GSDFall2019_Core III _ Bureau For Collective Agency

BUREAU FOR COLLECTIVE AGENCY D ISPERSAL | R I S K |MI G R ATI O N

Design for Littoral Land: From Episode to Adaptation Department of Landscape Architecture Core III Fall 2019

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Harvard Graduate School of Design

I p sw i c h B a y

02

Atlantic Ocean

01 Massachussetts Bay

0033

Cape Cod Bay

CONTE N T 00

INTRODUCTION

Ro s a l e a M o n a c e l l a ST U D I O I N ST R U C T O R

01

C O L L A B O R AT I V E

Ko n g y u n H e A n g e l a M o r e n o - Lo n g Chloe Soltis Kymberly Ware

FO R T H E C OA STA L C O M M O N W E A LT H

02

COMPOUND RISK

Eun Soo Choi S ov o r S o n g Ji Wang

03

RECOMMISSIONING

A y a m i A ka g a w a Nora Chuff Maxwell Smith-Holmes

THE OCEAN

04

07

08

21

22

43

44

71

I N T R O D U C T I O N

The Design for Littoral Land: From Episode to

While extant models of state jurisdiction are

Adaptation studio investigates current modes of

becoming obsolete under the planetary forces of

resilience planning and offers an alternative to

climate change, so are business-as-usual methods

conventional resilient design proposals. Bureau

of maintenance and construction. The three agencies

for Collective Agency rethinks the standard forms

brought together under the umbrella of Bureau for

that agencies embody when it comes to addressing

Collective Agency each focus on actors well-known

the challenges presented by our changing climate.

and surreptitious, territorial and immanent, that

Traditional approaches to mending the negative

together comprise a possible path for adaptation.

externalities of episodic risk are inadequate for today’s crises. Instead, Bureau for Collective Agency proposes new forms of governance that promote novel coalitions of actors that can opportunistically respond to, adapt to, and participate in the landscape’s undeniable transformation.

C O L L A B O R AT I V E

F O R

T H E

C O A S TA L

C O M M O N W E A LT H

The Collaborative for Coastal Commonwealth envisions a future where public ownership is expanded in Boston Harbor. Our current jurisdictional structures are unable to address the complexity and nuance of spatial forces and conditions playing out at the coastal edge. Water can no longer be treated as a force to be kept out with static boundaries. Collaborative for the Coastal Commonwealth agencies advocate for the strategic decommissioning of jurisdictional boundaries at the coastal edge, acknowledge fluctuating hydrological conditions and implement a public littoral zone by harnessing the potential of sediment, industrial surfaces, and plants as they interact with water.

C O M P O U N D

R I S K

Compound Risk: Adapting the Workforce identifies the climate change as a compound risk, where the risk of sea level rise, flooding, and contamination transfer are connected through watershed and the aging water infrastructure. The Institute of Workforce Adaptation (IWA) is an inter-jurisdictional agency conceived to redefine the maintenance of water infrastructure as a productive process by curating the collaboration between the human labor of federal hazard assessment programs and the performance of plant species.

R E C O M M I S S I O N I N G

T H E

O C E A N

Recommissioning the Ocean: New Configurations of Migration and Infrastructure reconceives of the space between continents as host to a migratory infrastructure that is well-adapted to the planetary condition of a changing climate. A new global organization dedicated to reimagining oceanic infrastructure, the International Organization for Oceanic Infrastructure (IOOI), recasts a series of organisms that thrive on the industrial materials used in modern commercial shipping

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from noxious hitchhikers to agents of diversity and adaptation.

B U R E A U

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C O L L A B O R AT I V E

F O R

T H E

C O A S TA L

D E S K S

C O M M O N W E A LT H

R I S K

R E C O M M I S S I O N I N G

T H E

O C E A N

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C O M P O U N D

COLL ABOR ATIV E FOR T H E COASTAL COMMON WE ALT H

OUR CURRENT JURISDICTIONAL STRUCTURES ARE UNABLE TO ADDRESS THE COMPLEXITY AND N U A N C E O F S PAT I A L FO R C E S A N D C O N D I T I O N S P L AY I N G O U T AT T H E C OA S TA L E D G E

EX

IS TIN G

50 20 35 2020 20

CHELSEA RIVER

01

C O L L A B O R AT I V E FOR THE COASTAL COMMONWEALTH Our current jurisdictional structures are unable to

hydrological conditions and implement a public littoral

address the complexity and nuance of spatial forces

zone by harnessing the potential of sediment, industrial

and conditions playing out at the coastal edge. Water

surfaces, and plants as they interact with water.

can no longer be treated as a force to be kept out with

Currently, there are several agencies working within

static boundaries. The Collaborative for the Coastal

static jurisdictional boundaries that do not take into

Commonwealth declares the agency of water and

account the dynamic, interconnected material system

sediment as dynamic materials that are assets in a

of the Boston Harbor Watershed. Massport, the United

strategic opening of the edge for common benefit

States Army Corps, the Massachusetts Water Resources

in Boston Harbor. We advocate for the strategic

Authority, Massachusetts Department of Environmental

decommissioning of jurisdictional boundaries at the

Protection, and the Coastal Zone Management Office

coastal edge and a strategic opening of the edge for

independently work on their own localized agendas for

public benefit.

minimizing risk from climate impacts, with separate

Designated Port Areas (DPAs) that dominate the

strategies and definitions of risk. The Collaborative for

coastline cannot continue to be maintained with

Coastal Commonwealth, or the CCC, envisions a future

the singular purpose of protecting and promoting

where public ownership is expanded in Boston Harbor.

water dependent industrial uses. Water access is not

The five agencies within this Collaborative will adapt

essential for many current activities at DPAs. It is within

their mission statements and operational proceedings

these spaces that the Collaborative for the Coastal

to create a common goal in relation to definitions of

Commonwealth

edge, materials, and land use.

agencies

acknowledge

fluctuating

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K O N G Y U N H E , A N G E L A M O R E N O - L O N G , C H L O E S O LT I S , K Y M B E R LY W A R E

E X PA N D I N G P U B L I C O W N E R S H I P

FOCUS AREA

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D E S I G N AT E D P O R T A R E A S ( D PA S ) C A N N O T C O N T I N U E T O B E M A I N TA I N E D W I T H T H E S I N G U L A R P U R P O S E O F P R O T E C T I N G A N D P R O M O T I N G W AT E R D E P E N D E N T INDUSTRIAL USES.

