But the omcers returned to the ship without
•
incident. There they heard 1his scoryfromJacqunot
•"The morning after the attack. a launch brouglu officersfro� the ZdeetoTsisas usua1. The ooinpany consisted ofMeS$t$. Dubouzet. Goupjl .-ind mysef, Upon our miva :it Ts.is we were astonished to seeng;reu number of decorated war canoes there. The shote was coveredwithhntsthathadbeen hucredl) thrown upj alongside lhem many natives sat n mournful silence. We oould ony assume lhat theywerethe )arents and friends of the -.·ictims o_f yesterday's battle, 3i•d lhaltlwas forthes.ike.of re\'enge mat they had eft1heir viJfagc .it,iood distanceaw.yto spend dte n ght on thls snndspiL The weapons thnt the)' carriedandthebundesof spearsthatlay next to the huts were clear proof of their intentions. But wewere too far from Ute ships to show 3ny signsoffear. Besides. we were wcU,anned and knew of their tenor of Orear-ml. So we beached lhe launch and went ushorc.
"lJ1Steadofrenrn.ining togeher as pndence would have dictated,wesiepara.teda.ndwent
our different ways. Oubouzet hc3dcd ror the opposite shore; CoupJ stopped not far frorn where we disembarked:I made ror some trees lo shoot birds with a crowd of men and chiJdren behind me. Not long .Uterwards, my fr end Coup approached Mdto dmelh:tlho could not stop fora moment without being :surrounded by nati,·c:s.. One of them e\'en speared a branch thatfell r1£H at his feel w, remaned togetherfora shorttime but35 the n.:it.i\'eS dispcrted he went
back 10 continue hs work. When I walked into theforest, lho peoplewho were followln.& inc disappeared litt e by little, Soon f was alone. After awslk of some distance, I wa.,; surprised to find that I had reached the shore on ano1her part of1he island.Thesea W:.tS perfectly still, and In front of me, 3bouta mile off,ourships gleamed inthe sun.To the eft was a small canoe in which a s:3ilor and 3n officer were makng a map oftheshallows. The beach lO lhe rjg_ht would bring me, to lltespotwhere·we h:id .dscnbarkcd rrom our Lau1ch.
..'As I stop:>ed to reoad my musket, a rock landed hard right next 10 me. Turning sudden!)', I s.1w the feet or severa nativeswhowere hiding in the bushes. The ro<:k must have come fron, chem. lslid a ball into each barrel of m)' musket and quickJy decided lO follow the shore to the r¢ht, hoping that l would at IC-Ml be seen b>• the ships if I were attacked. I walked withouttoo much. haste looking in thetrcc:'S fol' birds whilekeeping m> C)'es on1henativesallth.twhile.AsI mow:d along. they lert their hid ng pfll.(.-e - about twenty
strong, all armed wilh spears ::uid paintedfromhead lo fool
They moved up to my s de . without runniniand followed me step for step.J had hardly gone twenty paces when all at onoean:idvejumpedout ofthe forC$t right n front orme. It was tJ,e chh:f. a t.all man, entirely nakedand paianedln a :,•ellowsh-oronge. He held a Spe.ar WhQ(Se white lip ltndjU$l recenty beeo sharpened. My ringer tia,hcened on the trigger of m:,• musket; at the first movement of ll\c spe:ir I was prepared to shoot.A$soon as he showed hmself, the others took up the shoul"llourrnk," which must have meant '"Kill him!" Still he made no hostie movement liis face showed fe�1r 31\d his limbs trettbled. When I made some frendly signs, he responded wi1h a foroed smile and poinlcd to.a smaU brd thH W'dS hopping from branch to branch. I indfoatcd thatitwas toosmall toshootandcontinuedtowalk ahet:id - now wth Jong:er gtll. My pOsition at that time ...r.ts extremely cirtk.al, for he walked two ort-hree feetbeh.nd me with the spearheld nt my back. I expected to foe.I Lhe pont in my flesh at any momenl,
"The warriors adv:inced.and a fight now seemed unavo[dable. Had h not been for a providential bit of luck my doom would have beenseaed on the spot. The beach was broke11 b) somelar::erocks.lfJ could re.tch them, theywould offerme some hopeofsafety I became more wllchful. half turnlng towards the chc( behind me to check his movements. At ast I re-.1.che-d the rocks,scrambedovetthem and turned 1he musket ou
Lhe nath·es to hold lhem off. Once I w;is hdden rrom [he sia!H of lhe chief and his companions. I resumed my course. When I heard their
criesI knewthatI was53fe "Somedstancefromthelaunch, I met Messers. Hombron and G<:rvas.ie:i.nd twoorOlr sailors, and quick.Ir related to them what hud h:tppened. A little further on we found Me:ssrs, Ouboute l nn d Goupil swil'runjng_When they heardof my.ld\'elltu.re, thC)' ostnolime bldressing.The:,•hadno S00lel' Uns.t-icd then :i Jauneh arrved lo take U$backtothesttip."
Ane.rdinnerMessrs 0\mouHn, Hombron. Docorps .-.nd Lafond wem ashore.On lhe bcHch they l'ound a IX!,rty of n:itves even arger than the one Ihey had encountered th:t morninginhabitants of aU the isands. Keeping close together, they walkctl stra ghl for lite chief's house where 1hey round several armed men. The nntivcs,checked as they we.re by 1he rear of l!uropcnn firearms. g.ove them n i.'OOd wcloome. Jus1 thena canoe appearedfrom thevillagelh-111h.ad been responsb e for the attack thac evenfoa, The rirst of the nari\·es from the c..inoe to enter the chiefs hou!P: was \'isby dstressed to meet the offcers of the ship 1here With some embarrassment he m3de signs to 1'howthathe hadcomeasafriend. Another from the same c-anoe addressedM,DumoulindhectJyin o. tong spccch that lOntof the Frenchmen oould of course u1idcrs.cand.
As they W3ked around the island ater. the officers SlL'ip.!Cted that the nativesw�re ookingfor somi'.' way to spUl t.hem up and make them shoot at birds l;;\'erywhere theywenl, lhcy were followed by armed s:.wngcs. Al last, without any disturb.1nce.
they foundM.Roquemsurelwho had gone to the sland alone. He Slidth3thehadnotbeen nsulted or attacked, burthatLhc natives 5eemed to be rat11er inso ent and b3dl> disposed. Justas they were taken aboa.rd the ship,a gunshot wm heard. M. Demas. it wns e1rned1 had sone 0111 withthe bo:st Athough the natives appc.ircd peaceful al first, they SQOn att:ickcd the steward w lh roc-ki. Demas noticed the native who had ncited the attack and sho1 him. Tile others took msht immedfatcy.
O'Urvme•s final comment.s on the s:indli'reflect the unhappy experiences of his asttwodaysin Truk:
"The reputation of the Carolines has been tarnished, for we ha\le fou nd here tre:ichcrousand w cket!peope however engng:ing thdr nppcarance. In no pnrt or Oce:infa hl\'c we found :such selfintcrcsted hos>t:lUty ns here. The pcoJ)le do not a,ive l'llU<:h and are w:ty d�m.lndng n .hclr rec1ucs1s. They are dirty; ii is hard to brc:ithc in their houses. Even though bc.au ifully work�d br:inchcs c:111 becomed:ln�rousweapons in their hands they know nothng or the bownnducrow."
Alse,en o·c.iock, the shipswere under sail andwerenccompin cd 10 the reerby SOntt'smallatnocs. The finaJ entry hl 1he journal before s.Jiling wes('"•:,rd is ·•our work: here fini$hcd. we eft the mos1 beau ful group in lhc Carolincsfor good."
FrancisX.H�zc SJiJthep,udpaof X:t.,icrIIJghSdoo.Tmk
SOUR("E
AbstractedfromJ, Duuk>nt O'Vnillc,Vo)'IIF:1 Pole 1udcl l'Oi:c11nicsurkac COC\C.UCSl'Asuo abc'-'IlaZcll"\_•...18.H•181!0(J'Utb..:1841•1846).Vol. V,I:?0·167, byFro.n-cJs X.HC1:¢1.
SP-anish Galleons
llyP.J.SEARLES
EDITOR'S �OTE: The Spansh Gal?oons(oflcnt.mesclllkdthe.MIIJl.ila Gdlcoo$) played II crucial role in Gunm'•cu)•history.ForIperiodof '2.50)'W',development-&inGl.lem•* intimatelyuatedlotbe,·ornesofthe 1alleons. ln v!c-w or that raet, I.ht fotlo"in.t: •rcicle b deemed tobe • .,,t1111t,)e&OU!C$ofnformationrto1only to our e.cn.eral re:tders but alsoto atudentsofGuamHistoryln thepublic :al)dprivateschoosofGuam.
TI1c galleon trnde between the Philippnes and New Spain (Mexico)startedin 156Swhenthe &m Pab o, which had aone out with Lcgaspi's expeditjon, returned under lhe c<,mmmdof Lea,ruipi's grandson, Felipe de Saoedo,MdnavJgattdbyAndres de Urdancta..The 'CMC reached Acapulco rifteravoyageor th.rte and n hair moJHhs, Wthin 1J1e nexl few yearscameVO)'Agt$by the SanGeronimo in 1566; th� SanJuan in 1567: ,wo galeons (whose names l do noi know) in 1568, commcmJed b)' Felipede Salc:edo who madeaI lenSlfour round lrl)ll: the SottPablo in IS68. doomed to be lost at the Marianas wi1hhercaraoor11bo ut 40.000poundsofcinnarno1. In 1811 1h.: as1aalleo1 from Manilaarriveda1,\capuko In 1815the lastwalleon, named Mas<-11011. saJJi.d froin Acapulco fori\fania..
F'orcxac;1ly 250 Ye.trs Spanish tu1U.:ons voyaged back and forth ruross th\. Pacific. surelyn record for longi:vhy among shipJ>ing compnnic$, The trade was only Stopped when lhc Mexican R("VO)Ution dtO\C out !he SpMiU(JS,
Siu.orCtillcons
A Spanish law dated IS93 restricted tJ1e s1.e ofgalleons to 300 tons, but the .nw was not enforced. As eary 3$ I589 one galleon was 700 tons. and twenty-foe )ears later the- ships reached I000 1011s. In one squadron around1616therewasa aaJJecmor2000tons and one or 1600 tons, as well as smaller vesse s. The Btgo11a wh.ich b�t off Woodcs Rogers utack, was 612 tons, but .ilth-esameperod (ci� 1718) other jalleons were 900andI000Ions.
