EoYS21_MArch_31

E X P E R I SYSTEM N C E

JUN ITO GSAPP 2021

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a r g u e d th r o u g h my d e s ig n s tu d io a t G SA PP is "SYSTEM x EXPERIENCE." On the one hand, how could an experiential demand define an architectural concept by driving a spatial

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E X P E R I SYSTEM N C E

hand, what architectural system could be a p p lie d to a p r o je c t to in d u c e ( u n ) in te n tional e x p e r ie n c e s ? Ho w d o e s th e s c h e me in flu e nce or expand into the context and broader society? These two design intentions usually coincide or alternately circulate during the e la b o r a tio n o f th e p r o p o s a l. No n e th e le s s, in this portfolio, the projects are categorized

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based on which direction is prominent to c r y s ta liz e th e th e o r e tic a l c o n c e p t.

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NUC LE AR SAFARI advanced studio vi

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LIVING AC RO SS LAYERS core studio iii

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UNVE IL B E H IND BIL L BOARD core studio i

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NUCLEAR SAFARI Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, Japan; the myth of the safety of nuclear power plants was corrupted by a great Tsunami on March 11th, 2011. I speculate the proposal “Decommissioning Safari” offers the public an opportunity to jump into the forbidden zone by exposing live labor as a cultural object to be seen. The extreme activities might be seen as dark tourism, but rather, I argue this is a didactic and evidentiary project through spectacular encounters with sci-fi-like operations, workers’ safety protocol, and the reactors themselves. This helps them to visualize the invisible radiation hazard and the “Godzilla” that humans made.

It also provides another type of safari after decommissioning is done.

In “Re-wilding Safari,” the new objects of observation will shift to the labor of care/cure of wildlife around the site. It starts holding a monumental aspect, telling “radiation shadow” on wildlife, which humans caused. Although the way of observing and the object have changed (observation paradigm shift), throughout the two phases, this project attempts to expose the “chemical modernity” of the nuclear incident in a pedagogical manner, by showing cultural aspects (labor) through extraordinary experiences (safari).

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RE-WILDING SAFARI 2100

DECOMMISSIONING SAFARI 2030 J U N I TO

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LABOR AS CULTURE - People will recognize the radiation management and effects by observing two types of lens: decommissioning labor in the near future and caring/curing labor in the far future.

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LEISURE at ICBM SILO Before diving into Fukushima, I explored ICBM silos in the USA focusing on cultural concentration. Missile bases commissioned in 1960-80 had a huge underground complex. After decommissioned, the facilities were converted to other functions, such as a museum, residential, or even scuba diving spot or secret LSD lab. Interestingly, each program took over a slightly different feature of the original function; extracting “history,” it became a museum; “secrecy” led to a giant LSD lab, etc. The left collage illustrates the gap or conflict between high tension under Cold War and relaxing modern leisure. Historical serious events

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can be taken over by leisure.

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GROUND ZERO Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant was built as one of the largest ones in the world in 1967. In 2011, the earthquake and tsunami destroyed its safety system. The next day, the reactor buildings exploded, which caused radiation to scatter. This zone is highly contaminated. Uranium fuel and debris stay inside of the reactor and keep emitting radiation. The removal has not even started yet, and the decommissioning process will take 30 or 40 more years. Now, hazmat suits and radiation monitoring are the most important self-protection way for workers.

The left image is an attempt to visualize invisible radiation scattering from the

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container of the reactor.

source: New York Times

source: Wikipedia

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URANIUM MOLECULE

(UN)OPERATED Before the incident workers sat next to the reactor and maneuvered it. The four walls were supposed to keep safety in any situation.

However, the tsunami caused stopping the water supply, which was crucial. Until water was resupplied, uncontrollable

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uranium fission lasted.

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Phase 1:

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Objects: Nuclear fuel/debris removal operation, workers’ safety protocol, water treatment

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DECOMMISSIONING SAFARI

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SITE / PROGRAM A loop-shaped structure is inserted to enclose three reactors. It has a double spiral circulation of labor and safari. The two programs are intertwined. Besides, the structure works as a water treatment system, which is discharged from the reactors.

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WATER AS A PROTECTION APPARATUS The right image shows the exact process starting 2021. In order to protect workers and visitors, water walls, roof, or cylinder is injected into the system. Considering the risk of uranium fission that emits neutrons, water or concrete is selected. As Labor needs more protection, and safari wants more visibility, the water wall is push-and-pulled to negotiate the space and satisfy the requirements.

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WATER AS AN OBSERVATION APPARATUS The labor and safari are integrated generating more interaction. Water is also used for observation purposes for both workers and visitors. When the water wall runs between the safari zone and labor one, visitors will observe these sci-fi-like operations beyond the water wall. Usually, these operations are unknown or hidden to the public, yet I argue this project offers didactic experiences, unveiling the sophisticated chemical maneuvering.

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SPECTACULAR ENCOUNTERS Riding on a boat and looking down the machines or even the “ground-zero,” inside of the reactor itself.

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WATER AS TRANSPORT MEDIUM The roof floor is the main area of “fuel removal” accessing from the top of the reactors. This device is not only for protection but also for providing precarious and daring experiences such as this. Swimming in a pool in the air, just like flying. Visitors need to keep the buffer zone for their safety. Or even diving into the building to have a dramatic encounter with the giant reactor, which is the cause of everything. I borrowed the idea of diving from the ICBM silo not as a leisure activity, but as an observation method.

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WHAT TO SEE

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WHERE TO SEE

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HOW TO SEE

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PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION It has an alternate-floor composition, but in some parts, they interlock each other. The new structure is independent of the existing one. The water cylinder is hanged from the roof structure and runs through an existing shaft.

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Phase 2:

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Objects: Wildlife care/cure labor, bioremediation, biomass generator operation

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RE-WILDING SAFARI

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RADIATION SHADOW People evacuated right away, but animals remained without knowing anything. That caused increasing the number of wild animals because humans were the biggest threat.

This place is hell, but at the same time, heaven for them.

It might take a long time, but I assume this place will “go back to the wild” after the decommission is done. Observing how the incident has influenced the flora and fauna would be one of the humans’ responsibilities.