CCC MISSION

T H E C O L L A B O R AT I V E F O R T H E C O A S TA L C O M M O N W E A LT H ENVISIONS A FUTURE WHERE PUBLIC OWNERSHIP IS E X PA N D E D I N B O S T O N H A R B O R

EDGE The CCC recognizes the zone where water meets dry land as a constantly fluctuating territory that defies singular definition and will work to design for a hydrological

condition

that

produces common benefits.

LAND USE Designated Port Areas (DPA) can be sites for acknowledging risk and redefining the boundary as an extension of the ground condition that is changing and being continuously redefined.

M AT E R I A L Materials have agency and value and should inform and negotiate

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jurisdictional conditions.

M AT E R I A L T R A N S F O R M AT I O N S E D I M E N T ,

S U R F A C E ,

ASPHALT REMOVAL HUMAN LABOR

W A T E R ASPHALT DEGREDATION

BY WATER

excavator jackhammers the asphalt and turns it into gravel

water enters through the cracks on asphalt

water freezes into ice and expands

backhoe removes and transports the asphalt asphalt expands and cracks

rainfall

water penetration

RIPRAP CREATION AND PLACEMENT HUMAN LABOR 9'

21’

40°

11'

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Asphalt, plants, sediment, and water become agents in the process of shifting the site from a static, hard edge to a new littoral zone that acknowledges risk and fluctuating conditions. A matrix of material based workflows inform human, plant, and water actions.

backhoe removes and transports riprap created from concrete bulkhead

10’

backhoe places riprap at strategic locations along shoreline

25’

3.2 yd3

17'

10’

cracking

ice expansion

W E AC K N O W L E D G E F LU C T U AT I N G H Y D R O LO G I C A L C O N D I T I O N S A N D I M P L E M E N T A P U B L I C L I T T O R A L Z O N E BY H A R N E S S I N G T H E P O T E N T I A L O F S E D I M E N T, I N D U S T R I A L S U R FA C E S , A N D P L A N T S A S T H E Y I N T E R A C T W I T H W AT E R .

SEDIMENT DISPERSAL

BY WATER

concrete riprap

deposited dredge

edge corner catches inital sediment deposits

sediment is layered on riprap through daily tides and flood events

FLOOD

MHW

material: silt, blue clay, till and weathered rock

DECOMMISSIONING THE EDGE W E P R O P O S E C O O R D I N AT E D AG E N C Y D E C O M M I S S I O N I N G O F S T R AT E G I C D PA B O U N DA R I E S DESIGN WITH INDETERMINACY

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These plans are illustrations of indeterminate potential outcomes resulting from an initial material arrangement.

The indeterminacy reflected in these outcomes speaks to the reality of the agency of the materials, which underlies the objective of the Collaborative for the Coastal Commonwealth. The five jurisdictional organizations cannot control these processes but rather need to work alongside the materials’ ability to produce new spatial outcomes and redefine jurisdiction in terms of edge conditions, land use, and material relationships. In this new scheme, jurisdiction is defined by indeterminant fluctuation rather than a static line.

EXISTING

2020

2035

2050

Avenue Eastern

roots spreading and further cracking asphlt

asphalt weathering and cracking

deposited dredge

spontaneous growth

existing steel and concrete bulkhead (removed)

sediment catchment zones

phytoremediation mounds

coastal erosion and deposition

CHELSEA RIVER

0

120 240

480

960 feet

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Che

ls

iver ea R

Brid

ge

living edge

C ATA LY Z I N G P R O C E S S E S THE CURRENT POLITICAL BOUNDARIES DO NOT R E F L E C T T H E S PAT I A L R E A L I T I E S O F S E D I M E N T B E H AV I O R

Sediment is a key resource that is abundant but currently undervalued in the Boston Harbor watershed. Most dredge projects like the ongoing Boston Harbor Deep Draft Navigation Improvement Project result in dumping of material or reinforcement of a hard water’s edge.

Rather than being dumped in an ongoing cycle that reinforces the status quo, sediment can be used to seed a process in which it is further captured to facilitate additional processes along an evolving and changing edge.

EXCAVATED ASPHALT LIFT MATERIAL ACCUMULATION

FLUCTUATING EDGE excavated asphalt + sediment

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redistributed asphalt gravel + sediment

plant dispersal

CUT

S E D I M E N T E R O S I O N A N D D E P O S I T I O N T R A N S F O R M S PA C E L O C A L LY A N D AT A L A R G E R S C A L E TO C R E AT E A N E W E D G E C O N D I T I O N

CHANGING DREDGE MOUNDS

BOSTON HARBOR DEEP DRAFT NAVIGATION IMPROVEMENT PROJECT

100,000 cubic yards of dredged material

dredged material deposition

FILL

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80’

PLANTING WAT E R C A N N O LO N G E R B E T R E AT E D A S A FO R C E TO B E C O N T R O L L E D A N D K E P T O U T W I T H S TAT I C BOUNDARIES

Planting of the site is determined by a rolodex of plant root morphology matrices that reference the various material and hydrological conditions that these species may thrive within. Spontaneous plant growth will also begin to break down the asphalt grid and redefine the edge.