The Rosar;o, in service t'rom 1746to 1761 was1710tons The Sa11ti.rimaTrinidadwas2000tons
A ISOO tonaaUeonhad a deck lengthofI7Sfeet�keellengthISO feet:be:im50foet:depthorhold 25 feet; nnd carried ;ibout 80 guns,many of whichwereusually notmounted.
A 500 .on galleon hada deck le)gth of125feet�keellength110 feet;be:im3Sfeet:depthofhold 18fc.et;andcarriedSOguns. Thc$C figures are approximate.
Construction ofGalleons
Most galleons were built 11 Cavitc, sllhoughsome werebuilt at8sg;110i n Atbayprovince.some on lheC:tmarncs coast, some on Mindoro. someon the Pangasinan coast. a.nd a1other pJaccs in the Philippnes. Olh'H'S were buih aw:i) from the Philippines.: for exampe, the Cua<fgf11pt (about
1750 was built in Shun; and another about 1620 wasbuilt in Japun
Framework or thegalleons wa'I oflen teak. Ribs and knees, kcd and rudder were usuall) the ha dwood called "mo.ive". Sheathing was genornlly of the toui,h ''lanang,"
Sail clothwas producedin the province of llooos; cordage was madeof"abaca"orMa;1.ilahemp: mctaJ work usually come from OifoaorJ:i.1>:m.
All aaJJeonll until about 1775 ha.d :1 high forecastle and hish poop.
ln 1587a 500ton a,4lleon cost 8,000 pesos. A litte latc.r two gaJJcons or about 800tonscost aroutd 14,000pcS05e.:i.ch. About 16SO IIvesselcost 30,000 J>C:SOS..
Othercostsv.'erc:
Flllp/110 (cir<a 1749), 95,857 ,e.sos
San Carlo.f (circa 1750). l00,000pesos
Sa11Jose.180,000pe.sos
Sa11ti:rim11 Trinidad 190,000 pesos.
Inasmuchas\crylittle care was taken of the ships the.y deterior aled rapidly and consequenty required :t he.ivy outay for refitting (which incuded carocning). Aclua costs arehardtodctenninc,usgraftwas common . For example, fo 1766 the SantaRosa wastobertfitted. The Cavitt yardestimatedthecost at40,000 pesos. An indcpcndrnt cstjmate was mnde by a naval commander then n M;:inila,i'Ad gi\·en ;:is 10,000pesos. So far as can belearned,1he actual cost was about 9,000 pesos. Howc\·er, a corrupt boord orinspectionhad the work redone a1 a cost of S0,000 l)cs<JS and undoubtedly pocketedpar1oftbe;imount.
O�raton cos.ts were high, largtl)'because ofthe inefficiency and grar1. In 1596itcost:.bo ut JS0,000 pesos over and above revenue to maintain the ser.,.ioe between ManUa andAcapulcofor one year Two galleons in 1607 cos1 I30,000 pesos for one ,,oyage.
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L1�--
Cnlleon Personnel
One Commander known us °Ccnel'al or the Seu". If there were-IWOVCS$CSin CompMy, the CommaJldng Officer or the seoond was called"Admirantc" or AdmfraJ. Twomates.
Threeorfourpi ots. Two bolt5wains.
Twoboatswain'sma1es.
Twoconstab es.
Twosurgeon,.
One notary,
Onechaplain,
Oneconuniss.1.ryofficer
One.callrer.
One carpenter.
Oned\·er,
Onechefste.w.ard.
One··couador" or accountmt.
One ''\eedor" or over.ie¢r (Purser).
Oo the trip from Ac.-ipul<:o to
Mat1Ua there were3Jsocarried a "maest.rc de pl.ala" or master of lheslve_r:an ..Alferczt orEnsign; a "&trgento-M11yor" or Sergeant Major:andtro ops
Tl1c crewnumbered from ISO to 300. dependngupon thes:i1,e ofthevel!sel.
The Commander recci\'i:d {about 1625)about 4,300pesosa voyaat:Admira 2,900:Mate400: PH01 700; boa1swain 325: bontswa n ' s msle '125; Chitf Steward225;Masterofthe w11cr r.tflon 225; Surgeon 225: constable: 325:calkcr325:gunn er 22S�Sergean1 Major600:Ens gn 800.
Ofooursetherewereprcquisites that stnl the Commander's inoomcsky high,ond others ofthe ships company alsomade profit. It was nothing unusual for the C:omm:in dc r to c ear 50,000 lo 100,000 pc:$0$ per\Qyagc. 1'his >rol1I c:i.mc rromhisownprivate
in\'cstmcnt in the: CaTgO: from a commis:s.ion usuall y of four per centontllcR&istercdcargo:from presents or commissions from Acapulco and Manila mcrchant.s: from grifl charged for carrr ng unregistered or illega cnrgo. etc. He also tookII rakeofffromthe ini.wit:sblegambling cJHtt occurred on suchnlo�gvoyagt.;.in ,:ccoun1 ofone tripi;howcd1tisrakeoffto ha.ve,bet.nJ2,000p.:sos.
Of course not aJJ this profit stuck to the fingrrS of the Coinm,rnder ashehad,usually,to buy hs position from the Covernor:it aJ)riccthalmghtgo upto 10000or 10,000pesos. Junior offic:cflifrequently made 5.000lo20000per\·oyage.ov<:r and abow Iher officia l).l)'. mosl y for smugglingilll'ga.lcargo. or cor£0 in excess of 1ha1 author:t.cd.
U;unlly. on U\CO\lnl of high profts the" ga con offo:crSonl)•
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Some or the most promincnl commanders and t>iloto--mayorcs (the. cruer pilot beng the rca navg.11toroftheshjp)were�
Fra) Andresde Urdanel.a, who visited Guam on atleast onetrip, Cabrera Bueno, a famous ch:1rtm:1ker.
Juan i>ere1,. who e:<plorcd Lhc northwestcoostorAmer ca. Vicente Villa. who was in the Pono a expc-ditfontoCaHfomia n 1769.
SebastanVizcaino.
LorenzoLascano.
Geronimo C:tlvei, whose life throughout w:is drain.atfo and cxciti.llg.
Phiiip Thompson, an insfu.h.man. who served around 1770.
JohnKendrck.:iSoot.
Thom3S Muir tin Englishman, c�pturedatNootka Sound.
Antoine Limn.rie 6oucourt, a frenchmu.n, pioted theSa1t11$ima Trluidudaround l775.
PerreLaborde, F'rencltm:.u1.
Raymond l<cHy•Kelly, hUtr k:illtd fightlngindefenseofMatil11 :13:i.instthe Engishin 1762.
Heinrch Herm:1111 nCcrm11n or ongcxperttnec.
Richnrd B"gg,e, on frishman who appc rs to ha\lc b«-.n dismssed forbeing·•u.manofevil COJtduct."
OnJy around 1/3 to l/4orthe c-rew wereSpnniards themajority bell\& Maa}S or F'ilipinos, The bes1 sailormcn were padns much :is 3SO pesos for round irip: OOLntnon Spunsh se.1men got about 100 µ¢SOS: nath'e$ around SOpesos.
• made a very few Lrips before retir ng. There were $0Dl8 exceptons When Ansontookthe Covadonga in I742, the 'Portuguese Comm:.ndtr, Ceronj mo Monteir� had had t'ourtetn years continuous isca service.
Desertions were frequent on accou.H of dtinge!'s, hardships h.irsh d scipline and ow pay; l're<1ucntly thecrewswentunpaid or were paidiJtatreasurywarrun1 thal had to be discounted 111
c-0nsideraby less thnn fncc va ue.
A$ Governor Concucna said in 1636, "As for these poor men the)' have not been paidin one, two, three.oreven ten andfirrccn yea.rs. The> selJ their ,ouchcr.; durin,g such tmes for thefourth, firth., or sixth part of their fnce value;and mnnyhavebeen paid al 100pesos for 1,000.The waiTants :LrC boughlby lhese.rv-.uHSof the odere:s, royaJ tre.istr> officas, gover�ors, and otheroffic:ia5i and tothemjs >aidthefocevalue."
Nav gationalCourses
'l'hc westw:lrd gnllcy route was within the beltof the North Easl tr:ides., extending from near the Equatorto3$lar north as latitutc 30�TheEastW-lrdroutewas above,
�a1,or1t'I \cAr·1,•,, //4,'(�hit}•'J•.\l<' I,.,, L,,i.,i4..;X, '·'"·,n..,,,,....a.,u,,.::,:;J'
Ilf._,/J,.Jr,.JJ�i,H-'•••"' IJ:dt,:,y*�(6;ft�•/t.• !:,,;..r, iJ«•t.,../,1/,. • d.m,t, tkf/-.,,,,:,1,1,• ' -',.L.:.Wur O . .f > ,{.o '.:'j>'.
l::stitude30� in order to catchthe suitable westcrly winds� sometimes agalleonreachedas far north as 45�In1703.theRosario reached 32° ; in 1737 theNuutro Seiioro de la Cuia only wentto 30°; In 1755 the Santi.slma Trinidadreached37°;andin 1773 lho Sa,,JosCl reached 40° . 11 was entire y a mauer of w nd that pcnnittcd ga eons to touch nt Gu.:im only on their westward voynge.
TI1e wtstwa.rd route was tt.Ladvely easy. C llcons leaving AC.'l>Ulco p ckt?d up the 1rade wnds nlmost ut once, a.nd gcner:ill>•sailed bctv.-e.en lattudes 10 nd 1SallacrossthePacific.As GcmcUiC-are..riSa)'S, ·'They a ways run b,ustraftline.inasmoothsea as lftheywereina canal,withoul
E11,1y,ketchofAcapulcoHartor,terminus fOftheManilaGall�om..
aoy roughness or water; so lhac they comein 60or 11tfurthest65 days lo the Marianas Islands.and thence in IS or 20 to the Philippines.•·
The easterly passaee. on the other hand, was bad. Again quotingCarerl.'"TheVoyagefrom tJ1ePh.UippineIslands 10America, may be called Ll1e longest and mostdreadfulofany intheWorld, aswelJ beC3useofthevastOccati tobecro:ss'J,beingalmosttheone half or 1he Terraqucous Globe, wHh lhe wind a ways a,head; as for lhe terrible tempesl.$ that happen there, one upontheb:tck oranother, and for the desperate disrascs that seize people,in 7or 8months lying aiseosometimes near the line, sometimes cold, sometimes temper/lte, and sometime$hot,whichisenough10 destroy .iman ofsteel,muchinore nesb rutd blood,which at seahad but ndiffe.reHfood."
