UD_SU21_139

PORTFOLIO ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN SELECTED WORKS BY KAI ZHANG COLUMBIA GSAPP | M.S. Architecture and Urban Design 2020-2021

ABOUT

KAI

PROJ ECTS 2020-2021

Kai Zhang is a graduating M.S. Architecture and Urban Design student at Columbia GSAPP. He received his Bachelor of Architecture degree at Carnegie Mellon University. Throughout his educational career, Kai choreographed a wide range of creative works including architectural, urban design, industrial, graphical design, and film production during his career.

CONTACT kai-z.com kaizh.design@gmail.com +1 (413) 552-8424 [US] +86 18658218125[CN] he/him/his

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SOUTH PASS SANCTUARY Plaquemines Parish, LA [Summer, 2021]

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INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE HABITAT Pittsburgh, PA [Spring, 2021]

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TOWARDS A CO-OPULENT URBANISM New York, NY [Fall, 2020]

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RECOMBINANT URBANISM This document is a collection of selected professional works completed by Zhang during the span of his college career. All works are from the MSAUD core design studios and courses.

All contributors to this document are credited accordingly.

All contents in this document (c) Copyright 2021. All images and materials are property of Kai Zhang and collaborators. Permission needed for any reproduction and use. All Rights Reserved.

Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China [Spring, 2021]

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AN ARRESTED STATE OF THE CITY A GIS Research of the New York Pandemic Patterns

by Arrest Spatial Distribution [Fall, 2020]

SOUTH PASS SANCTUARY PLAQUEMINES PARISH, LA

Team | Xiaofei Sun, Yuqi Tian, Kai Zhang, Wangjing Zhang Professor Kate Orff et al. | Summer 2021

The Bird’s Foot Delta is disappearing. And it might be fully under the water within the next 50 years because of sea level rise. However, people are still spending hundreds of millions of dollars dumping rocks into the sea each year just in order to maintain the navigation channel.

We envision a new course for the river that maintains the navigation function with the most direct route and also rebuilds the biodiversity and sedimentation balance for natural species and human settlements.

We have designed 4 simultaneous operations that span over the next century.

During the course of this plan, we will free up the southern passes and use mud engines to gradually guide sediments and nourishment upstream, driven by natural forces including wind, waves, and tides.

Finally, there will be introduced wildlife sanctuary living on the aggregated territory. We’re proposing programs for both wildlife to survive and humans to monitor, research, and facilitate. The habitats will allow human and wildlife coexistence, which will also facilitate the balance of the local economy.

Landscape of Absurdity As we developed our understanding of the area, we’ve discovered an A-synergy composed by the contradictory efforts of human activities.

People are literally paying millions of dollars dumping rocks into the sea to maintain the current navigation channel, along with the other efforts of current sediment diversion, deep sea projects, and infrastructure maintenance.

The efforts are futile and wasteful, as they will slowly sink with the rest of the bird’s foot.

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Operation II: Cut and Reserve We aim to restore the balance of loss and gain of marshland in the whole area, starting with reimagining the Southwest Pass.

As there's a new navigation channel, we decided to degrade the Southwest Pass, first by breaking the concrete levee. Two types of cut operations are applied here: one connects the inner river and SWP, the other breaks down the current jetty. Materials from this process will be relocated to hold future sediments and create new marshland.

With both the cut operations and natural forces, we slow down the river, recoup sedimentation, prolong the decaying process of the bird’s foot, and we predict that the man-made channel will gradually return to natural marshland.

By doing these, we create a temporary habitat for birds before we set up a new habitat in operation 3. In the far future, as the new habitat gets prepared, when the bird’s foot disappears, birds will simply migrate to their nearby new homes.

Operation I: Changing the Course Because of sea level rise and the gradual sinking of the bird foot, this area will eventually disappear.

Given this fact, we decided to Abandon Southwest Pass, dredge a shorter new route from the Head of Pass to the nearest 60ft depth. The new route has a much cheaper maintenance fee, and also serves as the origin of mud which will be used in operation III.

