UD_SU21_106

Portfolio Chen Lingbei 2020-2021

SHANGHAI,CHINA

NEW YORK, U.S.

MSAUD, GSAPP Columbia University Contact Infomation: +86-15601956608

CONTENTS

01 SMITH VOICES

03

A Heart in NYCHA for Social and Political Activism

02 E(CO)-LIVING

11

Towards A More Affordable and Green Kingston

03 NEW MEANDER URBANISM

25

Restoring the Living River

04 CONSTRUCTING

30

Site Analysis & Online Interview

05 GIS ANALYSIS Gentrification & Airbnb Effects

SOCIAL JUSTICE I am fascinated by humanistic care and social justice due to my keen judgment on social changes. If planning policy is the rational policy to define the city, then urban design is the flexible control of regenerative social relations.

I am fully aware of my responsibilities as an urban designer. The origin of the design is not only the order and aesthetic in a narrow sense but also the basis of deformed social relations through design. I hope that my deepening of the concept of urban equality will help create a more harmonious, healthy and sustainable development model.

[2]

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[01] SMITH VOICES A Heart in NYCHA for Social and Political Ac-

GSAPP Urban Design, Core Studio I Site Location: New York City, United States Instructor: Nans Voron, Austin Sakong, Ifeoma, Sagi Golan, Tami Banh Collaborator: Zuzanna Jarzynska, Kyle Sam, Wenyi Peng Date: Dec 2020

With a site between the Lower East Side and Chinatown, an agora is formed at the heart of NYCHA Alfred E. Smith Houses to complement the existing repository and legacy of activism. It serves as an incubator and public forum for residents to share and gather ideas. It is a fexible structure with opportunity to accommodate small businesses and advocacy groups, which in turn constitute an intimate threshold that leads into the publicly accessible heart.

Apart from the center space, each of the towers manage their own pieces of the agora, contributing to the natural surveillance of the tower lobbies. These extensions can be used by community-led bodegas or house different activities chosen by the residents. As well, ideas shared outside the agora will be collected by a network of posts spread throughout the Lower East Side. This system represents a ‘heart’ as we believe a heart could also be defined in other NYCHA communities to make voices heard.

[3]

History of Activist Estates on the Lower East Side The neighborhood was home to many early 21st century activist organizations, while settlements provided space for the culture of reform and empowered their communities. Through the 1900s, settlements were founded as a nexus for progressive reform and places to organize Socially and Economically. As part of the historical landscape, we believe this core cultural aspect should be kept prevalent, especially with today’s climate and with future challenges of the community.

[4]

Current Marginalized Activities Sites of gathering are mapped here, where protests have historically led and where people find places of power to be heard. Through our research, we traced the Women’s March that started from Foley Square, and Protests after George Floyd’s death and LGBTQIA+ historic sites. We then explored how Smith Houses could function as an incubator to foster the beginnings of social activism.

When observing the needs of Smith Houses, we found that people could currently only convene along streets for social and civic needs. This is due to the fencing off of large green, open spaces within the towers in the park typology. It represented that engagement was being pushed towards the exterior borders of the site rather than allowing for interaction at the center.

[5]

A Heart of Smith Houses To bring back ideas to the center and allow people to collaborate, there could be a heart created at the Smith Houses. An agora is presented, with a form of a circle that holds power for democrats and equity in access, offering a platform for more visible social and commercial interaction while gathering. Now the front lawns could be transformed a true ‘heart’ of our community.

[6]

Speech

Public Canvas

Temporary Market

Parade

[7]

Agora Pieces and the Wrought Fences Pieces of the agora are spread to the communities as well.

The ‘do it yourself’ nature of these spaces invites new materials and elements, by giving them a useful, stable framework and dignifying simple materials as valuable assets to customize your surroundings.