Gra\ yManfa con descrbesthe passage as "that .nav�too. so remote, so long, so painful a11d fullofperils,"andPadreClsimJro Oiai calls it, "the longest, most tedious, and most dangerous voyagein allthe scas.t•
A not unusualvoyage wns that oftheEspillt"Samo in 1604,as described b)' Antonio de M:n$(). The ship Jefl Manil a July 11and arrivedst Acapulco the following J3nuary after having been stranded on Luzon, 13shed by a galefor twelvedaysoffCalifornia (aswellas ltiriorstormsen route), struck by lightning twioe, ti.a.gins lost, Md with many casunldes amongpasset1sen,andcrew.
(n 1746, the Samo Domingo ived through 16 storms. and in 1601 a galleon survh·ed 18 1aes.
LengthofEa.slBoundVoyage
011 the a.,1m�e. the voyage between Manilii and Acapulco fasted aboutsix mo,uhs. ln 1706 the Row.r-1.o lefl Manila July 6th, and anivtd AcaJ>Uko Decemb�r 20th. In 1722 theSacraFamilia left Manila June 30 andreached Acapldco the follow ngChriSt.mas
Namesof$0meSpanishCnllconS
S..<tn Pabo
SanGeronimo
SunJu.an
SantaAna
Rosar o f'ama
SacraFami1ia SantaMarg;irita Mai31Janes
Encarnacion
Covadonga
ReyCar os
Montane$
CasuaJidad
SanFeHpe
Sanfrancjsoo
Santfago
EspirtuSanto
Guadnlupc
SanwRosa
$3nLo Tomas
Sa.iiJose
SanCristobal
Stn Mann
Day. Occasionally. due 10 ra\'orubc condWons much foster voyn.gcs were made. ln 1798 Lite Pama requre-.donly 3month.$and 21 days for the east bound VO)'age. Surprisingly enoua,h, lhe Margarita iJ1 1S98 and the Magallanes exactly two centuries later, made the \'Oyage in four rnonths.
Somevoyagesweremuchlonger thansjx months. In 1662theSan Jose requred over eaht months.. while, in 1724 lhe Sacra Familia took nine months. In 1755 the Samtslmo trh1idod left Manila July 23 and did nol reach A�pulco untilPebnw.ry 28.
WestBoundVoyug�
The wc-.stbOund voya�e W3S much shorter and easier thanthe eastbound,usually requiring about lhree months. The trip s1ar1«1in F�bruary orMai-ch, r�achcdGuam n about two months, nnd Manila a month aCl!r. Short trps were not nwaysth� ruk.astheBezouia
Su.nl.isim.1Trn.idnd
SanFrone-lscoXaver
8egonfa
Nuestra SenoradebCu a
SanJuanillo
SanNicolas
Concepck>n
SanAmbrosio
SantoCristode Burgos
SantoCristo
Pilar
SanAndre.'i
SanAguslin
JesusMarii
SanAntoniode Padua
San Lue-as
SanCn.rlosBorromeo
SantoDomingo
SanAntonio
Magdalena
NuestraSeilot3delaVida
Nuestr"SefforadclHuen foin
Filipino
n 1718 r«uired nlmcxst five months, und the Santisima Trinidad in 1756 efl 1\capulco April 19, anddid nolreachManila untilOctober5th.
Food tndWater
Galleonsc.trriedlar�quantities offooc.l and water. supposedyfor nt cnst a Si.'< monthsvoyage, bu1 due to wastage, spoiling, etc.. supplies oflcn rnn out earty with resulting star\'alion. IJ.t I590 the Santiago eft Manila with 40,000 pounds ofbiscuits, 2388 pounds offish, 4418 poundsofsaJlme:.11. SO bacons, 900 cllce:;cs 405 pounds or on ons Md a,,rUc. and an unknown amount or�ans,ol and \ne&,.1r. (n 1742 the CO)'aclo11ga sel OUl with 42.700 pou1dsorbiscuju, 12,925pounds of sa t beef.4.27Spounds orsail pork, 358 bushels or rc-c, 286 pounds orsu�r. n-s welllls other pro,•iso1s.
Ourtg the first two or three �-dsora voyase, chicktms.egg:;.
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• fruts and vegetabes were. racher pentiful, as well as choooate, honey and other dclic:aci�. However. these could not l�t !on� and back went the passengers and crew to biscuits, suitmeat and driedfish,eked out by fresh fish caught enroule. Listen lo Gemeli Carcri on lhe subject:
'"The Ship :,.-warms with litlle vcnninc the Spailiarcls call Cor,ojos bred fo the Biskit; so swift thatthe) Jrt;1shortlimenot 0\Jy run over cabins, beds, and the \er)' dishes the men eaton, but insen.sib>• fasten upon the body.ThereLrese\'eralothersons ofvermin ofsundry colours,that suck the Blood. Abundance of flies fall into thedishes ofbroth, inwhichthere aJso swimwonntof se\•eralsorts.I hadagoodsharein these m sfortunes; ror the Boatsv.ain. with whom I had asreed for my det, as he had fowlsathistabethen.rstdays oo whenwewereoutat� hemade me fast after the Armenian fashion, havng bl;mshed fromhs tabe all wine, oil n.nd vneg:1r� d..re.ssing his f"rsh with fair water
andsat. Upon FleshDayshegave meTa�Fritos th.atis.steaks of beef, ofBuffalo dry'd h\ the Sun, orWind, whch aresohard thatitis mpossible to eat them, withoutthey u.re firstwellbeaten At d.iru\er nnother piece of that same s1cky Oesh was boil'd, will,out any other sauce but iL'i own hardness,. and fairwater. At last he deprved me of the �t.isfactJort of g.nawing a good BiskiL bec.'lusehewould spendno more of hi$ own, b\lt laid the King's Allowanceon thernbe:h1 e\'cry mouthful where.or there wentdown.:ibundanceorma,ggots, and Corg,ojoschew'dand bruised. On Pish dsys the Common Diet was old rSJ1k rtsh boil'd in fair water and s.alf: nl noon we had Mongos, someth.b1g like kdney
be:ms, in which there were so manymaue>ts. thattheyswamal the top of the Broth, and the quantitY was sogreat,thatbesides ,he. loathing 1hey c3us'd, t doubted whethet the dinner w-as fishor Re-sh. TI1s btter farewas sweetened nfter dnner with a littlo water and sugar; yet the allowance was bul a small coco sbeU full, whkh rather increas'd thanqucnch'ddrought."
Water was cnrriod in severn tJ1ousw,dJo.rs,somt.ofwhkhwere stowed beow,w1d others hunain the rla,gi.ng. On a few galleons water was carried in bamboo tubes,andoccasionallyincisterns. t'hcre- never was enouah water, 311d the insufficient amount was supplemented, when possible, by rain w,tcr. It was not uncommon
h,..y�(,-,1,-if'.XN1.,Yt:tu 11�1:1'!:k..:ref -,n,.-h::,... -�:-,,1,-.J).,.., is1A,J,,,.e11.P.tt'fi --N,,��o:,:; .t,-.n,1,?«jf,, (lmwxli'I<�._.,. bf,.;tfu�r..
Mapshowingthenorthern•ndsouthtrnroutnfofOWWbytheM;anlnG;illtoM.
for the waterratio1tobereduoc-d to about a quart a d:l) for n.11 P\l'P()SC,s,and on some tripsmen and womend edofthirst,
For scanty spoiled food, insufricieH w.:itei:, crowded quarters, ursh discpine, djscomfort, disease, sickness and >erlH1ps death, passengers were called ontopsy asmuchas5,000 pesosforLhe trip
LosesbySickness
GaUcons alway11 lost a lr.uge number of the passenaers and «ew due to disease. mostJy scurvy In, l606 eighlydiedwhi e en route to Acapulco ln 1620,a galleon lost 99 at sea and wa� unableto proceedfurtherthanthe Cuadalajaro coast. In 1629 the loss amounted tC> IOS, in 1633
twog;:iJl cons osl 140atsea,whiJe the twogalleonsof1643lost 114. in 1657 aJI aboard Ihe.$.(urJose perished� none were ajve whe� she was found flo3lin& soulh of Acapulcoover 3yearafter leaving Manila. Still another aalleon late in the 17th centurylost 208out of herpassenger nnd crew list of 400.
In 1755, eighty two of the Smuts.ImoTrinidtJd's 435 died at sea, over 200 sickwerel1111ded at the Jesuit Missiotl at Cape San L-uca,:, nnd ony27menwereublc to $fu1d when the sh.ip reached port. Sven :is ate ns1806theSan AndresJost36fromSCUt'V).1Jo1e.
Shi,wrecks
The Santa Margarlr.a, Santo Tonws. Sort Geronimo and Sa11
Amo11io are four of 3bout 35 S3]Jeons that were wre�kcd. Se\·er.sJ thous�nd lves were ost, and perhaps more than 50,000$000 pesos ln property. St·orm:swere notthe only causeof wrecks. Some ships were lost because of rotten timbers� top heavy: improper and unsafe lo:iding;lnoompetence ofoffic:erS andseamen.
A.mo11g other wrecked galleons we.reNuestraSc11fJra dcr la Vida. )6'20: San Felipe 1596; Sm Fro11,isco; San Jose, whose oss wasascribed te> the fact th:tt lhe workmen who bu lt her had worked on holy days;SanPablo Jost nctir Guam I568, the nl'$, g.ulcon to be. wreckcd shewas curryfog about 40,000 f)<nmdsof cnnrunon; Espiritu Santo 1576: SanJumtilla, I578:SarrAutoula.
Wreckofthe SmlaM1rg1rita
tn 1600 lhe Santa /ttargurila saikd from Maniln with .i passen�r and crew li$t or 260. Amost at0h.'C she was butlered by storm nfter storm. Her commander. Jua.'\ M:.minei de Guilleugui, and her pi101 died. For e ght months the 1!,:!UeonW:.lS thrown hclptcss} .iboul,finaUyto be: e-:1.st ll.$horc on Saip..tn. with only SO mtn still alive Mos, of the� 50 were killed by lhe Chan1orr0$.