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Operation III: Mud Engine The third operation aims to restore the wetlands on the north side of the Birds Foot, by using the strategy of mud engine. Because of the dredging activity in operation I and freshwater recharge from operation II, the Birds Foot as a whole becomes a giant mud engine, providing mud to its nearby areas. Given this situation, we're to direct the location of sedimentation, and eventually recess to the upper bay where new habitats can be preserved with the protection of barrier islands. Due to the freshwater recharge from Southwest Pass, the salinity of the area becomes a gradual gradient, changing from freshwater to brackish to saltwater.

To direct the location of sedimentation, we plan to install meshes that take advantage of flora growth to catch the sediments and set up the foundation

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for other species. The meshes morph in a spectrum from fresh water willow, to salt marsh. While willows have strong vitality and a complex root system for the majority of the mud catching, salt marsh creates more shallow underwater sediment zones, which is also a significant type of habitat for wetland birds.

With our facilitation and further collaboration with research institutions, the mud fingers would be maneuvered towards more designated and favorable directions. The land choreography connects the existing dotted and vulnerable marshes, mesh them into larger pieces of land, and functions more resiliently together against erosion.

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Operation IV: Wildlife Sanctuary As the land building proceeds, we envision a wildlife reserve taking place at the bay side of the Bird’s Foot Delta.

The Hospital Bay and Yellow Cotton bay area come with natural waterways, which we used to guide our human circulation wayfinding. As they converge with key sedimentation sites, we’re proposing habitat reserves for various wetland/ estuary activities.

Biodiversity is the key to the ecobalance of the delta. In our vision, the wildlife reserve is to deliver habitats for all kinds of species, including mammals, birds, and aquatic animals.

For each of the localities within the bayside, we’ve looked into the composite of materials and conditions, and dedicated different sites with prioritized species. We consider human existence in parallel, rather than taking priorities, with the different species in the wildlife reserve.

We’re proposing programs including Aquatic Habitat Reserve, bird habitat reserve, and pelagic biodiversity observatories to monitor, research, and facilitate the respawning wildlife territories as well as generating income for the ongoing interventions.

A Future with Action In the future, as the sea level rises, if we do nothing, the scarce marshland would be even inundated and eroded to hardly exist. Acres of wetland would be lost, detrimental to the local economy and ecology.

So We envision that during and after our 4 simultaneous operations to build the wildlife sanctuary. It brings back protection against the seemingly inevitable future, rehabilitates the valuable coastal species, and most importantly, liberates the Mississippi Delta from the futile cycle that has been going on for decades.

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INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE HABITAT PITTSBURGH, PA

Team | Yuehui Du, Kai Zhang, Huiya Zhong, Yong Zhuang Professor Kaja Kühl et al. | Spring 2021

Fabric Investigation From 1920s to 2040s

After the steel industry collapsed in the late 20th century, Pittsburgh lost half of its population. To recover its economies, the city shifted its focus to education, culture and technology sectors. As these new industries start to populate the city’s neighborhoods, it remains uncertain what future prospects would look like for the city and its people. How can the growth of new industries benefit the people of Pittsburgh today? Can development of former industrial plots build from Pittsburgh’s proud legacy of industrial innovation? Can the new phase of Pittsburgh be a leader in a more equitable city and confronting the climate crisis?

We are imagining a new kind of development in Chateau, a new definition of industrial connection between the neighborhood of Manchester and the Ohio River. This development starts by recognizing the existing art, culture, and legacy of innovation of this place, and examining the urban fabrics from the past to bring back the human scale urban context. Through developing the connections between people, neighborhoods, and industries, ChateauManchester would have its future life towards a thriving, vibrant, and green industrial center.

Link to the full story

Site Map - “Disconeection”

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Promenades The two separated neighborhoods already have some thriving and diversified education, culture, and community resources, which are great assets to be shared and guide the future prospect of Chateau.