PLANT ACTORS MATRIX freshwater tolerant

brackish/salt water tolerant HERBACOUS

GRASSES

TREES

PHYTOREMIDIATION INUNDATION STABILIZATION DISTURBANCEADAPTED SOIL-BUILDING

TAPROOT PHYTOREMIDIATION INUNDATION STABILIZATION DISTURBANCEADAPTED SOIL-BUILDING

SPREADING PHYTOREMIDIATION INUNDATION STABILIZATION DISTURBANCEADAPTED SOIL-BUILDING

RIPRAP

ASPHALT/ CONCRETE

RIPRAP

ASPHALT/ CONCRETE

RIPRAP

ASPHALT/ CONCRETE

RHIZOME

REDEFINE JURISDICTION T H E C C C R E C O G N I Z E S T H E Z O N E W H E R E WAT E R M E E T S D R Y L A N D A S A C O N S TA N T LY F L U C T U AT I N G T E R R I TO RY T H AT D E F I E S S I N G U L A R D E F I N I T I O N

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The CCC organizations cannot control all processes but rather need to work alongside the materials’ ability to produce new spatial outcomes and redefine jurisdiction in terms of edge conditions, land use, and material relationships. In this new scheme, jurisdiction is defined by indeterminant fluctuation rather than a static line.

M A S S A C H U S E T T S P U B L I C W AT E R F R O N T A C T, C H A P T E R 9 1

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“ T H E C O L O N I A L O R D I N A N C E S C O D I F I E D T H E ‘ P U B L I C T R U S T D O C T R I N E ,’ A L E G A L P R I N C I P L E T H AT D AT E S B A C K N E A R LY 2 0 0 Y E A R S , W H I C H H O L D S T H AT T H E A I R , T H E S E A A N D T H E S H O R E B E LO N G N OT TO A N Y O N E P E R S O N , B U T R AT H E R T O T H E P U B L I C AT L A R G E .”

COMPOU N D R IS K AGING DAMS

SEA LEVEL RISE

SUPERFUND SITES

FLOOD ZONES

02

COMPOUND RISK E U N S O O C H O I , S O V O R S O N G , J I W A N G , Z I H U I Z H A N G

Human labor builds the water infrastructure and maintains

Then, is human labor enough to fight the effects of climate

the integrity and longevity of the system. Human labor is

change? Our answer was no. Human labor is not enough to

everywhere, from local faciliities to federal agencies, and it

keep our waters safe, and we cannot continue investing in

is essential in our safety. But the workforce that currently

concrete structures that are bound to deteriorate.

operate and maintain the water infrastructure is aging and declining in its number. It seemed the US government

We are defining climate change as a compound risk. Sea level

was rightfully investing more money through WRDA into

rise and flooding amplify the danger of aging infrastructure

developing the workforce. The administration will ‘solve’

and the risk of contamination transfer. Connecting the dots

unemployment by creating more jobs.

between these hazards, then, points to the current federal hazard assessment practices that treat them as individual

History shows, however, a similar effort was made in the past,

occurrences.

without making lasting results. Instead, many of the water infrastructure projects in the past became potential hazard

Therefore, the Flood insurance of FEMA, National Inventory

today due to aging, with the cost of maintenance continously

of Dams from USACE, and the Superfund of EPA, need a

increasing.

workflow that connects them together.

ADAPTING THE WORKFORCE

We propose a new agency that organizes the federal operations into a new workflow, and synthesizes the human labor and the performance of plants.

REDEFINING MAINTENANCE

Our research reveals the need for an inter-agency, inter-

The plant performance is a productive maintenance that,

jurisdictional, inter-scale workforce management institution

instead of deteriorating, continuously upgrades itself over

that organizes the federal operations.

time and adapts to changing climate conditions.

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W O R K FO R C E A D A P TAT I O N

U.S. HISTORY THE COST OF MAINTENANCE

B

While the Trump Administration criticizes the “inefficient investment” in the Legislative Outline, the administration’s intentions to invest in fixing and developing the water sector workforce is only a small part of a larger problem.

The dams are representative of the aging water infrastructure, and the deterioration over time 1) increases the cost of safety upkeep of water infrastructure, 2) indicates more potential to fail in case of extreme, unpredictable climate conditions.

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Human labor alone is not enough to prepare for the potential failure of these structures, and the definition of ‘labor’ needs to extend to include other species.

C

A

A SUPERFUND

TIMELINE

This process can take many years, increasing the potential contamination spread.

B

D A M FA I L U R E S

Aging structures and increasing water level multiplies the risk of dam failures.

C

THE COST OF SAFETY Operation and maintenance are

integral part of keeping the dams safe. to rise.

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As the dams age, this cost will continue

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EPA

FEMA

USACE

SUPERFUND

FLOOD INSURNACE

N AT I O N A L DAM INVENTORY

T H E N E E D F O R A N E W A G E N C Y

The impact of climate change occurs in multiple scales.

Sea level rise causes more flooding, increases the salinity level in the soils, and affects the rhizosphere. Therefore, a new agency is neccessary to design operations with an extended definition of labor in between multiple agencies, and spatial scales. Here, we propose the IWA.

THE INSTITUTE OF WORKFORCE A D A P TAT I O N

MISSION

TO PROMOTE AND MANAGE ADAPTIVE WORKFORCE, MEDIATE THE OPERATIONS OF THE FEDERAL AGENCIES, AND BRIDGE THE LOCAL COMMUNITIES, AGENCIES, AND SPECIES.