• 1603.white carry nganexlrcmely tich cargo, ns well as man y wealthy citizens o f Manila who weie fleeing from I.he Chnese upris1ng�SanNicolas los1in 1621 with 330 persons; Co11cepck:m. ....,-ecked on Saipan,1638-sixof the 28survvors sojlcd in an OJ)en boar to lhc Phili ppines; Sa11 Ambrosio,wrcc.kcdon Luzon with u loss of 150 PCl'$0r\S, 1639: &1cumacio11, 1649;Sa1tto Cristo deHurgos,b\med at se.:i 1693, one of the mosc bearrrending of all se.i stores is that of c:if1.nHx1Lism among Che few who muna.b°W to�pe theshjp,onl)' two re:1ch nglru,d,Hve.,onein$.'llle andthe o ther ongimprisonedfor having eaten human flesh; San Jost, 1694, lhe largtSI gLleon bult up to that cme. she was wreckednearMariveleswithalou of400 h·e$;Son FranciscoXavier 1105; Pilar l750;SanC'ri,ftobal. I13S�Sa11Andres.1798.
Cuamas aPortofCall
Achoudt M3gell::in d�'O\ered Guam n I521, :tnd although lllMY ships followed hs route, startingwithAh·arado de Saavcdrn iJl I537 and Vll:lobos in IS42,il was riot until June I668 thal a royo orderw.is ssued rcqufrngall west bound gitlleons to pm in at Guam. The orderfurtl1errequired tlrnt durini tJ1e month of June beaoon fires were to be kept bum1lJ on the hiJhC$t points of Guam andRoa.
The �lleons :iway$ lur to offshore whie w.i.ce.r 3nd fresh provL-.ions werernkt1 on bo..1rd,
andpali,.'ienscn and cargo l11nded. ht l674 a s'lorm arising_ thethen \·isitina�lleon had10 putto sc.i wilh(Ullhercaptan, and::ictuaUy proceeded 10 Manila eavng the unforluL\:l.temanbch.i.nd. The Spanish crown ordered about 34,000pewssent.mnu.aHy from Mexico to Cuam as " slt1.1;1do" and "socorro.. , or "sub�dy" tnd ·•relier•. Of this a.mount Lhe Go\'crnor offici:'tlly BOt3,000pe$0$.
The counc or the east bound glllleoos was far to che norlh or Guam and, cotse..1ucntly, 1he sland was not aport o f call for �sselsboundforAc:ipulco.
Ln1601the.SantoTamassailed by Sapan :ind picked up a survvor of the Santo MargttrUa who cam..- out in a natitc booL Althoughot1icrsurvivorswcrelh•ing a�horc, Commander Antono de Ribera M3donadorefused 10stop ong enough 10 pkk thern op, Pndrc Juan Pobre jmn>td <wcrbo:ird �nd sw.lm ashore in order to �ssst lhe poor sailors. llld it spcasinJlo n:latc th:il all \\tr�r(';S('UCdbydieh•lttsMorio in 160.:!. ll�not1.mpC-a$nglorelate th:11 Madomdo l�c his shpand hi.life b) wre�k bcfol't' he was abe10rtm.•hM.inil.1.
Sk•tchofaMannaGalleonwithtaisdeco,ated wilh elabort1ter�igoutiymbob.
For over two centuries pmcticalJy aJl pa�ngers, CM&O aJl(jmoneyforGuam werecarried intheSpani!hgaUeons.
Cargo
Amongthe manyarticlescarried bylhc galleonswel'e:
Cold fromtheOrieu toMexico. Sil\'erCromMexico10theOrent.
Otinese sl1k$, gauze$, Cancolese crepes, Vevets, t:.'Ufetas,da mask grograin�brocades.
Srockings (one pJJeon carried O\tr S0,000).cloaks.robes,skirts, bodices,kimonos.
BedOO\·erlngsandtapestries.
Flemish laces Md Spalishcoth, Tabe lnen :ind handkerchief'of OUncscworkmMship.
OntrCh vestment.smadein Olina.
Cotton and cotton goods from 8enpl,Coromandcland Malatmr. PcrsfanMdChne$1Cngs.
Jewelry Md je.wels from the Orient, includingrings,br:iccets,
e8J'rin'5, necklaces, rosaries, cn.ieiWCes, etc.,setwitbdiamonds. mbiesandpears.
..A a,oJden bifd from CMna" seized at Acapuco i.n I767asan illegalarticeofu-:ide.
JeweJstuddedsword-hilts.
Allig.ator teeth, plain or mountedwithh>old.
Women's oombs; i.n 1767 the Sa11Cor/oscarried80,000.
Fans, ivory castanets copper cuspidors 11.umerous 3rticles of h•or)',jadeandJasper.
Sandalwood.
Brass tooth pcks aod paper balloons.
Bronzethimbesandeyealasses. �tthernwareandporcelan.
Chocolate from Cuayaquiland teafromChina.
ManilaCigaN..
Spices �nd ..drugS", ncudiJ,g c:love, e nn:imon, pep,er, musk, borax, red ead, c:imphor tiJld I\Ulll)eg,
AnimaJsincudng a whtede.tr
sent asa present totheKinsof Spainin1746, Sl.:wes.
There follow accou,usofChe fourcapturesofgalleonsmadeby theBritjsh.Thefirstistakenfrom Francis Pretty's account of 1bc \'O}'ate ofThomas Cmdish. The second js taken from Woodcs Rogers acoount of his \'OY3ge around the world. The 1hird is rnken from Richard Walter's account ofAn$0n's voyage. The fourth has been pc-000 Logcther from se\tral sources and tellsof the exploit of two shjps of AdmiralCornish'scomma1,d, Other ga11conswerepurnedor attacked, but only four were c;:ipturedbythe Britsh.
Thelirst englshmantocaplure. a M�nikl galleon was the "\Vorshjpful Master Thom3s OmdshofTrmlcyh,the Countie, or Suffolk f.squre:· as he is desc.ribed by francis Prctty1
"We depar1ed out of P1imouth onTinusday the21orJ\ly1586, wilh3sayles,cowit,the Desire a shipof120t\l.Jlnes.theCcme.nrof 60 llU\S aod theNrtgltGal/mrta barke or 40 tunnes In which small fieetewere123pers,onso full sortes. (Note: Pretty was nt,o.-ird theHughGal/am).
"The 4 o f November (Note 1587)the De.5ireandlhe C:Onttnt -bc.atngup anddownc upon Lhe
• chroncleroflhe event. Candi.sh (Note: Also k1own as Clvend.i.s.h) wenttoLondon in his youth and early made the acquain1ance ofSirWalter Raleigh as well as of some o f Orake'i veterans. Inspired by their example, hemade an unsuect.ssfu voyage to tl1e West lndies and Vir£:in.ia, a.nd then in I586 received c-ommand ofthreesmall ,·essels with which he drcumnavigated the gobe, capturlnt Sprnish shps and looting .'Ind butnin& Spu11sh•American citiesc.n route. Qmdi.sh•arrvcd backinEng andin 1588.. The following e,c1ract$ arc taken fromPreny•sacoountofthe \'Oyag_e .
headand of Qlli(omfa. which standcth n 23degreesan · d2/3 to theNorthW'!'lrd,betwenesevenand 8of the clocke-inthemornirta one of the oompany of our Admirall which wias the trumpot:er of the ship going upintothetop espied3 sayle bearing infromthesea wllh the cape. whereupon bee. cryed out wth no smnlljoy toltimselfe and Lhc who ecompany,Asayle. As:t)lc1w dlwhichcheerfulword the master of the ship anddivers others of the company went also up into the mairie top, who perceivng the speech tobe vel) true gave informatioo UJto our Gene.rail of these happy newes, who was uo lcsseglad than the causerequired;whereuponhesave incharge pre"Se.\IIYuntothewhole company to pu1 all lhings in readiness, which beingperformed wegil'e them chasesome 3or 5 houres, standing wtJ1 out bes1 ad,·ancage and workng for Che win ds, Jn the aftemoonewe got up unco them, gving them the broad side with our g,e3t ordinance and a ,·olce of sinaU shot,andpresently aycdLhe ship aboord,wh1::reoftheKingofSpain
was owner, whichwasAdmira of theSouthSea,aiUcdtheS.Anna, llldthought. to be 700tunnesin burthen. Now :is wee were ready on the r ships skle to enter her, being notpast SO, or 60 men at the uttermo st in our ship, we perceivedthattJte captaineoftltc saidship hadmade fightsfore. and after, and fayed lheirsailesckxie on their poope, thdr midship, wth their fore castle, :indhavina: oot one man to besecne,stood close under their fights with lances, javelings, rap ers and targets, and an innumerable sort of greatstones, w"'hkh they threw o-.·crboard upon our heads and into our ship sora..�ta.ndbeing so many of thetn, that they put us off the s.bJppe againe, with the lossc o f two of our men which v.,ere slai.ne, and with the hurting of4 or5. But for all thisweJ\ew trimmed our ssiJes and fined every man hisrumiturc,andaave them a fresh encounter withour great ordn anceand a sowitho\lr small shot, rakbl& them through and through to thekillng and maming or many ortheir men Their Capt-a.inc still like a valfant
manwithhis CQmpanystoodvery stoutely unto h.is close fights.,no1 yielding ns )'et: Our General encouraging h.is men a freshwith thewhole noyse ortrumpetsg.avc themthethirdencounterwithour great ordinance and all our small shoLto the greatdscomfortingor our enemies raking themthrough in divers places. kJling and spoiling many oftheir men.They being thus discomforted 'and spoiled,and tJlcir shippebeing ln hazard ofsinking byreason ofthe great shot wh.ich were made. , whereof some were under water within 5 or 6houresfightset ou1 a flagge oftruce and pa.ed ror mercy. desiring our Gencr.iU to save the r lives and 10 take ther aoods, and th.at they would prese-ntJy )'eed. Our General of h:i$ goodness promised them mercy, and wiJJed them tostrike their:sayes.,Mdto ho)seouttheir boate and tooome aboard:which newestheycwerefulgad lOheare ot� and presently strooke their S3Hes. hoy:scd ther boat out.Md one or their chdrc march.ants came abo3ld unto our Genera: and faJlinadowne upon t.isknees offered 10 have ki.sscd our Generals feete, andcra\'edmerc:ie: our General most graciou ly p.irdone-dboth him and the rest uponprom se ortheir truedeali11g with him a.lld his comp<IJlY concernng S'tl<:h riches aswere n the shippe:: and sent for rhe Capt.tine and theirPilote,who at lhefrcommingusedthe Like ducte :ind reverence as theformer did. The GcneraU ofhisgreatmercy& humanitie, promised lheir I\'eS and good usage, The sayd Olptaine and Piate presently certified the Generali what goods they hadwthinboorde.rnwit,an hundreth 3Jld 22 thousa.11dpez.os ofgodc�Mdthe rcstor theriches tl1at the shipwtts aden with,was in sil.kes., sattens, damasks.whh m uske & dl\'ers o ther merchandie,andgreatsroreof au manner of victua s with the choyse•of many conserves of11IJ sortes forto eate, 3nd of sundry sorts of ve,-y good wines.These
things being madeknowne to the Generali by the Aforesaide Clptaine md Pi101e, (hey were commn.nded to stay ttboord the Dedre, Md on die 6 d:iy of November foJJowing we.c went into anh:ubour whkhiscalledby theSpmfards Aguada Segur:i,or PuertoSeguro.