Thus, we’re proposing a comprehensive infrastructure network to connect Manchester to Chateau with four promenades, namely the Neighbors’, Wellness, Craftspeople and Night’s. Each promen

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Programs

Stories on Promenades

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Human Scale Our project is proposing to have a welcoming frontier of the new Chateau with equitable and diversified programs by bringing back the human scale fabrics and connections. We hope this habitat is our answer to a thriving, vibrant, and accessible future of a neoindustrial Pittsburgh.

Promenade - Wellness Wellness promenade serves the whole community, there is a ferry complex as a gateway from the waterway to the neighborhood. Bike Heaven, preserved from the existing bicycle museum, act as a typical core of a carbon free route system, There’s also the expanded greenhouse for orchid farming and local produce, and Bidwell center also plays an important role for the community’s occupational training.

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TOWARDS A CO-OPULENT URBANISM MANHATTAN, NY

Team | Anirudh Venkat, Xindi Wang, Kai Zhang, Rui Zhang Professor Nans Voron et al. | Fall 2020

The Lower East Side of Manhattan is a hub of immigrant communities and affordable housing. It is culturally diverse but also an income desert among the more affluent areas around it. Over the decades, it has also been home to one of the largest concentrations of the Chinese community in the west - Chinatown.

However, there is affordability problem. The push to “develop” this area is real, manifesting as ever-rising property ownership and rental costs. The working class Chinese community is slowly being pushed out as living costs rise, making it impossible to afford to live in Manhattan. Eventually the working class will have to move out. The southern part of the island would lose its vital organs, permanently in need of delicate life support from far away.

The city has never been too intent to let its architecture reflect the communities it shelters. Even within the rigid Manhattan grid, fully built over with century old tenements, the Chinese population has managed to assert spatial influence over the area in whatever small ways they can. The people in Chinatown have already built social solidarities on an intimate scale. But these solidarities will amount to nothing in the face of economic realities of real estate and rising cost of living.

Now we ask the questions. Can good urban design establish systems and infrastructure that protect the LES from being eaten up by NYC’s bourgeois sprawl? Are there ways in which we can ensure that property owners in the LES get their fair share of income while still regulating rent for small businesses and affordable housing to survive? Can new public space typologies actively protect local interests and allow more freedom for cultural expression? To answer these questions, we present the Co-opulence Urbanism Model.

Link to Documentary

BEAR THE BRUNT Chinatown, NY | 2020

A Co-opulent Neighborhood

Vision Plan - Co-opulent Community, Lower East Side

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In our proposal, we have worked with the city to liquefy the resources and free up development rights within the co-op model so we can transfer and aggregate the unbuilt neighboring FAR to dedicated receiving site locations. To ensure the economic balance, we will first situate the Income Engines, which are mostly constituted with benign and profitable programs like offices and business incubators. The engines generate income that helps the landowners with building renovations, and establishes a wide range of community benefit programs. They include but are not limited to cultural, service, residential housing, local business, community, and street level sectors.

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STRATEGY: Air Rights Transfer and Aggregation

STEP 3 Aggregate FAR to receiving sites

Link to Animation

← In our proposal, we have worked with the city to liquefy the resources and free up development rights within the co-op so we can transfer and aggregate the unbuilt neighboring FAR to those receiving site locations designated earlier.

STEP 1 Determine available FAR (Floor Area Ratio) ← This diagram indicates with red volume the available FAR (also known as air rights) of the existing buildings in Chinatown, which means how much you can still build by law.

↓ To ensure the economic balance, we will first situate the Income Engines, which are mostly constituted with benign and profitable programs like offices and business incubators. The engines generate income that helps the landowners with building renovations, and establishes a wide range of community benefit programs. They include but are not limited to cultural, service, residential housing, local business, community, and street level sectors.

↓ As a next step, we identified a variety of receiving sites to situate our proposed interventions.

They range from vacant lots, underutilized structures, and existing tenement housing units with development potentials.

