Urban Green Infrastructure planning guide sep 2017 GreenSurge project

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319967102

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING A GUIDE FOR PRACTITIONERS Technical Report · September 2017 DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.10100.86406

CITATIONS

READS

0

5

5 authors, including: Rieke Hansen Technische Universität München 31 PUBLICATIONS 306 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

URBES - Urban Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services View project Green Infrastructure and Urban Biodiversity for Sustainable Urban Development and the Green Economy (GREEN SURGE) View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Rieke Hansen on 21 September 2017.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

June 2017

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING A GUIDE FOR PRACTITIONERS

WƌĂĐƟƟŽŶĞƌƐ͛ ŐƵŝĚĞ ƚŽ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŝŶ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ ĐŝƟĞƐ ĂƐ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ h &Wϳ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ 'Z E ^hZ' ͘

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING – A GUIDE FOR PRACTITIONERS ^ƵŐŐĞƐƚĞĚ ĐŝƚĂƟŽŶ͗ Hansen, R., Rall, E., Chapman, E., Rolf, W., Pauleit, S. (eds., 2017). Urban Green Infrastructure WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͗ 'ƵŝĚĞ ĨŽƌ WƌĂĐƟƟŽŶĞƌƐ͘ 'Z E ^hZ' ͘ ZĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ŚƩƉ͗ͬ​ͬŐƌĞĞŶƐƵƌŐĞ͘ĞƵͬ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐͲƉĂĐŬĂŐĞƐͬǁƉϱͬ

GREEN SURGE Deliverable 5.3 tŽƌŬ WĂĐŬĂŐĞ ϱ͗ 'ƌĞĞŶ /ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ /ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ Partners Involved: TUM, UNIBA, FFCUL, MRI, UCPH, UH, WU, SRC, FCRA, ICLEI, ULOD, UL, WZK& ;ƐĞĞ >ŝƐƚ ŽĨ ŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚŽƌƐ͕ ƉĂŐĞƐ ϵϰͲϵϱ ĨŽƌ ĨƵůů ŶĂŵĞƐ ŽĨ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶƐͿ The content of this report is based on the results of research on green infrastructure planning ĂŶĚ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƵƌŽƉĞ ĂƐ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ h &Wϳ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ 'Z E ^hZ' ; Es͘ϮϬϭϯ͘ϲ͘ϮͲϱͲ ϲϬϯϱϲϳ͖ ϮϬϭϯͲϮϬϭϳͿ See more at ǁǁǁ͘ŐƌĞĞŶƐƵƌŐĞ͘ĞƵ

ĚŝƚŽƌƐ͗ ZŝĞŬĞ ,ĂŶƐĞŶ͕ ŵŝůLJ ZĂůů͕ ůĞĂŶŽƌ ŚĂƉŵĂŶ͕ tĞƌŶĞƌ ZŽůĨ͕ ^ƚĞƉŚĂŶ WĂƵůĞŝƚ ;dhDͿ ZĞǀŝĞǁ͗ ŝĂŶĐĂ ŵďƌŽƐĞͲKũŝ ;& Z Ϳ͕ ĂƌďĂƌĂ ŶƚŽŶ ;/ > /Ϳ >ĂLJŽƵƚ͗ ůĞĂŶŽƌ ŚĂƉŵĂŶ͕ ZŝĞŬĞ ,ĂŶƐĞŶ ; ĂƐŝĐ >ĂLJŽƵƚ͗ ^ĐĂŶĚŝŶĂǀŝĂŶ ƌĂŶĚŝŶŐͿ

WƌŝŶĐŝƉĂů ŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚŽƌƐ͗ Rieke Hansen, Emily Rall, Stephan Pauleit, Werner Rolf, Sandra Fohlmeister and Sabrina ƌůǁĞŝŶ ;dhDͿ ƌƚƵƌ ^ĂŶƚŽƐ͕ ŶĂ ĂƚĂƌŝŶĂ >Ƶnj͕ DĂƌŐĂƌŝĚĂ ^ĂŶƚŽƐͲZĞŝƐ͕ ƌŝƐƟŶĂ ƌĂŶƋƵŝŶŚŽ ;&& h>Ϳ ǀĂ 'ĞƌƅŚĄnjŝ͕ >ƵĐĂ ^njĄƌĂnj͕ /ǀĄŶ dŽƐŝĐƐ ;DZ/Ϳ ĂŶŝĞů ƌŝŶŬŵĞLJĞƌ ;dh Ϳ ůĞdžĂŶĚĞƌ ǀĂŶ ĚĞƌ :ĂŐƚ ;& Z Ϳ KůĞ ,͘ ĂƐƉĞƌƐĞŶ͕ ŶƚŽŶ ^ƚĂŚů KůĂĨƐƐŽŶ͕ ^ĂŶĚƌĂ 'ĞŶƟŶ ;h W,Ϳ ůŝǀĞ ĂǀŝĞƐ͕ zŽůĞ Ğ ĞůůŝƐ ĂŶĚ ZĂīĂĞůĞ >ĂĨŽƌƚĞnjnjĂ ;hE/ Ϳ <ĂƟ sŝĞƌŝŬŬŽ ;h,Ϳ ƌŝŬ ŶĚĞƌƐƐŽŶ ;^Z Ϳ ĂŶĚ :ĂŬƵď <ƌŽŶĞŶďĞƌŐ ;h>K Ϳ ZŽnjĂůŝũĂ ǀĞũŝđ͕ aƉĞůĂ ĞůĞnjŶŝŬĂƌ͕ DŽũĐĂ EĂƐƚƌĂŶ͕ DĂƌŝŶĂ WŝŶƚĂƌ ;h>Ϳ dŝŵ ĞůƐŚĂŵŵĂƌ ; ŝƚLJ ŽĨ DĂůŵƂͿ

&ƌĞŝƐŝŶŐ ͬ DƵŶŝĐŚ͕ :ƵŶĞ ϮϬϭϳ /ŵĂŐĞ ĐƌĞĚŝƚƐ͗ /ĐŽŶ ĨƌŽŵ ǁǁǁ͘ŇĂƟĐŽŶ͘ĐŽŵ͕ ůŝĐĞŶƐĞĚ ƵŶĚĞƌ z ϯ͘Ϭ dŝƚůĞ ƉĂŐĞ͗ ĞƌŝĂů ǀŝĞǁ ŽĨ WĂƌĐŽ EŽƌĚ DŝůĂŶŽ͕ /ƚĂůLJ͘ ŽƵƌƚĞƐLJ ŽĨ Z^ & Ͳ ZĞŐŝŽŶĂů ŐĞŶĐLJ ĨŽƌ Agriculture and Forestry Services, Milan Other credits listed with associated images

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING A GUIDE FOR PRACTITIONERS

PREFACE There has been much research in recent years focusing on how green space can contribute to health, quality of life and economic growth in cities. Emerging from some of this research is a new concept: urban green infrastructure (UGI) planning – an integrated approach to strategically planning green spaces. This guide presents this new approach as well as offering guidance and inspiration for the planning and governance of cities around the world.

The content of this guide is based on the results of research on current knowledge and practice of green infrastructure planning and implementation in Europe, as part of the project Green Infrastructure and Urban Biodiversity for Sustainable Urban Development and the Green Economy (2013-2017) – GREEN SURGE for short. The project is a collaboration between 24 partners in 11 countries and is funded by the European Commission’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7).

Overall, GREEN SURGE aims to identify, develop and test ways of linking green spaces, biodiversity, people and a green economy, in order to meet major urban ϐ Ǣ Ǣ Ǣ Ǥ

This guide is a product of GREEN SURGE Work Package 5 ‘Green infrastructure planning and implementation’ and is the result of three consecutive phases of research: 1) analysis of the current stateof-the-art in planning practice across 20 European cities, 2) analysis of good practices in 10 of those cities, and 3) tool and strategy development in selected Urban Learning Labs. The research included literature reviews, analysis of planning documents and other written ǡ ϐ ǡ ings, stakeholder workshops, interviews ϐ ǡ Ǧ ϐ Ǥ ϐ ϐ found on the project website at http:// greensurge.eu/working-packages/wp5/.

A first draft edition of this guide was shared with GREEN SURGE partners in different European cities for review and field testing in 2016. This edition incorporates their feedback. We would like to warmly thank all those who shared their experience and ideas as part of this process!

dŚĞ 'Z E ^hZ' ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ƚĞĂŵ ŝŶ ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ͕ ϮϬϭϰ͘ DĂŶLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ƉŝĐƚƵƌĞĚ ǁĞƌĞ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ ŝŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ƚŚŝƐ ŐƵŝĚĞ͘ Credit: GREEN SURGE

i

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

A B C

D E

>ŝƐƚ ŽĨ ĐĂƐĞ ƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ ,ŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƐ ,Žǁ ƚŽ ƵƐĞ ƚŚŝƐ ŐƵŝĚĞ͍

iii iv vi

tŚĂƚ ŝƐ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ǁŚLJ ĚŽ ŝƚ͍ An overview 'ƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƚLJƉŽůŽŐLJ hƌďĂŶ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ

1 3 6 7

ŽƌĞ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ ŽĨ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ 'ƌĞĞŶͲŐƌĞLJ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ͗ ĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĂŶĚ ŐƌĞLJ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ͗ ĐƌĞĂƟŶŐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ DƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJ͗ ĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĞŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ^ŽĐŝĂů ŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͗ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟǀĞ ĂŶĚ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌLJ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ

21 23 27 31 36

DĂŬŝŶŐ ŝƚ ŚĂƉƉĞŶ͊ ŵďĞĚĚŝŶŐ h'/ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐ h'/ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ͗ ƵŶĐŽǀĞƌ ǀĂůƵĞ ĂŶĚ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ƉůĂŶƐ͗ ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ŶŐĂŐŝŶŐ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͗ ĐƌŽƐƐͲƐĞĐƚŽƌĂů ĂŶĚ ŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ /ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͗ ƚĂŬĞ ĂĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌ ŝŵƉĂĐƚƐ

43 ϰϱ 46 ϱϬ ϱϮ ϱϱ

ŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŶĞdžƚ ƐƚĞƉƐ ŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ ZĞŇĞĐƟŶŐ ŽŶ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ŝŶ LJŽƵƌ ĐŝƚLJ ZĂƉŝĚ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĐŚĞĐŬůŝƐƚ ĞƚĂŝůĞĚ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĐŚĞĐŬůŝƐƚ

57 ϱϵ 60 61 62

ƌŽƐƐͲĐƵƫŶŐ ĐĂƐĞ ƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ ĨƌŽŵ Ɛŝdž ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ ĐŝƟĞƐ

69

dŽŽůďŽdž dϭ͗ dŽŽůƐ ĨŽƌ WƌŽƚĞĐƟŶŐ ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ dϮ͗ dŽŽůƐ ĨŽƌ Ă 'ƌĞĞŶ ĐŽŶŽŵLJ dϯ͗ dŽŽůƐ ĨŽƌ ^ŽĐŝĂů ŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ dϰ͗ dŽŽůƐ ĨŽƌ 'ƌĞĞŶͲ'ƌĞLJ /ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ dϱ͗ dŽŽůƐ ĨŽƌ ŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ dϲ͗ dŽŽůƐ ĨŽƌ DƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJ dϳ͗ dŽŽůƐ ĨŽƌ ^ŽĐŝĂů /ŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ dϴ͗ &ƵŶĚŝŶŐ dŽŽůƐ ĂŶĚ DĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

83 ϴϱ 86 87 88 ϴϵ ϵϬ ϵϭ ϵϮ

Appendix >ŝƐƚ ŽĨ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚŽƌƐ

93 ϵϰ

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

ii

LIST OF CASE STUDIES

A B

C

E

iii

Ždž

ŝƚLJ͕ ŽƵŶƚƌLJ

ĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶ

A1

ůŵĂĚĂ͕ WŽƌƚƵŐĂů

ůŝŵĂƚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ

ϵ

A2

,ĞůƐŝŶŬŝ͕ &ŝŶůĂŶĚ

h'/ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ ĨŽƌ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ

12

A3

ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ͕ ^ĐŽƚůĂŶĚ

ĚŝďůĞ ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ

ϭϱ

A4

ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ͕ ^ĐŽƚůĂŶĚ

'ƌĂŶƚŽŶ ŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ 'ĂƌĚĞŶĞƌƐ

18

ϭ

ŽƉĞŶŚĂŐĞŶ͕ Denmark

ŽƉĞŶŚĂŐĞŶ ůŽƵĚďƵƌƐƚ WůĂŶ

24

Ϯ

^njĞŐĞĚ͕ ,ƵŶŐĂƌLJ

/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƵƌďĂŶ ƌĞŶĞǁĂů

Ϯϱ

ϯ

ĞƌůŝŶ͕ 'ĞƌŵĂŶLJ

/ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ůĞǀĞů

Ϯϵ

ϰ

Malmö, Sweden

DƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂů ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŝŶ DĂůŵƂ

33

ϱ

Ljubljana, Slovenia

ĞLJŽŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ^ŝƚĞ

37

ϲ

ƵĚĂƉĞƐƚ͕ ,ƵŶŐĂƌLJ ĞƌůŝŶ͕ 'ĞƌŵĂŶLJ

Teleki Square and Helmholtz Square

38

ϳ

>ŝƐďŽŶ͕ WŽƌƚƵŐĂů

WW'/^ ĂƐ Ă ƚŽŽů ĨŽƌ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ

40

C1

ĞƌůŝŶ͕ 'ĞƌŵĂŶLJ

ƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƐŽĐŝĂů ǀĂůƵĞ ŽĨ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ǁŝƚŚ WW'/^

47

C2

Malmö, Sweden

dŚĞ ƌŽůĞ ŽĨ ƉĞƌŝͲƵƌďĂŶ ĨĂƌŵůĂŶĚ ŝŶ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ

ϰϵ

C3

hƚƌĞĐŚƚ͕ The Netherlands

EĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚ 'ƌĞĞŶ WůĂŶƐ

ϱϬ

C4

Malmö, Sweden

DĂůŵƂ͛Ɛ 'ƌĞĞŶͲ ůƵĞ WůĂŶ

ϱϭ

ϱ

DŝůĂŶ͕ /ƚĂůLJ

hƌďĂŶ ƌĞĨŽƌĞƐƚĂƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ůŽĐĂů ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ

ϱϯ

C6

ĞƌůŝŶ͕ 'ĞƌŵĂŶLJ

h'/ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ŚĞůƉ ŽĨ ƐŽĐŝĂů ǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ

ϱϰ

C7

Lodz, Poland

WWW ĨŽƌ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƌĞŶĞǁĂů

ϱϱ

C8

Ljubljana, Slovenia

dĞƐƟŶŐ ŶĞǁ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƐ

ϱϲ

E1

Malmö, Sweden

/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ

70

E2

DŝůĂŶ͕ /ƚĂůLJ

DŝůĂŶ͛Ɛ ZĞŐŝŽŶĂů ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů EĞƚǁŽƌŬ

72

E3

Aarhus, Denmark

ZĞŶĞǁĂů ŽĨ ƚŚĞ 'ĞůůĞƌƵƉ ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ ĐŽŵƉůĞdž

74

E4

ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ͕ ^ĐŽƚůĂŶĚ

ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ͛Ɛ KƉĞŶ ^ƉĂĐĞ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ

76

ϱ

>ŝƐďŽŶ͕ WŽƌƚƵŐĂů

ĐƟŽŶ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĨŽƌ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ

78

E6

ĞƌůŝŶ͕ 'ĞƌŵĂŶLJ

ŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐ h'/ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ /z

80

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

Page

HIGHLIGHTS t, d /^ hZ E 'Z E /E&Z ^dZh dhZ W> EE/E'͍ hƌďĂŶ 'ƌĞĞŶ /ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ;h'/Ϳ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ŝƐ Ă ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ƚŚĂƚ ĂŝŵƐ ƚŽ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ ŽĨ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĂŶĚ ďůƵĞ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŝŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ͕ ĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŶĂŐĞĚ ƚŽ ĚĞůŝǀĞƌ Ă ǁŝĚĞ ƌĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ Ăƚ Ăůů ƐƉĂƟĂů ƐĐĂůĞƐ͘

t,z /^ hZ E 'Z E /E&Z ^dZh dhZ ^K /DWKZd Ed͍ h'/ ŝƐ ĐĂƉĂďůĞ ŽĨ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐ Ă ďƌŽĂĚ ƌĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ͕ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀŝŶŐ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕ ĂĚĂƉƟŶŐ ƚŽ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ͕ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ ĂŶĚ ŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĐŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ͘ dŽ ĐĂƉƚƵƌĞ ƚŚŝƐ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů͕ ůŽĐĂů ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƐ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ƉůĂŶ ĐĂƌĞĨƵůůLJ ĂŶĚ ŚŽůŝƐƟĐĂůůLJ͘

CORE PRINCIPLES ƐŽƵŶĚ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ŝƐ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ĨŽƵƌ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ͗ ͻ 'ƌĞĞŶͲŐƌĞLJ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ ʹ ĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĂŶĚ ŐƌĞLJ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ ͻ ŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ ʹ ĐƌĞĂƟŶŐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ ͻ DƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJ ʹ ĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĞŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ services

ͻ ^ŽĐŝĂů ŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ ʹ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟǀĞ ĂŶĚ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌLJ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ

ĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ ŚĂƐ ƉůĂŶƐ ƚŽ ŝŶǀĞƐƚ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂďůLJ ŝŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͘ dŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͛Ɛ ͚'ƌĞĞŶ /ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ WůĂŶ͛ ŝƐ ĂŶ ĂŵďŝƟŽƵƐ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ƚŽŽů ƚŽ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĚĞŶƐĞůLJͲďƵŝůƚ DĞĚŝƚĞƌƌĂŶĞĂŶ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƐ͘ ǀĂŝůĂďůĞ ŝŶ ŶŐůŝƐŚ ǁǁǁ͘ďĂƌĐĞůŽŶĂ͘ĐĂƚ

Credit: Rieke Hansen

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

iv

HIGHLIGHTS KEY MESSAGES &Žƌ ďĞƐƚ ƌĞƐƵůƚƐ͕ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶĞƌƐ ƐŚŽƵůĚ͗ ͻ ŵďƌĂĐĞ ƚŚĞ ĨƵůů ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ʹ ĂŶĚ ďůƵĞ͊ ůů ƚLJƉĞƐ ŽĨ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĂŶĚ ďůƵĞ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ ƌĞŐĂƌĚůĞƐƐ ŽĨ ŽǁŶĞƌƐŚŝƉ Žƌ ŽƌŝŐŝŶ͕ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ Ă h'/ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ͘

ͻ ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌ ƚŚĞ ĨƵůů ƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ ŽĨ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͗ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů͕ ƐŽĐŝĂů E ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ͘ ͻ Use a mix of assessment tools to raise awareness of the diverse values of h'/ ĂŶĚ ŝƚƐ ƌĞůĂƚĞĚ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŽ ŐĂŝŶ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞƐĞ͘

ͻ Seek support to develop UGI planning strategies, for example, through ŵĂŶĚĂƚĞƐ Žƌ ĂĚǀŽĐĂƚĞƐ͕ Žƌ ďLJ ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐ ǁŝŶĚŽǁƐ ŽĨ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚLJ͘

ͻ ŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞ ƉůĂŶƐ͕ ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐ Ăƚ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ƐĐĂůĞƐ͕ ƌĂŶŐŝŶŐ ĨƌŽŵ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ƌĞŐŝŽŶƐ ƚŽ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ƐŝƚĞƐ͘

ͻ ŽŽƉĞƌĂƚĞ ǁŝƚŚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĞdžƚĞƌŶĂů ĞdžƉĞƌƚƐ͘ ͻ ŽůůĂďŽƌĂƚĞ ǁŝƚŚ Đŝǀŝů ƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ ŐƌŽƵƉƐ͕ ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ͘ ͻ ĞǀĞůŽƉ ƐƚƌŽŶŐ͕ ďƵƚ ŇĞdžŝďůĞ͕ ĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬƐ ĂŶĚ ŵŝdž ͚ŚĂƌĚ͛ ĂŶĚ ͚ƐŽŌ͛ ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐ ĨŽƌ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͕ ĂĚŽƉƟŶŐ Ă ůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵ ŽƵƚůŽŽŬ͘

ͻ ^ƚĂƌƚ ǁŝƚŚ ƉŝůŽƚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ƚŽ ƚĞƐƚ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ďƵŝůĚ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ͘ ͻ hŶůŽĐŬ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂů ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ďLJ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŶŐ͕ ƉŽŽůŝŶŐ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ĂŶĚ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝŶŐ ĞdžƚĞƌŶĂů ĨƵŶĚŝŶŐ͘

ͻ /ĚĞŶƟĨLJ ůĞƐƐ ǀŽĐĂů ŐƌŽƵƉƐ ĂŶĚ ƵƐĞ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ ƚŽŽůƐ ĂŶĚ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ƚŽ ĞŶŐĂŐĞ ƚŚĞŵ͕ ƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐŝŶŐ ƐŬŝůů ĂŶĚ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ ďĂƌƌŝĞƌƐ ĨŽƌ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚƐ͘

ͻ >ŽŽŬ ĨŽƌ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ůŝŶŬƐ͕ ƐLJŶĞƌŐŝĞƐ ĂŶĚͬŽƌ ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ͘

^ĞůĨͲĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƚŽŽůƐ͗ ͻ ŽŵƉůĞƚĞ ƚŚĞ ĐŚĞĐŬůŝƐƚƐ ;WĂƌƚ Ϳ ƚŽ ĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞ LJŽƵƌ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ͛Ɛ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĞīŽƌƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƐĞĞ ƚŚĞ dŽŽůďŽdž ĨŽƌ ǁĂLJƐ ƚŽ ƉƵƚ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ŝŶƚŽ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͘

t Ed dK <EKt DKZ ͍ ZĞƉŽƌƚƐ ĨƌŽŵ ŽƚŚĞƌ ǁŽƌŬ ƉĂĐŬĂŐĞƐ ƌĞĨĞƌƌĞĚ ƚŽ ŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ŐƵŝĚĞ ĂƌĞ ůŝƐƚĞĚ ďĞůŽǁ ĂŶĚ ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ GREEN SURGE website.