W H AT W E D O

Extend the definition of labor Connect the operations of federal agencies Alleviate the impact of infrastructure failure

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Repurpose the inefficient investment

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A

SCALE 1:150,000

C O M B I N E D A N A LY S I S MASSACHUSETTS COASTLINE

R I S K

A SS E SS M E N T

THE COMPOUND ZONE Requires collaborative workflow between the agencies

IDENTIFYING TRANSMISSIVE ZONES Finding the most effective target area IWA

C O M B I N E D A N A LY S I S Collecting data from all agencies

SUPERFUND SITES Sites with high potential of contamination transfer EPA

AGING DAMS Dams getting older with higher potential of failure USACE

FLOOD ZONES Increasing amount of water content in the land

FEMA

SEA LEVEL RISE Increasing salinity, shoreline encroachment

SOUTHERN ESSEX REGION

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Section taken through the Crane River, adjacent to the two major plumes of the compound risk

SYNTHESIZED WORKFLOW IN SOUTHERN ESSEX REGION

I WA

E PA

FEMA

USACE

The operations of the federal agencies will be organized

by IWA into a workflow that synthesizes the existing water infrastructure with additional green infrastructure introduced to increase porosity in the land, utilizes plants with desirable qualities, such as salt tolerance and phytoremeidation as part of the workforce.

The operations that deals with climate change should be designed to react to and prepare for the unforeseen changes. In this case, the Putnamville Dam will be slowly decommissioned, releasing the water and lowering the level over an extended period of time to prevent dam failure or flooding in an extreme unforeseen climate event.

The following phases of operation are executed over the period of dam decommission: 1. Site Assessment And Permeability Analysis 2. Construction Of Ponds And Marshlands 3 0 / 71

3. Plant Selection & Nursing

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S I T E

A S S E S S M E N T

1

L AN DUS E

KEY Landuse

Residential Water Content Vegetation

Density

FEMA

The workflow begins with FEMA to understand the conditions of the site, such as identifying the landuse that needs protection, and the locations that water can be redirected. For example, the residential area close to water adjacent to potential contamination from industrial sites will require protection, while the heavily

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Contaminants

vegetated lands could be used to redirect water.

S I T E

A S S E S S M E N T

2

EX PANDIN G FLO O D ZO N E S

FEMA

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The expanding flood zones will be compared with the landuse map, to determine which areas of landuse would be the most affected by sea level rise. In the town of Danvers, the residential areas will be the most affected. With the industrial sites being near the shore and near some residential neighborhoods, the risk of contaminant transfer increases.

PERMEABILITY B Y

S O I L

A N D

L A N D U S E

W AT E R H O L D I N G C A PA C I T Y

S U R FA C E P O R O S I T Y

BY SOIL TEXTURE

BY L ANDUSE

KEY

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Soil Texture

(in3/ft3)

Coarse sand Fine Sand

0.50 0.88

Loamy sand Sandy loam Clay

1.15 1.33 1.35

Silty clay Fine sandy loam Silty clay loam

1.60 1.75 1.90

Sitly clay loam Silt loam

2.00 2.25

Group

Landuse

Paved

commercial, industrial, junkyard, mining, transportation, public, institutional

Mixed

Unpaved

Residential (single, multifamily)

open land, transitional, vegetation

C O M B I N E D

EPA

FEMA

The paved surface and sandy or coarse soil combination indicates the least amount of water holding capacity, while the vegetative surface and loamy soil has more potnntial to hold water.

HIGHER CAPACITY TO HOLD WATER Loamy (fine)

Sandy (coarse) Paved

Vegetative

The land in Danvers county lacks the capacity to hold water.

A N A L Y S I S

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C O N T A M I N A N T

C O M B I N E D

T R A N S M I S S I O N

A N A L Y S I S

EPA

USACE

[left] Increasing water content in land increases the risk of contamination transfer. The potential direction of contamination transfer is overlayed with the waterflow direction.

[above] Exising water infrastructure, such as the pipelines and catch basins will be used to direct water to more porous locations and redirect water away from areas with potential contamination.

potential contaminants Stormwater pipe potential contamination flow waterflow direction

Water pipe

background: expanding flood zone

Sewer system

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highways

L O C A L

O P E R A T I O N S

GRAD UAL DE CO MM ISS IO N

USACE

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The Putnamville Dam will be slowly decommissioned, releasing the water through the existing infrastructure and lowering the level over an extended period of time to prevent dam failure or flooding in an extreme unforeseen climate event. The water released from the reservoir will start to fill up the ponds created closest to the dam.

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B

A

S A L I N I T Y

+

C O N T A M I N A T I O N LEGEND

EXISTING WATER BOD

PROPOSED PONDS (I

PRIVATE SWIMMING P

VEGETATION (IWA, EP

OVERLAP OF JURISDI

PROPOSED WETLAND EXISTING PROPERTY

EXISTING BUILDINGS

STORMWATER PIPE L

PROPOSED ADDITION CATCH BASIN

STORMWATER OUTLE

TOWNSHIP OF DANV

LEGEND EXISTING WATER BODIES (FEMA, USACE) PROPOSED PONDS (IWA, EPA) PRIVATE SWIMMING POOLS (HOME OWNERS) VEGETATION (IWA, EPA) OVERLAP OF JURISDICTION (HOME OWNERS + EPA) PROPOSED WETLAND (IWA, EPA) EXISTING PROPERTY LINES EXISTING BUILDINGS STORMWATER PIPE LINES (TOWNSHIP OF DANVERS) PROPOSED ADDITIONAL PIPE LINES FOR STORMWATER CATCH BASIN STORMWATER OUTLET TOWNSHIP OF DANVERS

1 0

A LEGEND

Site A is a clear example where saltwater and freshwater meets.

EXISTING WATER BODIES (FEMA, USACE)

It has mixed landuse, from commercial, industrial, to residential.