STEP 2 Locate receiving sites

STEP 4 Deploy interventions Housing + Public Space + Hostel

Underutilized Parking Structure The car parking structure is an example of a receiving site which is underutilised in terms of housing or commercial density which are of great demand in the neighbourhood. Underutilised sites stand to gain extensively through our redevelopment project. They are populated with more dynamic and meaningful social and economic programming to serve the neighbourhood and the property owners better.

Senior Service + Open Space + Business Incubator

Senior Center/ Community Center

Housing Aggregation Opportunities

Housing Expansion

Low Density Building

Park Pavilion

While the tenement building is the most common typology in Chinatown, we also find a number of single/double storey buildings which represent underutilised sites in the neighbourhood. We identify these sites as potential 'reciever' sites where the aggregation of development rights could manifest.

We identify among our site various exising tenemenht buildings as potential “receiver” of the aggregation opportunities. Additional housing programs will be manifested strategically, with a certain portion of which be affordable units to address the local housing crisis.

Midsize Business Cluster Proposed Commercial Dev.

Gallery/Cultural / Performance Space Retractable Streetscape Structure

Market + School + Office

Service Core

Housing + Hostel Complex

Business Incubator

Community Center

INTERVENTION ENGINE

Storefront Intervention

Chen Dance School (Planned Demolition) The building at 70 Mulberry is an example of a receiving site which is now defunct but was programmatically important to the community while it was in use. Our redevelopment of this space will acknowledge and evolve from the fact that the school and community centre were an integral part of the culture and lives of American Chinese residents in this area.

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SITE TYPES

SERVICE

Temporal Open Street

RESIDENTIAL

VACANT LOTS BUSINESS UNDERUTILIZED STRUCTURES

MARKET

AGG. HOUSING

STREE LEVEL

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Infill Programs Aggregation Mulberry Street, LES

Scenario: Senior Center + Business Incubator (Income Engine)

Scenario: Public Space + Housing + Hostel (Income Engine)

Income Engines To achieve the balance of the finance and functions, we will situate the Income Engines first, which are mostly constituted with benign but profitable programs like offices and business incubators on the upper levels of the structures. The engines start generating income, which helps the landowners with building renovations, and establishes a wide range of community benefit programs. These occur on the lower levels and all other various site locations to support and improve the neighborhood. They include but are not limited to cultural, service, residential housing, local business, community, and street level sectors.

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RECOMBINANT URBANISM

Team | Chao Li, Luchen Liu, Lijing Yu, Kai Zhang, Huiya Zhong Professor David Grahame Shane | Fall 2020

HANGZHOU, ZHEJIANG, CHINA

Recombinant Urbanism is a seminar course that studies how cities grow and develop over time. The concept model employs a theory of urban actors and conceptual models as tools for the analysis of the city, its urban systems and design ecologies.

This project maps transformations in these actors and their models at various scales over time in Hangzhou, one of the rapid growing Chinese modern cities with deep history. Urban actors use conceptual models to link to the larger forces shaping a city network. We have constructed a layered model of Hangzhou and employ models derived from the course to illustrate the structure and growth of the city, including the representative public spaces and urban fabrics.

In our recombinant urbanism model of Hangzhou, we have constructed four models of the cities growth since the 6th century: Archi-città, Cine-città, Tele-città, and Metacity. Each of the models represent a key transition stage when Hangzhou develops continuously as a living organism. Within each model, there have been identified key urban public spaces marked as "enclave," "armature," and "heterotopia." This project shows how they evolve and change along with the city's growth and play vital roles defining Hangzhou's unique character and trajectories.

ARCHI-CITTÀ

CINE-CITTÀ

DEFINE THE BOUNDARY

TRANSITION: URBAN ACTORS AND CONFLICTS

589

1277

IDEOLOGY ORIENTED PLANNING

1912

TELE-CITTÀ ACCELERATION ERA

1978

METACITY GLOBALIZATIONTION

2010

Enclave

Palace, Walls

Qiying, Walls

Danwei

Walled Communities

Walled Communities

Armature

Imperial Avenue, Canals

Canals

Roads, Railway

Roads, Railway

Internet, Roads, Railway

Heterotopia

*Full project document available upon request.