"'Here the whole company of theSparililrds,both ofthem and \\.'Omen to the number of 190 (Nl'SOJ\S were sec on shore:where they had n foyre rver of fresh water, with gre,n store of fresh fis:h, fouJc and wood, �t'ld also many hares and conesupon the maineland.OurCenerall3sosave tbem great store of \'ictuals, of garuansos pcason,andsomewine. Alsothey-bud allthesaiJesoftheir sh.ppe to m:,ke them tents on shore. wcl1 oe.nce co 1akcsuch store or pan.Ices :-is should bee sufficientto make. chem a lxlrkc. ihen wefell tobos)ring in orour goods, sharina oftheLrcasurc,and alottins:to e\ery manhis portion. In devision whereof the eighth of ths moncth, m:iny of the company fell into a mminie against our Ccnernll, especially those wWeh were in Com�,,,. which ne,erthcless were :tfter a sortpacifiedfor l11c tirue.''
Cindish IOOk wiUl h.im. from tho galleon, two J3p.inese boys; lhrcc young boys from Manil a; Ncholas Roderigo. aPorn.iguesc, who had travelled wide y in the Qrjent;md Alonsode V:illadolid, p ot o( the SantaAno. whoset the courseo(1heDesireacrossthe Pacitic.
Prettymakesmuchorcandsh's mercy, but the •·eencruU" actually hansed a prest, Fray Juande Almendari1..
In hisreportto hispatron,Lord Hundso n. Cattdlsh bricOy ment ons c.ipturlng the ga Jeon u.s follows:
''Themane.rof mostprofiiu,llo mewas a greatshp ofthe Icings whichI 1ookc .itCaliforna,which
shp c.1me from the Philippine$ being one of the rchest of merchandisethateverpassedtJ>csc seas.··
TheSantaAnawascomin:inded byTe>m�de Altola. Although heSantaAlla had a lonn:igeor (,(10 11:Sugal$t 130 for the Desire�tld 60for lhcContenl, sJ1e had pr.1ctically no guns. whereas the Oe.slrt mounted eighteen andthe Contell/ ten. Roman, the roy�I1re;asure.r ill Manila, reported lhat. thoSaltla Ana wried2,300 marksofsod, equivalent to almost 85 pounds :.tVOrdupos, She probablycarried other god thlllW3$notregistered, in other words belng carried mcsrilly. Amont 01her trc11sure-s \1.--cre pearls, rich silks. Colton goods. muck and C\'ct.Probably the total,•alue oftflcs.liip' s c..ugo wasaround2,000,000pesos. 11\c Spaniards were cnrogcd al thecapture.BtShopSilaiar wrote:
''The gref th.atartlictsme isatOl because ths 1xlrbar aJ1infidelh-as robbed us or J1e sh�p Sm11att,,a. and destroyed 1hen!bY the property of the c-hjzcns; but bcc.1usca;n Enalishyouthofabout twentY·lwo years, wilh a wretchedUttfevesselofuhundred tons und forty or fifty companions, shouJdd.areto come to my own pfa<:c or resdence:, defy andboasloftheduna1tthttt hu had wrought. He went from our midst laughing, without anyone molesting ot iroubling him.••
Shorll) aft'er hlS!rrival in the Phllippnes (Nole Tho Co,rteJJI was oslatse;a on the trp across che �citic)Candsh.illcmptcd to bum the s,1lleon SaJJtiugo. which w:ai; beins builtatArl:'\:to on the soulh coast or Pantt)', but was unsuccessful,
P.J.$n1es sa fol'mc1C'wrunnnt!eorin t111e UnedStte1NS\'YandII forme, editoro(th¢CuunR«ordf:r, • '
General Orders Issued By The Naval Governor of Guam
SECOND INSTALLMENT
GencrnlOtdct
CO\·tmmentHouse, No.36. A1.:mir G.,am,.Nov 16 1901
It�shncbyordered1100decreed:
I. Tb11tinthe .slandoCC1,1.1ma civi rqi5tuiusuit,lahed whidl shallconu,n recordo(11Ude.t,lbs,marriages,bitth.1, entresin10anddcpanurcsfromtMisl'QJ\d,To,euidregister 11h11II beunderthedr«tionofthec.xcwti,eoffice.
E\eryreoordofad�athshalcontainthena1ne.the11ae,and thefonnerrcsldto�ofthedl!OC3.9td,andthedateofdeath, Everyrt:cordol• narrhip:1halle.ont-alntheoame,,ap, �«pauo1u state (sing1.1., wdowed, or dhoftle!d) and residencesofthe contractingputies 11ndthe namuofthciz parents�thenameandofficeofthepersonwhosoll!n11iu.sthe marrage,w.hthepbt,:.andd11tcoftheceremonyandthe namdofll\cwitltt$$e$,
�wryrecord()f•bi1rhshallcontainthonameoftbelnh.n bom :ind ofi1spmnsand1nndp;arc:nts•ruthepacea.nd d11teof1biebi rlh,
Gvcry recordofcntt)'Uuoind<ltpututcfromthe sland tha.11c;ontainthenameoftht p-eoonenttrl.ngorlea,ingthe island,withbisorlierage.Slat8(s!ngie,mu:rit'd.wdowed,o, diwroed}, oc::u93;tion.udtorm1:randtuturett>tiiknett.The civU tetbtcr ill.lll not cont:ti.n 11. record of th.t tntry or depamuootmilitaryperson,,orofJIC'Uon,wbom.syhmdfor t:ptriodoflessth:inthn!emonth$.
2.·rh11all ordia,incddettYm¢1'1 andpriert,ofwh1t&0evcr religiousf:aith,who$hallhaYeb«nrecosniuda,$UC:bbytlte 1el1ttoutbodywlt()<IC'rahhtheyrepmcn1,andjusHcesoftbe peace.attiempoweredtosolemoiielbemarria:ceof1Upenoru wllo m&)'p��ntthe1n9e,.e,wl1bthe.neOC$$11')'license fflled bycbecovesnment theduyb¢.ingobliratoryonjU$t ccs of tbcpc.ace.towhOmitisprohbilcdtoexactalu�rrecthan3 l)C.$0'$forf)('rformingamarriaieceremony.Andeverymarriqc solemnizedbyaCl$rgyman,orpriest,orjurtkcofthepeace $ballhavethe,umeleg;altfrCC'l.4providedbyJawforc:M.11.nd rditiousman{qtj wthoutdis:l.nctionuto1hem1nnerin whchitmayh11ve.been11olemnited, 3.TbatInth,,WU11nceofmaniqcUec-n!cstbefoUowinc ru)e�arcc-wblisbtdrorptrionswhomaylawfullymarry: (J)Pctsonto!ageshal notjnanycasebe1-tqulrwtoobt11it1 thecc,nsentar thefather oro!hislep.lsubstituteassuell. • Ncth.trsh.allsuchCOll$Cntbe requhedfor1t1itlorsor18yc11rs or over whodo not tl\·e undct paernalauthority, or tor mlnClfl orany1gewhomaybewithO\l.tguanliaoorwhodo
not lh-eunder theumc roofud protection ofa rclatiYe wUhinthethirda:rnde of1el11tiorubipHestabWlcdbythe CMCode,
(2) For mlnon subject to pitc,oal autborhy, or ruardansblp.ot11ndetth•l)rotcctiollofarelath-.wthlnthe thUdcMIsrailt,with whomtheymayb8U•hgUndMthe Slime roof there:sh:illbt'requi�dth�consento!ther�tbc:r. moth<trguard:in,orrcath'c:intheretpc:cth,,e.a�.
P:i�n, sh:al juslir) theiJ rafuu tog;ivc COll$eBI to a muri:i.gcwh.enevt"rthociontr.utinJpartiesm11Yrequi�itand 1uc minors of l8yc.arsor o,er:and1uudUr,sindrclati� dullincv.-:ryC3$Cjustiysa.dreJupwbcnt1.c1requiredbythe contr.utingputics..
4. Thatt�solemniilllon oramarriagebetween persons whodonotholdthe1tq1.1m<1ti«n,eiswcdbythegoviemment within six months prior to the die oflhe manhge s problbltedunderthepenaltiespro,id¢dbylawrorpe,forming Ukpm.arriq:e ceremooiu.
S.'f'hatfNeryperSQn whoperform,.amania1eceremony Shall reportIttotheo!rici1inchargeortbccivilreii.stct.wJth 1he ntN:Ssary dct.ails,within oneweek ofOtedateofthe cmmon)' underthepen11hyofIfineof'lSpe&OswhichShall beexactedthrough��cutivt1channes.
6.T ht.ttlleputnLsornewlybotn nfa.n.15shallreporttotbc officlaJirtchargeofthechilrcgi,tcrtheNm�andthe other <lttalllrequtrec!forsaidregiserwithinonemonthof(hebltth, u.ndet pen:ilt)' or S peJOS,1bc imposition of which thall likev,hebethroughexec:ufrechannes
7. That ev�T)' lepl sepantion (divoteio) <lectieed by wh.UtoeVl:lauthortyintill$idal)d�W«OthelSthdayor Sepemb<!or Hl99.andtheI9thdayofJuly.1900,bvalid,ind $}tall have all theeffectscstabUS.fledby1beCM!Code n article$69to72,indusive.£\'Crytna:r:l:apwhk:htookp\.a«. "''ihfn1ha1 sa.ldperiodis aJse>declaredVUid,,,.Itha.IIthecivil crrec-u,establishedro,validnu:-rla�. b)thesad code,1nd tho contracdnap81tiesandotherpc-uonswholookpvilnth$ •okmniurionoftht>jemarr:igesarededaRdexemplfrom all c:MI and ertmna!rcsponsibijy tbt�su)tinJfrom their perso11aleUcu:nstanCC$andr.romtheconlidonsandmtnne,in which the marri:igcs were $Olcmniud. Nothing n the pre«dln&p:1.r.1grap)alb.all beconstruedatrel.tevfngpersons lepJJysepmted(dl'Olciados)from theirdtsoenda.nt¥oru preJudkat to theri.sht, ofthcSiC a.tsitlgrrom I.heir cvil
col'lddonstthedaeofthe gnntingofthe&epM11t on.