[8]

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[02] (E)CO-LIVING Towards A More Affordable and Green Kingston

GSAPP Urban Design, Core Studio II Site Location: City of Kingston, United States Instructor: Kaja Kühl, Anna Dietzsch, Shachi Pandey, Thaddeus Pawlowsk,Lee Altman Collaborator: Kai Guo, Wenyi Peng, Yiyang Cai Date: May 2021

With a historical root, Kingston has seen a pressure on affordable housing. Both the dominant single-family homes in the developable land and none-local ownership brought by gentrification have been the leading reasons to homelessness and displacement.

With the concentration towards affordable housing and livable community, the project develops three different housing typologies: tiny homes, apartments and accessory dwelling units in backyards. Equipped with sharing facilities in living compounds and public spaces, the housing system could be adaptive and comply with Kingston's urban fabrics.

The housing is not limited to accommodation. We are exploring possibilities in the context of the Green New Deal, by reducing unit size and promoting sharing programs, the condensed and efficient community can lead the way to decarbonization. For further development, design visions are also created for community land trust to consolidate.

[ 10 ]

HISTORY: THE UNAFFORDABLE KINGSTON

Climate Crisis in Worldwide Beginning of the Housing Crisis

H i st o r i c a l ly, M i d t o w n w a s a t h r i v i n g industrial district and home to a diverse community. The urban renewal which tore down several buildings created housing shortage mainly in neighborhoods with black and immigrant.

[ 11 ]

THE AFFORDABLE MANIFESTO We Are Living In An Unaffordable Kingston Affordable housing is a critical need in Kingston. Over 50% of the City’s population is rent-burdened and pays over 30% of their income towards their housing needs. In addition, the City’s homeless population is over 1,600 with includes a disproportionate number of people of color.

[ 12 ]

Local residents complain that gentrification in Uptown and Midtown offers little for current residents. Rents have become unaffordable for those already living in Kingston.

This problem has been exacerbated because of the recent migration from the NY Metropolitan area to the Hudson Valley and the steadily rising “non-resident land ownership”, which encourages speculation and second-homes limiting options for primary and affordable housing.

HOUSING FABRIC Increasing Single-family Homes And Unsustainable Land Utilization 30% of Kingston’s housing is single-family homes with large backyards. These consume a lot of energy to build and maintain. The city also has several publicly owned vacant lands and large underutilized sites and parking lots. We need to envision a more energy-efficient and sustainable design that will address the specific needs of the existing community.

To build up a citywide adaptive affordable housing system, two urban typologies were identified. These typologies are both present in Midtown, a notable area not only because of social vulnerabilities but also because of its complex context.

[ 13 ]

VULNERABLE GROUPS

VULNERABILITY INDICATORS

Four distinct demographics in Kingston are struggling to meet their housing needs. According to these groups and the problems they are facing, we try to discover a common affordable future they would like to live in.

Poor families are single mother family

Highest average Family/ household size

Single-parent families with limited access to affordable quality child-care, are struggling to balance their time between child-care and working.

Midtown has a high concentration of artists who additionally need affordable working space or studios.

Kingston has a very limited housing stock that has been intentionally designed keeping in mind populations with special needs.

Youngest Median age

Highest Black population

Current Affordable Housing Development

[ 14 ]

There is a high concentration of people living below the federal poverty line in Midtown. A number of them were forced to leave their homes during the Covid-19 pandemic, and have not had stable housing in the last 2 years.

COMMUNAL OWNERSHIP To achieve this goal, local stakeholders need to get involved. Instead of subsidizing single-family homeownership, the federal government could invest in models of communal ownership like community land trusts, land banks, Rupco, private companies, open space institutions, and others to develop these new types of housing.

THREE HOUSING TYPES 1. The vacant lots near the proposed green line could be reused to build a tiny home community. According to our interview with local experts, Kingston’s top concern is to provide more tiny shelters for the homeless especially as the city recovers from the pandemic.