PROPOSED PONDS (IWA, EPA)

The soil is expected to increase in salinity with the sea level

PRIVATE SWIMMING POOLS (HOME OWNERS)

rise. The combined operation workflow will construct saltwater

VEGETATION (IWA, EPA)

marshes along the anticipated flood zones, and intentionally

OVERLAP OF JURISDICTION (HOME OWNERS + EPA)

dig out ponds in selected areas near stormwater basins which

PROPOSED WETLAND (IWA, EPA)

is planned to catch the excess water during flood. These to-be

EXISTING PROPERTY LINES

ponds and marshlands will be planted with salt and water tolerant

EXISTING BUILDINGS

plants that will increase the water holding capacity in this area.

STORMWATER PIPE LINES (TOWNSHIP OF DANVERS) PROPOSED ADDITIONAL PIPE LINES FOR STORMWATER

1

CATCH BASIN

TYPICAL SEASIDE SITE PLAN SCALE 1:2000

STORMWATER OUTLET Meters

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0

50

100

200

400

TOWNSHIP OF DANVERS

TYPICAL SEASIDE SITE PLAN SCALE 1:2000

50

100

I N C R E A S I N G

F L O O D

R I S K LEGEND

EXISTING WATER BOD

PROPOSED PONDS (I

PRIVATE SWIMMING P

VEGETATION (IWA, EP

OVERLAP OF JURISDI

PROPOSED WETLAND EXISTING PROPERTY

EXISTING BUILDINGS

STORMWATER PIPE LI CATCH BASIN

STORMWATER OUTLE

TOWNSHIP OF DANV

LEGEND EXISTING WATER BODIES (FEMA, USACE) PROPOSED PONDS (IWA, EPA) PRIVATE SWIMMING POOLS (HOME OWNERS) VEGETATION (IWA, EPA) OVERLAP OF JURISDICTION (HOME OWNERS + EPA) PROPOSED WETLAND (IWA, EPA) EXISTING PROPERTY LINES EXISTING BUILDINGS STORMWATER PIPE LINES (TOWNSHIP OF DANVERS) PROPOSED ADDITIONAL PIPE LINES FOR STORMWATER CATCH BASIN STORMWATER OUTLET TOWNSHIP OF DANVERS

1 30

20

15

5

10

TYPICAL RESIDENTIAL SITE PLA SCALE 1:2000

0

50

B LEGEND

The closeness to the Putnamville dam exposes this neighborhood to

EXISTING WATER BODIES (FEMA, USACE)

increased amount of water as the dam gets slowly decommissioned.

PROPOSED PONDS (IWA, EPA)

This part of Danvers is mostly residential. The private swimming

PRIVATE SWIMMING POOLS (HOME OWNERS)

pools will be incorporated into the stormwater retention system

VEGETATION (IWA, EPA)

as a final warning. In other words, when the pools are filling up

OVERLAP OF JURISDICTION (HOME OWNERS + EPA)

with stormwater, it is time for relocation due to climate change.

To prevent this from happening as much as possible, additional stormwater ponds with freshwater marshlands will be constructed and linked to the existing network of stormwater pipelines.

PROPOSED WETLAND (EPA) EXISTING PROPERTY LINES EXISTING BUILDINGS STORMWATER PIPE LINES (TOWNSHIP OF DANVERS) CATCH BASIN

TYPICAL SEASIDE SITE PLAN SCALE 1:2000

STORMWATER OUTLET Meters

0

50

100

200

400

TOWNSHIP OF DANVERS

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1

100

SYNTEHSIZED WORKFORCE E X T E N D I N G

T H E

D E F I N I T I O N

O F

L A B O R

Marshlands will be created in areas that needs protection, such as the residential areas near an industrial site with potential contaminants, or industrial areas near the shore. The plant employees are selected according to the edge conditions, varying in the composition of flood resistant, phytoremediating, and salt tolerant species.

Freshwater - Saltwater

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Freshwater - Residential

C H O O S I N G

P L A N T

E M P L O Y E E S

SELE CTIO N CRIT E RIA F L O O D R E S I S TA N T

P H Y T O R E M E D I AT I O N

S A LT T O L E R A N T

The saltwater marshlands will be composed mostly of salt tolerant species, while a location with a mixture of saltwater to freshwater edge conditions would include more flood resistant plants, and have a more balances set of species. Phytoremediating plants will be planted mostly in the marshlands near the industrial areas.

Available local conditions, such as abundant swimming pools in a residential area, will be incorporated into the existing stormwater management system to redirect water when the water content increases in the land, and serve as a physical, visual sign of the sea

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level rise to raise awareness of the residents.

03 R E COMMISS ION IN G T H E OCE AN

RECOMMISSIONING THE OCEAN AYA M I

A K A G A W A ,

N O R A

C H U F F,

M A X W E L L

S M I T H - H O L M E S

N E W CO N F I G U R AT I O N S O F M I G R AT I O N A N D I N F R A ST RU C T U R E confluence of ongoing processes.

Global migration is an inevitable planetary process, drastically accelerated by human activity.

Since the Anthropocene, plants, animals, objects and material have traveled, not just generationally via continental connections, but also over infrastructural systems both well-known and invisible.

By considering the evolutionary histories of familiar species as well as the earth's own shifting morphology, processes of exchange, transmission, and migration appear as constant features of planetary habitation.

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As the unified land mass of Pangea and the ocean of Panthalassa drifted and warped over 175 million years into the earth’s present and ever-changing form, species of organisms have likewise splintered and reconstituted themselves, traversing geographic impediments while effacing political borders.

The planet’s current spatial and jurisdictional configuration represents a single moment within the persistent progression of geological time and state governance.