SuonSduo¢dcr U.S.NDl'Y, Governor.
GcnWOrder
Covernnwn1Hou,c, No,37 Aga11a GuamNov.19. /901,
Noticeb: hereby given th.at thego,,:.mment hucommenced 11 turveyofIbisiQnd,:inditt,elnsofthe firstimportaflcttha.t thepersons:in chu1e ofnidtmrrey shllllh11� dueautborltY for prosc�tiJla the v.•oik, and thatthdrJi11T11tb,.llta1lons al\d oth« mtans which they may hm to employ sh:tll .rtmain undistu1btd,itisherebydecreed.
I. That theofficial$employedby1hcin511111Qr tbc Fedi:rol CO'l·eruntn1have t11�rig.htartd•r$autbod.z.cdtoenterprivate ,rou.nd,whenn.tCC-$$1.f')',and,incasieofncctfflf)',to cutdown trees•nd sbnibs.erectsignals.establishatatl.oos:of•n>· d.nd, aod do 01.hcrth� noees.s1uy10the cffJcic!ltpro�ution of the•·ortt teftntd towhbout prtjudlee tothe rfibtofinjured part.es to presentcblm.1tordllm'1gn 1111:\emat1n« provided bylaw,
2.That It s pro1lbhedto destroy, remove.dispace, or n any way dhtlltblhesgnals,ofwhatevtrform01 nttutcthey mayb<e,1,1.nde,the penslli�t�u1bli!hed n a.rtlce 601 ofthe penalcode 1u.md)', lmpl'Uo:'lment forOM10fh•ed.ays 01a rme ot IS lO 70 Pl:�tu. UJlldt the nfr.tctOl'I mould conS(jtute •crme, ln whichcaselle uwfulptnaHyshallbe lmposed: all ot which Shull be whout p�judice to the Ooancialrtsponsb!Utywh,kJ mty 1avebeentncu.r�d.
l.That the usdcca o{theptll(C sh8ll becompetent totry t.1$es arisina uOOcr para,ttpb 2 of this order, cxocpt the offense be auch u 10 be cocnJube by 1bc coun of fim inU11nce.
Sea1onSchroeder U.S.Nny.Go,-emor.
Gtne1"31Ord.er
Covcrnmen1HOtlst, No.38 Aguna,Cw.,mDu 24,/901. Itishereb)' oidered inddecreed:
I.That 1hepOIJ tax (impucsto prov£nda )a.ndthe .aborme (presuc:ion �™>nit!) an:,llbol.sbed, indin lbelr:stud lhtai: established a penon.JJ tax ofIlJICfOSa ycuto be pllid nto Ole tru.tt.uy b)' �111:h m11t pcnon Qf 18 to 60 yean o( 11gc dOmidcd orhuving• Hxcd re5idcnoc in thisbland,••itboul dsli.nc:tionofnl.'Cornationaity.Ths1ax$bal b�omedue on the.Ictd;a)'ofJanu�f) nn,chyear, 2. Th:i.t:a.ny pcrwn whoforany�s:on faib10pll) thet�lt ttt1:bli$lwd n lhcprcccdin&pual,(Qph$hallb¢obigedtowork n sueh pllQC andat$lltblimeasmaybedirceledbythechief orpubic wotkl OJ bis tcia R:Pt\\SCOtative,OMdayof esht hounfor ea.e.h halfpc50thalbefails 10 pll)'; andeachperson whO l1sut,jtctto thepcrwni!t�x.and whowhencalledupon tolabo, io the publcworb shall fall to gi.vtcvJdcnoc of hflvite p3.ld lllc tax, sh.a,11 be obUSCd to Obe)" the call. compylng w th all ii$ pro,isions.witbout prejud� to hiS subttQ.ucnt rght to cxtinsunh !he obligatlon by p11)'insin10 thel!ell5\H)' lhe I'2pesoslestOllthalfpt:sofoT nthd:ayth:a he,nay ha·,•cworked nthepublic'll·oda.
3. Thu th-,; followin1pcrn,ns: ,hall be oxempt from the paymtnt ofthep,mona tudurinathe lcrmsottl�hom« (l) Those -w.•bc midc in the isand solely to flll oN'ieial podtioosWhfe1arecon1rollcdby1he insult,aovernmcotorby theGo,·tmmt11t ofthe.UnitedStllfC$,and1M11sonswho ive under tbc patetnal author y; (2) militiry p,:rsons n ettv,e; stn>oe:(3) thef\11Kdou.rles andemp.lo)·ces qf1bc counsof Justoe:(4)o.11publicoffical�whorc�ivcnoeompcos;atiQnfor dtdtM!ri'ccs, or whose.p:ay lsmonth) ()rye:11)'�(5) ,durina aso the yur folowirlg tbtl UI, wlieh lhcy complete beir term, of otnoe, the go'bema{lorcil(),. c.abtut de bllunµy, cenientea ptlmerot,juete.ide,crncntera, andde,pnadot.ll:nd
lenitt1ltde:binio. ,. Thal 1n the execdon of pcna)tk$ prescribed fQr nunpll)'mffit of tbe p�Jsooal 1ax, (lllbc1..., de bar21lgaf, tcnen1e1 and tpbemad-0-tcillosshallbe rcpte$<:Ollltivca of the ehiefof pubic works. h ahall be Cheir du yto carryout 1111 ..II lawfulin.s1ruction1i,suedbyhlm.andinthe.cxecu1ionthcrc,or 1bc)' th:il be c:onsiMred 1nd rt:ipec.ttd asoffiocts of tbat department.
$ Tb:itlllJ)C'rSQn$wbo bi!tofurniShtht:equlrtd aboroo "' t.bcd11ysdeSW,atcd,ctJ1crinp�nonorby 1ubltilUte.Shallbe rcquittdtotumWI\alidre1111Qmthe:refor,or,bilin.gthat,they 3h11II be f ned n that.wm ofont·hlllf peso totHehwotkf.n$ d.i)", wl\ich fin.I.' sh:i!,1 be consd�n d an int�gra p.trl of tM pcnonlU tax. Tbc umc pcnalt)'sblll be.inflkcedupon lhote who representing1hcmsdYesfor tbcwQrk maliciouJJ)'bilto fol1ow the directionsor thepenortJin cb:arge or who tollo-.., them in • manner prcudk11 to the intcrcstll or the l'O''ernment.
6.Thatall,J1C7,0ll$whohi1top!l)' Utepcmna1lu,andwho 111e exempted from Jabor upon mcdnl ttcommcnda.tion beo:alll'C or skkncu or phf'kal ddcc:c, �hull l>c required to prQ,·c theirin50h�ocy, lD default or whch lhe)' Malls:uffcr impr'-Qnm,en1 for one day ror eaehhmlfpe90t.hat !heyfailto pa)',
7,Tiut all queitiQnprisingin thecoUeeton orthe pe:10n.al tuShaUbe d�idt>dby thechiefotpubllework.t..4ppe:tlfrom Whosedeelsion.1mqbemade(()lhl!C.OUrli.
8.'l'htt allmooey,retie�din tbctreasurysbsllbeoovtrcd titoOte OM 3e.t1,:111!fond,fromwhkhalle.xpendturcawill be made. Allcxlsrlt!J! s-peci3.lfuoouballcontllluetobe1ooouoted forasetp�otuntilc:xdne,ukhcd
9. Th11 thi$ Qrdcr,MIi go into effect on the ht day of hm.ury,1902, •
Selllon Schroeder,U.S.N:i.vy, co,·crnor
Ocn<eralOrder Covem nen1Howe, No 39 Af(Ufll.Guam,Frb.15,19?2. Itisbereb)' Or<lcl\'dandde.creed:
l. 1·hat on the ISi da)· of April 1902, lhe nduwia tax (contribuUon ndustrill) in this Jb,od 1baJI be en i1ty aboliSlltd.
2.1'hat themardni ofcatt1c,uprovided b)' :,wuntilnow in fort tn thls isb.od, shall tc.1$c to be obqatory. be. 10\'UJlMent I'll.Uk Of bnnd J aboished. The Wik jud.o:s (juiece.1 de, pn.1tlos) dt.all «t11fy to the priYJlc m•rb ••hicb hn,-e been placi:don btl.h.• wene,·er the Qwnen requut it, ssuir.a 10 Ill.at dfect tJie proper �rtiti�1c or o•'l\ct5hp (crcd<end:il de a Ptopk-dad}.si incd by the C3HkJud� llnd 1hr ,obrmtdorrUk> or the- O\l.'I\ e.nd burln,i; the llUnkipal ktL 1ho�11.ttlcjudgeJ.lulJ a so isfll.e1hr prol)('r �rtlRcue-of lr.11tJfer(cred,Mal dietn1nsrcriend11) atlbc rcqueu oroneof tbc n c�tedputies: n ,� ltatisactlon recorded,whkhshal itbo kar the lli1P.1alurc of 11)(1 ,obtrlUdOt'CillO end lhe muoicip•l9Hl.
J.The rtefora1:crtlt'kllteof'ownersh porcrandtrshtU be twelvean� 11 ha fJ1u.ndrct11bsOfa dob.rMuican,wh.kh$hlll pcrtu n tothec.,il(Je JOOS\'. Seaton Stlrocdc.r,U.S.N�vy. GQ\·ernor.