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OBSERVATION PARADIGM SHIFT Workers will keep monitoring the radiation level, count the number of each species, or research on what kind of long-time-effect might be caused by radiation. They are the new objects of observation in this phase, which means an “observation paradigm shift ” happens.

The roof structure and reactors will be also converted to a bioremediation system using sunflowers and a biomass generator because even after decommissioning, the soil can contain some radiations, so the area around the reactors must be under control. The loop structure will work as a buffer zone between nature and humans. They used to look inside from outside, but now the territories are inverted.

They take care of the outer world from inside; The former water wall is now visitors’ route.

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Fukushima Daiichi has six reactors.

pool is enclosed by acrylic panels and

Four of them (#1, 2, 3, and 4) were

concrete slabs that are supported by a

heavily damaged including hydrogen

steel frame. Concrete wall columns are

explosion, and in three of them (#1, 2,

added to increase the strength of per-

and 3) uranium meltdown happened.

pendicular strength against another big

This proposal is aimed to deal with

earthquake. Voids on them are essential

the three tractors and related facilities.

for water flow (in phase 1) and visitors’ route (in phase 2).

The inserted architecture consists of two types of wall structures: water wall and

For nuclear fuel, a compound of two

concrete wall, both of which are very

types of uranium is used. When a neu-

effective to block radiation (neutron and

tron hits uranium-235, it’s divided into

gamma-ray). The water wall is separat-

two molecules, generating extreme heat,

ed on each floor to reduce the water

gamma-ray, and another neutron, and

pressure at the bottom. Each water

the new neutron hits the next one. Water can dramatically slow down reaction

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trigger, if some of them are absorbed, the reaction will be even slower. Nuclear reactors use this mechanism to control uranium fission; put uranium fuel bars into a water pool, and insert neutron

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speed in the water. Since a neutron is a

absorbers. The amount of insertion decides the speed of nuclear fission that relates to the power generation.

Today’s another big issue is contaminated water. To cool down the reactor, 180 tons of water is discharged from them every day, which is highly contaminated. They need to filter it not to exceed the permitted level. And now, there are 1,000 giant tanks on site. They might need to release some water into the ocean, which is a big argument nowadays. This proposal is also intended to reuse the water by treating it within the structure.

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LIVING ACROSS LAYERS This project looks at new possibilities for housing in New York City.

Sited in the Melrose neighborhood of the South Bronx, the project tests new housing models for collective living in a high-density urban context. This is a direct response to the studio critic, Eric Bunge’s prompt of “Room/ not-Room”, which bypasses housing’s irreducible “unit” and instead examines the role of the room, or opposite, as a physical and social construct across architectural types.

Beginning with a rethinking of the organization of rooms, this project proposes a new spatial type for housing that is composed of layers of room and not-rooms that aims to create a sharing community. This new typology of housing challenges and reexamines the typical residential floor plans where the primary objective is to create individual units formed by a mixture of rooms of different functions and to line up the units along a corridor. Instead, I propose to reorganize the rooms into layers based on their function and their associated level of privacy. By treating the room as a spatial and social device that defines activities and spatial relationships, I hope to argue that this housing scheme helps form a tight community and create a sharing environment that redefines the way we live.

Columbia GSAPP, 2019 Fall Pair work with Sarah Shi Instructor | Eric Bunge Award | AIA NYS John Notaro Memorial Scholarship

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COMMUNITY / CIRCULATION

By treating rooms as a spatial and social device that defines activities and spatial relationships, I argue that this housing scheme helps form a tight community and create a sharing environment that redefines the way we live.

STREET

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SHARING

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PRIVATE

SEMI-PUBLIC

COMMUNITY / CIRCULATION

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ANATOMY OF WOLDEN 7 By analyzing the circulation system and the balcony composition of Walden 7 in Spain, designed by Ricardo Bofill, I realized the activthe units but also in the semi-public area. The J U N I TO

corridors, courts, and balconies are designed to provide accidental interaction between each unit, and it seems that the circulation intentionally goes between in-air, semi-out-air, and outair. The unrolled section of a quarter part of the building (left page) describes the entire circulation system; how the private balconies face

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ities of residents can happen not only inside of

the public court, how efficient it is by putting a corridor for every two floors, and what kind of experience will residents have on the way to their units.

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CIRCULATION CIRCULATION + + COMMUNITY PROGRAM COMMUNITY PROGRAM

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FUNCTIONFUNCTION

CONCEPT

PROTO-MODEL

In typical residential floor plans, rooms of different functions are mixed together to form individual units which are lined up along a corridor. I’m proposing to reorganize the rooms into three main layers based on the level of privacy required

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“NOT ROOM”

SHARED

“ROOM”

PRIVATE 51

Upper floors

PARALLEL

-Density -Security -Density

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-Security

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-Accessibility

LOOP

-Unity

Ground floor

LOOP

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PARALLEL

-Accessibility -Unity

LOOP

PRIVACY / ACCESSIBILITY The upper residential levels take on a parallel configuration composed of multiple layers, which creates density and security.

The lower two floors are in a loop configuration which is more accessible and creates a more unified space.

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4TH FLOOR GROUND FLOOR

COMMUNAL - PRIVATE This scheme provides for the needs of the residents in a more direct and specific way in that it closely integrates amenities and community programs with the residential component. And residents could potentially choose their rooms based on the proximity to the community programs they are interested in.

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The overall building has a stepping form to make a strong presence on the main streets while blending in with the residential neighborhood.

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semi-outdoor public layer. The orange

So we put the main entrances and open

area is open to the public at a certain

space on these sides. The ground floor

time, and the blue area is for residence.

plan has a loop configuration. I aligned

In terms of security, compact lobbies with E 152nd St

the building edge to the surrounding buildings to respect the urban grid. It’s divided into two layers, indoor space,

a gate are put in front of each vertical circulation.

Bronx, New York

layer, but the porosity and the window

ing changes when people walk in this

size are different. Community space,

tion.

Melrose Ave

el of floor, and condition of air or lightCourtlandt Ave

We introduce brick walls to divide each

are assigned depending on that condi-

which is more shared, has a more porous brick pattern and a bigger window.