Deliverable 3.1 ǀĞũŝđ͕ Z͕͘ Ğƚ Ăů͕͘ ϮϬϭϱ͘ ƚLJƉŽůŽŐLJ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶŝŶŐ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĚĞŵĂŶĚƐ͘ &ƵŶĐƟŽŶĂů ůŝŶŬĂŐĞƐ͘ 'Z E ^hZ' ϯ͘ϭ Deliverable 4.1 ŶĚĞƌƐƐŽŶ͕ ͕͘ Ğƚ Ăů͕͘ ϮϬϭϱ͘ /ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŶŐ 'ƌĞĞŶ /ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ŝŶƚŽ ZĞĂů ĐŽŶŽŵŝĞƐ͘ 'Z E ^hZ' ϰ͘ϭ͘ Deliverable 5.1 ĂǀŝĞƐ͕ ͕͘ Ğƚ Ăů͕͘ ϮϬϭϱ͘ 'ƌĞĞŶ /ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ /ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ƐƚĂƚƵƐ ŽĨ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŝŵƉůĞͲ ŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ĂŶ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ ŽĨ ƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ ĐŝƚLJͲƌĞŐŝŽŶƐ͘ 'Z E ^hZ' ϱ͘ϭ͘

v

Deliverable 5.2 ,ĂŶƐĞŶ͕ Z͕͘ Ğƚ Ăů͕͘ ϮϬϭϲ͘ ĚǀĂŶĐĞĚ hƌďĂŶ 'ƌĞĞŶ /ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ /ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƚŝŽŶ͗ /ŶŶŽǀĂƚŝǀĞ ƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ ĂŶĚ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ĨƌŽŵ ƵƌŽͲ ƉĞĂŶ ŝƚŝĞƐ͘ 'Z E ^hZ' ϱ͘Ϯ͘ Deliverable 6.1 ƵŝnjĞƌ͕ D͕͘ Ğƚ Ăů͕͘ ϮϬϭϱ͘ dŚĞ ŐŽǀĞƌŶͲ ĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŝŶ ƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚ hͲĐŝƚŝĞƐ͗ WŽůŝĐŝĞƐ͕ WƌĂĐƚŝĐĞƐ͕ ĐƚŽƌƐ͕ dŽƉŝĐƐ͘ 'Z E ^hZ' ϲ͘ϭ

Deliverable 6.2 ƵŝũƐ͕ ͕͘ Ğƚ Ăů͕͘ ϮϬϭϲ͘ /ŶŶŽǀĂƚŝǀĞ 'ŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ hƌďĂŶ 'ƌĞĞŶ ^ƉĂĐĞƐ͗ >ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ĨƌŽŵ ϭϴ ŝŶŶŽǀĂƚŝǀĞ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐ around Europe. GREEN SURGE D6.2 DŝůĞƐƚŽŶĞ ϯϮ <ƌŽŶĞŶďĞƌŐ͕ :͕͘ ŶĚĞƌƐƐŽŶ͕ ͕͘ ϮϬϭϲ͘ /ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ sĂůƵĂƚŝŽŶ͗ /ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚŝŶŐ sĂůƵĞ ŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ sĂůƵĂƚŝŽŶ DĞƚŚŽĚƐ͘ GREEN SURGE Milestone MS32.

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE tŚŽ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ƵƐĞ ƚŚŝƐ ŐƵŝĚĞ͍ This guide is designed primarily for planners and local government decision-makers who are interested in ways to better plan and maintain urban green space networks. Allied profes ϐ urban planning, land management or sustainable urban development may ϐ Ǥ Although this publication is focused on European cities, much of it may be useful for practitioners in other parts of the world, too. All guidance needs to be considered in light of its applicability to

local conditions, such as the planning system, available resources, relevant actors, and the most pressing social, environmental and economic challenges.

cooperative tool and strategy development with three of the GREEN SURGE Urban Learning Labs (Berlin, Malmö and Ljubljana), as well as research undertaken in Lisbon.

tŚĂƚ͛Ɛ ŝŶƐŝĚĞ͍ This guide offers inspiration and advice to support local green space planning, ϐ

research. It includes 25 brief overviews of case studies from 13 different European cities. Most cases are examples of good practice and all provide lessons for practitioners across Europe (also see Deliverable 5.2). Six are based on

EĂǀŝŐĂƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŐƵŝĚĞ The guide is divided into seven parts, designed for easy navigation between them. Parts A, B and C correspond to the context, core principles and practice of UGI planning, including case studies related to each theme. Part D looks at next steps, and Part E contains additional case studies that cut across a range of the themes presented.

A

What is UGI planning - and why do it?

/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŝƚƐ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ ĨŽƌ ƚĂĐŬůŝŶŐ ŐůŽďĂů ƵƌďĂŶ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ͘

B

Core principles of UGI planning

hŶƉĂĐŬƐ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƵƌ ŝŶƚĞƌͲůŝŶŬĞĚ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƵŶĚĞƌƉŝŶ ďĞƐƚ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͘

C

DĂŬŝŶŐ ŝƚ ŚĂƉƉĞŶ͊

ŽŽŵƐ ŝŶ ŽŶ ǁĂLJƐ ƚŽ ďĞƩĞƌ ƉůĂŶ ĨŽƌ h'/ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŐƌŽƵŶĚ͘

D

Conclusion and next steps

^ƵŵƐ ƵƉ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ ĐŚĞĐŬůŝƐƚƐ ƚŽ ƚĂŬĞ ƚŚĞ ŶĞdžƚ ƐƚĞƉ ĂŶĚ ŬŝĐŬƐƚĂƌƚ LJŽƵƌ ŽǁŶ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶ͘

E

ƌŽƐƐͲĐƵƫŶŐ ĐĂƐĞ ƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ

WƌĞƐĞŶƚƐ ŝŶ ĚĞƚĂŝů ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂů͕ ĐƌŽƐƐͲĐƵƫŶŐ ĐĂƐĞ ƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƐƉĂŶ ƐĞǀĞƌĂů ƚŚĞŵĞƐ͘

Toolbox

WƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ ĂŶ ŽǀĞƌǀŝĞǁ ŽĨ ƚŽŽůƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ĨŽƌ ŝŵƉůĞͲ ŵĞŶƟŶŐ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͘

Appendix

>ŝƐƚƐ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚŽƌƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŐƵŝĚĞ͘

LEGEND ֻ /ŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐ Ă ĐƌŽƐƐͲůŝŶŬ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ŬĞLJ ƚŚĞŵĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĐĂƐĞ ƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ ĞdžƉůŽƌĞĚ ŝŶ WĂƌƚƐ ͕ ͕ ĂŶĚ ͘ /ŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐ Ă ĐůŝĐŬĂďůĞ ŚLJƉĞƌůŝŶŬ ƚŽ Ă ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ ŽŶůŝŶĞ͘ ŝƌĞĐƚƐ LJŽƵ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƚŽŽůďŽdž͕ ǁŚĞƌĞ LJŽƵ ĐĂŶ ĮŶĚ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĂů ƚŽŽůƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ƚŽ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͘

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

vi

A

t, d /^ h'/ W> EE/E' ͳ E t,z K /d͍ Ŷ ŽǀĞƌǀŝĞǁ 'ƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƚLJƉŽůŽŐLJ hƌďĂŶ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ

1

AN OVERVIEW

A

WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ hƌďĂŶ 'ƌĞĞŶ /ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ hZ E 'Z E /E&Z ^dZh dhZ Έh'/Ή W> EE/E' ͵ A DEFINITION UGI planning is a strategic planning approach that aims to develop networks of green and blue spaces in urban areas, designed and managed to deliver a wide range of ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ Ăƚ Ăůů ƐƉĂƟĂů ƐĐĂůĞƐ͘ ƵĞ ƚŽ ŝƚƐ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟǀĞ͕ ŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂů ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͕ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ŝƐ ĐĂƉĂďůĞ ŽĨ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐ Ă ďƌŽĂĚ ƌĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ͕ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀŝŶŐ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕ ĂĚĂƉƟŶŐ ƚŽ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ͕ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ ĂŶĚ ŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĐŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ͘

We are in the middle of an urban era.

Worldwide, more than half of us live in cities, and the number is rising – making urbanisation a fundamental reality of our common future. There can be little doubt that cities are where ‘our struggle for global sustainability will be won or lost1’.

Meanwhile, in the urban context and beyond, concerns have grown regarding loss of biodiversity and degradation of natural resources – giving rise to recognition of the central role that green space networks have to play in cities and cityregions. In May 2013, the European Commission published a strategy to promote green infrastructure – essential to

the functioning of cities and regions – and mainstream it in EU policy areas2. The strategy notes the potential for green spaces to make a major contribution to sustainable development, by enhancing social cohesion, supporting the economy, and adapting to a changing climate, and highlights the importance of green infrastructure solutions in cities, where more than 60% of the EU population lives3.

To harness the full potential of urban green spaces, however, a carefully conceived, evidence-based approach is required. This guide aims to support such an approach by providing advice on how to plan for and develop urban green infrastructure (UGI).

dŚĞ ^ĐŚƂŶĞďĞƌŐĞƌ ^ƺĚŐĞůćŶĚĞ ŝŶ ĞƌůŝŶ ŝƐ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ ĂŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌ ĂŶĚ ĞdžĞŵƉůŝĮĞƐ ĂŶ ŝŶŶŽǀĂƟǀĞ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͕ Ăƌƚ ŝŶƐƚĂůůĂƟŽŶƐ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ ǁŝůĚĞƌŶĞƐƐ ĂŶĚ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ͘ Credit: Rieke Hansen

REFERENCES 1 United Nations, 2012. Our Struggle for Global Sustainability Will Be Won or Lost in Cities,’ Says Secretary-General, at New York Event [Press release].

Available from: un.org/press/en/2012/sgsm14249.doc.htm

2 European Commission, 2013. Building a Green Infrastructure for Europe. Luxembourg. Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ TXT/?uri=CELEX:52013DC0249

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

3

See European Commission, 2013.

3

hƌďĂŶ 'ƌĞĞŶ /ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͙ ͙ĐĂŶ ŚĞůƉ ƚŽ ƚĂĐŬůĞ ŬĞLJ ƵƌďĂŶ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĐŝƟĞƐ ĨĂĐĞ

,ĞƌĞ ŝŶ WĂƌƚ ͕ ǁĞ ĞdžƉůŽƌĞ ŚŽǁ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ ƚĂŬŝŶŐ ŝŶƚŽ ĂĐĐŽƵŶƚ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ŽĨ Ă ƌĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƚLJƉĞƐ ;ƐĞĞ 'ƌĞĞŶ ^ƉĂĐĞ dLJƉŽůŽŐLJ ŽŶ ƉĂŐĞ ϲͿ ĐĂŶ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐ ĨŽƵƌ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƵƌďĂŶ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ͗ ϭ͘ ĚĂƉƟŶŐ ƚŽ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ Ϯ͘ WƌŽƚĞĐƟŶŐ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ϯ͘ WƌŽŵŽƟŶŐ Ă ŐƌĞĞŶ ĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ ϰ͘ /ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĐŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ These are explored in more detail here in Part A.

…is based on four core principles

ϭͿ 'ƌĞĞŶͲŐƌĞLJ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ ʹ ĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĂŶĚ ŐƌĞLJ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƐĞĞŬƐ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ǁŝƚŚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ŝŶĨƌĂͲ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͕ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ ĂŶĚ ƵƟůŝƟĞƐ͘

ϮͿ ŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ ʹ ĐƌĞĂƟŶŐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĨŽƌ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞƐ ĐƌĞĂƟŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞƐƚŽƌŝŶŐ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶƐ ƚŽ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͕ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĐĂŶŶŽƚ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ĂůŽŶĞ͘

ϯͿ DƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJ ʹ ĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĞŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŝŵƐ Ăƚ ĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ƚŽ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƚŽ ĚĞůŝǀĞƌ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ʹ ĐƌĞĂƟŶŐ ƐLJŶĞƌŐŝĞƐ͕ ǁŚŝůĞ ƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐ ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƚƌĂĚĞͲŽīƐ͘

ϰͿ ^ŽĐŝĂů ŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ ʹ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟǀĞ ĂŶĚ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌLJ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŝŵƐ ĨŽƌ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟǀĞ͕ ƐŽĐŝĂůůLJ ŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ŵĞĂŶƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ ĂƌĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƚŽ Ăůů ĂŶĚ ŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ĂŶĚ ŶĞĞĚƐ ŽĨ ĚŝǀĞƌƐĞ ƉĂƌƟĞƐ͘ ůů ĨŽƵƌ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ ĂƌĞ ĞdžƉůŽƌĞĚ ŝŶ WĂƌƚ ͘

͙ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚĞĚ ƚŽ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĂů ĂĐƟŽŶƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŐƌŽƵŶĚ

^ƵĐŚ ĂĐƟŽŶƐ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶ Ăůů ƉŚĂƐĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͕ ŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ ĞŶŐĂŐŝŶŐ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͕ ĞĂƌůLJ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ͕ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ƉůĂŶƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͘ dŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ ĞdžƉůŽƌĞĚ ŝŶ WĂƌƚ ͘

4

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

A

&ƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ ĨŽƌ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ŽīĞƌƐ Ă ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂů ĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ ƚŽ ďĞ ĂĚĂƉƚĞĚ ƚŽ LJŽƵƌ ůŽĐĂů ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͕ ĂƐ ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚ ďĞůŽǁ͘ dŚŝƐ ĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ ŝƐ ĚƌŝǀĞŶ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƵƌ ĐŽƌĞ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ͘ ŽŵďŝŶĞĚ͕ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ ĂĐƚ ŝŶ ƚǁŽ ĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶƐ͗ ϭͿ ƚŽ ƌĞƐƉŽŶĚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ƵƌďĂŶ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ LJŽƵƌ ĐŝƚLJ ĨĂĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ϮͿ ƚŽ ƵŶĚĞƌƉŝŶ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĂů ĂĐƟŽŶƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŐƌŽƵŶĚ͘

IN

R TEG

IO AT

N

CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION

CO

TY I VI CT E NN BIODIVERSITY

SOCIAL COHESION

LT MU

N IFU

CT

ION

ITY AL

GREEN ECONOMY

ION

L

CIA

S LU INC

SO

URBAN CHALLENGES (PART A)

T EN SM S S N SE AS PLA G S N I ER O P OL D L N H VE DE TAKE TATIO S N E G M GIN LE GA IMP EN

PRINCIPLES (PART B) MAKING IT HAPPEN (PART C)

SUPPORTING PRINCIPLES tŚŝůĞ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƵƌ ĐŽƌĞ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ Ă ĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂů ďĂƐŝƐ ĨŽƌ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ ĐĞƌƚĂŝŶ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ ĂůƐŽ ƚĂŬĞŶ ŝŶƚŽ ĂĐĐŽƵŶƚ͗ ͻ DƵůƟͲƐĐĂůĞ͗ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŝŵƐ ƚŽ ůŝŶŬ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƐƉĂƟĂů ůĞǀĞůƐ͕ ƌĂŶŐŝŶŐ ĨƌŽŵ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ƌĞŐŝŽŶƐ ƚŽ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ƐŝƚĞƐ͘ ͻ DƵůƟͲŽďũĞĐƚ͗ ůů ƚLJƉĞƐ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĂŶĚ ďůƵĞ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ ƌĞŐĂƌĚůĞƐƐ ŽĨ ŽǁŶĞƌƐŚŝƉ ĂŶĚ ŽƌŝŐŝŶ͕ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ ĂƐ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ Ă ŐƌĞĞŶ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ͘ ͻ /ŶƚĞƌͲ ĂŶĚ ƚƌĂŶƐĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌLJ͗ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŝŵƐ Ăƚ ůŝŶŬŝŶŐ ĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĞƐ͕ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ƐĐŝĞŶĐĞ͕ ƉŽůŝĐLJ ĂŶĚ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͘ /ƚ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞƐ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ĂŶĚ ĚĞŵĂŶĚƐ ĨƌŽŵ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĮĞůĚƐ͕ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĞĐŽůŽŐLJ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ ĂŶĚ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ ĂŶĚ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ŝƐ ŝĚĞĂůůLJ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ŝŶ ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ůŽĐĂů ĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͘

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

5

GREEN SPACE TYPOLOGY Urban green (and blue) spaces are incredibly diverse, ranging from urban forests to rooftop gardens.

Some of these spaces are already typically considered in planning practice, but others (particularly private green spaces such as gardens, but also urban farmlands) have received less attention in research and practice. Often, their contribution to UGI networks is not so well understood.

ůůŽƚŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ŐĂƌĚĞŶƐ

GREEN SURGE has contributed to this knowledge gap by developing a green space typology made up of 44 elements, in eight groups, and ϐ their corresponding ecosystem services (see Deliverable 3.1). This provides an important basis for understanding the functional connections between green spaces and the surrounding built environment. An overview of the elements is provided below.

EĂƚƵƌĂů͕ ƐĞŵŝͲŶĂƚƵƌĂů ĂŶĚ ĨĞƌĂů ĂƌĞĂƐ ͻ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ƌĞŵŶĂŶƚ ǁŽŽĚůĂŶĚ͕ ŵĂŶĂŐĞĚ ĨŽƌĞƐƚƐ͕ ŵŝdžĞĚ ĨŽƌŵƐͿ ͻ shrubland ͻ abandoned areas ͻ rocks ͻ sand dunes ͻ ƐĂŶĚ Ɖŝƚ͕ ƋƵĂƌƌLJ͕ ŽƉĞŶ ĐĂƐƚ ŵŝŶĞ ͻ wetland, bog, fen, marsh

ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ŐƌĞĞŶƐ ͻ balcony green ͻ ground-based green wall ͻ facade-bound green wall ͻ extensive green roof ͻ intensive green roof ͻ atrium

'ƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƚLJƉŽůŽŐLJ͕ ŵĂĚĞ ƵƉ ŽĨ ϰϰ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƚLJƉĞƐ ĐůƵƐƚĞƌĞĚ ŝŶ ĞŝŐŚƚ ŐƌŽƵƉƐ͘ Image credits: Rieke Hansen

6

WĂƌŬƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ ͻ large urban park ͻ historical park/garden ͻ pocket park ͻ botanical garden/arboretum ͻ zoological garden ͻ neighbourhood green space ͻ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂů ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ͻ cemetery and churchyard ͻ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉŽƌƚ ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ ͻ camping areas

ͻ

While all these elements can and should be considered in UGI planning, urban green infrastructure is more than simply a new name for existing green space elements. Using the principles of connectivity and multifunctionality, it is possible to determine which of these spaces form part of the city’s UGI network (see Part B) and where it is necessary either to improve the quality of existing elements, or invest in new ones and strengthen linkages (see Part C).

ůƵĞ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ͻ lake, pond ͻ river, stream ͻ dry riverbed ͻ canal ͻ estuary ͻ delta ͻ coast ZŝǀĞƌďĂŶŬ ŐƌĞĞŶ

WƌŝǀĂƚĞ͕ ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂů͕ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ĂŶĚ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂů ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞͬŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĞĚ ƚŽ ŐƌĞLJ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ͻ bioswale ͻ tree alley and street tree, hedge ͻ street green and green verge ͻ private garden ͻ railroad embankment ͻ green playground, schoolground

ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ůĂŶĚ ͻ arable land ͻ grassland ͻ tree meadow/orchard ͻ ďŝŽĨƵĞů ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶͬ agroforestry ͻ ŚŽƌƟĐƵůƚƵƌĞ

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

URBAN CHALLENGES

CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION

GREEN ECONOMY

BIODIVERSITY

SOCIAL COHESION

Green space planners are typically well aware of the potential of urban green spaces to contribute to challenges such as human health, species protection and adaptation to climate change. When understood as part of a UGI planning framework, these and other emerging challenges and trends are not just obstacles to be overcome, they can also form important drivers for investing in green space – especially when a challenge is high on the political agenda.

For instance, urban growth can present a threat to urban green spaces, but also a chance to recognise UGI’s importance for human welbeing and develop corresponding planning strategies. Economic crises and environmental hazards, such as

A ϐ ǡ testing new ways of planning and managing UGI (see Deliverable 5.2). In this way, adopting a UGI planning approach can assist practitioners to productively link urban challenges with the unrealised potential of green spaces, in the interest of gaining support for planned measures and achieving policy objectives.

In the following pages, we look at the potential contribution of UGI to two wellknown challenges – biodiversity protection and climate change adaptation. In addition, we explore two that tend to be lesser-known in planning circles – increasing social cohesion and promoting a green economy (see Deliverable 5.2 for more details).

t >> /E'

URBANISATION

HEALTH

WĂƌĐŽ EŽƌĚ DŝůĂŶŽ ŝƐ Ă ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ƉĂƌŬ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ DŝůĂŶ͛Ɛ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ďĞůƚ͘ WƌŽƚĞĐƟŶŐ ƐƵĐŚ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ŽƵƚƐŬŝƌƚƐ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ Ă ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ƚŽ ĐŽƵŶƚĞƌ ƵƌďĂŶ ƐƉƌĂǁů͘ Credit: Courtesy of ERSAF Regional Agency for Agriculture and Forestry Services, Milan

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

7

hƌďĂŶ ŚĂůůĞŶŐĞ͗ ĚĂƉƚŝŶŐ ƚŽ ůŝŵĂƚĞ ŚĂŶŐĞ

h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĐĂŶ ƉůĂLJ Ă ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ƌŽůĞ ŝŶ ĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ͕ ĨŽƌ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ ďLJ ƌĞŐƵůĂƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ Žƌ ƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐ ƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ ŇŽŽĚŝŶŐ͘

Cities are increasingly facing the risks and Ǣ ǡ ǡ ϐ rainfall, heat extremes, drought, effects on health, higher energy demand for heating and cooling, and reduced availability of water and food1. This situation presents an urgent imperative to both mitigate the effects of climate change and adapt to them.

Climate change adaptation involves making changes to existing systems – whether natural, built or social. This means anticipating adverse effects and taking appropriate action to prevent or minimise the corresponding damage, as well as seizing opportunities that may arise. Adaptation differs from mitigation, which concerns efforts to reduce current and future green-

house gas emissions and enhance carbon storage2. Both mitigation and adaptation strategies are needed to address the impacts of climate change, however, it is important to be aware that they do not always work in harmony with one another.