The arbitrariness of the earth’s present political, biological, and geographical divisions underscores how the distinction between ‘native’ and ‘alien’ species has been erected as a contingent result of a

EXPOSED LAND

EQUUS FERUS

CITRUS MEDICA

VIBRIO CHOLERAE

MAJOR CANALS

SHIPPING ROUTES

EXPOSED LAND

EQUUS FERUS

CITRUS MEDICA

VIBRIO CHOLERAE

MAJOR CANALS

SHIPPING ROUTES

EXPOSED LAND

EQUUS FERUS

CITRUS MEDICA

VIBRIO CHOLERAE

MAJOR CANALS

SHIPPING ROUTES

EXPOSED LAND

EQUUS FERUS

CITRUS MEDICA

VIBRIO CHOLERAE

MAJOR CANALS

SHIPPING ROUTES

EXPOSED LAND

EQUUS FERUS

CITRUS MEDICA

VIBRIO CHOLERAE

MAJOR CANALS

SHIPPING ROUTES

EXPOSED LAND

EQUUS FERUS

CITRUS MEDICA

VIBRIO CHOLERAE

MAJOR CANALS

SHIPPING ROUTES

EXPOSED LAND

EQUUS FERUS

CITRUS MEDICA

VIBRIO CHOLERAE

MAJOR CANALS

SHIPPING ROUTES

EXPOSED LAND

EQUUS FERUS

CITRUS MEDICA

VIBRIO CHOLERAE

MAJOR CANALS

SHIPPING ROUTES

High Tide seasons months crust

lithosphere asthenosphere

upper mantle

lower mantle

outer core

inner core

Low Tid

High Tide

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Low Tide

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A L I E N O RG A N I S M S H AV E LO N G T R AV E L E D AC RO SS T H E G LO B E , E X PA N D I N G A LO N G T H E S A M E R O U T E S A S H U M A N T R AV E L Familiar species such as the horse, cholera viruses, and citrus fruits have traversed the globe, taking root in disconnected territories, travelling around the world along the routes of human

political

expansion.

The

expansion

of

nonhuman

agents throughout the planet has occured through strikingly

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technological means along modern shipping routes.

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BIOFOUL AND ANTIFOULING

Anchor Lock and Cables

Bow Thrusters

Bilge Keel

External Cooling Pipes

Sea Chest

Bulbous Hull

Propeller

Microorganism habitat on vessel rudder

Upper stool

Cargo Hold

Hopper Tank Ballast Water Sample indicating presence of microorganisms

Buzzing and blooming on the watery membrane where the sea meets human industry, ‘biofoul’ organisms are considered a nuisance to the ongoing mechanical functioning of the shipping industry.

The current distribution of species across the earth is as historically contingent as the arrangement of the planet's tectonic plates. multiple scales of adminstration span from the earth's core to the skies above. Bofoul organisms grow in successive layers on metal or wood surfaces in contact with ocean water. An initial layer of biofilm coats the host material before larger organisms continue to pille up.

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As humans have pursued their maritime ambitions, they have been trailed by an often denigrated group of seafaring organisms for whom industrial materials have proved an ideal habitat. Dubbed “biofoul” by sailors and port operators, these organisms attach to metal, wood, and other materials commonly used for industrial applications in or near oceans. They are often visible as the woolly gristle dangling from the hulls of boats, clinging to pilings, or lodged in the mechanical recesses of equipment, which have long troubled boat operators. They gum up the moving parts of boats, rendering the economically necessary components of shipping inoperable, and providing drag that causes inefficiency.

MICROSCOPIC ORGANISMS

TA XO N O M Y O F FO U L I N G S P E C I E S As biofoul species hitch rides on the metal bodies of boats, global shipping routes map the vectors of these organisms’ migration patterns, illustrating the antagonistic relationship between fouling species and industry. These species repurpose the commercial infrastructure of oceanic trade as a means to further their own global dispersal. By attaching to boats and portrelated installations, biofoul species have

migrated between disparate parts of the earth, well-adapted for a strikingly wide variety of conditions. With the progressive development of cargo shipping, there was a simultaneous evolution of various “antifouling” tactics ranging from physical protections for boats to the application of toxin-laced paints.

Diatoms: Microscopic plants which may live suspended in the water or atached to submerged surfaces.

Licmophora flabellata

Navicula

Cocconeis pediculus

Synedra

Melo numm

MACROSCOPIC FOULING ORGANISMS Annelids: Worms whose bodies are divided into a series of rings or segments coiled or twisted tubular shells.

erpulid tube worms

Chironomus larva

Leucosolenia

Chalina

Halichondria

Raniera

Arthropods: All organisms with a chitinous external skeleton and joined appendages.

Barnacles: Cone-shaped shells attached directly to the hull or shells with a long muscular stalk.

Balanus balanoides

The impact of biofoul organisms on the shipping industry has produced a designation not based on biological taxonomy but, rather, on those organisms' deleterious effects on physical shipping infrastructure.

Nevertheless, so-called "fouling" organisms share certain characteristics, such as short lifecycles which allow them to rapidly evolve and adapt to changing conditions, a trait that contributes to increased global biodiversity in an increasingly changing climate.

Fragilaria

Balanus tintinnabulmn

Lepas

Mitella

Balanus crenatus

Conchoderma virgatum

Balanus eburneus

Balanus improvisus

Conclwderma auritum

Baianus glandula

Scalpellum

Crenaius

Scalpellum

Isopods, Amphipods, Crabs and Pycnohonids.

ldothea baltica

Caprella

Unicola irrorata

Amphithoe

Corophium Sphaeroma cylindricum quadridentata

Galathea

Molluscs: Paired shells such as clams, mussels, oysters.

Anomia simplex

Chama macrophylla

Modiolus

Carcinides maenas

Ilyas coarctatus

Spirontocaris

Mytilus

Pecten irradians

Paleomontes

Saxicava arctica

Canar irroralus

Ostrea virginica

Libinia

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Bryozoa: Flat, spreading, granular discs or patches or branching tree-shaped growths, the branches not expanded

Zoobotryon

Watersipora cucullata

Conopeum reticulum

Victorella pavida

Protozoa: Singled-celled animals which range in size from 0.002mm-several cm.