LIVING

PUBLIC BED/BATH

On the other hand, bedrooms, which

The ground floor also works as the con-

pattern. The three renderings in the

nection of the upper layers. The entire

previous page illustrate the sequential

volume has a stepping level to take

interior space on the upper floors; com-

more morning sunlight. The floor height

munity space, semi-outdoor corridor be-

differs based on the function; 2 floors of

side a living layer, and a living suite. In a

community space in 3 floors of living/

community space, the porous brick gives

bedroom. The lower volume is more

a rich shadow. In a corridor, people can

porous and open to the public. There is

see what happens in the community

a semi-outdoor space to allow people

space through a courtyard. The right

to have various activities. On the upper

image is inside the living room, which

floors, community space is shared by

has an Enfilade composition; living is in

residents. The rooftop is also habitable.

front, dining is in the next. The right side

This spatial organization provides vari-

of the brick wall is the bedroom layer.

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are more private, have a dense brick

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BED/BATH

E 151st St

and semi-outdoor space. The width, lev-

loop, and we assume that the activities

SOUND INSUL.

school and subway station are located.

PRIVACY

from all three sides passing through the

SUN LIGHT

and west streets are busier because a

DOUBLE LAYER

People can basically access the building

EXTERIOR

From our survey of the site, the south

ous levels of sharing. For example, two

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bedrooms are sharing one bathroom. A

The bottom right drawing illustrates how

bedroom has its bathroom, and they all

much energy will be consumed in each

share one living room. There is also the

layer during each construction phase:

option to have your private bathroom

fabrication, transportation, and assem-

and living room. Each of the two parts

bly. The private layer has 2.3 times more

has two vertical cores. The community

impact than the community layer in

space works as a horizontal circulation

terms of embodied energy per the inten-

as well.

sity of use.

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UNVEIL BEHIND BILLBOARD Times Square has unusual economic conditions because of its extremely high commercial effectiveness; exterior wall price is much higher than the floor price, which is never seen in any other places.

This made some rooms covered by billboards remain vacant. This proposal is to unveil these highly potential spaces behind billboards and convert them to a performing place by inserting CONNECTORs, inside of which are covered with mirrors. They provide not only physical accessibility and visual links, but also new experiences such as a gap between what you see and what you hear.

Just like the branches of a tree, it will expand public areas into the existing buildings. Additionally, because the rooms are hidden, the activities should be seen from the square to attract people. People come to this particular square to encounter extraordinary stimuli that they never have in other places. The experiences are the new types of “Leisure” in Times Square.

It will give people a gap, a shock, or even a delirious mixture of interacting performances that is unpredictable and keeps changing by time, weather, or political/social/cultural situations.

Columbia GSAPP, 2018 Fall Individual work Instructor | Benjamin Cadena

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UNVEIL BEHIND BILLBOARD

As the public expands and invades the buildings behind billboards, people will encounter unpredictable experiences. This is a new typology of leisure in Times Square.

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51st Street 5th floor

50th Street 3rd floor

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EXCEPTIONAL ECONOMY

UNVEIL BEHIND BILLBOARD

46th Street 2nd/3rd floor

46th Street 3rd floor

Each billboard on One Times Square building, which has New Year Eve Ball on the top, costs about 3 million dollars per year.

Because of it, a very unusual thing has happened there. One Times Square building has been empty for 20 years. However, it works; The profit is 400%. It means that the build-

43rd Street 2nd floor

ing exists just for the structure of billboards.

By my field research, at least seven rooms behind billboards are vacant or just storage. These rooms are the site of my project.

Performance or show will be taken place in the new public space. Now Broadway

42nd Street 3th floor +

musical theaters are physically isolated to public space and exclude poor people or young children. The rooms are literally “ON”-BROADWAY,” which can provide interactive performance combined with the exiting atmosphere surrounded.

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42nd Street 3rd floor

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Floor price Wall price 0

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FLOOR PRICE vs WALL PRICE

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7 EMPTY SPACES

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Instead, a entrance is put in

Now, the room is accessible,

room, but can't get there...

the existing public space and

and the inside is visible.

extruded toward the room.

inner: public / outer: private

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We want to put a door in the

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The hidden rooms are unveiled by inserted CONNECTORs, inside of which are covered with mirrors, and outside of which are used as other advertisements.

The activities in the rooms are visible, and at the same time, the surface for

UNVEIL BEHIND BILLBOARD

INVADING LEISURE

advertisement, which is the most valuable thing here, will increase.

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rors, there is a gap between what J U N I TO

you see and what you hear. Passing through space will let people have new experiences and new trials for performers. The sawtooth-shaped wall reflects two sides of spaces: inside of the room and outside.

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UNVEIL BEHIND BILLBOARD

Because of reflection by the mir-

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The experiences people will have are; for example, the gap between vision and sound or a mixture of inside and outside. Because of reflection by the mirrors, there is a gap between what you see and what you hear. Passing through space will give new experiences to people. Also, I hope this space gives a hint of new performance. The mixture can happen by the sawtooth-shaped wall.

We can see two sides of spaces (inside of the room and outside) at the same time. And also, this violent structure and unpredictable fusion of performance

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city and visitors.

In this extremely commercial area, the term of construction, which largely relates to its structure system, is very important in business. Because the CONNECTORs lie on the existing buildings, the weight must be light. The mirror is made of stainless steel, and this itself is

UNVEIL BEHIND BILLBOARD

and space will give a strong shock to the

structure, combined with the frame. The wall is single-layered and has minimum weight.

The economy has also been simulated.

The new advertisement surface and the rooms will generate revenue, while the price of existing billboards might decrease because they are not seen partially because of the connector. By my estimation, if the construction fee is 1 million dollars, the owner will get some profit in 4 years. Even if the construction fee is 2 million dollars, just 8 years.

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advanced studio vi

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C LIM ATE BYPASS

core studio iii

INTE R- M E DIA LIB RARY core studio ii

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core studio i

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CLIMATE B Y PA S S Climate BYPASS is an evolutionary structure that provides a substitute space and function for the city to grow into while the original blockstreet model is no longer viable under the new climate challenges. It negotiates between the practical needs of the city and the changing way-of-life in the new climate epoch, redefining the idea of the street and public. As an evolving municipal-funded, community co-operated street-like structure, Climate BYPASS grows and supports the everyday-life in the next 100 years and beyond.