For instance, increasing green space may reduce overall urban density and thus Ǧ ϐ ǡ ϐ tive capacity of cities.

UGI can play a key role in strategies for climate change adaptation and – to a lesser degree – mitigation, by delivering ȋֻ ȌǤ Importantly, planned adaptation is more cost effective than emergency measures ϐ ȋֻ ȌǤ

dŚĞŝƌ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ ǁŝůů ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ͗ ƚƌĞĞƐ ŽīĞƌ ƐŚĂĚĞ ƚŽ ďƵīĞƌ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ŚĞĂƚ ŝƐůĂŶĚ ĞīĞĐƚ ŝŶ DƵŶŝĐŚ͘ Credit: Stephan Pauleit

8

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

A Ky ϭ͗ >/D d , E' Wd d/KE ^dZ d 'z͕ >D ůŵĂĚĂ ŝƐ Ă ĚĞŶƐĞ ĐŝƚLJ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ >ŝƐďŽŶ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ƌĞĂ͕ WŽƌƚƵŐĂů͘ /ƚƐ ĞdžƚĞŶƐŝǀĞ ĐŽĂƐƚůŝŶĞ ĂƩƌĂĐƚƐ ĂďŽƵƚ ϴ ŵŝůůŝŽŶ ǀŝƐŝƚŽƌƐ ĂŶŶƵĂůůLJ͕ ďƵƚ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĞĂ ĂůƐŽ ĨĂĐĞƐ ŵĂŶLJ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ ƌĞůĂƚĞĚ ƚŽ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ͕ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ůĂŶĚƐůŝĚĞƐ͕ ƌŝƐŝŶŐ ƐĞĂ ůĞǀĞůƐ͕ ĚƌŽƵŐŚƚ͕ ŇĂƐŚ ŇŽŽĚƐ͕ ƐĂůŝŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ͕ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ ĮƌĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ůŽƐƐ͘ /Ŷ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞ͕ ůŵĂĚĂ ŚĂƐ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ĂŶ ĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ƚŚĂƚ ĂŝŵƐ ƚŽ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ Ă ŚĞĂůƚŚŝĞƌ͕ ƐĂĨĞƌ ĂŶĚ ŵŽƌĞ ƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶƚ ĐŝƚLJ͘ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ /Ŷ ϭϵϵϵ͕ ƚŚĞ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ůŵĂĚĂ established the Department of SustainͲ ĂďůĞ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ĂŶĚ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ; ' ^Ϳ ƚŽ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ƉƌŽďůĞŵƐ͘ ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂů ĨƵŶĚƐ ǁĞƌĞ ƐĞĐƵƌĞĚ ŝŶ ϮϬϭϮ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ͚ h ŝƟĞƐ ĚĂƉƚ͛ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĞŶĂďůĞĚ ĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŝƚƐ ĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ŝŶƚŽ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ͛ ƉůĂŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘ ' ^ ůĞĚ ƚŚĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŝŶǀŝƚĞĚ ƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ ƚŽ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƚĞ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŐƌŽƵƉƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŶĞƌŐLJ ŐĞŶĐLJ ŽĨ ůŵĂĚĂ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚ ǀƵůŶĞƌĂďŝůŝƟĞƐ͕ ŵŽŶŝͲ

hƌďĂŶ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶ The intensity, frequency and length of summer heatwaves is expected to increase in the future. Urban areas are hit particularly hard due to their high concentration of impervious surfaces.

There is evidence that increasing the quantity of UGI elements can play a role in countering the urban heat island effect3. However, as individual parks have limited cooling capacity on their own, they should ideally form part of a network, including green corridors that

ƚŽƌĞĚ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ŝŵƉĂĐƚƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ŵŽĚĞůůĞĚ ƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽƐ͘ ^ƵĐĐĞƐƐ ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ dŚĞ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ' ^͕ ŝƚƐ ĐůĞĂƌ ĨŽĐƵƐ ĂŶĚ ŝƚƐ ŵƵůƟͲƐŬŝůůĞĚ ƚĞĂŵ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ŬĞLJ ƚŽ ůŵĂĚĂ͛Ɛ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐ ƐŽ ĨĂƌ͘ ŵƵůƟƐĐĂůĞ ĂŶĚ ŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂů ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ǁĂƐ ĂůƐŽ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ͕ ƵƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐ ͚ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͛ ĂŶĚ ͚ƵƌďĂŶ ƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐĞ͛ ƚŽ ĂƐƐĞƐƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĚƵĐĞ ǀƵůŶĞƌĂďŝůŝƟĞƐ ƌĞůĂƚĞĚ ƚŽ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ͘ /Ŷ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͕ ƚŚŝƐ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ ŵĂƉƉŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ǀŝƐƵĂůŝƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƌĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ;ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůͿ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ ďLJ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJ ƚŽ ƌĞĚƵĐĞ ƌŝƐŬƐ͘ DŽƌĞŽǀĞƌ͕ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ h ŝƟĞƐ ĚĂƉƚ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ h ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ĐĂƚĂͲ ůLJƐĞĚ ĞīŽƌƚƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ĨƵŶĚŝŶŐ͕ ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞ͘ dŚĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ŚĂƐ ƌĞƐƵůƚĞĚ ŝŶ Ă ƌĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞ ĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ŵŽďŝůŝƚLJ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ ĐŽĂƐƚĂů ƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶ͕ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŚĞĂƚ ŝƐůĂŶĚ ĞīĞĐƚ͘ &ƵŶĚŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŚƵŵĂŶ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ ĐŽŶƐƚƌĂŝŶƚƐ ĂƌĞ͕ ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ Ă ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ďŽƩůĞŶĞĐŬ ĨŽƌ ŝƚƐ ĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘

allow cool, unpolluted air to penetrate the city from the surrounding country ȋֻ ȌǤ

ŽŶƚƌŽů ŽĨ ƌŝǀĞƌŝŶĞ ŇŽŽĚŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ůŽĐĂů ƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ ŇŽŽĚƐ Intense rainfall events are likely to increase in frequency and magnitude because of climate change4 and lead to a demand for improved stormwater management. Here, ‘greening’ grey infrastructure can play a role, e.g., utilising bioswales or rain gardens in

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

džĂŵƉůĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͗ ƵŶĞ ƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ^͘ :ŽĆŽ ĚĂ ĂƉĂƌŝĐĂ ďĞĂĐŚĞƐ͕ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ƐĂŶĚ ĐĂƉƚƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶ ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ĞŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐ ƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐĞ ƚŽ ĞƌŽƐŝŽŶ͘ Credit: Almada City Council

&ŝŶĚ ŽƵƚ ŵŽƌĞ͘​͘​͘ ƐƚƌĂƚĠŐŝĂ >ŽĐĂů ƉĂƌĂ ĂƐ ůƚĞƌĂĕƁĞƐ ůŝŵĄƟĐĂƐ ŶŽ DƵŶŝĐşƉŝŽ de Almada (in Portuguese). Câmara Municipal de Almada, 2007. ŽĂƐƚĂů ŚĂnjĂƌĚ ŵĂƉƉŝŶŐ ĂƐ ĂŶ ĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƚŽŽů͗ ůŵĂĚĂ͛Ɛ >ŽĐĂů ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ĨŽƌ ůŝŵĂƚĞ ŚĂŶŐĞ͘ Lopes, N. et al, 2014. 5th Global Forum on Urban Resilience and ĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ͘ ŽŶŶ͘ h ŝƟĞƐ ĚĂƉƚ Ͳ ĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ĨŽƌ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ ŝƟĞƐ͗ &ŝŶĂů ZĞƉŽƌƚ͘ Ricardo-AEA, 2013.

lieu of conventional stormwater ȋֻ ȌǤ

ĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƐĞĂͲůĞǀĞů ƌŝƐĞ Cities in low-elevation coastal zones face the threat of rising sea-levels, with associated risks of submergence and ϐ Ǥ possible solutions are the maintenance and restoration of coastal landforms and ecosystems, including increasing vegetation so as to stabilise sand dunes5 ȋֻ ͳ ȌǤ

9

< z D ^^ ' ^͗ h'/ &KZ Wd/E' dK >/D d , E' /ĚĞŶƟĨLJ ǁŝŶĚŽǁƐ ŽĨ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚLJ Where urban challenges are widely recognised, and the need to act upon them has ŐĂŝŶĞĚ ůĞŐŝƟŵĂĐLJ ĂŵŽŶŐ ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲŵĂŬĞƌƐ͕ ƚŚĞLJ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ƵƐĞĨƵů ƚƌŝŐŐĞƌƐ ĨŽƌ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƐƚĂƚƵƐ ƋƵŽ͘ /ĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐ ŝƐƐƵĞƐ ŽĨ Ă ŚŝŐŚ ƉŽůŝƟĐĂů ƉƌŝŽƌŝƚLJ͕ ƌĞǀŝĞǁŝŶŐ ĐŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚŝŶŐ ƉůĂŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƌĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ h'/ ŝƐ ĐĂƉĂďůĞ ŽĨ ĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐ ŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ ĐĂŶ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ Ă ĐĂƐĞ ĨŽƌ ŝŶǀĞƐƟŶŐ ŝŶ h'/͘ &Žƌ ŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽŵŝŶĞŶĐĞ ƚŚĂƚ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ŚĂƐ ŐĂŝŶĞĚ ŝŶ ŵĂŶLJ ĐŝƟĞƐ ŚĂƐ ŚĞůƉĞĚ ƐŽŵĞ ĐŝƟĞƐ ƚŽ ƐĞĐƵƌĞ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ĨŽƌ ƌĞůĂƚĞĚ ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ͕ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ŐƌĞĞŶͲŐƌĞLJ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ ;ֻ Ždž ϰ DĂůŵƂ͕ ϭ ůŵĂĚĂ͕ ĂŶĚ ϯ ĞƌůŝŶͿ͘

ƐƐĞƐƐ ǀƵůŶĞƌĂďŝůŝƟĞƐ ƚŽ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ ƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐĞ īĞĐƟǀĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ĨŽƌ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞ ĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐ ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ŝŶ ĨŽĐƵƐ ĂŶĚ ĂŶ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ŽĨ ŝƚƐ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ǀƵůŶĞƌĂďŝůŝƟĞƐϲ (ֻAssessing h'/ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐͿ͘ dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ŶĞĞĚƐ ƚŽ ĚƌĂǁ ŽŶ ĂŶ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ ǀƵůŶĞƌĂďŝůŝƚLJ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ͕ ƚĂƌŐĞƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƌŝƐŬƐ ĂŶĚ ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐĞ͘ ^ƵĐŚ ĂŶ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ĂůƐŽ ƚĂŬĞ ŝŶƚŽ ĂĐĐŽƵŶƚ ƚŚĞ ƐLJŶĞƌŐŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ŵŝƟŐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ͕ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ŝƐƐƵĞƐ ŽĨ ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂů ũƵƐƟĐĞ͕ ŐŝǀĞŶ ƚŚĂƚ ƐŽĐŝŽͲĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂůůLJ ĚŝƐĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞĚ ĂƌĞĂƐ ĂƌĞ ŽŌĞŶ ŵŽƐƚ ǀƵůŶĞƌĂďůĞ ƚŽ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ĞīĞĐƚƐ ;ֻ^ŽĐŝĂů ŽŚĞƐŝŽŶͿ͘

ŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞ ĞīŽƌƚƐ tŚŝůĞ ŵŝƟŐĂƟŽŶ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ŽŌĞŶ ĨŽĐƵƐ ŽŶ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ƐĞĐƚŽƌƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ͕ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ Žƌ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĞƐ͕ ĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ĂƌĞ ĐƌŽƐƐͲƐĞĐƚŽƌĂů͘ dŚŝƐ ĐƌĞĂƚĞƐ Ă ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ŝŵƉĞƌĂƟǀĞ ĨŽƌ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟǀĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĂĐƟǀĞůLJ include relevant stakeholdersϳ (ֻ/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ͕ ֻ^ŽĐŝĂů /ŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶͿ͘ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐ ĐĂŶ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ ;ֻ Ždž ϭ ůŵĂĚĂ ĂŶĚ ϭ ^njĞŐĞĚͿ͘

REFERENCES 1 Wilby, R. L., 2007. A review of climate change impacts on the built environment. Built Environment 33, 31–45.

2 IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2014. Summary for policymakers. In: Field, C.B., et al. (eds.). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability.

Contribution of Working Gr oup II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, 1–32.

10

3 Shaw, R., et al., 2007. Climate change adaptation by design: a guide for sustainable communities. TCPA, London.

4 Tebaldi, C., et al., 2006. Going to the extremes – an intercomparison of modelsimulated historical and future changes in extreme events. Climatic Change 2006, 79 (3–4), 185–211.

5

See IPCC, 2014.

6 United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), 2014. Planning for Climate Change: A Strategic, Values-based Approach for Urban Planners – Toolkit. UNHabitat, Nairobi, Kenya. Available from: https:// unhabitat.org/books/planning-for-climatechange-a-strategic-values-based-approach-forurban-planners-cities-and-climate-changeinitiative/

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

hƌďĂŶ ŚĂůůĞŶŐĞ͗ WƌŽƚĞĐƚŝŶŐ ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ

ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚŽŽĚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶ ĂŵŽŶŐ ůŝǀŝŶŐ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐ ŽĨ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƚŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ ƉĂƌƚ͘ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƐĞĞŬƐ ƚŽ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ƚŽ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐĞ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ďƌŝŶŐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ŝŶƚŽ ĐŽŶƚĂĐƚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞŵ͘

Loss of biodiversity is a major threat worldwide, requiring attention from policy-makers at the local, regional, national and global levels. Support for halting biodiversity loss has gained increasing attention since the release of the United Nation’s Convention on Biological Diversity in 1992. Major recent initiatives include the UN’s Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-20201 and its Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Service (IPBES)2, as well as the EU’s Biodiversity Strategy to 20203, in addition to hundreds of plans at the local and regional levels.

Biodiversity includes diversity within and between species, the variety of original, semi-natural and man-made biotopes (such as forests, dry meadows or private gardens) and, at a larger scale, the diversity of ecosystems themselves4. Although urbanisation often negatively impacts upon biodiversity, urban areas can also ϐ and habitat types, thus offering opportuni-

A ties both for biodiversity protection and for people to experience nature. Through strategic, integrated coordination and management, UGI planning seeks to enhance these opportunities and others.

For instance, setting aside areas for ‘wild nature’ may result in lower management costs, while people in regular contact with species-rich environments may experience fewer allergies5.

dŽŽůƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ ĨŽƌ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ Tools for assessing and valuing biodiversity can generally be divided into two categories: a) eco-spatial indicators and Ȍ ϐ Ǥ approach tends to be expert-oriented and ϐ ϐ ǡ are useful for planners. For instance, at the site level, green area factors6 can be a useful tool to calculate green space requirements for new developments.

A range of other tools and indicators is ֻ ͳǤ

&ŽƌĞƐƚƐ ĂƌĞ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ŶĂƟǀĞ ŚĂďŝƚĂƚƐ ŝŶ ,ĞůƐŝŶŬŝ͘ &ŝĚĚůĞŚĞĂĚ ĨĞƌŶƐ ĂǁĂŬĞŶŝŶŐ ŝŶ Ă ƐĞĂƐŚŽƌĞ ǁĞƚůĂŶĚ ŝŶ ĞĂƌůLJ ƐƉƌŝŶŐ͕ ŽŶ ,ĞůƐŝŶŬŝ͛Ɛ sĂƌƟŽƐĂĂƌŝ ŝƐůĂŶĚ͘ ƌĞĚŝƚ͗ <ĂƟ sŝĞƌŝŬŬŽ

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

11

A Ky Ϯ͗ h'/ E dtKZ< &KZ &KZ ^d /K /s Z^/dz͕ , >^/E</ dŚĞ ƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŽƌŝŐŝŶĂů ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŝŶ ,ĞůƐŝŶŬŝ͕ &ŝŶůĂŶĚ͕ ŝƐ ŽŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŚŝŐŚĞƐƚ ĂŵŽŶŐ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ ĐĂƉŝƚĂůƐ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ƚŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ ƵŶĚĞƌ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ĨƌŽŵ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ͘ dŚŝƐ ƚŚƌĞĂƚ ŚĂƐ ŐŝǀĞŶ ƌŝƐĞ ƚŽ Ă ĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŐƌĂƐƐƌŽŽƚƐ ĂŶĚ ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĂů ĞīŽƌƚƐ ƚŽ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚ ĂŶĚ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͛Ɛ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͘ &ŽƌŵĂů ĂŶĚ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂů ĞīŽƌƚƐ ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ŚĂƐ ĞǀŽůǀĞĚ ŝŶ ,ĞůƐŝŶŬŝ ĂůŽŶŐ ƚǁŽ ůĂƌŐĞůLJ ŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚ ƉĂƚŚƐ͗ Ă ĨŽƌŵĂů ŽŶĞ ůĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ĐŽƵŶĐŝů͕ ĂŶĚ ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ ůĞĚ ďLJ ůŽĐĂů ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ E'KƐ͘ dŚĞ ĨŽƌŵĂů ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ resulted in an update of the Nature ŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ;ϮϬϭϱͲϮϬϮϰͿ͕ ƉƌŽƉŽƐŝŶŐ ϰϳ ŶĞǁ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ ĂƌĞĂƐ ƚŽ ďĞ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĞĚ ʹ ĂůŵŽƐƚ ĚŽƵďůĞ ƚŚĞ ƚŽƚĂů ĂƌĞĂ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůLJ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚĞĚ͘ dŚĞ ƉůĂŶ ǁĂƐ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ďƌŽĂĚĞƌ ŝƚLJ DĂƐƚĞƌ WůĂŶ͕ ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ŝƚ ǁĂƐ ŶŽƚ ĨƵůůLJ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĞĚ ďLJ ůŽĐĂů ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ E'KƐ͕ who outlined their own proposal for a ĨŽƌĞƐƚ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ7͘ dŚĞLJ ƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚ ĮĞůĚ ŝŶǀĞŶƚŽƌŝĞƐ ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐ ĞŶĚĂŶŐĞƌĞĚ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͕ ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĞĚ ĞĂĐŚ

ĞŶĞĮƚƐ ƚŽ ŚƵŵĂŶƐ

Support a green economy and sustainable lifestyles

ƉƌŽƉŽƐĞĚ ƐŝƚĞ ĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚŝƐĞĚ ĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂ ;ĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚ ǁŝƚŚ D d^K dŚĞ &ŽƌĞƐƚ ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ĨŽƌ ^ŽƵƚŚĞƌŶ &ŝŶůĂŶĚ8Ϳ͕ ĂŶĚ ŐĂƚŚĞƌĞĚ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ '/^ ĚĂƚĂ͘ >ĞƐƐŽŶƐ ůĞĂƌŶƚ ŽƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƌŵĂů ĂŶĚ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂů ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ ĚƌĞǁ ƵƉŽŶ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ ,ĞůƐŝŶŬŝ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ E'KƐ͛ ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂů ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚ ƉĂƌƚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŽĸĐŝĂů EĂƚƵƌĞ ŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ͘ KǀĞƌĂůů͕ ƚŚŝƐ ŝƐ Ă ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵů ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĂďŝůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ďŽƩŽŵͲƵƉ ĂŶĚ ƚŽƉͲĚŽǁŶ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ ƚŽ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚ͘ zĞƚ ŝƚ ĂůƐŽ ŝŶĚŝͲ ĐĂƚĞƐ ƚŚĞ ůŝŵŝƚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞƐĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐ͘ dǁŽͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶĂů ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƌĂůůĞů ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ ǁĂƐ ƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJ ůŽǁ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ůŽĐĂů ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ŐƌŽƵƉƐ ƌĞŵĂŝŶƐ ĨƌĂŐŝůĞ͘ dŚĞ ŝƚLJ DĂƐƚĞƌ WůĂŶ ĚŽĞƐ ŶŽƚ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ƋƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƚĂƌŐĞƚƐ Žƌ ŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ ŽŶ ŚŽǁ ƚŽ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌͲ ƐŝƚLJ ǁŝƚŚ ŐƌĞLJ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ŵŽƌĞ ǁŽƌŬ ŝƐ ŶĞĞĚĞĚ ƚŽ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞ ůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ŚĂďŝƚĂƚƐ͕ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ƚŽ ƌĂŝƐĞ ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐ ĂŵŽŶŐ ƌĞƐŝͲ ĚĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͘

Improve human health and wellbeing

Bring people into contact with nature and educate them about the environment

Provide diverse ecosystem services and ŽƚŚĞƌ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ

&ŝĞůĚ ŝŶǀĞŶƚŽƌŝĞƐ ƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬĞŶ ďLJ ůŽĐĂů E'K ĞdžƉĞƌƚƐ ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ ǀĂůƵĂďůĞ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŽŶ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ ƐĞǀĞƌĂů ĞŶĚĂŶŐĞƌĞĚ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ƚŽ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ Ă ĨŽƌĞƐƚ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂů͘ ƌĞĚŝƚ͗ <ĂƟ sŝĞƌŝŬŬŽ

&ŝŶĚ ŽƵƚ ŵŽƌĞ͘​͘​͘ ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ŐƌĞĞŶ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ŽĨ ,ĞůƐŝŶŬŝ ʹ ƵƌďĂŶ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ƌĞƉŽƌƚ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ,ĞůƐŝŶŬŝ ŵĂƐƚĞƌ ƉůĂŶ ϮϬϭϰ͘ Vierikko et al., 2014 (in Finnish with English summary).