Rotifers: Roughly club-shaped animals which attach temporarily by the narrower end.

oseira muloides

a

Vorticella Carchesium Folliculina Euplotes

Acineta tuberosa

Cothurnia

Anthophysa vegetans

Brachwnus

Zoothamnium

Floscularia

Algae: Green, brown, or red filaments or leaflike structures, generally near water line.

Sycon

Cliona

Leeches

Oscillatoria

Ulothrix

Corallina

Sargassum

Fucus

Dictyota

La ninaria

Coelenterates: an aquatic invertebrate animal of a phylum that includes jellyfishes, corals, and sea anemones.

Hydroids: Straight or branching growths, each thread terminating in an expanded tip.

Tetraclita

Obelia articulata

Clztlzamalus

Obelia bicuspidata

Bougainvillia

Tubularia crocea

Syncoryne Lytocarpus exima philippinus

Eudendrium Cordylophora ramosum lacustris

Pennaria tiarella

Corals: a hard stony substance secreted by certain marine coelenterates as an external skeleton.

Astrangia danae

Oculina

Siderastraea

Millepora

Metridium

Anemones: stinging polyps that spend most of their time attached to rocks on the sea bottom or on coral reefs.

Packygrapsus

Nymphon

Pinnotheres oslreum

Pycnogonum littorale

Diadumene luciae

Tunicates: soft, sack-like creatures growing singly or flat spreading colonial forms composed of many small individuals.

Limpets

Chitons

Arca

Slyela

Styela montercyesis

Molgula manhallensis

Ciona intestinalis

Amarouciam

Botryllus

Pugettia

Sponges: Rounded soft spongy masses. at the tips.

Leucosolenia

Chalina

Halichondria

Reniera

Sycon

Grantia

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a

Stentor

TIMELINE OF GOVERNANCE AND SEDIMENT DISPOSAL

2,000,000 y3

1,000,000 y3

0 y3 1940

1945

1950

1955

1960

1965

Korean War

WW II Roosevelt

Truman

Disposal & Dumping in Massachusetts Bay

1945 Designated as a munitions disposal site.

1953 Industrial waste disposal permitted.

Eisenhower

Kennedy

Vietnam War Johnson

1970

1975

Nixson

1980

Ford

1960 A fishing vessel reportedly recovers a 30-gallon drum.

Reaga

Industrial Foul Area Dispo

Foul Area 1957 USACE designated 4 Massachusetts Bay sites for radioactive waste disposal.

Carter

1985

mid 1960s USACE grants disposal permits to Safety Products & w (SP&E) for industrial waste disposal.

1971 FDA issues a notice warning against fishing at the IWS.

1973-77 EPA issues disposal permits to SP&E.

1977

1980 The NMFS banned the harvesting of surf cla and ocean quahogs in t Foul Area.

WRDA ʻ76

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WRDA ʻ74 ... authorize USACE to undertake the design, repair, improvement, and modification of specified public works on rivers or harbors.

WRDA ʻ86 Deep Ports Legis “... allocate municipal fu constructing “su upgrading and country’s highest (262 projects, 1 “... introduce provisions req private entities federal governmen in waterway proj

10.00”

100%

$ 200B

300,000TEU

Katrina Wilma Rita

$ 150B

Harvey Maria Irma

200,000TEU

Andrew

70°F

Ivan Charley

5.00”

50%

$ 100B

Sandy

Bush

Clinton

Bush

Waste Site osal Site / Boston Foul

2010

War in Afghanistan Obama

silt, blue clay, till and weathered rock

0.00”

2015

2020

Trump

$ 0B

0TEU

dumped material volume

Massachusetts Bay Disposal Site

dredged material volume

1993 Stallwagen Bank becomes a national marine sanctuary.

ams the

0%

Containerized Cargo Volumes in Conley Terminal in Boston

Gulf War

an

Boston blue clay

Boston blue clay

2005

Dorian

Hurricane Damage

2000

Ike

Boston blue clay

Boston blue clay 1995

$ 50B Florence

Trust in Government from Public

1990

Soft surface sediment, bottom clay

Boston blue clay, blasted rocks ks

100,000TEU

Sea Level Rise (compared to 1950)

MPRSA (ocean dumping act) WRDA ʻ88

slation federal and unding for uper-ports” or expanding the t traffic port.

16.23 billion)” cost-sharing quiring that s request the nt’s involvement jects.”

WRDA ʻ96 WRDA ʻ99 WRDA ʻ00 WRDA ʻ92 “... authorize USACE to carry out projects for the protection, restoration, and creation of aquatic and ecologically related habitats, including wetlands. ... cost-sharing for disposal of dredged material on beaches. ... contaminated sediment and ocean dumping management act.”

WRDA ʻ07 ...dredge scarcity: place the Federal hopper dredge Macfarland on active reserve solely for responding to disaster dredging needs. ... authorize USACE to cooperate with MA in management & monitoring of dredge disposal sites and to accept funds from MA to carry out the tasks.

WRDA ʻ16

WRDA ʻ18

WRDA ʻ14 ... non-federal contribution including dredged material disposal areas, easements : beneficial uses of dredged material “for the purposes of improving environmental conditions in marsh and littoral systems, stabilizing stream channels, enhancing shorelines, and supporting State and local risk management adaptation strategies.”

WRRDA ʻ14 ... authorize $310 million Boston Harbor Federal Deep Draft Navigation Improvement Project

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5

75°F

FIELD WORK Inspired by precedents of seed propagation and genetic cataloging technologies, this project produces a physical archive of biofouling and its historical web of relations. Building upon field work conducted at the Arnold Arboretum, genetic information of alien species are categorized and ordered for evolution and adaptability.