This project is composed of three phases, each of which is designed to address a particular task-specific to its projected climate condition. The first phase, “Construction BYPASS” focuses on the duty of combating carbon emission from the buildings, at the same time re-designing the spatial relationship between housing, construction, and small businesses. The second phase, “Crisis BYPASS” mitigates the risk of the worsening climate crisis by elevating most functions of the street into the bypass structure. The third phase, “City BYPASS” imagines a new city when the temperature increase completely alters our way-of-life, in which this proposal implies a new relationship between human and nature.

Columbia GSAPP, 2020 Fall Team work with Chia Jang Wen, Tianyu Yang Instructor | Bernard Tschumi

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C L I M AT E BY PA S S

FUTURE of STREET - As Climate BYPASS provides substitute space and function, the city negotiates between the practical needs and the changing way of life in the new climate epoch.

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Method of biliodigestive bypass surgery © RussianPatents.com

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MEDICAL BYPASS

CLIMATE BYPASS

A secondary channel, pipe, or connection to allow a flow when the main one does not work sufficiently.

A transforming system on the street to help the city to adapt to climate change and to redefine public street.

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Phase 1 : 2020Construction BYPASS As part of the city’s effort in reducing carbon emission, “Construction BYPASS” is designed to hold three programs: a construction unit is used for building upgrades; a housing unit is a temporarily extended unit into the bypass structure while under construction; the small business unit is where local shops and restaurants can maintain their business.

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C L I M AT E BY PA S S

75% of the buildings in NYC need to be upgraded by 2030 to reduce carbon emission, enforced by Local Laws 97.

It’s allowed to occupy the space above streets for temporal use that relates to the Local Laws 97.

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C L I M AT E BY PA S S

HOUSING

PUBLIC STREET CONSTRUCTION

SMALL BUSINESS

By sharing the space temporarily, the distinct functions can co-exist. In addition to more communication or new opportunities, this bypass holds a new typology of public versus private.

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C L I M AT E BY PA S S

Sitting physically much closer, the activities can even overlap with each other, which gives more INTERSECTION across programs rather than segregation.

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Phase 2 / 2030Crisis BYPASS Crisis BYPASS elevates most functions of the street to mitigate the risk of the developing climate crisis. As new lobbies are moved up and connected to the bypass structure, local businesses and street activities thrive within, freeing the ground for ephemeral activities. When a hurricane hits, the bypass will quickly transform into a compact interior space where shelters are provided, emergency supplies distributed.

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C L I M AT E BY PA S S

Every

3 yrs

, Sandy-scale hurricane will hit NYC, causing severe interruptions of everyday-life in the city.

All buildings are required to build a new lobby connecting to the bypass on the 2nd floor or above.

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C L I M AT E BY PA S S

A poetic moment such as this arises as a new typology of the street is invented in the face of the disaster.

EXTREME DAYS

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NORMAL DAYS

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Phase 3 / 2300City BYPASS At this stage, the City BYPASS turns to cover the street to hold city functions under the controlled air, while restoring the blocks to nature. By adding multi-layers to the previous bypass structure, it creates nested spaces with different climate comfort conditions. Inversing the relationship between streets and buildings, the street becomes the new interior space for human activities. In this unpredictable future, Street is transformed into a city, the heaven in hell which human rely on.

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C L I M AT E BY PA S S

+9°C might be the global temperature rise by 2030, according to the extreme 5000 gigaton scenario.

No more new buildings in blocks allowed, but streets are covered to hold city functions under controlled air.

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During the daytime, the space in between the existing exterior wall and the city bypass become a buffer zone for outdoor activities. At night, when

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to those semi-outdoor spaces and reconnect to the sky. This space is more attractive and allows them to stay a little bit longer to enjoy the time.

People dwell closer in the harsh future, deeply relying on each other to go through everyday

C L I M AT E BY PA S S

the temperature is more comfortable, people go

life. Some open-air space around the bypass allows fresh air, trees, or animals to interact.

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C L I M AT E BY PA S S

Step by step, “Climate BYPASS” witnesses a future where mankind evolves and adapts to the almost irreversible climate change through collectively building the new urban-nature way-of-life.

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The Climate BYPASS is situated in Hell’s Kitchen in Manhattan, New York City.

COMPONENT

This area, similar to other near-coast ar-

MATERIAL

eas, has a relatively higher risk of a flood

LIFESPAN / MAINTENANCE 2020

2100

than an inner part. Along the avenue, most of the ground floors are occupied

frame 3m

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steel

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platform+lift

steel

core stair+EV

RC

by small businesses such as restaurants,

mainly residential. This project is built for this specific site; however, the bypass system can expand to other parts of NYC, which needs the function, or other cities.

Phase 1 target

Phase 2 target

The structure consists of a frame and in-

J U N I TO

COMPONENT

material life span; and the functional units attached to the systems afterward.

housing S

This system enables them to transform, move some parts, or reassemble them-

housing M

Reinforced concrete, which has relatively high embodied energy, is used only for the core (structure for horizontal load,

FRAME + CORE

each location and/or at each timing.

INFILL

selves, depending on the demands of

care of a distinct portion of the vast

MATERIAL

wood frame 3m

frame 6m

flexible unit frame 12m

temporal unit platform+lift

wood

wood

steel

polycarbonate

steel

tent steel

which I assume remain as it is for a long

core stair+EV

RC

housing S

wood

Material

above diagram. The main target in sion of buildings, which is one of the

Assemblage

biggest portions of the cause side. On the other hand, the latter two phases are

INFILL

reasonably manageable without heavy

housing M

wood

flexible unit

polycarbonate

temporal unit

tent

0.048

2.384

607.2

1447.6

Concrete

m3

305.2

22.9

161

489.1

12

5869.2

Assemblage by hand

units

-

-

0.078

0.078

8*2

12.48

Wood

m2

-614.5

112.4

24

-478.1

28.2

-13482

Total Emission CARBON EMISSION LANDLOR D

system, this proposal generates a new

Shelter

putting the tenants directly in touch with the workers, it frees the construction pro-

units Steel frame

Concrete

kg

2.2

m3 TE N A N T

Assemblage by hand Wood OW NER

LANDLOR D

Carbon emission coefficient total manufacture transport installation coefficient 0.083

305.2 22.9 C O N TR A C TO R

units

-

W ORKER

2 mBUILD -614.5 ING

la n d lord

total (kg)

0.048

2.384

607.2

1447.6

161

489.1

12

5869.2

0.078

0.078

8*2

12.48

-478.1

28.2

C IT Y

TE N A N T

1CONSTRUCTION 12.4 24 cit y

volume

FRAM E, -13482 PUBLIC

OW NER

Total Emission

cit y

-6153

source: “LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT ON THE REDUCTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION OF BUILDINGS", Yu-Sheng Chang(2002) p u b lic USER USER t en a n t con st ru ct or

cess from a capital-driven monopoly to an information-sharing system.