Protect rare, Understand and endangered or adapt to otherwise environmental important species changes, e.g., climate change and other external stressors

dŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ ŵĂŶLJ ŵŽƟǀĞƐ ĨŽƌ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŶŐ ƵƌďĂŶ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ĨŽƌ ďŽƚŚ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ ŚƵŵĂŶƐ͘ ƌĞĚŝƚ͗ ĞƐŝŐŶ ďLJ ůĞĂŶŽƌ ŚĂƉŵĂŶ͕ ĂĚĂƉƚĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ <ĂƟ sŝĞƌŝŬŬŽ͕ ϮϬϭϱ͕ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ĞĂƌďŽƌŶ ĂŶĚ <ĂƌŬ͕ ϮϬϬϵ9͘

12

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

ĞŶĞĮƚƐ ƚŽ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ

A < z D ^^ ' ^͗ h'/ &KZ WZKd d/E' /K /s Z^/dz ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌ ƚŚĞ ĨƵůů ƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ īŽƌƚƐ ƚŽ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ďĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ůŽĐĂů ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌ ƚŚĞ ǀĂƌŝĞƚLJ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͘ /Ŷ ƐŽŵĞ ĐĂƐĞƐ ŝƚ ŵŝŐŚƚ ďĞ ŵŽƌĞ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ ƚŽ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚ Žƌ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞ ďŝŽƚŽƉĞƐ ĨŽƌ ůŽĐĂůůLJͲĞǀŽůǀĞĚ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ ŇŽƌĂ ĂŶĚ ĨĂƵŶĂ (ֻ Ždž ϱ >ŝƐďŽŶͿ ƌĂƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ;Žƌ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐͿ ŚĂďŝƚĂƚƐ ĨŽƌ ŶĂƟǀĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ;ֻ Ždž Ϯ ,ĞůƐŝŶŬŝͿ͘

WůĂŶ Ăƚ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ƐĐĂůĞƐ ĂŶĚ ďĞLJŽŶĚ ĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĞ ďŽƵŶĚĂƌŝĞƐ dŚĞ ƐƉĂƟĂů ƐĐĂůĞ ĂŶĚ ďŽƵŶĚĂƌŝĞƐ ƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚ ĨŽƌ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ĂƌĞ ŽŌĞŶ ŶŽƚ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ĂƐ ƚŚŽƐĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŝŶĨŽƌŵ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ĐŝƟĞƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ŵĞĂŶƐ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐ ĐĂŶ ŝŶĂĚǀĞƌƚĞŶƚůLJ ĚŝƐƌƵƉƚ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚ ŇŽǁ ĂŶĚ ĞǀĂƉŽƚƌĂŶƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶ͕ ƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ŝŵƉĞĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ;ֻ ŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ͕ ֻDƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJͿ͘ dŚŝƐ ŽďƐƚĂĐůĞ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ƌĞĚƵĐĞĚ Žƌ ŽǀĞƌĐŽŵĞ ďLJ ŵƵůƟͲƐĐĂůĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƚŚĂƚ ƌĞĂĐŚĞƐ ďĞLJŽŶĚ ĐŝƚLJ ďŽƵŶĚĂƌŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ůŝŶŬƐ ƐŝƚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ƚŽ ĐŝƚLJͲǁŝĚĞ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ͘

/ŶǀŽůǀĞ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ƚŽ ůŽĐĂůƐ ƚŽ ŐĂŝŶ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ >ŽĐĂů ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ ŽŌĞŶ ďĞŶĞĮƚ ĨƌŽŵ ůŝǀŝŶŐ ŝŶ Žƌ ŶĞĂƌ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐͲƌŝĐŚ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ďƵƚ ƚŚŝƐ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ ŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌŝůLJ ǁŝĚĞůLJ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚŽŽĚ͘ DƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƟĞƐ ĐĂŶ ƚĂŬĞ Ă ŵŽƌĞ ĂĐƟǀĞ ƌŽůĞ ŝŶ ƌĂŝƐŝŶŐ ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ŽĨ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕ ĂŶĚ ŝŶ ƚƵƌŶ ŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ ŝŶ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐ ƚŽ ŝƚƐ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ͘

ֻdŽŽůďŽdž dϭ ĨŽƌ Ă ƌĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ ƚŽ ĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͘

͞EĞĂƌůLJ Ăůů ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ŚĂƐ ƐŽŵĞ ďĞŶĞĮƚ ƚŽ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͘ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐ ĐĂŶ ĂŶĚ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ ĨŽƌ ǁŝůĚůŝĨĞ͗ ŝŶ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ ƚŽ ďŝƌĚƐ ĂŶĚ ƉůĂŶƚƐ͕ ŵĂŵŵĂůƐ͕ ŝŶƐĞĐƚƐ͕ ĨƵŶŐŝ ĂŶĚ ĮƐŚ ĐĂŶ Ăůů ďĞŶĞĮƚ ĨƌŽŵ ǁĞůůͲĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚ ŐƌĞĞŶ ŝŶĨƌĂͲ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͘͟10

REFERENCES 1 United Nations Environment Programme, n.d. Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020.

Available from: www.cbd.int/sp

4 Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992.

Section I. 3rd Edition. Available from: www.cbd. int/convention/ refrhandbook.shtml

8 See more on the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry website at http://mmm.fi/en/forests/ biodiversity-and-protection/metso-programme

2 See more on the IPBES website at www. ipbes.net

5 Hanski, I., et al., 2012. Environmental biodiversity, human microbiota, and allergy are interrelated. PNAS.

9 Dearborn, D. C., Kark, S., 2010. Motivations for Conserving Urban Biodiversity. Conservation Biology 24, 432–440

6 See more at: www.integratedstormwater. eu/content/green-area-factor-and-other-tools

10 Forest Research n.d. Evidence Note: Ecological benefits of urban green infrastructure, p1.

3 European Commission, 2011. Our life insurance, our natural capital: an EU biodiversity strategy to 2020. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of Regions. 3 May 2011, Brussels. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/ environment/nature/biodiversity/strategy/ index_en.htm#stra

7 Helsingin luonnonsuojeluyhdistys, 2014.

Arvometsäaloite 17th June 2014. Proposal for forest conservation network in Helsinki made by five nature conservation organizations.

Available from: http://helsinginmetsat.fi/about/#

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

13

hƌďĂŶ ŚĂůůĞŶŐĞ͗ WƌŽŵŽƚŝŶŐ Ă 'ƌĞĞŶ ĐŽŶŽŵLJ The recent global economic crisis and ongoing environmental challenges, such as climate change, have sparked a renewed interest in alternative economies and forms of growth. Of these, green growth and the transition to a green economy are the most widely discussed2.

h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĐĂŶ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞ ƚŽ Ă ŐƌĞĞŶ ĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ ƚŚĂƚ ĂŝŵƐ ƚŽ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞ ŚƵŵĂŶ ǁĞůůͲ ďĞŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĞƋƵŝƚLJ͕ ǁŚŝůĞ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůLJ ƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶͲ ŵĞŶƚĂů ƌŝƐŬƐ ĂŶĚ ĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐϭ͘

A holistic approach to sustainability underpins the green economy concept, which aims for simultaneous environmental, social and ϐ Ǥ ϐ ϐ ǡ ness and business opportunities, a green economy seeks to improve the quality of urban environments, reduce resource consumption by creating synergies between functions, and provide opportunities for people to engage with each other and with their environment. It is an emerging concept yet to be fully embraced by green space planners, although many cities already have planning objectives tied to related concepts like sustainable planning, green jobs, a low carbon economy, or attractive public spaces.

DĂŬŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƐĞ ĨŽƌ Ă ŐƌĞĞŶ ĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ4 ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ

ϐ ǯ a range of ways, both directly and indirectly.

Attractive urban green spaces can not only improve a city’s competitiveness as a destination for new residents, businesses and tourists, but also help generate income, e.g., in the food and service industries, through leisure activities and special events5. For local business owners, greenery has been linked to positive shopper perceptions, lower ϐ ǣ encouraging sales, while also increasing staff motivation. UGI can also support local food production and sale at farmers markets.

Importantly, a green economy would see all ϐ their corresponding social and environmental impacts in evaluating their net effect. ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĞĸĐŝĞŶĐLJ ʹ ĂǀŽŝĚĞĚ ĐŽƐƚƐ In addition to generating income, UGI planning can also help to avoid costs, e.g., by creating healthier communities or avoiding the damage caused by natural Ǥ Ǧ ϐ strating such costs avoided through UGI can make a compelling case for invest ȋֻ ͳ hagen). One study estimated the average ϐ housing in a 100 mile-long greenway along the Meramec River in the USA to be $7.7 million per year6 ȋֻ ȌǤ

ŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ŐĂƌĚĞŶŝŶŐ ĐĂŶ ŚĞůƉ ƚŽ ĂǀŽŝĚ ĐŽƐƚƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ƐĞůĨͲƐƵĸĐŝĞŶĐLJ͕ ďƵƚ ĂůƐŽ ŽīĞƌƐ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ĨŽƌ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚ ǁĞůůďĞŝŶŐ͘ ZĂŝƐĞĚ ďĞĚƐ Ăƚ >ŽĐŚĞŶĚ ŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ 'ƌŽǁŝŶŐ WƌŽũĞĐƚ͕ ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ͘ ƌĞĚŝƚ͗ ĚŝďůĞ ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ ϮϬϭϱ

14

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

A Ky ϯ͗ / > /E hZ', /Ŷ ϮϬϭϰ͕ ƚŚĞ ŝƚLJ ŽĨ ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ ŽƵŶĐŝů͕ ^ĐŽƚůĂŶĚ͕ ůĂƵŶĐŚĞĚ ƚŚĞ ĚŝďůĞ ĚŝŶͲ ďƵƌŐŚ ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ &ŽŽĚ ŝƚLJ WůĂŶ͕ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ǀŝƐŝŽŶ ĨŽƌ ŐŽŽĚ ĨŽŽĚ ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ ƚŽ Ăůů͕ ŚĞĂůƚŚLJ͕ ƚŚƌŝǀŝŶŐ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ Ă ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘ dŚĞ ƉůĂŶ ĞŵĞƌŐĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ Ă ĐƌŽƐƐͲƐĞĐƚŽƌ ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉ͘ /ƚ ĂŝŵƐ͕ ĂŵŽŶŐ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƚŚŝŶŐƐ͕ ƚŽ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ĨŽŽĚ ƉƌŽĐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƚŚƌĞĞ ůĂƌŐĞƐƚ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ ŽƌŐĂŶŝͲ ƐĂƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ƐŽ ĂƐ ƚŽ͗ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ ƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂů͕ ŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚ ĨŽŽĚ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ͕ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ƐŬŝůůƐ ƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ͕ ŵĂŬĞ ŵŽƌĞ ůĂŶĚ ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ ĨŽƌ ĨŽŽĚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ ŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͛Ɛ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĨŽŽƚƉƌŝŶƚ͕ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞ ŚĞĂůƚŚ ĂŶĚ ǁĞůůďĞŝŶŐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉ ƚŽ ĨŽŽĚ͘ ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ dŚĞ ŝŵƉĞƚƵƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶ ĞŵĞƌŐĞĚ ŝŶ ϮϬϭϭ͕ ĂŌĞƌ ĐŽŶƐƵůƚĂƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ƉůĂŶ ͚^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ 2020’ revealed food to be a major ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶ͘ ĐŽĂůŝƟŽŶ ŽĨ ϭϮ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶƐ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ͕ ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ ĂŶĚ Đŝǀŝů ƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ ƐĞĐƚŽƌƐ ;ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ŶŽŶƉƌŽĮƚƐ͕ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƟĞƐ͕ ƌĞƐƚĂƵƌĂŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶƐͿ ĨŽƌŵĞĚ ƚŽ ĞdžƉůŽƌĞ ƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƟĞƐ ĨŽƌ Ă ůŽĐĂů ĨŽŽĚ

,ĞĂůƚŚ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ Access to green space in cities has been shown to positively affect health in a range of ways, among them longer lives, quicker recovery from surgery, reduced stress, mental ϐ Ǧ reported perceptions of health – all of which translate into greater wellbeing and reduced health care costs.

Employee health is also relevant for Ǥ ϐ has been found to exist between access to green space in and around

ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ͘ /ŶŝƟĂůůLJ͕ ŵŽŶƚŚůLJ ƐĞŵŝŶĂƌƐ ǁĞƌĞ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚ ĨŽƌ Ă ŽŶĞͲLJĞĂƌ ƉĞƌŝŽĚ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞ ĂŝŵƐ͕ ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ͕ ĂĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ǁĂLJƐ ŽĨ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ǁĞƌĞ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐĞĚ͘ ƚ ƚŚĞ ĮŶĂů ƐĞƐƐŝŽŶ͕ ƚŚĞ ĐŽĂůŝƟŽŶ ĂŐƌĞĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞƌĞ ǁĞƌĞ ƐƵĸĐŝĞŶƚ ƐLJŶĞƌŐŝĞƐ ƚŽ ĨŽƌŵĂůůLJ ĞŶĚŽƌƐĞ ͚ ĚŝďůĞ ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ͛͘ LJ ĂƵƚƵŵŶ ϮϬϭϯ͕ Ă ĐŽŵŵŽŶ ǀŝƐŝŽŶ ŚĂĚ been formulated and was released for ĐŽŶƐƵůƚĂƟŽŶ͘ KǀĞƌ ϰϬϬ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞƐ ǁĞƌĞ ƚĂŬĞŶ ŝŶƚŽ ĂĐĐŽƵŶƚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĮŶĂů ǀĞƌƐŝŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ĐŽĂůŝƟŽŶ ŝƐ ŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚ͕ LJĞƚ ůŝŶŬĞĚ ƚŽ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ͕ ƐŝŶĐĞ ŝƚ ŝƐ ĐŚĂŝƌĞĚ ďLJ Ă ĐŽƵŶĐŝůůŽƌ͕ ĂŶĚ ĂŝŵƐ ƚŽ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞ ƉŽůŝƟĐĂů ĂŐĞŶĚĂƐ͘ /ƚ ĞŶĐŽƵŶͲ ƚĞƌĞĚ ƚǁŽ ŵĂŝŶ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ͗ ĮƌƐƚůLJ͕ ĐŽŵŝŶŐ ƚŽ ĂŶ ĂŐƌĞĞŵĞŶƚ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ĂŝŵƐ ĂŶĚ ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ďƌŽĂĚ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƌĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ĂĐƚŽƌƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚƐ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ͕ ĂŶĚ ƐĞĐŽŶĚůLJ͕ ŐĞƫŶŐ ďƵLJͲŝŶ ĨƌŽŵ ĐŽƵŶĐŝůͲ ůŽƌƐ ĂŶĚ ŬĞLJ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶƐ ŝŶ ŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞ ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶ ŵĂŬŝŶŐ͘ dŽĚĂLJ͕ ďŽƚŚ ƚŚĞƐĞ ŚƵƌĚůĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ŽǀĞƌĐŽŵĞ ʹ ĨŽƌ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ŐƌŽƵƉ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůůLJ ƉĞƟƟŽŶĞĚ ƚŚĞ ůĞĂĚĞƌƐ ŽĨ ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ ĂŶĚ 'ůĂƐŐŽǁ ŝƚLJ ŽƵŶĐŝůƐ ƚŽ ŝƐƐƵĞ Ă ũŽŝŶƚ ƉůĞĚŐĞ ŽŶ ĨŽŽĚ ƉŽǀĞƌƚLJ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞͲ ŵĞŶƚƐ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĞĚ ďLJ Ă ƉŽůŝĐLJ

the workplace and the attitudes and stress levels of employees. dŚĞ ƐŽĐŝĂů ŝŵƉĞƚƵƐ ĨŽƌ Ă ŐƌĞĞŶ ĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ A green economy can also be a powerful tool to support more socially engaged and equitable communities7. Where people feel attached to their local urban green spaces, they may be inspired to become more actively involved in related planning processes. Green spaces are also generally free and

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

ĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ ƚŚĂƚ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐ ůŽĐĂů ĂƵƚŚŽƌŝͲ ƟĞƐ ƚŽ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƚĞ ǁŝƚŚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĚĞƉĂƌƚͲ ŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƚŚŝƌĚ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ͕ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚ Đƚ ;ƉĂƐƐĞĚ ŝŶ ϮϬϭϱͿ ƚŽ ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞ ŽǀĞƌ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐ͘

&ŝŶĚ ŽƵƚ ŵŽƌĞ͘​͘​͘ ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ &ŽŽĚ ŝƚLJ WůĂŶ͘ Edible Edinburgh, 2014. :ŽŝŶƚ ^ƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚ ŽŶ &ŽŽĚ WŽǀĞƌƚLJ͘ Published by the Leaders of Edinburgh and Glasgow City Councils, 2015.

WŝĐŬLJ ĂƚĞƌƐ tŽƌŬƐŚŽƉ Ăƚ >ŽĐŚĞŶĚ ŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ 'ƌŽǁŝŶŐ WƌŽũĞĐƚ͘ ƌĞĚŝƚ͗ ĚŝďůĞ ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ ϮϬϭϱ

open to all, encouraging a mix of people with varied backgrounds to ȋֻ ȌǤ ǡ green spaces can provide opportunities for direct engagement with the environment, whether through farming, gardening, volunteering, or informal creative ventures. These experiences can contribute to individual wellbeing, learning and the development of social and profes ȋֻ ͵ ǡ ͸ Milan, and E6 Berlin).

15

< z D ^^ ' ^͗ h'/ &KZ WZKDKd/E' 'Z E KEKDz ŽůůĂďŽƌĂƚĞ ǁŝƚŚ ŶŽŶͲŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĂů ĂĐƚŽƌƐ WƌŽŵŽƟŶŐ Ă ŐƌĞĞŶ ĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ ƵƐƵĂůůLJ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐ ĞŶŐĂŐŝŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ǁŝĚĞ ƌĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ĂĐƚŽƌƐ (ֻ Ždž ϯ ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ ĂŶĚ ϲ ĞƌůŝŶͿ͘ dŚĞ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ ďLJ Ă ĚŝǀĞƌƐĞ ƌĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚƐ ŵĂLJ ĂůƐŽ ďĞ ŽīƐĞƚ ďLJ ĐŽƐƚƐ ƐĂǀĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƌĞĚƵĐĞĚ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂů ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ĞdžƉĞŶĚŝƚƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ Ă ŚĞĂůƚŚŝĞƌ͕ ŵŽƌĞ ƐŽĐŝĂůůLJ ĐŽŚĞƐŝǀĞ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͘

ĂůĂŶĐĞ ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ ĂŶĚ ƉƵďůŝĐ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚƐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ ŵƵƐƚ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌ ƚŚĞ ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ ŽĨ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͕ ĨŽƌ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ ďLJ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƟŶŐ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ƚŽ ƉƌĞǀĞŶƚ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ ĨƌŽŵ ďĞŝŶŐ ĚŝƐƉůĂĐĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŐĞŶƚƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ ;ֻ^ŽĐŝĂů ŽŚĞƐŝŽŶͿ͘ tŚĞŶ ĞŶŐĂŐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ ĂƐ Ă ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌ͕ ŝƚ ŝƐ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůLJ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƚŽ ĞŶƐƵƌĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ ĂƌĞ ĐĂƌĞĨƵůůLJ ďĂůĂŶĐĞĚ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ ƉƌŽĮƚ͕ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŽŶĞ ŚĂŶĚ͕ ĂŶĚ ƉƵďůŝĐ ŶĞĞĚƐ ĂŶĚ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŽƚŚĞƌ8͘

ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌ ƚŚĞ ĨƵůů ƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ ŽĨ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͗ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů͕ ƐŽĐŝĂů E ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĐĐŽƵŶƟŶŐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĂŶĚ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ŽĨ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ ĂůŽŶŐƐŝĚĞ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ƚŽ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͕ ĚĞŵĂŶĚƐ ĂŶ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ƚŽ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͘ tŚŝůĞ ƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐ ǁŝůů ǀĂƌLJ ĚĞƉĞŶĚŝŶŐ ƵƉŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͕ Ă ŐƌĞĞŶ economy seeks to maximise each of these three dimensions to the degree possible in ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚ ŽĨ ůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJ͕ ƌĂƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ƉƌŝŽƌŝƟƐŝŶŐ ŵŽŶĞƚĂƌLJ ŐĂŝŶƐ͘

ֻdŽŽůďŽdž dϮ ĨŽƌ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ ƚŽ ŵĂƉƉŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͘

&Žƌ Ă ĚĞƚĂŝůĞĚ ƐƚƵĚLJ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĂŶĚ ŚĞĂůƚŚ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ŽĨ h'/͕ ƐĞĞ /ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŶŐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ŝŶƚŽ ƌĞĂů ĞĐŽŶŽͲ mies. Deliverable 4.1.

REFERENCES 1 UNEP, 2012. Measuring Progress towards an Inclusive Green Economy. Nairobi, Kenya.

2 Simpson, R., 2013. ‘Introduction: A Green Economy for Green Cities’, in Simpson, R. and Zimmermann, M. (eds.). The Economy of Green Cities. Springer Netherlands, 13–16.

3 UNEP, 2011. Green Jobs: Towards a green economy: pathways to sustainable development and poverty eradication. Kenya, p16.

4 A detailed literature review on the economic benefits of UGI can be found in Andersson, E., et al. (eds.), 2015. Integrating green infrastructure ecosystem services into real economies. Report of the GREEN SURGE project (Deliverable 4.1), Copenhagen

16

5 Rolls, S., Sunderland, T., 2014.

Microeconomic Evidence for the Benefits of Investment in the Environment 2 (MEBIE2), Natural England Research Reports. Natural England, Bristol. Available from: http:// publications.naturalengland.org.uk/ publication/6692039286587392

8 Merk, O., et al, 2012. Financing Green Urban Infrastructure (OECD Regional Development Working Papers). OECD, Paris.

Available from: www.oecd.org/cfe/regionalpolicy/WP_Financing_Green_Urban_ Infrastructure.pdf

6 Kousky, C., Walls, M., 2014. ‘Floodplain conservation as a flood mitigation strategy: Examining costs and benefits’, Ecological Economics 104, 119–128.

7 Dunn, A.D., 2010. Siting green infrastructure: Legal and policy solutions to alleviate urban poverty and promote healthy communities, Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review 37, 41–66.

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

hƌďĂŶ ŚĂůůĞŶŐĞ͗ /ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ^ŽĐŝĂů ŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ

^ŽĐŝĂů ĐŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚŽŽĚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJ ŽĨ Ă ƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ ƚŽ ĞŶƐƵƌĞ ƚŚĞ ǁĞůĨĂƌĞ ŽĨ Ăůů ŝƚƐ ŵĞŵďĞƌƐ͕ ŵŝŶŝŵŝƐŝŶŐ ĚŝƐƉĂƌŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĂǀŽŝĚŝŶŐ ŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚLJ͘ h'/ ĐĂŶ ƉůĂLJ ĂŶ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƌŽůĞ ŝŶ ĨŽƐƚĞƌŝŶŐ ŝŶƚĞƌͲ ĂĐƟŽŶƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƐŽĐŝĂů ŐƌŽƵƉƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ŝŶ ƚƵƌŶ ŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĐŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ͘

While ethnic and cultural diversity are on the rise throughout Europe, local governments also have to respond to aging populations and growing social inequalities. All of these factors are expected to increase social exclusion. Countering this trend, and its associated negative effects, is a key priority on European, national, and local political agendas. Social cohesion is based on the principle that people from different backgrounds should have similar life opportunities and access to services, including green spaces1.