Genetic Lineage of Acer griseum in Arnold Arboretum in 2019

1907

original

1925

1930

1962

1991

PT 12487*A

1994

2008

2015

SC 125-91*A

China

China

SC 213-91*A

SC 43-2015*A China

China

146-2008*A

wild

PT 12488*A

SC 45-2015*A

PT 12488*B

SC 44-2015*B

China

China

China

767-94*C

279-62*A 44-2015*B 43-2015*A 18148*C 46-2015*A 45-2015*A

China

SC 44-2015*C China

21452*A

767-94*B

213-91*A 641-91*A 12488*A 46-2015*B

SG 767-94*A SC 146-2008*A

wild

China

China

SC 146-2008*B China

SG 767-94*B China

SG 767-94*C China

125-91*A 767-94*A 12488*B

cultivated plant of known indirect wild origin

LR 18148*C

SC 46-2015*A

China

China

SC 46-2015*B China

SC 46-2015*C China

SC 46-2015*D

46-2015*C 44-2015*C 46-2015*D 146-2008*B

China

PT 641-91*A

cultivated plant

?

unknown

PT 279-62*A ?

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unknown

BP 21452*A ?

PT: plant SC: scion SG: seedling LR: layer BP: budded plant good fair alive

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D I S P O S A L , D R E D G I N G , A N D N AV I G AT I O N

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The development of global shipping routes has resulted in changes to the physical infrastructures of oceans with port areas and navigation channels continuously dredged. Harbors have had to be dredged even deeper following the opening of the Panama Canal and the subsequent increases in size of commercial cargo vessels.

DECOMMISSIONING SHIPPING

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As climate change results in rising sea levels, many existing ports will have to close, faced with the threat of ocean inundation. As some ports cease operations and end dredging, benthic ecosystems will be healthier.

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D I S P O S A L , D R E D G I N G , A N D N AV I G AT I O N

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Faced with the challenges of climate change and learning from the global migration of biofoul organisms, a new conception of “oceanic infrastructure� comes into view. The term is defined as he assemblage of biological processes, metabolic flows, and material supports that provide public works to all ocean-reliant entities, human and nonhuman. It encompasses shipping routes, the information processing systems which provide navigational aid to boats, the habitats of the organisms living in or around the oceans, and

the bureaucratic paperwork that has produced the ocean as an object of human administration.

Recognizing the inadequacy of existing state jurisdictions to address the issues of climate adaptation, this project proposes the creation of a new international organization dedicated to the coordination of decentralized biophysical responses to a changing climate and its inequities.

Fully Cellular Cargo Ship (1,000-2,500 TEU)

1970

Panamax (3,000-3,400 TEU)

1980

Panamax Max (3,400-4,500 TEU)

1985

Post Panamax (4,000-5,000 TEU)

1988

Post Panamax Plus (6,000-8,000 TEU) Fully Cellular Cargo Ship (1,000-2,500 TEU)

1970

2000

New Panamax (13,000 TEU) Panamax (3,000-3,400 TEU)

2014

1980

Ultra Large Containership (18,000-21,000 TEU) Panamax Max (3,400-4,500 TEU)

1985

2013-

Post Panamax (4,000-5,000 TEU)

1988

Post Panamax Plus (6,000-8,000 TEU)

New Panamax (13,000 TEU)

2014

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2000

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Shipping Vessel Size over Time H20

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Hydrocarbon Consumption

International Trade

Biodiversity

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Shipping Networks are rerouted to accomodate for sea level rise

All Current Routes

Future Routes

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T H E I N T E R N AT I O N A L O R G A N I Z AT I O N FO R O C E A N I C I N F R A ST RU C T U R E

The International Organization for Oceanic Infrastructure, or IOOI, embodies the tension between, on one hand, the necessity for a globalscale state organization to address our changing planet and, on the other hand, the notion that productive climate adaptation must also occur at the one-to-one scale through approaches that support both living and nonliving entities alike.

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Sercenti, cons

The IOOI operates beyond national political borders to regulate, fund, and facilitate ocean infrastructure. These objectives, outlined on our website, provide a framework for the reorientation of oceanic infrastructure away from the profit-oriented paradigms of shipping and, instead, towards the notion of decentralized and responsive biophysical systems.

STA K E H O L D E R S The current configuration of ocean shipping remains myopically oriented towards increasing the potential profits of business, ignoring environmental well-being and a conception fo the ocean as other than the aqueous substrate of international trade. Instead, there is an urgent necessity to imagine a multiplicity of biophysical responses to the changing environmental conditions of oceans that prioritize equity and ecological performance over the interests of capital.

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Citizen Science

PORT DE COMM ISSIONING PRO CESS

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As part of a process guided by the IOOI’s suggestions, certain at-risk ports will be incrementally decommissioned by turning their present physical installations such as gantry cranes, cargo transportation trucks, and bulldozers into tools for progressive self-demolition. Ports will be recommissioned as biofoul habitat, research facilities, and as points of exchange in a global bioinformatics commons through the careful displacement of sediment, the repurposing of shipping containers, and the reuse of pilings.

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The IOOI’s decommissioning guidelines, implemented in Conley Terminal, outline recommended methods for the progressive decommissioning of shipping activity and repurposing of port infrastructure in service of biofoul organisms and the study of adaptability.

H A B I TAT A N D R E S E A R C H With former sites of coastal industry recommissioned for organisms well-adapted for new, more capacious understandings of ocean dwelling, the IOOI supports initiatives to monitor biodiversity in these sites in an effort to learn about and promote adaptation. The global proliferation of genetic information and knowledge will be carried out in partnership with local citizen scientists who want to aid in creating new forms of coastal settlement.

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Partnerships with nonhuman organisms and materials as well as with human knowledge production pave the way for new configurations of oceanic infrastructure. By reconceiving of the space between continents as host to a migratory infrastructure that is well-adapted to current planetary crises, we can begin to see a new way of relating the ocean.

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