Ccnenl Otdu
GovernmentttouJr, No.40 AfOlfll, Gii.tm,,\forr:1 4, /902. I. It ls be.rtb)' madc known th111 for the p,rpo,c of delt'nn nin(),11systc-morac.cou111•bflll)' 10b,: followed b) lht na�IIJ ,o,·t-mmcnt nrtht i:dznd orGu11:m,HisEx('le,lltncytbc Prtcsidtntofcbc Uni edSutesh.as ss\11:d rhe(oUo-..•in;ordct
Wh.irIIOUM-, l♦'111 m!(rm1,D.(' N<JW1tbaJJ, H>OI. B)' virlUICI of•-ilhorit)' wsttd In me as 1be Comman�er in •
Thereitherebycre11tedandshallkmldntalntdthe.oN'Jceof elderderktotheilland. (0be (i&dbyaJ>poEntmCl'll ofthe pcrnor;andlbc chiefc:etk$hlll perform tu,ch dUOC$io connec1ionv.iththe .iccounrinalY'tt.mofthei.shndofGuam asmaybeprescribedb)'competco111utborhy.
There sllere\>ycreatedandslt.aUo,emllllm.inedtheofficeor HeaSUN!rottlteitland,whichtluDbefilledby.ippoiotmcntor theIOVCrtl(UoftheiSi.ndorGuam.The1Jell$Ul"e[orthe is!11nd 5hallreuivcandkeepJillmoneys11ri5insfromtherncnu.esof tho is.and., and sulJ diSbUuie lhesame onl) upon •llmmu i'51Jedb)'lh.ego,,emor.
AUrule:,andlns1ructions nceo;:s11rytocarryi.ntoeffectthe p1ovsions otB.xecuti:ve Ordcr1relatng tou.d sla,od sh:¼llbe i51ued by the Secre,iry or the Nav)', and sueb run and iostructioN.thaJJ bein fo,ccuailthe s,1me ucamendedor revokedb)'h.im, TIie11.bc>veorderandtbefoUowLnsrule,andrcgu.Latiouwillbe duyprocla.medandcnfot()Cld ntbeisla:idofGutma.ttbcrtin provded, 11.nd all rttu)ad0t1s end onjcrS here,1oto1e i5$0C,d inoonsJs-tcnlI.herewithartherebyrepuled.
TI1eodo:cRo0sc,�IL 2.l..nconrormil)·withth.sorderthel'\llcs11.ndrcauJ:itiQt'IJ or C&rT)'f\:I it inc.oetrect wJJ bt h$OCd to tbc officc.s ofthis sovenuncnt,andthesystemdecreed,hallbeputIJ'Ioxuatlon onthe1stdayofApri.190?.
SeatQnSchroeder,U.S.NtV),'. Go,·emor
G.!neulOrder Go"emmcntHou..�e No.41. Aza,11:,Gwm, .i.tauh16./902:
• Chef o(theArmy«ndNt.Y)' o{the UnitedStaes,.Iberet,y orderand dire.ctthatduritltthe ml.lluenunce ofthe n:i"a go'l'Cmment b)' the UIUtt:d Stateas il'l i.heiutrtd orC1.111m, Ladrottca,oup.ltereisherebycreatedandshallb�main11.ioed the oifloc of11uWtorfar I.lieblandofCual!l,whosedutYit shtDbetoteccVeandaudtaUu:cou.ntsofthe sl2:l.d tJtt.hid audjtor 10 be 11ppo,n1edby t� gO'\-emor ofthe bland of Guam
puugr11pbssbal. suffertMpenal(),'pre.scribedinardeeS93o! tho peia eode oame>·. a fineorrrom ISto 125 pcstas, ju,tkesor111t.peacebcln&competenttotryandcopu.nhhacts committedin1•lolakuiofsadpJ.n11r11ph.1. 54!11lonSchtoelkt,U.S.Navy. Co,·ernor,
GeneraOrder
Col'C-tnmentHouse, No.42, AfanlJ,CU1111t,Apri9, /90:Z. Itls,bettb)'otdetecdt1nddecreed:
I. Titll Oentr<ll Ord.e.r No IS, ha.,.inc.refcccnce to t!W! acquireme-ntoftitle ofuib•n andotl�r,e�esttte,bypriVlle individu:alsandlO thetime withln wltiel1 Ilc-O'lll'flettthond 11cquire it ,hall be eontrucd as no1 connietini wilhthe piovh on• of the exlstir1J Ju.dbw(cy hipolccada), which Pto'l'dc:s.fortheadm.tSiOnandformofprocedu:c n litecount ofjl,lstkc ofpetilioni!or1rtntottitleo{po,sse.$$io:iof,or n fteslmpk of. or ofequityln, all classes ofrn property subjt<:t to rcaJstntion in aceord.tnee with Ute aid bw w1ertfotethe pro,isiot'ISofthesaidgeneralou!c..rsballnotbe fflltrprelC-d as lmpupins lhc vaUdil}' or le,gally o!lillu rccor&edintllertgl:stl')' oflands.deeds,111dtites,orappro\'td byjtldlelaJau1h0rh)'.
21'bat In aeeordtncewith the pre.ceding pa?'I.Jr.lPhltis properandlllwfulre:ownc.nattdposscssonofrc.1c..d.tte01 ofequity !herein10petitionbeforewmpeen111.JlhorhJes01 Cunctiomuiesrora,rantotLideforrc.iest11teorequitytl1erein, bylhemunsa.ndi.ittbeman.Mru·t11blishrdintbesaineland law.
3. ibat11'1 tbt fuJffilme.nl o! llterequirementsofrule2, uticLc39S, oftheaforesaidJundbw n pctJtlonfortitleitit suffldentpublic111ionofthenoticestopostlbemin1hcpubic place•whichcustomhaseuablishedforiuchpurp0$8$�andit $ notncce.n:u)'10p,o:sl thembeyondthelimitsortbcW.tnd ofCusm, 01 toJ)\lblJshihem in officialJo11tt1abuorils�h mems of publicationsh.all be CftabUsbed for Oe sandof Cuam.
ItiShel'\\bYorderedaoddecreed: I.ThalI.he JWl•lioc,ucfee$hall berca!terbe 2 pdos 11 ytarfor1111 clati:,esoffirearms 2.11u1ther¢pairifll orbouses o,01be,buikllngs$ballbe trc-.: from Lu no permit or license bdni Dtce4Sll)' for reptiritigd11n,:igcsdone toanybuild.insaftetitsOOMUuction, 3. lll11t the r.sti,,,..�ir foc0$1C f« $hall be lpeSO$ayur, whatC\-erI.lier.iuofthe"�ir.The)cadcn.Ofwiopof bc,,..�rn shallnolueced100me1cn o eQQth,not .n.clOOnJlbesil,les ot11!:c pound. The distancebe""�en ',1,�ifl•h.a.Ube oot le.,s lh:'11) ISO rnctcm. FortheestabUahmen1 ofa..-.�irit•hdlbe nqu.ibte toPn:kA arcquuttothesobemadoreilloof the distrk inwhic itistles:ired10e1ttblish it, which n:qu,u shaliS"UIICp'cdwyandclc:s.rly thetocalit)'11ndtl1eshewhere i1istobe plli.:ed.1'bbo(fidalthlll forwardtherequestwth lbe properfndorsemcn.tto the e11:ccutive offioe,�·het1(e' the 11:�nsi: sull be i,-,ucd ir 1hcrcbe no sood :c:iion to Cite contr.1.,y. Owner; sull be. obl icd to remove their weir11 wbene\<crthe 1ove11'1or, fotreasouof1:1ublicoon,'Cnicttoe01 neQ-.SSfy shall so din:ct, notwlll,su,ndn; the llcen.sc prcvlol.l$IY&ranted.Licc:Mcsshallbeissuedforatermofone ynr and aftertbc oornplctiQn ofthe firJt crmo""'llersor weirs$halconinue in tltcri&ht to thesitesoc;Cllpedforone mono year subject co the umc �nditlo,uasto makinJ the req\Jt'sttH theexpritionoftheorialnalUctnua11dpayinathe ltoet15eree;afterlhesc.«)ndyearal rill,httoasite sJo,tir tl'lel"C!beother11pplicants(01theAme 4.Th.at lisflinabymeansofdrlJtleU.dpn.eb,c.ninanet$ tndotherbandimplements11hallrcm-«infreefromrestricton itbCU'I&prohibited,how-ever,tofishwjthinIIdistanceof100 mctcl's from any p:ut orfish weirs while the 11.uc.r areii, condiionfor�.
S,Thatofli:ndeni11pns1theprovsion•orthetwoprecedng
GenefllOrder
Sea onSchroeder,U.S.Navy, C-,ovemot.
Go\'emmentli0\1911: No.43. A.g,1na,Guam,Junr11, /9()2. loviewofthecdsteoce of leprosyin this !land,lllsor pafll.ll'lount neeessit)', inthein1em1 ofhumanityandtortbe protection orsod,cty 10tdop1 propermu.su�stoarrestlbi: sprudortbcdsuse.Theonlym.eaosopcotothego,·ernment toruprootingsoseriousanevilLslbcheroicsteporscsregating t.he unfortunate Jepe11. ihe ao,-emmenl re-ooaniiu the hudshipofths l'lcawre•.,.,htctlinposesuponu.nforturuateand innocenlpenonsa.w=pantionfromtbeistamiUdandtbelou of pcr$IOl'la ibcrly; but for the pubJk ...�trlU'e, and as • nfc,oud aiti.J'IJ, sreater e'f'ib, t s mpcrat �, and ln itt adopdon C\'H'Y possible etfor1 wil be made to better the conditbrua.11dlcn,Uientbclivesoftbos.whoaresearctacd. Itistitrefote,otdtredanddtcreed;
I.ThattherebeestablishedintheJoalit)'called..Ypao,'"in themunldpaldbuktofApna,11coo11yoflep�rs vlhlchshall beknownas,the•TumOflcoony,"b�,·ngtin11.rnofabout 1'2 Metares, 5'1.table brtd for ths purpo� being .:o.ndcmned .,,hereneceswy.lnthsc»onyshallberc$tranedauper10t1s who, upon medi� examln.atiot1 dh¢C1ed by thego,�mor. :s.h.\llprove to be lept:rt,Intheunanimousopnionof11IIlhe medical off,ccra.orthe N:1.vysstioncdn theisl11nd,without pttudice tothe ri.shtofthe interes!Nlpartrto presenttothe IO''C.morsuc;hdclcn:sca$m11ybeo.ppropriate,atidtot�rght ortltc�vi:,mor10decidelolbecontn.,yorto1111.nurennint pre.vloudydemedwhenthere3baUtppt::irto berea10Mbk doubtorlbedisea.1ebcinslcpf'QISy,In1bee,-et11ofthenumbe, orm-edkaJotnce-rsmakinlthedi1gnosi1bei113lcssthanth�e. the go,-cmor sbaU nd:e ,ucb 1cmporary pro,·i»on s:s mry
appeu proper,;..·lllin.e.11.wa.>•s\lt1tO atleastchn:edoctorsshall }wive formu aed lhtir opinion be.loredefln.lteJy de-crecio1the reslr.dnt. All thOJt �.111irted .shall bo SIIPP«IC-d by the IQ\'C.'ffitnent.