At highest risk of social exclusion are those who are different from the majority of the population, whether through income level, ethnicity, nationality, ǡ ǡ Ǣ who are otherwise vulnerable2. For a variety of reasons, such people tend to ϐ

A

cities, and to experience limits in the extent to which they can travel beyond these areas3. This means that the quality of their neighbourhoods, and the interpersonal relationships within them, are of vital importance. In addition, since many urban areas (such as malls or pedestrian zones in commercial districts)carry the expectation that users will spend money, cost-free green spaces are of particular importance to lower-income groups4.

UGI can counter social exclusion, and likewise build social cohesion, in different ways, such as by being free and accessible to all, providing space for social interaction, and fostering opportunities for volunteerism. Evidence also exists that UGI can relieve stress and fatigue, and ϐ ǡ promoting feelings of comfort and further adding to social cohesion5,6.

hƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŽīĞƌ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ĨŽƌ ƌĞůĂdžĂƟŽŶ͕ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĐŽŶƚĂĐƚ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶ͘ 'ĞƚͲƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ Ăƚ ĂŶ ŝŶƚĞƌĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ŐĂƌĚĞŶ ŝŶ &ƌĞŝƐŝŶŐ͕ 'ĞƌŵĂŶLJ͘ Credit: Emily Rall

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

17

A Improved social cohesion through UGI can result in a range of avoided costs ϐ Ǥ instance, around high-rise apartment buildings, numerous studies have linked UGI to higher levels of social interaction and less crime and vandalism. A 2009 study in the UK estimated that a 1% reduction in crime as a result of increased social cohesion in England and Wales would save between €267-733 million7. Using monetary assessments of this kind to demonstrate the crime-reduction potential of UGI could convince govern ϐ resources to invest in UGI planning and implementation for social cohesion. ȋֻ ǡ

networks). A range of assessment tools ȋֻ ͵ȌǤ

ŽƵŶƚĞƌďĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐ ĞdžĐůƵƐŝŽŶĂƌLJ ĞīĞĐƚƐ Improving neighbourhood character

ϐ tion, with rising housing costs and property values ultimately displacing the disadvantaged social groups who

dŚĞ ,ŝŐŚůŝŶĞ ŝŶ EĞǁ zŽƌŬ ŝƚLJ ŝƐ Ă ǁĞůůͲŬŶŽǁŶ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ ŽĨ ĂŶ ƵŶƵƐƵĂů ŐƌĞĞŶ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌ ŽŶ ĂŶ ĞůĞǀĂƚĞĚ ĨŽƌŵĞƌ ƌĂŝůƌŽĂĚ ƐƉƵƌ͘ /ƚ ďĞĐĂŵĞ Ă ŵĂũŽƌ ƚŽƵƌŝƐƚ ĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ũƵƐƚ Ă ĨĞǁ LJĞĂƌƐ ŽĨ ŽƉĞŶŝŶŐ͘ KŶ ƚŚĞ ĚŽǁŶƐŝĚĞ͕ ŝƚ ƚĞŶĚƐ ƚŽ ďĞ ĐƌŽǁĚĞĚ ĂŶĚ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ĐƌŝƟĐŝƐĞĚ ĨŽƌ ƐƟŶŐ ƉƌŽƉĞƌƚLJ ƉƌŝĐĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĞĂ ʹ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐ ƚŽ ŐĞŶƚƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐƉůĂĐŝŶŐ ƉŽŽƌĞƌ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ͘ ƌĞĚŝƚ͗ ZŝĞŬĞ ,ĂŶƐĞŶ͘

ϐ ϐ Ǥ ǡ Ǯ Ǧ ϐ ǯ stabilisation, housing trusts and local employment quotas have an important role to play. Another strategy that planners can adopt is the ‘just green enough’ approach8, where UGI

projects are shaped by local community concerns rather than marketdriven urban design conventions, and are modest enough not to attract speculative investment9. Striking this balance requires community involve ȋֻ Inclusion).

Ky ϰ͗ 'Z EdKE KDDhE/dz ' Z E Z^ 'ƌĂŶƚŽŶ ŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ 'ĂƌĚĞŶĞƌƐ ;' 'Ϳ ŝƐ Ă ŐƌĂƐƐƌŽŽƚƐ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ŐĂƌĚĞŶŝŶŐ ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞ ŝŶ Ă ĚŝƐĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞĚ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ ŶŽƌƚŚĞƌŶ ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ͘ /ƚ ǁĂƐ ƐƚĂƌƚĞĚ ŝŶ ϮϬϭϬ ďLJ ůŽĐĂůƐ ůŝǀŝŶŐ ŝŶ ŇĂƚƐ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ŐĂƌĚĞŶƐ ǁŚŽ ǁĂŶƚĞĚ ƚŽ ŐƌŽǁ ǀĞŐĞƚĂͲ ďůĞƐ ĐůŽƐĞ ƚŽ ŚŽŵĞ͘

^ŝŶĐĞ ƐƚĂƌƟŶŐ ŽƵƚ͕ ƚŚĞ ŐƌŽƵƉ ŚĂƐ ŐƌĂĚͲ ƵĂůůLJ ĞdžƉĂŶĚĞĚ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ĨƌŽŵ Ă ƐŝŶŐůĞ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ ƚŽ ŶĞĂƌůLJ ƚĞŶ͕ ŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ĨƌŽŵ Ă ůĂƌŐĞ ƌĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ďĂĐŬͲ ŐƌŽƵŶĚƐ ǁŚŽ ǁŽƌŬ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ͕ ƐŽŵĞͲ ƟŵĞƐ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƉůŽƚƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƐŚĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞ͘

' ' ŽƉĞƌĂƚĞƐ ůĂƌŐĞůLJ ŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚ ŽĨ ŐƌĂŶƚ ĨƵŶĚŝŶŐ͕ ĂŶĚ ĂƐ Ă ƌĞƐƵůƚ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ ďŽƵŶĚ ďLJ ĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůůLJͲŝŵƉŽƐĞĚ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞͲ ŵĞŶƚƐ͘ dŚĞ ŝƚLJ ŽĨ ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ ŽƵŶĐŝů ĚŽĞƐ͕ ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ŽŶŐŽŝŶŐ͕ ŝŶͲŬŝŶĚ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƌŵ ŽĨ ůĂŶĚ͕ ĂŶĚ ŚĂƐ ŐŝǀĞŶ ƚŚĞ ŐƌŽƵƉ Ă ůĞƩĞƌ ŽĨ ĐŽŵĨŽƌƚ ĂƉƉƌŽǀŝŶŐ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŽŶŐŽŝŶŐ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘

^ƵĐĐĞƐƐ ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ƉŽǁĞƌĨƵů ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ďƵLJͲŝŶ͕ ĂŶ ĞdžƉůŝĐŝƚ ĨŽĐƵƐ ŽŶ ŝŶƚĞƌŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶĂů ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚĞƌĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶ͖ Ă ŇĞdžŝďůĞ͕ ŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͖ ĂŶĚ ƵƐĞ ŽĨ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ĐŽŵŵƵͲ ŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ ĐŚĂŶŶĞůƐ ĂŶĚ ĞǀĞŶƚƐ ;ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ŵĞĂůƐͿ ƚŽ ĞŶŐĂŐĞ ůŽĐĂů ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ͘

18

sŽůƵŶƚĞĞƌƐ ŝŶ Ă ' ' ƐƚƌĞĞƚ ĐŽƌŶĞƌ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ͘ ƌĞĚŝƚ͗ 'ƌĂŶƚŽŶ ŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ 'ĂƌĚĞŶĞƌƐ ϮϬϭϱ

&ŝŶĚ ŽƵƚ ŵŽƌĞ͘​͘​͘ ŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ 'ĂƌĚĞŶŝŶŐ ŽǀĞƌǀŝĞǁ ĂŶĚ ŵĂƉ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ Θ >ŽƚŚŝĂŶƐ 'ƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞ dƌƵƐƚ ǁĞďƐŝƚĞ

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

A < z D ^^ ' ^͗ h'/ &KZ /E Z ^/E' ^K / > K, ^/KE ĐĐĞƐƐ ĐĐĞƐƐ ƚŽ h'/ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐ ďŽƚŚ ŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐ ƉƌŽdžŝŵŝƚLJ ƚŽ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ EĂƚƵƌĂů ŶŐůĂŶĚ͛Ɛ ĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞ EĂƚƵƌĂů 'ƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞ ^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ ƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚƐ Ă ĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ŶŽ ŵŽƌĞ ƚŚĂŶ ϯϬϬ ŵĞƚƌĞƐ ĨƌŽŵ ŽŶĞ͛Ɛ ŚŽŵĞ͕ ֻdŽŽůďŽdž dϯͿ ĂŶĚ ĂĐĐĞƐƐ ƚŽ ŝƚ ǀŝĂ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ͕ especially for vulnerable residents (ֻ ŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJͿ͘

tĞůĐŽŵŝŶŐ ƉůĂĐĞƐ sŝƐŝƚŽƌƐ ŵƵƐƚ ĨĞĞů ƐĂĨĞ ĂŶĚ ǁĞůĐŽŵĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ĮŶĚ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĂƩƌĂĐƟǀĞ ĂŶĚ ŽĨ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚ ĨŽƌ ƵƐĞ͘ ĂƌĞůĞƐƐ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ŵĂLJ ŶĞŐůĞĐƚ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŶLJ ŐĞŶĚĞƌͲďĂƐĞĚ͕ ĞƚŚŶŝĐ͕ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐĂďŝůŝƚLJͲƌĞůĂƚĞĚ ďĂƌƌŝĞƌƐ ƚŽ ƵƐĞ͘ &Žƌ ŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞ͕ ĞƚŚŶŝĐ ŵŝŶŽƌŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ women may feel more threatened or unsafe in secluded spacesϭϬ͘ WůĂŶŶĞƌƐ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ƚĂŬĞ ŝŶƚŽ ĂĐĐŽƵŶƚ ƚŚĞ ŶĞĞĚƐ͕ ŵŽƟǀĂƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƉƌĞĨĞƌƌĞĚ ƵƐĞƐ ŽĨ Ă ƌĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ŐƌŽƵƉƐ (ֻDƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJͿ͘ dŽ ĞŶƐƵƌĞ ƚŚĞƐĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚƐ ĂƌĞ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚ͕ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƵƐĞƌ ŐƌŽƵƉƐ need to be engaged in UGI planning (ֻ^ŽĐŝĂů /ŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶͿ͘ ŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ĂŶĚ ŽƵƚƌĞĂĐŚ ƚŽ ůŽĐĂů ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĚĞĐŝƐŝǀĞ ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ ĨŽƌ ĂƩƌĂĐƟŶŐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ĨƌŽŵ Ă range of socio-economic backgrounds (ֻ Ždž ϰ ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ ĂŶĚ ϲ DŝůĂŶͿ͘

^ƉĂĐĞ ĨŽƌ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌƐ hƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĐĂŶ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ Ă ƉůĂƞŽƌŵ ĨŽƌ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĐŽŶƚĂĐƚ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ helps to prevent loneliness and to extend social networksϭϭ, and may reduce social tensionsϭϮ͘ dŽ ƌĞĂůůLJ ďĞ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵů͕ ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ h'/ ŵƵƐƚ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞ ĂŵĞŶŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶ ƚŽ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĂŶĚ ƐŽĐŝĂů ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ͕ ŝŶƐƚĞĂĚ ŽĨ ďĞŝŶŐ ůŝŵŝƚĞĚ ƚŽ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͘ >ŽĐĂů ĂƩĂĐŚŵĞŶƚƐ ƚŽ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ĂůƐŽ ďĞ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ͕ ŝŶƐƚĞĂĚ ŽĨ ƚƌLJŝŶŐ ƚŽ ƐŽůǀĞ ƉĞƌĐĞŝǀĞĚ ͚ĂŶƟͲƐŽĐŝĂů͛ ďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ ďLJ ĚŝƐƉůĂĐŝŶŐ ŝƚ ĞůƐĞǁŚĞƌĞϭϯ͘

&ŽƐƚĞƌŝŶŐ ĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ƐĞůĨͲƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶ

^ĞĞ dŽŽůďŽdž dϯ for exemplary methods and tools to increase social cohesion

Bringing people together for a common purpose, whether through cultural events, ǀŽůƵŶƚĞĞƌ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͕ Žƌ ĞǀĞŶ ďLJ ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐ ƐŽŵĞ ďĂƐŝĐ ĂŵĞŶŝƟĞƐ͕ ĐĂŶ ĐĂƚĂůLJƐĞ ƐŽĐŝĂů ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐ͘ ĐƟǀĞ ĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ĂŶĚͬŽƌ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ h'/ ĐĂŶ ŚĞůƉ ƚŽ ďƵŝůĚ ůŽĐĂů ƐŬŝůůƐ ĂŶĚ ůĞĂĚ ƚŽ ĐůĞĂŶĞƌ͕ ƐĂĨĞƌ͕ ĂĐƟǀĞ ƐƉĂĐĞƐϭϰ͘ >ŽĐĂů ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƐ ĐĂŶ ĂĐƚ ĂƐ ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚŽƌƐ ĂŶĚ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ďŽƩŽŵͲƵƉ ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ ďLJ ƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐ ƐĞůĨͲŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ĚĞĮŶŝŶŐ ĨƌĂŵŝŶŐ ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ ;ֻ Ždž ϯ hƚƌĞĐŚƚͿ͘ h'/ ĚĞƐŝŐŶƐ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ ŇĞdžŝďůĞ͕ ůĞĂǀŝŶŐ ƌŽŽŵ ĨŽƌ ƐĞůĨͲŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞ ;ֻ Ždž ϲ ĞƌůŝŶͿ͘ hƌďĂŶ ŐĂƌĚĞŶŝŶŐ ŝƐ Ă ŐŽŽĚ example (ֻ Ždž ϰ ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ ĂŶĚ ϱ >ũƵďůũĂŶĂͿ͘

REFERENCES 1 Council of Europe, 2004. Strategy for Social Cohesion (Revised). European Committee for Social Cohesion, p1.

2 Kazmierczak, A.E., James, P., 2007. The role of urban green spaces in improving social inclusion.

Presented at the 7th International Postgraduate Research Conference in the Built and Human Environment, University of Salford, Manchester.

3 Kemperman, A., Timmermans, H., 2014. Green spaces in the direct living environment and social contacts of the aging population. Landscape and Urban Planning 129, 44-54.

4 Ward Thompson, C., 2002. Urban open space in the 21st century. Landscape and Urban Planning 60, 59-72.

5

See Kazmierczak et al., 2007.

6 Peters, K., et al., 2010. Social interactions in urban parks: Stimulating social cohesion? Urban For Urban Green. 9, 93-100.

7 Department for Communities and Local Government: Annual Report 2009. Community, opportunity, prosperity. Available from: www.gov. uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/ attachment_data/file/228792/7598.pdf 8 Curran, W., Hamilton, T., 2012. Just green enough: Contesting environmental gentrification in Greenpoint, Brooklyn. Local Environment 17, 1027-1042.

9 Wolch, J. R., et al., 2014. Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities “just green enough”.

Landscape and Urban Planning 125, 234–244., p241.

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

10 See Ward Thompson, 2002. ϭϭ <ĂǍŵŝĞƌĐnjĂŬ͕ ͕͘ ϮϬϭϯ͘ dŚĞ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚŝŽŶ ŽĨ local parks to neighbourhood social ties. Landscape and Urban Planning 109, 31-44.

12 Oliver, J.E., Wong, J., 2003. Intergroup Prejudice in Multiethnic Settings. American Journal of Political Science 47, 567-582.

13 Worpole, K., Knox, K., 2007. The social value of public spaces. Joseph Rowntree Foundation, York.

14 Forest Research, n.d. Social interaction, inclusion and community cohesion (Evidence Note). Available from: forestry.gov.uk

19

FURTHER READING PRACTICAL GUIDANCE

>/D d , E'

hƌďĂŶ ĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ŝŶ ƵƌŽƉĞ͗ ŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ĨŽƌ ĐŝƟĞƐ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ǁŝƚŚ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟǀĞ ŶĂƟŽŶĂů ĂŶĚ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ͘ European EnvironͲ ŵĞŶƚ ŐĞŶĐLJ ; Ϳ͕ ŽƉĞŶŚĂŐĞŶ͘ ZĞƉŽƌƚ EŽ ϮͬϮϬϭϮ͘ ͕ ϮϬϭϮ͘ ůŝŵĂƚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ ďLJ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͗ Ă ŐƵŝĚĞ ĨŽƌ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ͘ London. ^ŚĂǁ͕ Z͕͘ ŽůůĞLJ͕ D͕͘ ĂŶĚ ŽŶŶĞůů͕ Z͕͘ ϮϬϬϳ͘ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĨŽƌ ůŝŵĂƚĞ ŚĂŶŐĞ͗ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ͕ sĂůƵĞƐͲďĂƐĞĚ ƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ĨŽƌ hƌďĂŶ WůĂŶͲ ŶĞƌƐ ʹ dŽŽůŬŝƚ͘ hEͲ,ĂďŝƚĂƚ͕ EĂŝƌŽďŝ͘ hŶŝƚĞĚ EĂƟŽŶƐ ,ƵŵĂŶ ^ĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚƐ WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ;hEͲ,ĂďŝƚĂƚͿ͕ ϮϬϭϰ͘

/K /s Z^/dz

dŚĞ 'ƌĞĞŶ >ĞĂƉ͘ WƌŝŵĞƌ ĨŽƌ ŽŶƐĞƌǀŝŶŐ ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŝŶ ^ƵďĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ ĂůŝĨŽƌŶŝĂŶ WƌĞƐƐ͘ ,ŽƐƚĞƚůĞƌ͕ D͘ ͕͘ ϮϬϭϮ͘ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌ ŝƟĞƐ͗ WƌŝŵĞƌ ŽŶ EĂƚƵƌĞ ŝŶ ŝƟĞƐ͘ / > /Ͷ>ŽĐĂů 'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƐ ĨŽƌ ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJ ;DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚͿ /ŶĐ͕͘ dŽƌŽŶƚŽ͘ / > /͕ dŽƌŽŶƚŽ ĂŶĚ ZĞŐŝŽŶ ŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ƵƚŚŽƌŝƚLJ͕ ϮϬϭϰ͘ ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ďLJ ĞƐŝŐŶ͗ ŐƵŝĚĞ ĨŽƌ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ͘ dŽǁŶ ĂŶĚ ŽƵŶƚƌLJ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ ;d W Ϳ͕ >ŽŶĚŽŶ͘ hZ ;ƚŚĞ hƌďĂŶ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ Group), the TCPA and ALGE for the TCPA, 2004.

'Z E KEKDz

&ŝŶĂŶĐŝŶŐ 'ƌĞĞŶ hƌďĂŶ /ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ;K ZĞŐŝŽŶĂů ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ tŽƌŬŝŶŐ WĂƉĞƌƐͿ͘ K ͕ WĂƌŝƐ͘ DĞƌŬ͕ K͘ Ğƚ Ăů͕͘ ϮϬϭϮ͘ DŝĐƌŽĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ĞŶĞĮƚƐ ŽĨ /ŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ Ϯ ;D / ϮͿ͕ EĂƚƵƌĂů ŶŐůĂŶĚ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ZĞƉŽƌƚƐ͘ EĂƚƵƌĂů ŶŐůĂŶĚ͕ ƌŝƐƚŽů͘ ZŽůůƐ͕ ^͕͘ Sunderland, T., 2014.

^K / > K, ^/KE

20

dŚĞ ƐŽĐŝĂů ǀĂůƵĞ ŽĨ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ :ŽƐĞƉŚ ZŽǁŶƚƌĞĞ &ŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶ͕ zŽƌŬ͘ tŽƌƉŽůĞ͕ <͕͘ Knox, K., 2007.

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

B

CORE PRINCIPLES OF UGI PLANNING 'ƌĞĞŶͲŐƌĞLJ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚŝŽŶ ŽŶŶĞĐƚŝǀŝƚLJ DƵůƚŝĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶĂůŝƚLJ ^ŽĐŝĂů ŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ

21

WZ/E /W> 'Z Eͳ'Z z /Ed 'Z d/KE B

ŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĂŶĚ ŐƌĞLJ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ KEY OBJECTIVES 'ƌĞĞŶͲŐƌĞLJ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ͙

͙ĂŝŵƐ Ăƚ ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂů ĂŶĚ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂů ƐLJŶĞƌŐŝĞƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ŬŝŶĚƐ ŽĨ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͘ …not only targets primary infrastructural needs, but also seeks to provide wider ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů͕ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĂŶĚ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͘

͞/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ůŝŶŬƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƵƌďĂŶ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ͘ ΀͘​͘​͘΁ ƚŚĞ ŶĞǁ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ŵĞĂŶƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĂƌĞ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐůLJ ǀŝĞǁĞĚ ĂƐ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐ͘͟ϭ

͙ŝƐ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ƐŽƵŶĚ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ĨƌŽŵ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƐĞĐƚŽƌƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ŽŶ ĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞŵ͘

h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƐĞĞŬƐ ƚŽ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ǁŝƚŚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͕ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ ĂŶĚ ƵƟůŝƟĞƐ͘ In contemporary cities, many urban issues, including mobility and the management of storm- and wastewater are addressed through engineered or ‘grey’ infrastructure, such as canals, pipes or asphalted streets.

UGI planning for integration considers urban green spaces as another kind of infrastructure, with the potential to complement or even replace this grey infrastructure.