-6153

of the Construction(Building Upgrade ) from 2020-2030 (within a 6m module)

C IT Y

non-hierarchy collaboration network. By

lightweight and short life span because

0.083

source: “LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT ON THE REDUCTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION OF BUILDINGS", Yu-Sheng Chang(2002)

condition, accepting the change itself.

hierarchy is broken down into aAssemblage rather

total (kg)

2.2

minimize the risk and adapt to the new

tive platform, where the tenants could

volume

kg

Shelter

more focused on the effect side, how to

Carbon emission coefficient total manufacture transport installation coefficient

Steel frame

phase 1 is reducing the carbon emis-

move into. In this way, the independent

est frame is made of wood, which is

changed.

climate change flow as shown in the

Material

make it easy to reassemble. The small-

the purpose and function should be

2100

relationship. The bypass is the collec-

time. Other mainframes are steel to

ity of the infill units varies, but they are

LIFESPAN / MAINTENANCE 2020

In response to the conventional property

staircase, elevator) and some floor slab,

construction equipment. The material-

units

3 target

C L I M AT E BY PA S S

according to the functional flexibility and

Each phase of climate bypass takes

re n t fe e

fill system; three types of stacked frames

Phase of the Construction(Building Upgrade ) from 2020-2030 (within a 6m module)

CARBON EMISSION

p e rm is s ion

fice. While the 2nd floor and above are

FRAME + CORE

cafes, bars, retail, grocery store, or of-

H ie ra rc h y / In d e p e n d e n t

C O N TR A C TO R

INFILL (h ou se, b u sin ess) cit y

INFILL (con st ru ct ion ) cit y

(or colla b of la n d lord )

(or colla b of con t ra ct ors)

t en a n t

con st ru ct or

N o n -h ie ra rc h y / C o lla b o ra tio n

New reg u la t ion , n ew syst em of p rop ert ies

104

105

REHAB ACROSS LAYERS The prison population in the US has dramatically increased over the decades accelerated by a high recidivism rate that now encourages people to re-think our rehabilitation process. While, Newburgh’s crime rate is in the top 3% in NYS, and a statistic shows people with less education tend to have a higher crime rate. To rehabilitate both vicious cycles, I propose a progressive layering system, in which prison and education will gradually coexist; a prison interacts with society rather than being isolated. Through reacting to technological and systematical obsolescence, two types of adaptation are executed: LAYER addition to expand its program/capacity; and LAYER subtraction to optimize function/condition of the space, both of which are enabled by re-using structural elements. By nesting or overlapping with one another in three-dimension, the project holds more variety of spatial qualities and more dynamic interactions between layers.

Besides, this nested composition is adapted to future thermal conditions. Programs such as Restorative- Justice-Center are assigned depending on what layer the room is. In the future, the project that is laid along the highway at the first phase will expand in the electric corridor direction, having a stronger network to the local community.

Columbia GSAPP, 2020 Spring Individual work Instructor | Phu Hoang

106

107

R E H A B AC R O S S L AY E R S

J U N I TO

Prisons will interact with society rather than being isolated. By layers are added or subtracted every twenty years, this project evolves to examine the new way of coexistence of inmates’ rehabilitation and the local community.

BLACK line COLOR

108

PHASE 1 PHASE 4

109

SOARING PRISONERS The population in prisons in the US has dramatically increased over the decades accelerated by a high recidivism rate. The steps to re-socialization are difficult without adequate education and support. The shrinking government budget will make a social and humane condition in prison even worse in the future. In addition, as the analysis of mithe thermal condition of prisons tend to

population (million)

cost (billion)

cro-climate in three precedent prisons, be extremely harsh especially in summer.

It’s caused by less/no and small-sized windows, less insulated, and no air-conditioned. Moreover, global warming will

2.5

4

2.0

3

1.5

2

1.0

1

0.5

0

0

Cost of incarceration

5

Population in prisons

3.0

humane space.

Suomenlinna Prison

Sanders Estes Unit

1920

110

that prisoners have a right to stay in a

Population in jails

6

R E H A B AC R O S S L AY E R S

J U N I TO

promote it. Some have started arguing

1940

1960

1980

2000

2020 year

Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary

111

J U N I TO

R E H A B AC R O S S L AY E R S

- STATE SCALE -

- CITY SCALE -

- LOCAL SCALE -

- BUILDING SCALE -

High crime ratio

Obsolete electric corridor

In-between highway lanes

Rehab Across Layers

ELECTRIC CORRIDOR x HIGHWAY Newburgh’s crime rate is in the top 3% in NYS. Statistically, there is a relationship between the crime rate and education. To refrain from this cycle, I argue the electric corridor becomes an “educational band”. The project site is in-between space of two lanes of a highway, where is usually useless.

112

113

+

Layer ADDITION Expand program/capacity

Layer SUBTRACTION Optimize function/condition

J U N I TO

R E H A B AC R O S S L AY E R S

original layer

PROTO-MODEL

adding

shifting/overlapping

peeling off

ADAPTATION METHOD LAYER addition enables the system to expand its program and capacity. LAYER subtraction optimizes the condition by peeling off some parts of layers. Overlapping layers generates rooms, to which assigned programs, depending on in what layer it is.