West Lake, Temples

West Lake, Temples, Gates, Concession

West Lake, Markets, Civic Centers

West Lake, Markets, Mall Centers

West Lake, Mall Centers, Virtual Public Space

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Imperial Avenue

1129 Emperor Retreated to HZ, 1127 renamed Lin’an Prefecture Capital of Southern Song （Population: 1.42 million）

589 Hangzhou was named

Capital of Wuyue Kingdom

Grand Canal

1981 Hangzhou 1981 Planning 1949

End of Feudalism Republic of China

1861

Direct north-south route of Grand Canal constructed

Seawalls constructed as local projects along Qiantang River

Taiping Rebellion （The city was heavily damaged during its conquest）

960

581

Sui Dynasty

619

Song Dynasty

Taiping Rebellion

589 28

Qiantang Bridge completed

1271

2020

West Lake development Qianjiang New Town

COVID-19

Development of Binjiang District on the south bank of Qiantang River 2000 Population 6.9 million

2016

2001 Xiaoshan and Yuhang from 'city' to 'district'

1279 1636

907

2010 Population 8.7 million

G20 Summit

Hangzhou opened to direct trade

Yuan Dynasty

1368

Ming Dynasty

Qing Dynasty

1912

1662

1388

1912

Republic of China

ARCHI-CITTÀ DEFINE THE BOUNDARY

The Reform and Opening-up Policy

Japanese invaders occupied Hangzhou

1869

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 907 979 Tang Dynasty

1978

1926

Original dike and dam constructed at West Lake

2002 1996

1937

820

618

Hangzhou master plan to develop a tourism city, establishing 7 satellite towns

Foundation of People’s Republic of China

1912

1280

947

Shanghai - Hangzhou high-speed railway opens

Shanghai-Hangzhou Railway Qiying wall torn down

Song Imperial Palace destroyed （Lin'an Renamed Hangzhou）

907

2019 Population 10.36 million

2010

Hangzhou peliminary planning

1906

1277

Wuyue Capital

609

1953

Hangzhou Zhakou Station

Southern Song Dynasty

Sui City Wall

High-speed Train from SH to HZ

Hangzhou 1953 Planning

Gate and Street

1949

People’s Republic of China 1949

CINE-CITTÀ TRANSITION: URBAN ACTORS AND CONFLICTS

1277

IDEOLOGY ORIENTED PLANNING

1912

TELE-CITTÀ ACCELERATION ERA

1978

METACITY GLOBALIZATIONTION

2010 29

ARCHI-CITTÀ | “ARMATURE” THE CANAL

Beijing

G nd ra l na Ca

l

na and Ca The Gr

e Th

(a)

Hangzhou

Imperial

Maoshan River (Canal)

Avenue

The water systems of Hangzhou have historically structured the city’s shape, as the network of canals highly influences the urban fabric. These canals complemented Imperial Avenue as one of the essential armatures of that era. Outside the city gate, the Imperial Avenue and canals linked to the Grand Canal and extended to the vast hinterland of China thousands of miles away since the Sui Dynasty.

Xi River (Canal)

Streets and Canals

(b)

Qi

an ta

ng

Riv

er

(a) Canal inside the City (b) Water Gate of Hangzhou (c) the Grand Canal

Imperial Palace

ARCHI-CITTÀ DEFINE THE BOUNDARY

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589

1277

(c)

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ARCHE-CITTÀ | “HETEROTOPIA” - THE CITY GATES arket m Fish

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Silk

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Wulin Gate

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Qi

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1912

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1277

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589

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TRANSITION: URBAN ACTORS AND CONFLICTS

Ga

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DEFINE THE BOUNDARY

Houchao Ga

ARCHI-CITTÀ

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r o d u ct m a r ke

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With the national economic center moving to the south, Hangzhou’s capital market and small-scale peasant economy have gradually developed and strengthened. Since the Southern Song Dynasty, there have been open night markets and affiliated markets outside the city. People in the city boundary, starting from the gate, relying on the city’s own geographical factors, in the outskirts of the city derived ten different market systems.