Integrating infrastructure can lead to multifunctional solutions which provide various ϐ ȋֻ ality). For example, vegetated road buffers

can improve aesthetics and reduce noise and air pollution, while dispersed planting strips ϐ Ǧ hoods can enhance the stormwater management capacity of conventional grey systems ȋֻ Change Adaptation).

Green-grey integration in UGI planning is most prominently related to stormwater systems. However, it can also apply to other kinds of infrastructure, e.g., bike paths along rights-of-way below powerlines, gardens along railways, and street trees that reduce the heat island effect.

While there are other possible applications of integration, this guide focuses on two major areas: stormwater management and sustainable mobility.

dŚĞ tĂƚĞƌ ^ƋƵĂƌĞ ĞŶƚŚĞŵƉůĞŝŶ ŝŶ ZŽƩĞƌĚĂŵ ůŽŽŬƐ ŵƵĐŚ ůŝŬĞ Ă ĐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĂů ƉůĂnjĂ ĨŽƌ ƉůĂLJŝŶŐ ƐƉŽƌƚƐ ĂŶĚ ŚĂŶŐŝŶŐ ŽƵƚ͕ ďƵƚ ĚŽƵďůĞƐ ĂƐ Ă ǁĂƚĞƌ ĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƌĂŝŶ͘ Credit: Rieke Hansen

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

23

B h'/ ŝŶ ƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ Managing stormwater is one of the biggest challenges faced by cities around the world. Due to the high amount of impervious surfaces, ϐ sent straight to the sewage system.

Depending on the age, design and capacity of this system, there is a risk ϐ events. The potential consequences ϐ tion of nearby lakes, rivers and

streams, but also longer-term negative effects on water quality, human health and ecosystems.

Both centralised and decentralised green-grey solutions are available: the former using large, singular elements such as wet or dry ponds adjacent to development, the latter ǡ ϐ runoff at the source, through elements such as pervious paving ȋֻ ͳ ÚȌǤ

Ky ϭ͗ KW E, ' E >Kh hZ^d W> E ŽƉĞŶŚĂŐĞŶ͛Ɛ ůŽƵĚďƵƌƐƚ DĂŶĂŐĞͲ ment Plan (2012) demonstrates an ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ƚŽ ŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƌLJ ƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ ƐƚŽƌĂŐĞ ŝŶ ƐƚƌĞĞƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶǀĞLJĂŶĐĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŝŶ ƐĞǁĂŐĞ ƉŝƉĞƐ͕ ŽīĞƌŝŶŐ ƐƵďƐƚĂŶƟĂů ůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵ ĐŽƐƚ ƐĂǀŝŶŐƐ͘ ZĞĚĞƐŝŐŶŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƐƚƌĞĞƚƐ ŽīĞƌƐ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ƚŽ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂů ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ƚŽ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ďLJ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐ ƚƌĞĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ǀĞŐĞƚĂͲ ƟŽŶ͘ ĐŽƐƚͲďĞŶĞĮƚͲĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ ƐŚŽǁĞĚ

ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƐƚƐ ĨŽƌ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƟŶŐ ƚŚĞƐĞ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŝŶŶĞƌ ĐŝƚLJ between 2013 and 2033 would be ĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞůLJ ΦϱϬϬ ŵŝůůŝŽŶ͕ ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚ ƚŽ ΦϴϬϬ ŵŝůůŝŽŶ ŽĨ ŇŽŽĚŝŶŐ ĚĂŵĂŐĞ ĐĂƵƐĞĚ ďLJ Ă ƐŝŶŐůĞ ŵĂũŽƌ ƌĂŝŶƐƚŽƌŵ ŝŶ ϮϬϭϭ͘ /ŵƉůĞŵĞŶͲ ƚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶ ŝƐ ƵŶĚĞƌǁĂLJ͘

&ŝŶĚ ŽƵƚ ŵŽƌĞ͘​͘​͘ ŽƉĞŶŚĂŐĞŶ ůŽƵĚďƵƌƐƚ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ WůĂŶ͘ City of Copenhagen, 2012.

KEY TERMS 2,3 ŝŽƐǁĂůĞƐ͕ ŝŽĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶ ƐǁĂůĞƐ͗ ƐŚĂůůŽǁ ĐŽŶĚƵŝƚƐͬƚƌĞŶĐŚĞƐ ĮůůĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ǀĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶ ƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚ ƚŽ ĞƌŽƐŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŇŽŽĚŝŶŐ͕ ĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚ ƚŽ ƐůŽǁ ƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ ƌƵŶŽī ĂŶĚ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞ ǁĂƚĞƌ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŝŶĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶ͘ >Žǁ /ŵƉĂĐƚ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ;>/ Ϳ͗ land development ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ĨŽƌ ŵĂŶĂŐŝŶŐ ƐƚŽƌŵͲ ǁĂƚĞƌ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ƐŽƵƌĐĞ ǁŝƚŚ ĚĞĐĞŶͲ ƚƌĂůŝƐĞĚ ŵŝĐƌŽͲƐĐĂůĞ ĐŽŶƚƌŽů measures. ^ƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ ŽŶƚƌŽů DĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ;^ DͿ͗ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ďŝŽƌĞͲ ƚĞŶƟŽŶ ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ ;ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂů ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚͿ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ ƚŽ ĚŝƐĐŽŶŶĞĐƚ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů ĚŽǁŶͲ ƉŝƉĞƐ ;ŶŽŶͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂů ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚͿ͘ ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ hƌďĂŶ ƌĂŝŶĂŐĞ ^LJƐƚĞŵƐ ;^h ^Ϳ͗ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐ for sustainable stormwater ĚƌĂŝŶĂŐĞ͕ ƵƐƵĂůůLJ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚ ƚŽ ǁŽƌŬ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ŝŶ ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞ͘

dŚĞ ϭ͘ϱŬŵͲůŽŶŐ ůŝŶĞĂƌ ,ĂŶƐͲ ĂůƵƐĐŚĞŬͲ WĂƌŬ ŝŶ ĞƌůŝŶ ŝƐ ƉŽƉƵůĂƌ ĨŽƌ ďŝŬŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶůŝŶĞ ƐŬĂƟŶŐ͘ /ƚ ďĞůŽŶŐƐ ƚŽ ĞƌůŝŶ͛Ɛ ĐŝƚLJͲ ǁŝĚĞ ďŝŬĞ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ ĂŶĚ ŝƐ ĂůƐŽ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ůŽŶŐͲĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ >ĞŝƉnjŝŐͲ ĞƌůŝŶ ďŝŬĞ ƚƌĂŝů͘ Credit: Emily Rall

24

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

B Ky Ϯ͗ /Ed 'Z d/KE hZ/E' hZ E Z E t >͕ ^ ' /Ŷ ƚŚĞ ŝƚLJ ŽĨ ^njĞŐĞĚ͕ ,ƵŶŐĂƌLJ͕ ŝŶƚĞͲ ŐƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŐƌĞLJ ĂŶĚ ŐƌĞĞŶ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐͲ ƚƵƌĞ ŝƐ ƌĞŇĞĐƚĞĚ ŝŶ ĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ ƌĂƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ĨŽƌŵĂůͲ ŝƐĞĚ ŝŶ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚƐ͘ dŚĞ ƵŐŽŶŝĐƐ ^ƋƵĂƌĞ ƌĞŶĞǁĂů ;ϮϬϬϵͲϮϬϭϯͿ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ Ă ŵĂũŽƌ ƵƉŐƌĂĚĞ ŽĨ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ƵƟůŝƟĞƐ͕ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ŐƌĞĞŶĞƌLJ ƚŽ ĐĂůŵ ƚƌĂĸĐ ĂŶĚ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞ ďŽƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͛Ɛ ŵŝĐƌŽͲĐůŝŵĂƚĞ͘ ƌĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ ĞŵĞƌŐĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƵƌƐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ĐŽŶƐƚƌĂŝŶƚƐ ŝŵƉŽƐĞĚ ďLJ ŽƵƚĚĂƚĞĚ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ͕ Ă ůĂĐŬ ŽĨ ĚĂƚĂ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƵŶĚĞƌŐƌŽƵŶĚ ƵƟůŝƟĞƐ͕ ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚƐ ŽĨ ůŽĐĂů

Retention ponds and bioswales can retain heavy rainfall over short periods and are usually most effective at managing stormwater, although individual elements such as trees may also have an impact. In regard to stormwater management overall, UGI can offer: ͻ EŽƚ ŽŶůLJ ĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐ͕ ďƵƚ ĂůƐŽ ĨƵŶĐͲ ƟŽŶĂů ǀĂůƵĞ ŽǀĞƌ ŐƌĞLJ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐͲ ƚƵƌĞ͕ Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚ ƵƌďĂŶ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ĞǀĂƉŽͲƚƌĂŶƐƉŝͲ ƌĂƟŽŶ͕ ƌĞĚƵĐĞĚ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů ĐŽƌƌŽƐŝŽŶ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƌĞŵŽǀĂů ŽĨ ƉŽůůƵƚĂŶƚƐ ĨƌŽŵ ǁĂƚĞƌ ƌƵŶŽī͕ ĂŶĚ ůĞƐƐ ŚLJĚƌŽͲ ůŽŐŝĐĂů ƐƚƌĂŝŶ ŽŶ ƌĞĐĞŝǀŝŶŐ ǁĂƚĞƌ ďŽĚŝĞƐ ŝŶ ĚƌLJ ƉĞƌŝŽĚƐ͘ ͻ ^ƵďƐƚĂŶƟĂů ůŽŶŐĞƌͲƚĞƌŵ ĐŽƐƚ ƐĂǀŝŶŐƐ ĨŽƌ ĐŝƚLJ ĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƟĞƐ ;ֻ'ƌĞĞŶ ĐŽŶŽŵLJ͕ ֻ Ždž ϭ ŽƉĞŶŚĂŐĞŶͿ͘ ͻ ^ŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶƐ ŝŶ ƐƚŽƌŵͲ ǁĂƚĞƌ ƌƵŶŽī͕ ĨƌŽŵ ĂŶLJǁŚĞƌĞ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ϳ ĂŶĚ ϱϲй ĚĞƉĞŶĚŝŶŐ ƵƉŽŶ ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͕ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŝŶƚĞͲ ŶĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ h'/ ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐϰ͘

residents, tourists and businesses, and Ă ƉƵďůŝĐ ƉƌŽĐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ƌĞůŝĂŶƚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ůŽǁĞƐƚͲƉƌŝĐĞ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ͘ ^ŽŵĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞƐĞ ŝƐƐƵĞƐ ǁĞƌĞ ƉĂƌƚůLJ ŽǀĞƌͲ ĐŽŵĞ ďLJ ŐŽŽĚ ĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚLJ͘ KƚŚĞƌ ŝƐƐƵĞƐ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ůĞƐƐŽŶƐ ƚŚĂƚ ǁŝůů ďĞ ƵƐĞĨƵů ĨŽƌ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘ &Žƌ ŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚLJ ŚĂƐ ŶŽǁ ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ Ă ĐŚĞĐŬůŝƐƚ ŽĨ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ ƚŽ ŐƵŝĚĞ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞŵ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ Ăƚ ĞĂĐŚ ƐƚĂŐĞ ŽĨ Ă ƌĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉͲ ŵĞŶƚ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͘ &ƵƌƚŚĞƌ͕ ŝƚ ŚĂƐ ĂĐƟǀĞůLJ ĞŶŐĂŐĞĚ Ă ůŽĐĂů ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ƚŽ ƉƌĞƉĂƌĞ Ă ƚƌĞĞ ĐĂĚĂƐƚƌĞ͕ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŵŝĐƌŽͲĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ĐŝƚLJͲǁŝĚĞ͘ /Ŷ ϮϬϭϰ͕ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ǁĂƐ

h'/ ŝŶ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ŵŽďŝůŝƚLJ Integrating vegetation and green spaces into transportation networks is not a new concept, however, it has experienced a resurgence around the world in the past few decades.

Increasingly, local governments are seeking to draw on the approach to create more attractive and environmentally sustainable mobility routes, e.g., pedestrian-friendly ȋֻ ʹ ȌǤ At the community and neighbourhood level, too, interest is growing in green, walkable streets that integrate transit, safe pedestrian access and stormwater management – known as ‘green streets’ or ‘complete streets’.

There is evidence that even simple measures such as landscaping along ϐ ǡ block wind, increase driver alertness and lower stress5.

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

ĂǁĂƌĚĞĚ Ă WƵďůŝĐ ^ƉĂĐĞ ZĞŶĞǁĂů ǁĂƌĚ ŽĨ džĐĞůůĞŶĐĞ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ,ƵŶŐĂƌŝĂŶ hƌďĂŶŝƐƟĐ ƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ hE ^ K͘

ŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ƉůĂLJŝŶŐ ŝŶ ĨŽƵŶƚĂŝŶ͕ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ƌĞŶĞǁĂů ; ƌƉĄĚ ^ƋƵĂƌĞ͕ ĂĚũĂĐĞŶƚ ƚŽ ƵŐŽŶŝĐƐ ^ƋƵĂƌĞͿ͘ ƌĞĚŝƚ͗ >ƵĐĂ ^njĄƌĂnj

'ƌĞĞŶͲŐƌĞLJ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ In general, the need to shift towards ϐ ǡ incorporating UGI, has been globally recognised6 and in some cases translated into legislation, e.g., the US Environmental Protection Agency’s Clean Water Act or the EU Water Directive.

The challenge is to translate these highlevel agendas to the local level and into concrete measures. Barriers to implementation exist in many cities, including a lack of funding, lack of access to land, low levels of citizen engagement, and administrative fragmentation. Nonetheless, there are good examples of municipal policies for Ǧ ȋֻ B1 Copenhagen and E1 Malmö). If such ‘hard’ instruments are absent, incentives, voluntary rating schemes (e.g., Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, LEED for short7) or guidelines can also encourage integrated approaches.

25

< z D ^^ ' ^ &KZ 'Z Eͳ'Z z /Ed 'Z d/KE 'ŽŽĚ ĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶ ŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶ ĂŵŽŶŐ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉůĂŶŶĞƌƐ͕ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƉůĂŶŶĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ŐƌĞLJ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ƉůĂŶŶĞƌƐ ŝƐ ĂŶ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ĨĂĐƚŽƌ ŽĨ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐ ĨŽƌ ŐƌĞĞŶͲŐƌĞLJ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ͘ ^ŝŶĐĞ ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ ĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟŽŶ ŝƐ ŽŌĞŶ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĞĚ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ŵĂŶLJ ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ŽǀĞƌĐŽŵŝŶŐ ƵŶĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟǀĞ Žƌ ĞǀĞŶ ĂĚǀĞƌƐĂƌŝĂů ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚĂů ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐ ŝƐ ĂŶ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƐƚĂƌƟŶŐ ƉŽŝŶƚ͘ WŽůŝƟĐĂů ůĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉ͕ ĞĂƌůLJ ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚĂů ŝŶǀŽůǀĞŵĞŶƚ͕ ƵƐĞ ŽĨ Ă ĐŽŵŵŽŶ ƚĞƌŵŝŶŽůŽŐLJ͕ ĂŶĚ ĂŶ ĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐ ŽŶ ƐLJŶĞƌŐŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƐŚĂƌĞĚ ŐŽĂůƐ ĐĂŶ ŚĞůƉ͘

>ĞĂƌŶ ĨƌŽŵ ůŽĐĂů ƉŝůŽƚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ WŝůŽƚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ĐĂŶ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞ ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐ ŽĨ ŐƌĞĞŶͲŐƌĞLJ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů͕ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ĞŶĂďůŝŶŐ ĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƉĂǀŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ǁĂLJ ƚŽ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚ ƐŝŵŝůĂƌ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ ŝŶ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƉĂƌƚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ;ֻ Ždž ϭ DĂůŵƂͿ͘

ŽŵďŝŶĞ ͚ŚĂƌĚ͛ ĂŶĚ ͚ƐŽŌ͛ ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐ ĨŽƌ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ >ĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶ ĐĂŶ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ Ă ƉŽǁĞƌĨƵů ŵĂŶĚĂƚĞ ĂŶĚ ĮƐĐĂů ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ƚŽ ŐƌĞĞŶͲŐƌĞLJ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ͘ džĂŵƉůĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶƐ ŝŶ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶ ;ֻBox DĂůŵƂͿ Žƌ ƵƐŝŶŐ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ŝŵƉĂĐƚ ĐŚĂƌŐĞƐ ƚŽ ůĂŶĚŽǁŶĞƌƐ ƚŽ ĨƵŶĚ ŐƌĞĞŶͲŐƌĞLJ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚĞ ĂďƐĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƐƵĸĐŝĞŶƚ ůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶ͕ ĂŶĚ ǁŚĞƌĞ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂů ďƵĚŐĞƚƐ ĂƌĞ ĐŽŶƐƚƌĂŝŶĞĚ͕ ͚ƐŽŌ͛ ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐ ůŝŬĞ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀĞƐ Žƌ ǀŽůƵŶƚĂƌLJ ƌĂƟŶŐ ƐĐŚĞŵĞƐ ĐĂŶ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ Ă ǁĂLJ ĨŽƌǁĂƌĚ͘

DƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂů h'/ ĚĞƐŝŐŶƐ /Ĩ h'/ ĚĞƐŝŐŶƐ ĂƌĞ ƚŽ ĐĂƉƚƵƌĞ ƚŚĞ ĨƵůů ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ŽĨ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ͕ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ ŽĨ ĚĞƐŝŐŶƐ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ ƚĂŬĞŶ ŝŶƚŽ ĂĐĐŽƵŶƚ ;ֻDƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJͿ͘ ƐƵďƐƚĂŶƟĂů ĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ ďĂƐĞ ŽĨ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ;ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ŽŌĞŶ ŽǀĞƌůŽŽŬĞĚ ƐŽĐŝĂů ďĞŶĞĮƚƐͿ͕ ĂŶĚ h'/ ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞ ŝƐ ƐƟůů ŝŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ ďƵƚ ƐŽŵĞ ŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ ŝƐ ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ8͘

ֻdŽŽůďŽdž dϰ ĨŽƌ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŽŽůƐ ƚŽ ŚĞůƉ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĂŶĚ ŐƌĞLJ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͘

REFERENCES 1 Pauleit, S., et al., 2011. Multifunctional Green Infrastructure Planning to Promote Ecological Services in the City, in: Breuste, J.H., et al. (eds.), Urban Ecology: Patterns, Processes, and Applications. Oxford University Press, p272.

2 Ahiablame, L.M., et al., 2012. Effectiveness of Low Impact Development Practices: Literature Review and Suggestions for Future Research. Water Air and Soil Pollution. 223, 4253–4273.

26

3 Fletcher, T.D., et al., 2014. SUDS, LID, BMPs, WSUD and more – The evolution and application of terminology surrounding urban drainage.

Urban Water Journal. 0, 1–18.

5 Dixon, K., Wolf, K., 2007. Benefits and Risks of Urban Roadside Landscape: Finding a Livable, Balanced Response, in: Proceedings of the 3rd Urban Street Symposium, Washington D.C.

4 Autixier, L., et al., 2014. Evaluating rain gardens as a method to reduce the impact of sewer overflows in sources of drinking water.

Science of the Total Environment. 499, 238–247.

6 UNEP, 2014. Green Infrastructure Guide for Water Management. Ecosystem-based management approaches for water-related infrastructure projects.

7

See more at www.usgbc.org/leed

8

See Ahiablame et al., 2012.

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

WZ/E /W> CONNECTIVITY ƌĞĂƚŝŶŐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ

B

KEY OBJECTIVES ŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ͙ ͙ŝŶǀŽůǀĞƐ ďŽƚŚ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂů ĂŶĚ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂů ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ ŝŶ ŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ĂĚĚĞĚ ǀĂůƵĞ ĨƌŽŵ ĂŶ ŝŶƚĞƌůŝŶŬĞĚ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘

͞dŚĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐ ʹ ƉĂƌŬƐ͕ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĞƐ͕ ƌŝƉĂƌŝĂŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ͕ ǁĞƚůĂŶĚƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ʹ ŝƐ ĐƌŝƟĐĂů ƚŽ ŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ǀĂůƵĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ŽĨ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͘͟ϭ

͘​͘​͘ƚĂƌŐĞƚƐ ĐůĞĂƌůLJ ĚĞĮŶĞĚ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ĨŽƌ ŚƵŵĂŶƐ ĂŶĚ ǁŝůĚůŝĨĞ͕ ƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ŬŝŶĚƐ ŽĨ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ ;ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů͕ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĂŶĚ ĂďŝŽƟĐͿ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ĨŽƌ ƐLJŶĞƌŐŝĞƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞŵ͘ ͙ŵĂƚĐŚĞƐ ĂŝŵƐ ĂŶĚ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ƚŽ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƐƉĂƟĂů ƐĐĂůĞƐ ʹ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů͕ ĐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ůŽĐĂů ʹ ĂŶĚ ŝĚĞĂůůLJ ŝƐ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ƚŚĞŵ͘

h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŝŵƐ ƚŽ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ Ă ǁĞůůͲ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĞĚ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ ƚŚĂƚ ƐĞƌǀĞƐ ŚƵŵĂŶƐ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞƐ ĐƌĞĂƟŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞƐƚŽƌŝŶŐ ĐŽŶŶĞĐͲ ƟŽŶƐ ƚŽ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͕ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĐĂŶŶŽƚ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ĂůŽŶĞϮ͘ Landscape connectivity can be broadly ϐ ϐ landscape3. It has played a central role in ϐ some time, for instance in countering the negative impacts of wildlife habitat fragmentation4. Yet connectivity is also of rele-

ϐ ǡ as improved movement between homes and recreational spaces, e.g., via safe and attractive bicycle paths, and other modes of sustainable mobility. UGI networks are not just important for enabling the movement of people and wildlife, they can also ϐ ǡ ǡ water and air5. Ventilation corridors improve the supply of fresh air and reduce pollution, while the cooling effect of urban parks is enhanced when these form part of a network. In this way, interconnected green spaces can minimise environmental risks and the impacts of climate change ȋֻ ȌǤ

dŚĞ /ƐĂƌ ƌŝǀĞƌ ŝŶ DƵŶŝĐŚ ƐĞƌǀĞƐ ĂƐ Ă ĐĞŶƚƌĂů ƵƌďĂŶ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĂŶĚ ĂŶ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌ͘ dŚĞ ƌŝǀĞƌďĂŶŬƐ ĂůƐŽ ĂĐƚ ĂƐ Ă ŐƌĞĞŶ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌ ĨŽƌ ǁĂůŬŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ďŝŬŝŶŐ͘ Credit: Rieke Hansen

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

27

B ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂů ĂŶĚ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂů ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ Common approaches to connectivity emphasise its ‘structural’ dimension, i.e., the spatial structure of the landscape and physical relationships between green spaces6. However, such an emphasis fails to take into account the ‘functional’ dimensions of the landscape, i.e., the attributes and behaviour of the wildlife and humans that interact with the overall landscape structure.