114

115

LAYER addition Expand program/capacity

+0 year

Education

Prison

+60 year

Education

Prison

Education

J U N I TO

Prison communal

+40 year

Optimize function/co

ED

R E H A B AC R O S S L AY E R S

Prison communal

+20 year

LAYER subtrac

+

INTERACT

iety

with the society

ISOLATED

INTERACT

from the society

with the society

primitive layer

ye r-1 a r-3 b

r-1

ye

ye

la

adding layers

la

+60 years

la

+40 years

ye

+20 years

la

+0 year

la

r-1 ye la

la

ye

Community

ye

Community

ye

r-2

Nature r-1

Prison cell

r-3

RJ center

la

Prison cell

RJ center

r-2

RJ center

shifting/overlapping

peelin

PROGRAM PROGRESSION

116

117

J U N I TO

R E H A B AC R O S S L AY E R S Each space is dynamically connected across the layers.

Every 20 years the layers will be added or subtracted, such as education, community and nature layer to make the prison interact with the outer society.

118

119

4

121 120

8 7

R E H A B AC R O S S L AY E R S

J U N I TO

1

2

3

5

6

diagram

roof geometry / function

program

combination

PRISON cells SHED-1 supervision

J U N I TO

PRISON communal

SHED-2 security envelop

EDUCATION

Multiple direction

R E H A B AC R O S S L AY E R S

Single direction

GABLE knowledge interaction

COMMUNITY

Circular direction

122

A-FRAME environmental in/out-take

123

PROGRESSIVE SPACE As time goes by, the project holds more variety of space and more dynamic connections in both inner and outer, which happens physically and programmatically. LAYER subtraction (shown in purple colored lines) and LAYER addition (shown in pink colored lines) will bring richer spatial quality adapting to surrounding circumstances and the entire society.

People can find their place within a layer or in between some layers.

J U N I TO

R E H A B AC R O S S L AY E R S

2020

2030 Phase 1

124

2040

2050

2060

Phase 2

125

J U N I TO

R E H A B AC R O S S L AY E R S

2020

se 3

126

2030

2040

2050

2060

Phase 3

127

ELECTRIC CORRIDOR

About 68% of prisoners return to prison within three years after they are released.

tionship between temperature and risk

COMMUNITY

fet y

Sa

ity

un

y afe t nit yS mu

Co

me

nt

Co m

Restorative

warming will promote the number even Justice lop

higher.VICTIM In thisAccountability point of view, The system OFFENDER

OFFENDER

also works for reducing these risks. Layer

job difficult. Also, as a first step, educa-

addition stabilizes the thermal condition

tional training or support at prisons is

of inner layers by nesting composition,

not enough. To make a long story short,

and people can intake more wind by

it’s reasonable to say the correctional

Layer subtraction. This system is reason-

system in the US has failed.

able and adaptable in the future.

A key function of this project in the

As shown in sections in prior pages,

distant future is the Restorative Justice

each room shares wall, floor, or ceiling.

Center. Restorative Justice is a system

They are connected physically and visu-

of criminal justice that focuses on the

ally, depending on the programs. Flow

rehabilitation of offenders through rec-

diagram and detail sketch (right) de-

onciliation with victims and the commu-

1a

1f

1k

2e

3c

scribe how its re-use system works. Since

nity at large. Compared to conventional

the angle of every component in every

criminal justice, which is more focused

layer is the same, long-life-span materi-

on a result and low, restorative justice is

als can be reused through the phases of

based on process, why they committed a crime, and how they can compensate it.

R E H A B AC R O S S L AY E R S

J U N I TO

HIGHWAY

eve

VICTIM

D cy

record and lack of ID make finding a

Accountability

ten

one from living with the family; criminal

Restorative Justice

both of them likely increase. Global PRISON

nt me op

pired; public housing restrictions bar

HIGHWAY

COMMUNITY

iation. It says, as temperature increases, pe

ON

vel De ncy ete mp

example, one’s driver’s license is ex-

of physical disease and the risk of retal-

RESTORATIVE JUSTICE

m Co

Co

hurdles to achieve re-socialization; for

mm

Hardly imagined, but there are many

EDUCATION

RESTORATIVE JUSTICE

The graph (left top) explains the rela-

adaptation. Not only structure and parti1b

1g

2a

2f

3d

tion walls but also floor steps or furniture could be produced from old elements.

The 25 iteration section models gave

I eliminated all the partitions by putting

me a wide and deep understanding

circulations and small rooms within the

of possible compositions. In terms of

1c

1h

2b

2g

4a

thick walls.

security in a prison, a completely nested system works well, but it encapsulates

This system is based on research on the

inner layers, which causes less natural

lifespan of each material (top right). Re-

lighting into the rooms. Overlapping layers can generate a controllable

1i

2c

3a

4b

while those parts that will be wasted

balance between security and circulation.

after one phase are made of shorter

Taking advantage of undulation in the

lifespan materials. Waterproof or paint is

context was another important outcome

replaced in every adaptation depending

form this study.

128

use elements are mainly made of RC, 1d

1e

1j

2d

3b

4c

on the further program.

129

INTER-MEDIA LIBRARY Nowadays, we can get any kind of information on the Internet at any time and anywhere, and it seems there is no need to go to a library.

However, the digital revolution has increased the isolation of humans. Then, I realized that libraries can survive only if they are more interactive or accidental space, in which we discover something that we don’t expect.

Story I; A man who lived near the site was walking in the park. He heard a sound from the library. That was an amateur performing art by community residents. After the play, one of the performers invited him to join them. They moved to the community area on the 1st floor to have a workshop. Then he realized that; performing was the thing he really wanted to do. Three months later, he was inviting another man to the auditorium. This is a real community network.

Story II; Four students of the high school next to this library had an assignment of biology research. In this library, they encountered two types of accidents. On the way to the Biology area, they saw an exhibition of botany unintentionally. At that time, they realized some parts of our bodies were similar to that of plants. Another type of accident was they found a movie about a human organism just beside the books. “This is such an INTER-MEDIA LIBRARY!”

Columbia GSAPP, 2019 Spring Individual work Instructor | Jose Araguez

130

131

J U N I TO

INTER-MEDIA LIBRARY

This unit system generate chambers and voids that connect spaces diagonally.

The two surfaces exist on alternative floors as the inside of the chamber always has different materials from the main space.