The public space outside the city wall activates the vitality of Hangzhou’s urban fringe.

l sa

The Gate with Market

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CINE-CITTÀ | THE LINEAR DYNAMIC

Qiushi Road

HIGHWAY & INDUSTRY

Factories along Moganshan Road

Urban Element Transition

VIADUCT & CARGO FREIGHT

During the first three-quarters of the 20 century, the previous clear boundary of “Archi-Città” was dissolved, and changed into a more uncertain boundary of “Cine-Città ”.

Armatures like railways, highways, and viaducts, replaced the previous enclaves, becoming the dominant urban elements. These armatures altered the urban structures and contributed to the dissolution of the previous city boundary, leading the urban expansion. And the transition was a continuous characteristic of this era.

City Station Spatial Expansion of Hangzhou Before 1949 1949 - 1959 1960 - 1977

RAILWAY & HOUSING

Old Center

ARCHI-CITTÀ DEFINE THE BOUNDARY

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589

CINE-CITTÀ TRANSITION: URBAN ACTORS AND CONFLICTS

1277

IDEOLOGY ORIENTED PLANNING

1912

1978

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TELE-CITTÀ | POLYCENTER CITY

Created by jaka tarup from the Noun Project

HangZhou ETDZ

Created by jaka tarup from the Noun Project

Created by jaka tarup from the Noun Project

Towards a Tele-Città After the reform and opening, Hangzhou expanded its territory by annexing counties under its authority and devouring rural areas. The newly developed areas have gradually formed the High Technology Zones and the Economic and Technological Development Zones. It was also announced in the City Master Plan in 1978 that the old city and West Lake would be protected. These heterotopias have become the starting point of a new stage of Hangzhou’s development. This process shows how Hangzhou has transformed from a linear dynamic model of cine città to a multi-centered city.

HangZhou HTZ

West Lake

The Core

QianJiang New Town

Spatial Expansion of Hangzhou Before 1978 1978 - 1999

XiaoShan ETDZ

1999 - 2009 Old Center

BinJiang HTZ

New Center Industrial Center

ARCHI-CITTÀ DEFINE THE BOUNDARY

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589

CINE-CITTÀ TRANSITION: URBAN ACTORS AND CONFLICTS

1277

IDEOLOGY ORIENTED PLANNING

1912

TELE-CITTÀ ACCELERATION ERA

1978

2010

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META CITY | METACITY CLUSTER Hangzhou-Shaoxing Greater Metropolitan Area

Tongxiang

Deqing

Towards a Metacity After 2010, Hangzhou has adopted a rapid growing speed, thanks to the emergence of large tech companies that makes up a big portion of Hangzhou’s GDP. As though, Hangzhou entered an era of lightspeed communication and expanded its built-up area to many peripheral counties.

It has then entered the category of a metacity joining the list of some of the largest urban areas in the country. It also intended to connect the neighboring city, Shaoxing, to form a greater metropolitan area by the mid-21st century.

ORIGINAL HANGZHOU CITY BUILT-UP AREA Qianjiang New District

FUTURE HANGZHOU CITY BUILT-UP AREA (2040s)

Binhai New District

Yuyao

ORIGINAL SHAOXING CITY BUILT-UP AREA

Shangyu FUTURE SHAOXING CITY BUILT-UP AREA (2040s)

ARCHI-CITTÀ DEFINE THE BOUNDARY

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589

CINE-CITTÀ TRANSITION: URBAN ACTORS AND CONFLICTS

1277

IDEOLOGY ORIENTED PLANNING

1912

TELE-CITTÀ ACCELERATION ERA

1978

METACITY GLOBALIZATIONTION

2010

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AN ARRESTED STATE OF THE CITY