2. Publicly owned vacant land for multi-family apartments with shared public amenities.

3. Single-family homes with large backyards to create affordably accessory dwelling units (ADUs).

On-ground Stakeholders & CLT model

[ 15 ]

SCENARIO [01] : TINY HOUSE COMMUNITY Tiny homes are intended to be transition homes and not permanent shelters. Co-working space and an education center in the tiny homes community will equip occupants with the ability to be economically self-sufficient.

shared facilities

Individual tiny home units are designed with independent bathrooms and six units share a communal kitchen. There is also space for people to expand on individual units and introduce new elements like porches, gardens, etc.

Service Groups

... displaced people

low-income people

Botanic Exhibition

Temporary Parking

Active Platform

Exercise Court

Dining and Kitchen

Educative Plaza

Community Edible Garden

Flexible Market

1 Garden-equipped 3 Self-constructed

young artists

2 Basic unit

COMMUNITY GARDEN SHARED KITCHEN

BACKYARD

[ 16 ]

REPROGRAMING : MULTI-CLUSTERS & GREEN SPACES

Being part of the community has brought many highlights to my life.

I can engage my friends in the community farmland and sports court, while still being close to nature in the central park.

Broadway Street

Active Corridor

Shared Center

Tiny House

Edible Garden

Cluster Center

Tiny House

Central Green Space (Greenline Project)

Central Space

Sport Court

21*7 Flexible Tiny house

Tiny House

Edible Garden

Community Active Space

Cedar Street

Entry Plaza

Street

[ 17 ]

SCENARIO [02] : MIXED APARTMENT Each apartment building will be equipped with shared public amenities specific to the needs of the current population. . These include art studios for artists, after-school care for children, coworking space, and so on.

shared facilities

These ADA-accessible apartment buildings include generous communal space on each floor and an accessible rooftop for residents to come together.

Gathering Sqaure

Service Groups

Exercise Court

Children's playground

Co-working/Wework

Educative Plaza

Botanic Exhibition

Community Edible Garden

Sharing Studio

... local residents

non-local owners

tourists

startup youth

1 Basic prototype

low-income people

A basic prototype which can be utilized in small vacant land.

One module can accommodate 100 units which will significantly reduce the pressure of housing shortage.

with 2 Featured Green Space

with 3 Featured Ramp Connections

Roof greening

Sharing space Ramp for disabled

Shared open space

Underground parking

[ 18 ]

REPROGRAMING : SHARED PLATFORMS & PUBLIC SPACES I am able to get childcare support and attend mutualhelp group for single-parent families, freeing up more time and opportunity to focus on my job.

Broadway Street

Street

Existing Store

Shared Platform

Apartment

Courtyard

Mixed Affordable Apartment

Courtyard Apartment

Lawn Slope

Centeral Space

Semi-underground Parking Space

Apartment

Active Square

Cedar Street

Entry Plaza

Energy Square Affordable Housing

Road

[ 19 ]

SCENARIO [03] : ACCESSORY DWELLING UNIT Midtown has high vacancies and large unused backyards in single-family homes. We propose to transform these unused spaces by introducing zoning guidelines that allow for Accessory Dwelling Units (ADUs) with new shared semipublic spaces.

shared facilities

This procedure will be time-consuming but worth waiting for. By condensing housing units and forming communal open spaces, a green and vibrant community will be formed.

Child after-school caring

Children's playground

Co-working/Wework

Art ExhibitionGallery

Sports/Recreation

Ball game court

Performance Room

Pop-up Market

Service Groups

... single mother

young artists

disabled people

displaced people

low-income people

Phase1 origInal loose community

1 Public ADU Phase2 Connection forming

2 Compact House Phase3 Condensing & developing

Sharing space Newly-formed open space center

Walkable corridor

[ 20 ]

REPROGRAMING : COMPACT UNITS & PUBLIC AMENITIES The compact house community has improved my well-being by not only offering affordable housing options but also providing amenities such as working studios to enhance our daily lives.