Functional connectivity considers these behavioural aspects, including habitat preferences, patterns of movement and ability to adapt to changes in the environment7.

While structural impacts on connectivity, e.g., a road through a nature reserve, tend to be visible and readily understood, wider social and ecological effects can only be fully grasped by considering functional connectivity, too8. Failing to do so may result in inappropriate planning strategies9.

This means that successful planning for connectivity relies on a holistic consideration of functional and structural aspects.

In addition, the kind of connectivity ϐ ǡ ideally encompassing ecological, social and abiotic movement, and seeking synergies between them10 ȋֻ ȌǤ

ŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ ŝŶ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ The value of linking green spaces is already widely recognised in European planning (see Deliverable 5.1).

However, the level of understanding of connectivity’s objectives and ϐ Ǥ Structural connectivity issues tend to be more prominent than functional ones, while ecological and social connectivity objectives in local and regional plans are not always directly integrated with another, with some exceptions ȋֻ ͵ ȌǤ ǡ municipalities are recognising the importance of coordinating connectivity plans at multiple scales and according to a long-term timeframe ȋֻ ʹ ͵ ȌǤ

DĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ Numerous quantitative approaches have been developed to measure and map connectivity. Measures of structural connectivity are often based on concepts such as presence or Ǣ ǡ of corridors and stepping-stones (see illustration below). Connectivity can be calculated using various indices such as distances, frequency, density, or cost distance analysis (based on graph theory principles).

Aerial photography archives and GIS software can assist in visualising changes to green corridors over time.

Often, such data is used as a surrogate for the functional elements of connectivity, based on assumptions. However, there are additional measures to assess functional connectivity that consider the probability of organism movement Ǣ Ǣ scape/urban matrix. Overall, a range of measurement and assessment tools are ȋֻ ͷȌǤ

Large natural area (hub)

Core

Backyard (stepping stone)

Green shared foot/bikepath (corridor)

Green roof (stepping stone)

Pond (stepping stone) Riverbank green (corridor) Green shared foot/bikepath (corridor) Park (site)

River (corridor) River (corridor) Green belt (corridor - link to other hubs)

Ŷ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ ŝƐ ŵĂĚĞ ƵƉ ŽĨ ŵĂŶLJ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞ ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ͘ Design: Eleanor Chapman

28

Pocket park (stepping stone)

Tree lined street for bikes and cars (corridor)

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

B Ky ϯ͗ /E Z ^/E' KEE d/s/dz d d, /dz > s >͕ Z>/E ŐĂŝŶƐƚ Ă ďĂĐŬĚƌŽƉ ŽĨ ƌĂƉŝĚ ƉŽƉƵůĂͲ ƟŽŶ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ͕ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJͲǁŝĚĞ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ;>ĂWƌŽͿ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ĂŶ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚ ĨŽƌ ƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĂŶĚ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ ŝŶ ĞƌůŝŶ͕ 'ĞƌŵĂŶLJ͘ dŚĞ >ĂWƌŽ ŝƐ Ă ďŝŶĚŝŶŐ ƉůĂŶ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĐůŽƐĞůLJ ůŝŶŬĞĚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͛Ɛ ůĂŶĚ ƵƐĞ ƉůĂŶ͘ /ƚƐ ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƟĞĚ ƚŽ ĨŽƵƌ ŬĞLJ ƚŚĞŵĞƐ͗ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ƵƌďĂŶ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ͕ ŚĂďŝƚĂƚ ĂŶĚ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ͕ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͕ ĂŶĚ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐƐ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ĂƌĞ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ͚'ĞŶĞƌĂů hƌďĂŶ ŽŵƉĞŶƐĂƟŽŶ WůĂŶ͛ ;' <Ϳ͘ dŚĞ ' < ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞƐ ŐĂƉƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͛Ɛ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ ĂŶĚ ƐƵŐŐĞƐƚƐ ƉƌŝŽƌŝƚLJ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ͕ ǁŚŝůĞ ĨƵŶĚŝŶŐ ĨŽƌ ŝŵƉůĞͲ ŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ŝƐ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŵĂŶĚĂƚŽƌLJ ŝŵƉĂĐƚ ŵŝƟŐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵƉĞŶƐĂƟŽŶ ƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ ĚĞǀĞůͲ ŽƉŵĞŶƚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘ /Ĩ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ŝŵƉĂĐƚ ŵŝƟŐĂƟŽŶ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ Ă ŐŝǀĞŶ ƐŝƚĞ͕ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞƌƐ ƉĂLJ ĨŽƌ ĐŽŵƉĞŶƐĂƚŽƌLJ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ŝŶ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƉůĂĐĞƐ͘

ĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ůĞƐƐŽŶƐ ŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ ůĞŐŝƐůĂͲ ƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ŝŵƉĂĐƚ ĐŽŵƉĞŶƐĂƟŽŶ ŚĂƐ ŚĞůƉĞĚ ƚŽ ĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐůLJ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ ŝŶ ĞƌůŝŶ͛Ɛ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ͘ /Ŷ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ Ă ŵĂũŽƌ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐ ĨĂĐƚŽƌ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ŐŽŽĚ ĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƵŶŝƚƐ within the (former) Senate Department for Urban Development and the EnvironͲ ŵĞŶƚ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƌĞůĂƚĞĚ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ŽĨ ůŝŶŬĂŐĞƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘ dŚĞƌĞ ŚĂƐ ĂůƐŽ ďĞĞŶ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵů ĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ŶŽŶͲƐƚĂƚĞ ĂĐƚŽƌƐ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ƚŚĞ ͛ϮϬ 'ƌĞĞŶ tĂůŬƐ͛ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͗ Ă ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƐƚĂƚĞ ŽĨ ĞƌůŝŶ͕ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ E'KƐ ĂŶĚ ŽǀĞƌ ϭϬϬ ǀŽůƵŶƚĞĞƌƐ ƚŽ ďĞƩĞƌ ůŝŶŬ ŶĞŝŐŚͲ ďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚƐ ǁŝƚŚ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ͕ ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐ ŝŶ ĂďŽƵƚ ϱϱϬŬŵ ŽĨ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬĞĚ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ ĨŽƌ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJ ŵŽďŝůŝƚLJ ŽŶ ĨŽŽƚ Žƌ ďŝŬĞ͘ dŚĞ >ĂWƌŽ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ƵƉĚĂƚĞĚ Ăƚ ďƌŽĂĚůLJ ƚĞŶ LJĞĂƌ ŝŶƚĞƌǀĂůƐ ƐŝŶĐĞ ŝƚ ǁĂƐ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ϭϵϴϬƐ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ ǀĞƌƐŝŽŶ ĨƌŽŵ ϮϬϭϲ ĚƌĂǁŝŶŐ ŽŶ ŶĞǁ ƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐ ĮŶĚŝŶŐƐ ĂŶĚ ĞƌůŝŶ͛Ɛ ĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌ ƚŽ ƌĞĮŶĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚĂƌŐĞƚƐ͘ &Žƌ ŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ

ĂƌĞĂƐ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ ĂƐ Ă ŵŽƌĞ ƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚ ƚĂƌŐĞƚ ŝŶ ĚĞŶƐĞ ĂƌĞĂƐ͕ ƐŝŶĐĞ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐůLJͲĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĚ ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ ĨŽƌ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĂƌĞĂ ƉĞƌ ŝŶŚĂďŝƚĂŶƚ ĐĂŶŶŽƚ ƌĞĂůŝƐƟĐĂůůLJ ďĞ ŵĞƚ͘ &ƵƌƚŚĞƌ͕ ŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ůŝŵŝƚƐ ŽĨ ĐŽƌƌŝͲ ĚŽƌƐ ĨŽƌ ƵƌďĂŶ ĐŽŽůŝŶŐ ŚĂƐ ƐƟŵƵůĂƚĞĚ Ă ƐŚŝŌ ƚŽ ĨŽĐƵƐ ĂůƐŽ ŽŶ ƚĂƌŐĞƚĞĚ ŐƌĞĞŶŝŶŐ ŝŶ the dense areas. However, implementaͲ ƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞƐĞ ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ ƐƟůů ŽŌĞŶ ƌĞůŝĞƐ ŽŶ ĞdžƚĞƌŶĂů ĨƵŶĚŝŶŐ ĂƐ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂů ďƵĚŐĞƚƐ are limited. dŚĞ ^ĐŚƂŶĞďĞƌŐ >ŽŽƉ KŶĞ ĐĞůĞďƌĂƚĞĚ ŽƵƚĐŽŵĞ ŽĨ ĞƌůŝŶ͛Ɛ ĞīŽƌƚƐ ƚŽ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ͚^ĐŚƂŶĞďĞƌŐĞƌ ^ĐŚůĞŝĨĞ͕͛ Ă ƐĞǀĞŶ ŬŵͲůŽŶŐ͕ ĐĂƌͲĨƌĞĞ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚƐ WŽƚƐĚĂŵĞƌ WůĂƚnj ǁŝƚŚ ^ƺĚŬƌĞƵnj ƚƌĂŝŶ ƐƚĂƟŽŶ͕ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ǁŝƚŚ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ƉĂƌŬƐ ŝŶͲďĞƚǁĞĞŶ͘ dŚĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ǁĂƐ ĨƵŶĚĞĚ ŵĂŝŶůLJ ďLJ &ĞĚĞƌĂů ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ͚hƌďĂŶ ZĞŶĞǁĂů tĞƐƚ͛ ĂŶĚ ĂŝŵƐ ĨŽƌ ŐƌĞĂƚĞƌ ƐƵƉƉůLJ ŽĨ͕ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ ƚŽ͕ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂů ĂƌĞĂƐ͕ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ďĞŶĞĮƚ ŽĨ ďŽƚŚ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŽƵƌŝƐƚƐ͘ dŚĞ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ŚĞĂǀŝůLJ ƵƐĞĚ ƐŝŶĐĞ ƉŚĂƐĞĚ ǁŽƌŬƐ ďĞŐĂŶ͘

&ŝŶĚ ŽƵƚ ŵŽƌĞ͘​͘​͘ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ŝƚLJ ŽĨ ĞƌůŝŶ (in German) ƌƟĐůĞ ͚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ĐĞůĞďƌĂƚĞƐ ŝƚƐ ϮϱƚŚ ďŝƌƚŚĚĂLJ͗ dŚĞ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ EĂƚƵƌĞ ŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ŝƚLJ ŽĨ ĞƌůŝŶ͛͘ Cloos, 2004. ϮϬ 'ƌĞĞŶ tĂůŬƐ ŝŶ ĞƌůŝŶ

&ŝŶĂůŝƐĞĚ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ^ĐŚƂŶĞďĞƌŐ >ŽŽƉ͘ Credit: Rieke Hansen

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

29

KEY MESSAGES FOR CONNECTIVITY ůĞĂƌůLJ ĚĞĮŶĞ ƚŚĞ ŬŝŶĚ ŽĨ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ͕ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ĂŝŵƐ /ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ŽŶ ůĂƌŐĞ ƐƉĂƟĂů ƐĐĂůĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ŬŝŶĚƐ ŽĨ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ͕ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ĨŽƌ ŚƵŵĂŶƐ͕ ĨŽƌ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕ Žƌ ĨŽƌ ƵƌďĂŶ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ͘ WƌĂĐƟƟŽŶĞƌƐ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ĐůĞĂƌůLJ ĚĞĮŶĞ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚ ĂĐƚŽƌƐ ŝŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ Ă ƉůĂŶ ĨŽƌ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ͘

dŚŝŶŬ ůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞ ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ Ăƚ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ůĞǀĞůƐ ŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ ĂƌĞ ďĞƐƚ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞĚ ǁŚĞŶ Ă ůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵ ŽƵƚůŽŽŬ ŝƐ ĂĚŽƉƚĞĚ͕ ĐŽŵďŝŶĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƌĞŐƵůĂƌ ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƵƉĚĂƚĞƐ ƚŽ ŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞ ŶĞǁ ƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ĂŶĚ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ͘ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ Ăƚ Ă ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ƐƉĂƟĂů ƐĐĂůĞ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůůLJ ďĞ ͚ŶĞƐƚĞĚ͛ ǁŝƚŚ ƌĞůĂƚĞĚ ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐ ;ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶƐͿ Ăƚ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ƐĐĂůĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ƐĞĐƚŽƌƐ ;ֻ Ždž Ϯ DŝůĂŶ ĂŶĚ ϯ ĞƌůŝŶͿ͘

ֻdŽŽůďŽdž dϱ ĨŽƌ ƚŽŽůƐ ƚŽ ĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĂŶĚ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ͘

REFERENCES 1 Benedict, M. A., McMahon, E. T., 2006. Green infrastructure: Linking landscapes and communities. Washington, D.C. Island Press, p37.

2 Ahern, J., 2007. Green Infrastructure for cities: The spatial dimension. In: Novotny, V. (ed). Cities of the future: Towards integrated sustainable water and landscape management.

London. IWA Publications.

3 Taylor, P.D., et al., 2006. Landscape connectivity: a return to the basics. In: Crooks, K.R., Sanjayan, M. (eds). Connectivity Conservation.

Cambridge. Cambridge University Press.

4 Jongman, R.H.G., et al., 2004. European ecological networks and greenways. Landscape and Urban Planning 68 (2-3), 305-319.

30

5 Bagstad, K.J., et al., 2014. From theoretical to actual ecosystem services. Mapping beneficiaries and spatial flows in ecosystem service assessments. Ecology and Society, 19(2), art. 64.

8 Auffret, A. G., et al., 2015. The spatial and temporal components of functional connectivity in fragmented landscapes. AMBIO 44 (Suppl 1).

51-59.

9

6 Tischendorf, L., Fahrig, L., 2000. On the usage and measurement of landscape connectivity. Oikos 90, 7-19.

7 Baudry, J., Merriam, G., 1988. Connectivity and connectedness: functional versus structural patterns in landscapes. In: Schreiber, K.F. (ed).

Connectivity in landscape ecology, 2nd International seminar of the International Association for Landscape Ecology.

Münstersche Geogr. Arbeiten 29, 23-29.

See Taylor et al., 2006.

10 Fumagalli, N. & Toccolini, A., 2012.

Relationship between greenways and ecological network: A case study in Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research 6(49), 903916.

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

WZ/E /W> MULTIFUNCTIONALITY ĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĞŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐ ŵƵůƚŝƉůĞ ĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ

B

KEY OBJECTIVES DƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJ͙ ͙ĂŝŵƐ ƚŽ ƐĞĐƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ ƚŚĞ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů͕ ƐŽĐŝŽͲĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĂŶĚ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ŽĨ h'/͘ ͙ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƐ ŝŶƚĞƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJ ŽĨ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ƚŽ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ƚŚĞŵ͕ ǁŚŝůĞ ĂǀŽŝĚŝŶŐ ƚƌĂĚĞͲŽīƐ͘

͞DƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJ ĐĂŶ ĂƉƉůLJ ƚŽ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ƐŝƚĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƌŽƵƚĞƐ͕ ďƵƚ ŝƚ ŝƐ ǁŚĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƐŝƚĞƐ ĂŶĚ ůŝŶŬƐ ĂƌĞ ƚĂŬĞŶ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĂƚ ǁĞ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞ Ă ĨƵůůLJ ŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂů ŐƌĞĞŶ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ͘͟ϭ

͙ƚĂƌŐĞƚƐ ƚŚĞ ƐŽĐŝĂů ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ĚĞŵĂŶĚ ĨŽƌ ĂŶĚ ĂĐĐĞƐƐ ƚŽ h'/ ĂŶĚ ŝƚƐ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͘

h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŝŵƐ Ăƚ ŝŶƚĞƌƚǁŝŶŝŶŐ Žƌ ĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ƚŽ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƚŽ ĚĞůŝǀĞƌ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͘ WůĂŶͲ ŶŝŶŐ ĨŽƌ ŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJ ƐĞĞŬƐ ƚŽ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ƐLJŶĞƌŐŝĞƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ͕ ǁŚŝůĞ ƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐ ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƚƌĂĚĞͲŽīƐ͘ Multifunctionality concerns the ability of UGI to provide several ecological, socio-cultural, ϐ Ǥ

planning process expressly considers how to ϐ chance. This is not simply a case of ‘the more functions the better’. Potential trade-offs and ϐ assessed, as well as the capacity of different UGI elements2. For instance, using land for ϐ protection of species sensitive to distur-

Ǥ ϐ times be avoided by physically separating incompatible uses (e.g., through zoning, visitor management or agreements with land users), or by planning them so as not to happen at the same time (e.g., when ϐ ȌǤ means it is not only the functions themselves and the associations between them that are important, but also their spatial and temporal dimensions. ǡ ϐ should be considered in relation to who needs them and who has access to them.

Otherwise, UGI planning could deliver beneϐ groups in society3 ȋֻ ȌǤ avoid this trap, a strong element of public ȋֻ ȌǤ

WĂƌŬ dƌĂŶƐǁŝũŬ͕ hƚƌĞĐŚƚ ŝƐ Ă ƌĞĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƉĂƌŬ ƚŚĂƚ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƐ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂů ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŶLJ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂů ƵƐĞƐ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ĂŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ĨĂƌŵ ĂŶĚ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂů ŐĂƌĚĞŶ͘ Credit: Sabrina Erlwein

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

31

B

s t an pl

r f fe bu ind n/W tion tio ula ila reg nt ow Ve ter fl ol Wa contr Flood Erosion control Pollina tion Ag G ricult ur G ar a l l am den pro duc e, ing ts p f r is od h uc ts

ces rvi e gs

(r ar e

mo

ns pe sp cie ec s) ie s)

Re g ula Ɵn

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

Bio di v e rsi ty

32

s er nt u o e nc enc le Sci a + i c on So ucati Ed tion a Inspir Urban Structure Mobilit y To Ha urism H bit ab at (c ita om t

nt me ve ity mo ers life div ild ral W uctu sity Str e biodiver Nativ Wilderness Reg u la ti o n of a Glo ir qua b a lity T l N emp clima te o i r e s era gul t e ur atio m er n iti eg g u a lat tio ion n

hƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ Ă ƌĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ŐƌŽƵƉĞĚ ŝŶƚŽ ĨŽƵƌ ďƌŽĂĚ ƚLJƉĞƐ͘ Credit: Rieke Hansen

Cul tur al fun cƟ

s vice ser nd sa on

er gs

es vic

DƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJ ŝŶ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ Though municipalities often consider the multiple ecological and social ϐ

ǡ enhancing multifunctionality has so far received less explicit attention (see Deliverable 5.1). In general, there seems to be uncertainty about how to actively plan and design for multifunctional green infrastructure7. A more proactive approach to multifunctionality is likely to be needed in light of trends such as climate change and urbanisation, both of which are increasing the pressure on UGI.

w le ab m u r ns ate Co sh w e Fr , pulp Wood Medicine Recre ation Na Ae ture c ont Se sth em ns eti pla cs tion e of pl ac e, he rit ag e

Of course, the types of functions and services that UGI can provide, and their relevance, largely depend on the environmental and socio-

Pro vis ion in

Additionally, green spaces provide a number of important functions that cannot strictly be categorised as

WƌŝŽƌŝƚLJ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ In urban green space planning, recreational and other cultural functions and services are usually in focus, as well as functions that contribute to biodiversity. Those ecosystem services with a direct impact on people’s health and wellbeing, such ϐ ǡ ǡ urban cooling and runoff mitigation are also of particular relevance6.

economic characteristics of a city or region. The spatial scale that is considered also matters. For instance, it is more relevant to evaluate provisioning services such as supply of food and raw materials from a city-regional perspective, rather than at the level of a densely built-up neighbourhood.

ild

Yet, in urban areas these different services are usually provided not only by natural elements, but also man-made ones, e.g., paths and Ǣ Ǣ Ǣ sewer systems that combine green spaces and technical elements for ȋֻ ȌǤ

ecosystem services, such as ȋֻ Ȍǡ structuring the urban surroundings ϐ ȋֻ ȌǤ that the full spectrum of green space functions and services is much ϐ tions of ecosystem services allow, encompassing more than 30 possibilities (see illustration below).

ns Ɵo nc fu

DƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ services An important concept that has emerged in relation to multifunctionality is ecosystem services. Broadly speaking, ecosystem services are the ϐ deliver to people4. They can be ϐ ǣ provisioning, regulating, habitat (biodiversity), and cultural services5, which together represent the ecological, socio-cultural, and economic dimensions of multifunctionality.