Team | Anirudh Venkat, Kai Zhang Professor Leah Meisterlin | Fall 2020

A GIS RESEARCH OF THE NEW YORK PANDEMIC PATTERNS BY ARREST SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION

Covid cases timeline

8000

[Project completed in Dec, 2020] The Covid-19 pandemic has plagued the world for almost a year now. America has emerged as the worst affected country by numerous grim metrics such as ‘total number of cases’ and ‘total number of Covid related deaths’. In the early parts of the infection’s spread across America, New York City was by far the worst affected city in the country. The city’s health and safety infrastructure was stretched to its limits and people had to adopt unexpected restrictions on their freedoms to curb the rate of infection and save as many lives as possible. During a tragic period of 4 months between March and June (peaking in the months of April and May) America lost more than 150,000 citizens to covid deaths. The city of New York had to adapt dramatically as the pandemic generated unprecedented challenges.

One of the worrying phenomena during these testing times was that the nature of arrests in the city seems to have evolved, spiked and responded to the great disruption of livelihoods.

6000

4000

2000

0 Mar

Apr

May

Jun

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Number of positive cases of covid-19 in NYC (Daily count)

Total Reported

On Dec 14

Cases

363,669

2,969

Deaths

24,526

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*Full report available upon request.

Arrests enforced across NYC from January 1 to June 1 of 2020

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RESEARCH FINDING - ARREST TYPE [TRAFFIC RELATED] - BEFORE COVID

Before Traffic Related Arrests

After Traffic Related Arrests

1890 Cases

478 Cases

74.7%

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Traffic Related Crime - Before COVID

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Traffic Related Crime - Before COVID Legend

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! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! !!! ! ! !! !! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!! !!!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !!!! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !! !! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! !!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! !! ! ! !!! ! !! !!! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! !!! !! ! !!!!!!! !!!!! !! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !!! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! !!! !! ! ! ! ! !! !!! !! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! !! !!! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !!!!! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! !! ! !! !!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! !! !!!!!!! !!! ! ! !!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!!! !!! ! ! ! !! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!! ! !!! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! !! ! ! !! !!! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! !! ! ! ! !!! !!!!! ! !! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !! !! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! !! !!!! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !! !!!!!! !! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! !! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !! !! !!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! !! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! !! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! !!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !! !! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!!!!! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! !!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !! ! ! !! !! !! ! ! !!! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! !! !! !! ! !! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! !!! !!! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! !! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!!!!! !! !! !!! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!!! ! !!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! !!! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !! !!! ! ! ! !! ! !!! ! !! !! ! !! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!! !! ! ! ! ! !! !! !!!! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !!! ! ! ! !!!! !! !! ! ! !! ! !

!

Miles 6

!

43

!

! !

RESEARCH FINDING - ARREST TYPE [TRAFFIC RELATED] - DURING COVID

!!

For traffic related arrests, we superimposed the COVID death rate map as a backdrop and moved on the recorded cases from April to May, when New York was experiencing the first peak of COVID impacts. We’re seeing a significant drop of cases by 74.7% down to 478 cases. In terms of pattern analysis, we’re seeing the clustered areas are decreased but sustained, when there’s a more drastic drop in lower impacted areas.

*The full report identified from other arrest types with the following pattern: + Moderate migration + Minor migration + Impalpable migration

!

Legend

! !!

!! ! ! !!! ! !

!

!!

Traffic Related Crime - During COVID Legend !

! ! !!! ! !

! !!

Traffic Related Crime - During COVID

!

Traffic Related Crime - During COVID COVID Total Death [per 1m]- During COVID !

TrafficRate Related Crime

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

! !!

!

!! !

! !! !

! ! !

! !

!

! ! !

0.000000 - 112.500000

COVID Total Death Rate [per 1m]

!

112.500001 - 186.640000 0.000000 - 112.500000 186.640001 261.920000 112.500001 - 186.640000

!!

!

! !

!!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

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!

! !

!

!

! !

! ! !! ! ! !!

!

! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

261.920001 - 388.760000 186.640001 - 261.920000 388.760001 721.840000 261.920001 - 388.760000

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !!