Henry Street

Existing Housing

Street

21*21 unit Affordable Housing

Existing Housing

Compact Housing

Studio

Community Amenity

Edible Garden

Centeral Space

Community Center

Community Amenity

Basketball Court

Community Active Space

Cedar Street

Street

Existing Housing

[ 21 ]

ONE DAY: LIFE IN THE AFFORDABLE FUTURE

[ 22 ]

The three strategies try to work together and accommodate people’s needs throughout different stages.

For the homeless, the tiny homes community not only provides a shelter, but also a sense of belonging, and equips them with knowledge and skills. Once they are able to afford larger units, they could transit to an apartment with shared public amenities.

For instance, for a single parent, the daycare center would help her balance time between childcare and working. ADUs would support additional income for existing single-family homeowners and provide access to larger public space.

ENVISION: TOWARDS AN AFFORDABLE KINGSTON

This new affordable housing model works from the “ground-up” to address needs specific to Kingston’s community and provides a pathway to communal ownership and control of land. The layout and unit design offer greater energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions.

[ 23 ]

[03] NEW MEANDER URBANISM Restoring the Living River WATER FILTRATION

GSAPP Urban Design, Core Studio III Site Location: East St.Louis, United States

MANAGED RETREAT

Instructor: Kate Orff, Geeta Mehta, Adriana Chavez, Dilip Da Cunha, Justine Holzman Collaborator: Kyle Sam, Xindi Wang, Chao Li Date: Jul 2021

East St. Louis today suffers from vulnerabilities of flood, drought and water pollution with the current solution of long-term FEMA buyouts. Due to existing social and economic vulnerabilities, we aim to provide new opportunities and incentives for residents, by creating a new meander urbanism inland east of ESTL. WATER HOLDING NETWORKS Our design envisions a better wetland holding system in managed retreat, that combines wetlands previously cut-off by hard infrastructure. We propose a business incubator in collaboration with Wash. Univ., which encourages grads to stay in the community. This hub will promote wetland ecology and infrastructure while local NGOs can contribute to workforce development and lift people out of poverty. Improved wetlands can filter water and recharge the groundwater, as we seek to foreground cultural history by associating the history of the Cahokia Tribe. This project serves as a replicable framework along the MI River for communities facing similar issues as we pay homage to a culture that lived in harmony with the Mississippi.

[ 24 ]

RIVER URBANISM VS. MEANDER URBANISM

2019 FLOOD AREA

INTERVENTION AREA

COHOKIA MOUNDS

RIVER

MEANDER

Divisive Lower Land

High and Low Lands

Linear

Discrete

Masterplanned

Mixed Use Potential 25

[ 25 ]

ECOLOGICAL MODEL

CURRENT SITUATION

Rainwater Urban Sewage Precipitationprocess Filtered and Manageable Waters

Aeration tank

Remaining Chemicals

Organic Waste

PH Harmony

Bioremediation Filter

Reduced Heavy Metals

Concealed Filter

The status quo consists of colonized wetlands.

Agricultural Pollution

Water floods homes due to a restricted holding system.

UTILIZING MEANDER SCARS

We aim to expand the wetlands through a new urbanism model.

S2 During flood events, this module can connect our module S1 to E1 to form an increased holding system and filter water through module E1.

[ 26 ]

E1

S2

Module E1 features alternative filtration infrastructure while providing recreational space through the design of meander scars.

Excess rainwater makes it way from Wetland S2, through filtration into ecological module E1.

INTERVENTION MAP

SCAR BIOREMEDIATION MODULES Following the scar topography created by the river's original meander, a bioremediation park is formed.

Sedimentation introduces a filter for water that meanwhile maintains the lands permeability.

CONCEALED FILTRATION INFRASTRUCTURE To address heavier industry pollutants, we proposed a concealed alternative filtration system under an existing roadway that previously divided and disconnected the wetlands.