2. That the ooonyth.allbe u.ndeftheadn.,Wsrration orthe depar ment ofhealthind cbuiti.es. Asupcrin endentiha.I be apponted b)· th-c JO\'tntment. "-ho sh.allbe11.wbordin:itcln thesaddepaf1mentandwhose,4utyItahallbe.toctrtforthe 11ounds oftbecolony.andtoobserve11t1d c-.ausetobe obsef\�d 1'14 aw,tl'ld reguationsrcfcrrins10Ow uid coOt'ly.Heshall
be respected andobeyedu a Pllblkfu.nction111ywltileOltho exercise or bis ru.ne1ions,. 11.nd :illthe 01herp\lblierunctioos 110d all1hr,0.h.e-rpublJeemplo)·cC$0f1bccolonv •weUuall Ille inmate,,&haUbe unlkrbisorder,.. ••
3.TbatItsJwJbethedutyoftheheadof .bedeputment o htllt.h and eluuitcs toinspectthe colonyooceinecach month dutlrt$wh:.leb'l'!i,ltesh11ll lnviteill theinmat6$IOpreftt1heir re(tuestsorCOmp;aSnu,and•�b otherproft<S:SiooalvisitsWU be n1:1de u.mily be nccea.iry for •deql.lltt trutmentofthe: sick.
4, Thata\ldl erounds as arc neOKd •ithin a bound!lt)' conitrueted ofconven ent 11nd sutable 11n.d be.aring the s1n "Tumon co Ot1)'.. sblll be recognil.ed and c.omilfe� 11S the u.ideolony.
S. 'l'bat the in.nutC$ 5bAII berequired tokeeptJiegtou.ndi and buUdinp c�UI.andto confonn 10lheinternalrcauJatlons Ibattlull have b¢en approvedby 1bc-gO','cmorortbsl.sl11nd: but that apartftoms-ucb police work bbors�IIbe,·ount11ry and rorthebcne!11ofthepcnonperformingii.Theowoenhip or the land aod bu.lldinp or the colony51\allrem11in n t� govcmmcl.\t.
6. That C\'f:ry peNon H$ll'll.in.edin tbcTumOtlt.X! onystwl be 7xemptfromfut p:iymcnl o( the pet'$Ol'lal tax d1.1ritt11the cntneperiodof suchmtraint.
7. Tht1fl.sh:ln&byany methodin these.11wilJ n thereeJ:ind within Utie limtsdeRne.d by1be eolonyls prohibted to a.II exeep1 lhc< iJlm:ates ofthe colony to w'hom s tMtl'\'ed llle exelus.h·erightto fi$hlbca
8.ThatJIIsprohbited to retn0\'e fromthecoony,under :any pretext errecu.ofany kind wtbot11previouspermission in wrltin1•ii::ned by tbe bud oftbcdetwtmenlofht,aJth and clari1ies ud, in ordertoeffectamoreperfectobk!f'l"tntcot t!'l�prohibition,Itisforbiddellto n1roduoemoneywithin the hn.t5of lhe colony, theri.Jb1bcini™ctved10tbefn nat�t10 dep()4ilfundsln suehpece .IJ\dmtn.nuasmaybeprescribed by reru,latloo. AU mooey fou.nd "-'itbln Lhe co ony shaJl be coorise:i.ted, and,11r1ctbeinadshttecrcd,shall be cove.redinto tMtrCUJtyofth11island.
9. "l'h111 when the reduSion or II per50n $.hall h.f\·e b«n 4eeree<I,. th:ii person sbaU nol under11nycircumstance ea\'e the-co�o">'.. except whenlheso•·emot forpavere-llSiOns,Sh.all aut!On�e u; and no()cl'Sonnoc an nclU(o:�nne-<:ted wilh the cofon.ya;baU enlerthe sro.un<I$whhOut ;a writt.cn permi appro,cdbytJu:io•·ernor
l _ O, Th.at II sJulJ be the. duty of the gobern•dorciUo'teni<nes. and e;abci,as 10informthe10vc.mmcn1tmmedfa!"ly of 11ny perion comin:a under Udr notice i1ufrerin1 rrom a disusesuspectedorbe.in&tcpros)'.
11.Thal 1htttS:h.aUbe pubUshedforp1.1blieh1fo1rn11tionon th� �stofeveryJ anu.:a.ry andJuly,fo1be mannercustomaryin. this tsa.nd, a �mpde 141 or all personsr¢$lrafrle<I; andtha whene.\'tt the ttdwion orthe releue of.1nypersonmall be dec�ed af1e, one i111cllsen, -onnuaJ publication andbtforetbt nextsucllfacts.h:111bepubfahcd .nthenmemanr,et.
12 Tott, t bei.ngnce0$$iiry toprovidem�n,intheoolonr. uin au(()mmu.nitca, ror pu.n.is.blt11 tho,e who may nf1in,e Uu: J11w, and wilh !he object of pn:vent na njury to tbc � t reacly lml)O.i�d hulth orthe nmate,$UClh ., WOl.l1drCS\11 rrom .ncarceratton,the:e s!\1111 beimpo»cd upon b m,in plaoe or the imprbonmen1 provi6ed by the peoa.l code ehher.,
principalor11ltd.rrta.1h•e prnalty.ltu�punlsh.rH':ntofenryin1ror 11.ne,qua k1ithoflimeabaUandebalnofformandrutobe fixed b}'reaulation.
IJ,Tb:at n tbe follil meotor ther miwon rhe1rihun111S or
Just� ihall adOpt nec,:;ss;iry meuurnto p��ntcont11g.kln, 1'101 hodingcourl with.in the-ground,ort1ecoonywbennol necess:iry ro,tht d1,1cadm\ni.str:ation orjust ce,nor tu.kingtJ,� al,natu res oflnmaes. norlnoorpo1ntng 'A'ilhtherecords1111y writings o, documtnl.1 w111ch. from their orisln,might be infected, but obtttlnng ttue a:nd litct<t copks rot inoorpotatloninpb«ofl1todgnals.
14.Th:tlanypeNOftMtan nm:M.ooflheco ony.whoIi.shes n ti\�spacertsttvtd to,thelepersasprucribedII\patuamph. 7, dial!be pun shed by • fne of I.S to I2Spesetas; andthe jUltice ot tbe peace ol Ag:ina sh;d be competent to try ofrenscrcitedin thispr.a.;napb.
IS, That asiy person who cn.cn the co on)' wilhout U\' requited permt shall bepun.ished by arre.uom11yor:;and the courtorfus-t in,uinceof1hishi.andshaUbecompetent101,y oCftnSIC$citedinthisp,111,mplt,
16.That all pe.rson.&wbo b11tbor concea, ora�nin the Oisht olany nmate. or wllO, knowln1 that&u(h II one i, wthouttilecoon)'.falltogh-eInformati onthereof10apublic offical.�IIbe J)\n.is.hed byurestotrtet1or.11nd1hejustitcof hepeaoe orAaanashallbe.competenttoIt)'offensescited n lhis parqraph.
11.Thill Inmatesw0 nfringetheu g111.tlioni1app1ovedby lhe p)\'tnt(ir of this i,and tor the 11drnnistr,1.ton ofUlt c:oony,ithallbe punahcd'.byrcprimnnd, orbya Ontioll toS pesetas o: b)' on-o IQ five d.:a.ys orbull :ind chan;ltnd tl:c supunteodent of h-e colony ih;aJI be competenl to punbb offen,es citedh this puug.raph. tlterlghtbob� reseri·ed in e-"try case 10the Oiffendtr to tppM 10 theao,,ernora"g:afost lhepeoalt)' tn1posed bythesupernteodcnt.
l8.Thal any inmatt who goes beyond 1hellmU ottlf: colon)' w thout th8 rc.qubitepermisson sh.sU b(pu.n.s!t<dby ten to twe.nty diys-of ball andchainfottbefltst nfn(d on. and byoneto s.lxmonlllsfor ar<:petitJon ol'tbeoffcn,e;aJid the 1ovett1ot shall M compc:1c11t to havt sole cotntzanoe of offtose,citedIn lhi:sp:inlgr.1.ph.
19. That aJ'IY publc oliei:1 guilt)· or 1.-onnn·tnee in t� escape from tbeco uny of a ptfSOOwhQfC.reclu$onJllulh11vc beeu dterte.d b)' t}le go,'C.'mororllti,iJlandsh111Ibe punt$b(d by IU'teSIO mayor: and lhe eour1 of firJ ins.tonceJhall be oompeltrltotryoftenJC'scited n thbparngr.1.ph.
20. Tha asuptrnlepdenl orotherpubicfunctlon&ryofthe coon)' gu lty or nesliJcnce or malfe.aSJ.J1ccinthed�h fieor hHduty,ororinfra1;do11oranyre111alioo.ihilbcPAA�hed by II fine of25to1SOpC$tlas unkessheshnUha,,elofrin1ed1 provsk>n oltbepeoaloodc.litetovtrnorsh.allbecompetent to tia,-esoloeoogntance-ofoHtnststuipunbhmrntot wbicbi.s defnedIn th.iip:u1p11ph.
21.nu�t •s.upedncend-ent orObtrpubfofunct on:m•wbo sollcluorbas carnalJtnowkdJc.ora worn..resuained in tile COlollYJblll bepu.olsbcd b)' prisonCOrtt-efonalillthe middle aod maximumtrades; a:nd 1he courtoffl.rstl.n.sti.nce$h111l be oo11petet1totr) offensescltW10tbJspan,repb
'22.ThH 11 all <:asu ofcompetency orthe1o�moror1his islat1d cited In tbe fotea<>illl pma,aphs he sh!lli hnvc the auuorl{)' to delcpte to an) Pllbllc offldal not subjeel: to eha1let1r,:.exceptmcfnbtr1oftlltJudldary.thepro�ulionof lrtqu1r)•.ruervh11:aJw11}'Stohimselfthughl todetctminelhe guill atld.iwudUC•punisbmtnL
23.Th:i lhi ordershill gointo errect on 1hc 1st da.yot Juy,1901.
Sci.ltonS<::h�er U.S.N::i,·y, Gove.mo,,