!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !!!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! ! !! ! !!! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!!! ! !!! !!!! !!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !!!! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !!! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !!

For this arrest category, we deemed that it falls in the type of “distictive migration”.

!

! !! ! !

!

! !

! !

! !

388.760001 - 721.840000

! !

0 0.75 1.5

44

3

0 0.75 1.5

4.5 3

Miles 6 4.5

!

! ! !

Miles 6

! ! !

!

45

WEIGHTED ARRESTS CULSTERING ANALYSIS We then zoomed in to the scale of Manhattan, Queens, and most of Brooklyn to carry out a more fine grain analysis based on the severity of all arrest cases. We firstly assigned arrests in the order of Infractions, Violations, Misdemeanor, and Felony with severity scores of 1-4. And we then performed the Getis-Ord Gi* hot spot analysis for these weighted arrests cases. After comparing the before and during COVID arrests, we have observed some clear migration paths for some arrests types that “travel” towards where it’s more severely infected (marked with white arrows).

We also observed that, as the total arrests dropped around 30%, the number of hot spot clustering also decreased. There’s some observable patterns of sustained clusterings for cold spots but they also were lower than before the COVID.

Before Total Arrests

31643 Cases

After Total Arrests

46

21877 Cases

30.9%

47

CONCLUSIONS 1. Patterns of changes in law enforcement arrests are observed.

2. Generally, there is a decrease in arrests made in areas that are less impacted by the pandemic in terms of death rate.

3. There are clusters of some types of crime that are sustained within areas during the pandemic and did not seem to have been affected extensively by it.

4. Manhattan is the borough with the most dramatic changes in arrest instances.

5. When examined closely with respect to specific arrest types, most changes in arrest patterns are not as perceivable as the most frequent occurring arrests such as traffic related crimes and GLA. 6. When arrests are weighted according to severity of crime, the higher weighted arrest cases saw a decrease in occurrence during the pandemic.

7. We observe a correlation between areas affected by covid-19 being areas inhabited by vulnerable communities also being the site of sustained law enforcement activity during the pandemic.

Sources DATA SOURCES COVID Data NYC This sources provides with everything we need to know about latest data on COVID-19 in New York City, which includes both spatial and temporal datasets.

https://github.com/nychealth/coronavirus-data NYC Arrest Data This is a breakdown of every arrest affected in NYC by the NYPD during the current year. This data is manually extracted every quarter and reviewed by the Office of Management Analysis and Planning. Each record represents an arrest effected in NYC by the NYPD and includes information about the type of crime, the location and time of enforcement. In addition, information related to suspect demographics is also included. https://data.cityofnewyork.us/Public-Safety/NYPD-Arrest-Data-Year-to-Date-/uip8-fykc Modified Zip Code Tabulation Areas (MODZCTA) A shapefile for mapping data by Modified Zip Code Tabulation Areas (MODZCTA) in NYC, based on the 2010 Census ZCTA shapefile. MODZCTA are being used by the NYC Department of Health & Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) for mapping COVID-19 Data. https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/modified-zip-code-tabulation-areas-modzcta 2020 NYC Census Tracts The Census Tracts for the 2010 US Census. These boundary files are derived from the US Census Bureau’s TIGER project and have been geographically modified to fit the New York City base map. https://data.cityofnewyork.us/City-Government/2010-Census-Tracts/fxpq-c8ku REFERECES NYPD Announces Citywide Crime Statistics for June 2020 https://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/news/pr0706/nypd-citywide-crime-statistics-june-2020 These N.Y.C. Neighborhoods Have the Highest Rates of Virus Deaths https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/18/nyregion/coronavirus-deaths-nyc.html Population Fact Finder New York City Population FactFinder (NYC PFF) provides detailed population and housing profiles for user defined areas within New York City. Using data from decennial censuses and the American Community Survey, the profiles cover the most basic population statistics, along with detailed social, economic, and housing information. https://popfactfinder.planning.nyc.gov/#12.69/40.72823/-73.9927

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