132

133

7 5

6

8

5 8-a

5

8

8

x2

Heptagon

x1

Hexagon

x1

Pentagon

x4

6 5 5-a

8 7

6

5

8-b

Octagon

x2

Heptagon

x1

Hexagon

x2

Pentagon

x3

8

7 5 6 5

6

8-c

Octagon

x2

Heptagon

x1

8

5

Hexagon

x3

Pentagon

x2

5

6 6

8

6 8

6 8-d

6

5

x1

Pentagon

x1

6

Octagon

x0

Heptagon

x1

Hexagon

x4

Pentagon

x3

8 6

5-k

Octagon

x1

Heptagon

x1

Hexagon

x1

Pentagon

x2

6

8

5

Octagon

x2

Heptagon

x1

Hexagon

x2

Pentagon

x0

By analyzing Bibliotheek van de Toekomst by Toyo Ito, I recognize how the of geometrical composition and space

5

6

5-l

Octagon

x1

Heptagon

x0

Hexagon

x2

Pentagon

x2

7

x2

Heptagon

x0

Hexagon

x2

Pentagon

x1

7 5-e

8

6 5-m

x1

5

Hexagon

x1

Pentagon

x0

Octagon

x1

Heptagon

x1

Hexagon

x1

Pentagon

x0

x2

Pentagon

x0

8

activity. There are mainly 4 types; the same purpose cells aggregate; the

Octagon

x1

Heptagon

x1

Hexagon

x3

Pentagon

x0

HUB; surrounded by viewpoint; and see-through void. It seems every cell is equally located, but some cells have a key role in the activity network. Next,

6

6

5-n

6

x0

Hexagon

Octagon

x2

Heptagon

x0

Hexagon

x3

Pentagon

x0

I focused on how the cells are combined geometry (left page). I realized the process to generate the building.

Octagons, the biggest cells, are put in

6

Octagon

x0

Heptagon

x0

Hexagon

x3

Pentagon

x0

Octagon

x1

Heptagon

x0

Hexagon

x1

Pentagon

x1

Octagon

x3

Heptagon

x0

Hexagon

x1

Pentagon

x1

Octagon

x2

Heptagon

x1

Hexagon

x1

8

Pentagon

x0

5

Octagon

x1

7

Heptagon

x1

Hexagon

x0

Pentagon

x0

5

5-o

the center to compose important spaces such as the auditorium.

INTER-MEDIA LIBRARY

x1

Heptagon

Heptagon

8

6 Octagon

x1

access point to other purposes like

6 Octagon

Octagon

6

5

6 5

5

Hexagon

8

5

5-d

7

x1

6

5-c

8

8

Heptagon

5 6

cells are related to each other in terms

8

6 5 5

6

x0

8

5-b

6

Octagon

7

6 5 5

8

8

7

5

6 5

Octagon

8

5

ANATOMY OF AGGREGATION

7

5

5

8

J U N I TO

5

6

6 5

8

6 5

8

6

8-e

7 Octagon

x1

Heptagon

x0

Hexagon

x4

Pentagon

x3

6

5

5-f

7

5

7

5 5

8

7

5

6

5-g

5

8

6 8-f

8 Octagon

x2

Heptagon

x1

Hexagon

x2

Pentagon

x3

5

7

7

5 6

8 5-h

5

Octagon

x0

Heptagon

x2

Hexagon

x0

Pentagon

x1

Octagon

x1

Heptagon

x2

Hexagon

x1

Pentagon

x1

Octagon

x1

Heptagon

x0

Hexagon

x2

Pentagon

x0

6 5 5 8 5-p

6 5 5 8 8 8 5-q

8 6 5-r

5

7

8

5

8 5

8 8-g

Octagon

x1

Heptagon

x0

Hexagon

x0

Pentagon

x3

Though it doesn’t have any column

6 5

6

5-i

8 5-s

6 5-j

6 5 7

Octagon

x0

Heptagon

x3

Hexagon

x2

Pentagon

x0

x 10 (19%)

Octagon

x 21 (29%)

Heptagon

x 5 (10%)

Heptagon

x 15 (21%)

Hexagon

x 16 (31%)

Hexagon

x 28 (38%)

Pentagon

x 21 (40%)

Pentagon

x 9 (12%)

ing alternatively on each floor.

A octagon likely connects another octagon, which means octagons, whose area is big, are used for generating bigger units.

A pentagon does NOT likely connect another pentagon, which means pentagons are used for filling spaces.

5-a 5-b

8-b

x 6 (12%)

x 17 (35%)

x 19 (39%)

5-j

5-m

5-p 5-q

5-d

5-s

8-f

8-c 8-d

5-n

5-e

5-k 5-f

134

5-g 5-h

5-c 8-g

8-e

are made by a triangle and connected sides of space, inner and outer, chang-

7

Octagon

8-a

that goes up straight, the vertical walls to the next level seamlessly. It has two

7

x 7 (14%)

PROTO-BUILDING

5-r

5-i 5-l

5-o

135

J U N I TO

INTER-MEDIA LIBRARY

PRIMITIVE UNIT

136

AGGREGATION SYSTEM

137

J U N I TO

INTER-MEDIA LIBRARY

Divided by MEDIA

Divided by SUBJECTS

On purpose basis

Accidentally encounters

Even spatial condition

Distinctive spatial conditions

Alternate floor

INTER-MEDIA LIBRARY

138

CONVENTIONAL LIBRARY

Alternate floor

PROGRAM SYSTEM

UNIT SYSTEM

Conventional libraries are divided by media. In such libraries, people directly pick up a book, which is very practical, but the

The basic unit is transformed into 4 types of geometry, each of which has two types of material. Then I applied two aspects of

circulation is limited in just one media. The library I tried to design is divided by subjects, “INTER-MEDIA LIBRARY.”

programs to the units; physical articulation and theme of a unit, followed by combined clusters of some programs.

139

J U N I TO

INTER-MEDIA LIBRARY

Looking at the site, there is a playground on the north side of the site and semi-public gardens on the north.

So I thought the building should recede from these sides, making a stepping garden as a part of the park.

While, on the east side there is a high school, so it’s better to have a void to lead students into the building.

140

141

Every story happens at a place on a different scale and conditions: one-unit scale/ inside, void scale (4-unit scale)/semi-outside, a half-unit scale/outside. It means this library has a variety of spatial qualities, which encourages people to have a

J U N I TO

variety of opportunities.