[ 27 ]

SECTION FOR THE NEW HUMAN SETTLEMENT

AERATION TANK By adjusting the pH and further removing organic pollutants, clean water can re-enter the wetland.

AQUACULTURE Native wetland species such as crayfish and catfish can provide economic value to residents while maintaining the ecological functions of the region.

PERMACULTURE The diversified permaculture, adjusted accordingly to the topography, provides a stable food source and forms a buffer between the city and the wetland.

BIOREMEDIATION FILTER Grasses, gravel, and even microbes break down organic waste in this natural pool.

CONCEALED FILTER Utilizing filters under roads to remove heavier industrial pollution.

Aquaculture

BENTHIC MARSH Small invertebrates thrive on a rich accumulation of organic matter and act as scavengers.

[ 28 ]

FRESHWATER FISH Freshwater fish in deepwater thrive in a richer food chain.

PUBLIC WATERFRONT The natural platform forms a dynamic public space and becomes an important part of activating urban vitality within the incubator sites.

CAHOKIA MOUND PARK We pay homage to a culture that resided within the wetlands SOCIAL INCUBATOR land 700-years Acts as a heart to the ago to enhance an comunity and provides experience of living opportunities in denwith water. sification for the local BETTER BUY OUT economy.

In managed retreat, residents are now incentivized by new opportunities, economically and recreationally in this new urban fabric, safe from the MI River.

Public Waterfront

CATFISH Native species of catfish will better adapt to changes between the wet and dry seasons in wetlands.

AQUATIC PLANT PRODUCTS Local aquatic products may bring new industries to the area.

Cahokia Mound State Park

WILD RICE While adapting to the aquatic and xerophytic changes in the wetland environment, it also provides a reliable food source for the surrounding area.

CORN Corn is a water sensitive crop and can obtain higher yields at a distance from the dynamic water source.

Social Incubator

B e t t e r

INCUBATOR TYPOLOGIES

[ 29 ]

[04] CONSTRUCTING Site Analysis & Online Interview

GSAPP Urban Design, Core Studio I Site Location: New York City, United States Instructor: Nans Voron, Austin Sakong, Ifeoma, Sagi Golan, Tami Banh Collaborator: Zuzanna Jarzynska, Kyle Sam, Wenyi Peng Date: Dec 2020

Throughout this exploration of constructing site, our team concentrated and had an interest in the topic of social resilience. With this, we would like to observe the implications of social resilience within a site and how a community could promote equity in health and access across various cultures and age groups.

We aimed to identify the most vulnerable groups of residents in Manhattan, and found that the Three Bridges community plays host to an aging and elderly population; and increasing equity for these neighborhoods was an opportunity for our group to explore.

[ 30 ]

[05] GIS ANALYSIS Gentrification & Airbnb Effects

GSAPP Urban Design, Geographic Information Systems Site Location: New York City, United States Instructor: Leah Meisterlin, Carsten C. Rodin Collaborator: Kai Guo, Wenyi Peng, Wanjing Zhang Date: Nov 2020

Gentrification and displacement are heavily related to housing issues, which are now under the threat of Airbnb’s impacts on urban real estate markets. New York City is the thirdlargest Airbnb market in the world, and one involved factor to New Yorkers’ burden of rising rents in gentrifying neighborhoods is the Airbnb effect on this sharing economy. Fewer long term apartments to rent means higher prices, which leaves residents struggling to preserve their stock of affordable housing. So the growth and development of Airbnb listings may be identified as an early indicator of gentrification or the result of such local transformation during our research.

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The Most Popular Cities for Airbnb in the U.S.

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(entire homes/apartment)

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Lingbei Chen Lingbei0627@gmail.com Tel: 86-15601956608

Acknowledgement: I would like to thank all that helped me with my work in this portfolio, including my advisors, teammates and my friends. Your valuable and critiques helped me better modifying my design direction and urged me to move forward.

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