INTER-MEDIA LIBRARY

142

143

J U N I TO

INTER-MEDIA LIBRARY

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

144

4th FLOOR PLAN

145

J U N I TO

INTER-MEDIA LIBRARY

SPATIAL CONDITION

146

VISUAL CONDITION

147

This system can work as a structure

them are from the high-school side and

without any columns. The panels are

G

_

RF

AR DE

N

Mainly there are 3 entrances. Two of

made of aluminum honeycomb. One

biggest space of the building, which is

side of it is copper-coated steel, and

open-auditorium. The other way is from

the other side is galvanized steel react-

the playground going up to the 2nd

ed phosphoric acid. These galvanized

_

5F

the China-Town side going down to the

steel surfaces are shown as the gray

RE OP AD EN In IN d de ivid G sk ua s l

floor directly. This library has two vertical

side of the model and renderings, on

O

UT D LA O B OR

circulations; one for visitors, and the other for librarians. Using half-scaled

which books are put as I mentioned.

units on the north side, I tried to break In terms of materiality, I’m interested 4F

G

AR DE

N

down its volume to familiarize itself with

_

in a variety of textures on a surface.

G

ro

up

de

sk

s

G

RE OP AD EN IN

the playground. On the other hand, I

Even though a panel is itself a structure

RF _

DE

RE OP AD EN IN G

G

AR

_

N DE AR

element, it’s allowed to make pockets

G

has two different scales on each façade.

N

3F

put larger units on the south side. So it

FF

IC

E

according to the structural requirement.

RE OP AD EN IN G E

put as bookshelves on the 2nd floor

IC

RE HI

C

LD E AF RA G

RF _ _

RE OP AD EN In IN d de ivid G sk ua s l R

ST

O

COMMUNITY ROOM

LOBBY

O

C

reach outside of the chamber. An inter-

E

CIRCULATION DESK

DE

4F UT D LA O B O

AF

E

B2

F

G

the sunlight is reflected a few times to

_

esting phenomenon is a reflection with C

E

MACHINE ROOM

RR A

PROGRAM DIAGRAM / DISTRIBUTION

orange-ish color on the floor or ceiling.

4F

W

1F

p

_

ro u G

AC K ST

O

FF I

C E

Visually connected

LO DE AD LIV IN ER G/ Y

Physically connected

M A RO CH O INE M

Integrated space

G

O RK /L RO AB O M

F B2 _

Non-public area Accessible from outside

AR DE

N

M A RO CH O INE M

Public area

_

book about Nutrition.

STREET

RE OP AD EN IN G de sk s

AC K ST

LIBRARIAN OFFICE

_

RE OP AD EN IN up G de sk s

_

C

2F

N

RE

HI LD

C DE

N

per. Because of the complex tilted walls, AR

WORK ROOM

TE

auditorium, looking up, or reading a

M A RO CH O INE M

were having coffee looking down at the

STORAGE/ SORTING

AR

N AR DE G

F

K AU OP E RI DIT N UM O -

M A RO CH O INE M

ST AC

O ST

B1

the chamber which is covered with cop_

RA

G E

LOUNGE

PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL

O M RO MU O NI M TY

are; the strong glare is limited inside of

STACK

LOADING/ DELIVERY

6/21, 3/21, and 12/21. The findings

5F

TEEN

OPEN

OFFICE READING ADULT

OPEN AUDITORIUM

G

RE OP AD EN IN G E

FF IC

O

1F

_

K AC

CHILDREN

KITCHEN

N

3F

N

W CAFE

Visually connected

M A O RO CH FF O INE IC E M

Physically connected

by actual or imitated materials and simulated in a setting of every two hours on

ST

Integrated space

M A RO CH O INE M

GARDEN

LO DE AD LIV IN ER G/ Y

AU OP E RIU DIT N O M -

M A RO CH O INE M

C

K

_

B1 F

Non-public area

ST A

AR

O RK /L RO AB O M

B2 F

Accessible from outside

ysis by using a physical model. It’s made

_

ing was the thing he really wanted to

were having a story-tell, the mothers

G

The bottom images are daylighting anal-

M A RO CH O INE M

E FF IC O

dents. Then he realized that; perform-

a story-telling chamber. When the kids

DE

E AC RR _

STREET

PLAY GROUND

On the 2nd floor, there was a café and

_

ST

are all integrated into this system.

MACHINE ROOM

Public area

Story III

5F

O

O

RA

COMMUNITY ROOM

LOBBY

LO DE AD LIV IN ER G/ Y

performing art by community resi-

do. This is a real community network.

G

E

CIRCULATION DESK

1F

W

O

walking in the park. He heard a sound

LIBRARIAN OFFICE

TE

/L RO AB O M

RK

A man who lived near the site was from the library. That was an amateur

lighting, ventilation, enclosure system

C

AC RR TE

STORAGE/ SORTING

R

_

C N DE

cooling (the panel itself is radiator),

E

Story II

_

space in sound conditions. Also, other mechanical things such as heating/

AR

WORK ROOM

N

_ M A RO CH O INE M

K AC ST

OPEN AUDITORIUM

G

E AF

LOUNGE

AU OP E RI DIT N UM O -

2F

_

PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL

RE OP AD EN In IN d de ivid G sk ua s l

B1

O M RO MU O NIT M Y

HIL C N DE AR G

LOADING/ DELIVERY

C

human organism just beside the books.

can absorb sounds, making distinctive

STACK

C

DR

EN

they saw an exhibition of botany unin-

and above. Moreover, these pockets

TEEN

OPEN OFFICE READING ADULT

F

dents; on the way to the Biology area

CHILDREN

G ro

CAFE KITCHEN

UT D LA O B O

FF O

they encountered two types of acci-

2F

AR G

and went to the 4th floor. In this library,

tentionally, or they found a movie of a

er it goes. Some bigger pockets are GARDEN

O M RO MU O NI M TY

3F _

N DE

PLAY GROUND

INTER-MEDIA LIBRARY

Four students entered through the gate J U N I TO

The more pockets it can have, the high-

O

Story I

Electrical wiring

148

Water supply / drain Gas supply

Sound absorbing pockets

149