B Ky ϰ͗ Dh>d/&hE d/KE > hZ E 'Z E ^W ^ /E D >DP Ɛ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ Ă 'Z E ^hZ' hƌďĂŶ >ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ >Ăď ŝŶ DĂůŵƂ͕ ^ǁĞĚĞŶ͕ ƚŚĞ ŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶͲ ĂůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͛Ɛ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ǁĂƐ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐĞĚ ŝŶ ǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĞĞƟŶŐƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŝƚLJ ƐƚĂī͘ dŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ŝƐ ĂŝŵŝŶŐ ƚŽ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ ƚŚĞ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ŝƚƐ h'/ ŝŶ ƚĞƌŵƐ ŽĨ ƐŽĐŝĂů ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͕ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ƌĞŐƵůĂƟŶŐ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ;ŵĂŝŶůLJ ǁĂƚĞƌ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚͿ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ƉƌŽǀŝͲ ƐŝŽŶŝŶŐ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ;ƚĂŬŝŶŐ ŝŶƚŽ ĂĐĐŽƵŶƚ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐ ĨĂƌŵůĂŶĚͿ͘ &ŽƵƌ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐ ŽĨ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ĂƌĞ ŽƵƚůŝŶĞĚ ďĞůŽǁ͘ WŝůĚĂŵŵƐƉĂƌŬĞŶ͗ ĐůĂƐƐŝĐ ƉĂƌŬ ƚ Ă ƐŝnjĞ ŽĨ ϰϱŚĂ͕ ƚŚŝƐ ƌŽƵŐŚůLJ ϭϬϬ LJĞĂƌ ŽůĚ ƉĂƌŬ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͛Ɛ ůĂƌŐĞƐƚ͘ /ƚ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐ several ponds, meadows, an amphitheͲ ĂƚƌĞ ĨŽƌ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĞǀĞŶƚƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ǁŽŽĚůĂŶĚ ĂƌĞĂƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ŝƐ ƉŽƉƵůĂƌ ĨŽƌ ƉŝĐŶŝĐƐ ĂŶĚ ƌƵŶŶŝŶŐ͕ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ŚŽƐƟŶŐ ŵĂŶLJ ďŝƌĚ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͘ ƵĞ ƚŽ ŝƚƐ ƐŝnjĞ ĂŶĚ ƉĂƚŚ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ͕ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƌŬ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ ĂŵƉůĞ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĨŽƌ ƌĞĐƌĞͲ ĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͘ ^ŽŵĞ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ƌĞƐƵůƚĞĚ ŝŶ ŵŝŶŽƌ ŝŵƉĂĐƚƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ƚƌĂŵƉůĞĚ ǀĞŐĞƚĂͲ ƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĚƵĐĞĚ ǁĂƚĞƌ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ĨƌŽŵ ǀŝƐŝͲ ƚŽƌƐ͛ ĞŶũŽLJŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ĨĞĞĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĚƵĐŬƐ͘

ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ZŝƐĞďĞƌŐĂ ƌĞĞŬ͕ ^ŬŽŐŚŽůŵƐ ćŶŐĂƌ has been developed into an area with ŽƉĞŶ ƐƚŽƌŵ ǁĂƚĞƌ ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶ ƉŽŶĚƐ͘ dŚĞ ƐŝƚĞ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚ ƚŽ ŚŽƐƚ ŚŝŐŚ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂů ĂŶĚ ƉůĂŶƚ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶ ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ǁĂƚĞƌ ďĂůĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ǁĞƚůĂŶĚ ďŝŽƚŽƉĞƐ͘ tŚŝůĞ ŶŽƚ Ăůů ƉĂƌƚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐŝƚĞ ĂƌĞ ĞĂƐŝůLJ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞ͕ ƉĂƚŚƐ ĨŽƌ ǁĂůŬŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŚŽƌƐĞͲ ďĂĐŬ ƌŝĚŝŶŐ ďƌŝŶŐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ŝŶƚŽ ĐŽŶƚĂĐƚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĞĂ͛Ɛ ƌŝĐŚ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͘

ŝŶ ƵƐĞ ĂƐ Ă ŵŝůŝƚĂƌLJ njŽŶĞ ĂŶĚ ĂůƐŽ ĂĐƚƐ ĂƐ Ă ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ DĂůŵƂ and the proposed Almåsa nature ƌĞƐĞƌǀĞ͘ dŚĞ ǀĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶ ŝƐ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐĞĚ ďLJ ŐƌĂƐƐůĂŶĚƐ ĨŽƌŵĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ƉĂƐƚƵƌŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŚĂLJ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ Ă ŚĂďŝƚĂƚ ĨŽƌ ŵĂŶLJ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͘ ^ĞǀĞƌĂů ůĂŶĚ ƵƐĞƐ ĂƌĞ ĂĐĐŽŵŵŽĚĂƚĞĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƐŝƚĞ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ͕ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ůŽǁͲŝŶƚĞŶƐŝƚLJ ŐƌĂnjŝŶŐ͘

ƌĞĚŝƚ͗ tĞƌŶĞƌ ZŽůĨ ;Ăůů ŽƚŚĞƌƐ͕ ZŝĞŬĞ ,ĂŶƐĞŶͿ

ŬŽƐƚĂĚĞŶ ƵŐƵƐƚĞŶďŽƌŐ͗ ĞĐŽͲĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚ dŚĞ ŬŽƐƚĂĚĞŶ ƵŐƵƐƚĞŶďŽƌŐ ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ ĂƌĞĂ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝǀĞůLJ ƌĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ƐŝŶĐĞ ƚŚĞ ůĂƚĞ ϭϵϵϬƐ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞ ŽĨ ŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐ ƐŽĐŝĂů͕ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĂŶĚ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJ ;ֻ Ždž ϭ DĂůŵƂͿ͘ DĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚ ƌĞŶŽͲ ǀĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĚĞƐŝŐŶ ŽĨ ƉĂƌŬƐ ĂŶĚ ƚƌĂĸĐ ĂƌĞĂƐ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ĂŶ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ĂŶĚ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƌŽŽĨƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ŚĂƐ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚ ƚŚĞ ƵƐĂďŝůŝƚLJ͕ ĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐƐ ĂŶĚ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐŝƚĞ͕ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ůŽĐĂů ƐŽĐŝĂů ƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJ͘

ƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ Cultural • • • • •

ZĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ ;ĂĐƟǀĞͿ EĂƚƵƌĞ ĐŽŶƚĞŵƉůĂƟŽŶ ;ƉĂƐƐŝǀĞͿ ĞƐƚŚĞƟĐƐ Social encounters Mobility

ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ • • •

Habitat for rare species Structural diversity EĂƟǀĞ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ

ZĞŐƵůĂƟŶŐ • • • • •

hƌďĂŶ ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ ƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶ EŽŝƐĞ ŵŝƟŐĂƟŽŶ ZƵŶͲŽī ŵŝƟŐĂƟŽŶ &ůŽŽĚ ĐŽŶƚƌŽů ;ǁĂƚĞƌ ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶͿ WŽůůŝŶĂƟŽŶ

WƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶŝŶŐ

^ŬŽŐŚŽůŵƐ ćŶŐĂƌ͗ ƐĞŵŝͲŶĂƚƵƌĂů ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ dŚŝƐ ϰϱŚĂ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ĂƌĞĂ ŝŶ ƐŽƵƚŚͲ eastern Malmö has been developed as a ƐĞŵŝͲŶĂƚƵƌĂů ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĂƐ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ ĂŶ h >/& н WƌŽũĞĐƚ͘ dŽ ƌĞĚƵĐĞ ƚŚĞ ŇŽŽĚŝŶŐ

• •

Farming/Gardening products Consumable wild plants

High provision Medium provision

ZŽďŽƞćůƚĞƚ͗ ŐƌĂƐƐůĂŶĚ tŝƚŚ Ă ƐŝnjĞ ŽĨ ĂďŽƵƚ ϭϭϬŚĂ͕ ƚŚĞ ZŽďŽƞćůƚĞƚ ĂƌĞĂ ŝƐ ůŽĐĂƚĞĚ ĞĂƐƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ƉĂƌƚůLJ ƐƟůů

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

Low provision

33

B One initial step can be to develop a city-wide planning strategy that highlights the different functions and

ȋֻ Ͷ Malmö). Such a strategic plan needs to ensure that UGI services contribute to an array of policy ȋ ֻ ǡ ֻ ȌǤ further components are also important. First, taking into account the interests and needs of all citizens ȋֻ Ȍǡ ǡ promoting collaboration with ϐ Ǥ latter ‘multifunctional thinking’ approach is important to counter the ‘silo thinking’ that can be a barrier to cross-departmental collaboration. It may also open the door to synergies, for example, between recreation, climate change adaptation, and biodiversity conservation ȋֻ ǡ ͵ ȌǤ

Gathering knowledge on local citizens’ needs requires time, resources and an array of carefully selected participatory methods to make sure that the voices of all relevant groups ȋֻ Ͷ ȌǤ

that all elements deliver a broad ϐ ǡ

network as a whole provides a ϐ services, and in those areas where they are needed.

ƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐ ŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJ A systematic spatial assessment, providing knowledge about UGI’s different functions and services, can be helpful to communicate the multiple values of UGI to decision-makers.

Mapping and assessment tools can be used to quantify functions and services and reveal their spatial distribution ȋֻ

networks, Toolbox T6).

ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂů ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ Alongside knowledge of multiple functions at the city level, it is crucial to consider the site level, since trade ϐ functions within the same area are not compatible. The capacity to deliver multiple services on one site often depends on its size. While larger sites tend to have greater capacity than smaller ones, several functions and services can usually be provided by the same area, even on small sites. Good design can help to ϐ ȋֻ Ͷ ÚȌǤ

The provision of and demand for different functions and services can be analysed to identify areas where multifunctionality needs to be enhanced. It is not always essential

dĂŶŶĞƌ ^ƉƌŝŶŐƐ ŝƐ Ă ƐŵĂůů ĐŝƚLJ ƉĂƌŬ ŝŶ ĚŽǁŶƚŽǁŶ WŽƌƚůĂŶĚ͕ KƌĞŐŽŶ͕ ƚŚĂƚ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͘ /ƚ ĐŽůůĞĐƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĐůĞĂŶƐ ƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ͕ ŽīĞƌƐ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĨŽƌ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͕ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ Ă ŚĂďŝƚĂƚ ĨŽƌ ǁĞƚůĂŶĚ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͘ Credit: Rieke Hansen

34

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

B KEY MESSAGES FOR MULTIFUNCTIONALITY ^ƵƉƉŽƌƚ ŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJ Ăƚ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ůĞǀĞůƐ /ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚ ĂƐ ĂŶ ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞ ŝŶ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƉůĂŶƐ͕ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ĚĞŵĂŶĚ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞŵ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƐƉĂƟĂů ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ͘ ůĞǀĞƌ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ĂŶĚ ǀŝƐŝƚŽƌ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ĐĂŶ ŚĞůƉ ƚŽ ŵĂdžŝŵŝƐĞ ƐLJŶĞƌŐŝĞƐ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ƐŝƚĞͲůĞǀĞů͘

hƐĞ ƚŽŽůƐ ƚŽ ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ dŽŽůƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJ ŝŶǀĞŶƚŽƌŝĞƐ Žƌ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚƐ ĂƌĞ ƵƐĞĨƵů ƚŽ ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ;ֻdŽŽůďŽdž dϲͿ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ƚŚĞLJ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĞĚ ďLJ Ă ƐŽƵŶĚ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŬŝŶĚ ŽĨ ŝŶƚĞƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐ͕ ƐLJŶĞƌŐŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚƌĂĚĞͲŽīƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĞdžŝƐƚ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞƐĞ͘

^ƵƉƉŽƌƚ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƌĂŝƐĞ ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐ ŽĨ ĚĞŵĂŶĚƐ ĂŶĚ ŶĞĞĚƐ ĐƟǀĞůLJ ŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ Ă ĚŝǀĞƌƐĞ ŐƌŽƵƉ ŽĨ ůŽĐĂů ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ ŝŶ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ŵĂŬĞƐ ŝƚ ŵŽƌĞ ůŝŬĞůLJ ƚŚĂƚ ŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ǁŝůů ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ h'/ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ĨŽƌ Ă ǁŝĚĞ ƌĂŶŐĞ of people (ֻ^ŽĐŝĂů /ŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶͿ͘

&ŽƐƚĞƌ ŝŶƚĞƌͲ ĂŶĚ ƚƌĂŶƐĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌLJ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ DƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂů ƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐ ĐƌŽƐƐͲƐĞĐƚŽƌĂů ĂŶĚ ĐƌŽƐƐͲĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚĂů ĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞ ĞdžƉĞƌƟƐĞ ĨƌŽŵ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶƐ͘ dŚƵƐ͕ ƐŝůŽͲƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ŽǀĞƌĐŽŵĞ ƚŽ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůůLJ ƉůĂŶ ĨŽƌ ŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJ͕ Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ďLJ ƐŚĂƌŝŶŐ ƚŽŽůƐ ĂŶĚ ŽƵƚƉƵƚƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ŽĨ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ (ֻ ŶŐĂŐŝŶŐ ^ƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐͿ͘

ֻdŽŽůďŽdž dϲ ĨŽƌ ĞdžĞŵƉůĂƌLJ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŽŽůƐ ƚŽ ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ ĂŶĚ ĂƐƐĞƐƐ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͘

REFERENCES 1 Natural England, 2009. Green Infrastructure Guidance, p22. Available from: http:// publications.naturalengland.org.uk/ publication/35033

4 TEEB – The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity, 2011. TEEB Manual for Cities: Ecosystem Services in Urban Management.

Available from: www.teebweb.org

2 Hansen, R., Pauleit, S., 2014. From Multifunctionality to Multiple Ecosystem Services? A Conceptual Framework for Multifunctionality in Green Infrastructure Planning for Urban Areas. AMBIO 43, 516-529.

5 Kumar, P., 2010. The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity. Ecological and economic foundations. In: TEEB: The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity. Earthscan, London.

3 Rodriguez, J.P., et al, 2006. Trade-offs across space, time, and ecosystem services.

Ecology and Society 11 (1), art. 28.

6 Gómez-Baggethun, E., et al, 2013. Urban Ecosystem Services, 175–251. In: T. Elmqvist, et al (eds). Urbanization, biodiversity and ecosystem services: challenges and opportunities. Springer, Dordrecht.

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

7 Sussams, L. W., et al, 2015. Green infrastructure as a climate change adaptation policy intervention: Muddying the waters or clearing a path to a more secure future? Journal of Environmental Management 147, 184-193.

35

WZ/E /W> SOCIAL INCLUSION ŽůůĂďŽƌĂƚŝǀĞ ĂŶĚ WĂƌƚŝĐŝƉĂƚŽƌLJ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ KEY OBJECTIVES Social inclusion… ͙ĂŝŵƐ Ăƚ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ Ăůů ƐŽĐŝĂů ŐƌŽƵƉƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŽĨ h'/͕ ǁŚŝůĞ ƉƵƫŶŐ Ă ƐƉĞĐŝĂů ĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƐƚ ǀƵůŶĞƌĂďůĞ ŽŶĞƐ͘ ͙ƐĞĞŬƐ ŶŽƚ ŽŶůLJ ƚŽ ĂƐĐĞƌƚĂŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚƐ ŽĨ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ ďƵƚ ĂůƐŽ ƚŽ ďĂůĂŶĐĞ ƚŚĞŵ͘

͞/Ŷ ŵĂŶLJ ĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŝŶ ƚĞŶĚĞŶĐLJ ŝŶ ƌĞĐĞŶƚ LJĞĂƌƐ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ƚŽ ƐŚŝŌ ƚŚĞ ďĂůĂŶĐĞ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ ĂǁĂLJ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ĚŽŝŶŐ ƚŚŝŶŐƐ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ŝŶƐƚĞĂĚ ŽĨ ĚŽŝŶŐ ƚŚĞŵ ĂůŽŶĞ͘͟ϭ

͙ŝŶƚĞŶĚƐ ƚŽ ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞ ŵŽƌĞ ĞƋƵŝƚĂďůĞ ĂĐĐĞƐƐ ƚŽ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘

h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŝŵƐ ĨŽƌ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟǀĞ͕ ƐŽĐŝĂůůLJ ŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ŵĞĂŶƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ ĂƌĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƚŽ Ăůů ĂŶĚ ŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚƐ ŽĨ ĚŝǀĞƌƐĞ ƉĂƌƟĞƐ͘ Social inclusion in general refers to the involvement of a wide range of social groups (including vulnerable ones that are often excluded) in all spheres of life. Making UGI planning socially inclusive demands attention to the needs of these different groups. Of particular concern are those with the most ϐ lating their interests, such as immigrants or Ǣ less, unemployed or poor. If not carefully managed, initiatives to involve citizens in planning produce results that favour some

and not others, by further empowering those in advantaged positions, or encouraging resistance from narrow interest groups to policies designed for the public interest2. In order to avoid these pitfalls, it is essential that governing institutions are capable of not only listening to a range of interests, but also channelling and balancing them.

Social inclusion is related to social cohesion, yet these are not the same. The latter concerns the outcome of UGI planning with ȋֻ sion), while socially inclusive UGI planning is instead a process of including all social and cultural groups people in decision-making – one end goal of which is UGI that is equally accessible to them and meets their various ȋֻ ȌǤ

tŽƌŬŝŶŐ ŐƌŽƵƉ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ y//͘ <ƵŶďĄďŽŶLJŝ ^ƵŵŵĞƌ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕ ,ƵŶŐĂƌLJ͕ ĞdžƉůŽƌŝŶŐ ƐƉĂƟĂů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ͘ ƌĞĚŝƚ͗ ,ĂũŶĂů &ĞŬĞƚĞ

36

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

B Ky ϱ͗ zKE d, KE^dZh d/KE ^/d ͕ >:h >: E ĞLJŽŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ^ŝƚĞ ; ^Ϳ ŝƐ Ă ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƟŶŐ ůŽĐĂů ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞŵĞŶƚ ŝŶ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŐŽǀĞƌŶŝŶŐ ĂŶ ĂďĂŶĚŽŶĞĚ ƵƌďĂŶ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ƐŝƚĞ ŝŶ >ũƵďůũĂŶĂ͕ ^ůŽǀĞŶŝĂ͘ 'ƌĂƐƐƌŽŽƚƐ ďĞŐŝŶŶŝŶŐƐ ^ ǁĂƐ ŬŝĐŬͲƐƚĂƌƚĞĚ ŝŶ ϮϬϭϬ ďLJ ŶĞŝŐŚͲ ďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚ ĂĐƟǀŝƐƚƐ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ E'KƐ <h KďƌĂƚ ĂŶĚ ƵŶŬĞƌ /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ǀŽůƵŶƚĂƌLJ ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚŽƌƐ ǁŝƚŚ ďĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚƐ ŝŶ ƐŽĐŝŽůŽŐLJ ĂŶĚ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͘ /ŶŝƟĂƚŽƌƐ ĐĂůůĞĚ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƚŽ ͚ĐŽͲĐƌĞĂƚĞ͛ ƚŚĞ ƐŝƚĞ͘ Ŷ ŽīĞƌ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐĂƌĚĞŶŝŶŐ ƉƌŽǀĞĚ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵů ŝŶ ĂƩƌĂĐƟŶŐ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚ͕ ĂƉƉĞĂůŝŶŐ ƚŽ ĂŶ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ^ůŽǀĞŶŝĂŶ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĂƩĂĐŚŵĞŶƚ ƚŽ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ŐĂƌĚĞŶƐ͘ ƐŽĐŝĂůůLJ ŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ǁĂƐ ƚŚĞŶ ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞĚ ƵƐŝŶŐ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ŝŶƚĞƌǀŝĞǁƐ ĂŶĚ ĨŽĐƵƐ ŐƌŽƵƉƐ ƚŽ ĚĞƚĞƌͲ ŵŝŶĞ ƚŚĞ ƐŝƚĞ͛Ɛ ƵƐĞ ĂƐ Ă ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ ĂŶĚ ĞǀĞŶƚ ƐƉĂĐĞ͘ Ɛ ƚŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ǁĞŶƚ ŽŶ͕ ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚŽƌƐ ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞĚ ƵƐĞƌƐ ƚŽ ƚĂŬĞ ŽŶ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ůĞǀĞůƐ ŽĨ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

ďLJ ĞŶƐƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĂƚ Ăůů ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐ ǁĞƌĞ ǀĂůƵĞĚ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚŝƐ ǁĂLJ͕ ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŶŐ ƌŽůĞƐ ǁĞƌĞ ŐƌĂĚƵĂůůLJ ƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌƌĞĚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƵƐĞƌƐ͕ ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƟŶŐ ƚŚĂƚ ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ ĂƌĞ ĐĂƉĂďůĞ ŽĨ ƚĂŬŝŶŐ ŽŶ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ĨŽƌ ďŽƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŽŶŐŽŝŶŐ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ĂŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ͘ ĐƚŽƌƐ ĂŶĚ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ĐŚĂŶŶĞůƐ dŚĞ ƐŝƚĞ ŝƐ ƵƐĞĚ ďLJ ŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞ ŶĞŝŐŚͲ bours and residents from other parts ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͘ dŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ĐŽƵŶĐŝů ĞŶĂďůĞƐ ƵƐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ůĂŶĚ Ăƚ ŶŽ ĐŽƐƚ͕ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ Ă LJĞĂƌůLJ ĐŽŶƚƌĂĐƚ ǁŝƚŚ <h KďƌĂƚ͘ ŽƵŶĐŝů ĂůƐŽ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ ƐŽŵĞ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ǁĂƚĞƌ ƐƵƉƉůLJͿ͕ ǁŚŝůĞ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƐŵĂůů ĚŽŶĂƟŽŶƐ ŚĂǀĞ ĐŽŵĞ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ &ƵŶĚ ĨŽƌ ZĞŐŝŽŶĂů ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ ƚŚĞ ŶĂƟŽŶĂů DŝŶŝƐƚƌLJ ĨŽƌ ƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ ĂŶĚ Ă ƐĞĞĚ ĐŽŵƉĂŶLJ͘ ^ƵĐĐĞƐƐ ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ dŚĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͛Ɛ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐ ǁĂƐ ĂŝĚĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚŽƌƐ͛ ŐŽŽĚ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶͲ ƐŚŝƉ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ĐŽƵŶĐŝů ;ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ ǁŝƚŚ ƐŝŵŝůĂƌ ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐͿ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ŽŶŐŽŝŶŐ ƉŽůŝƟĐĂů ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ĨŽƌ

ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌLJ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ͘ KƚŚĞƌ ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ůŽĐĂů ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ͕ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĂů ĂƐƉĞĐƚ ŽĨ ůĂŶĚ ĂǀĂŝůĂďŝůŝƚLJ͘ /Ŷ >ũƵďůũĂŶĂ͕ ĂďĂŶĚŽŶĞĚ ƐŝƚĞƐ ĐĂŶ ƌĞŵĂŝŶ ƵŶƵƐĞĚ ĨŽƌ ůĞŶŐƚŚLJ ƉĞƌŝŽĚƐ ʹ ƐŽŵĞƟŵĞƐ ƵƉ ƚŽ ϮϬ LJĞĂƌƐ ʹ ĐƌĞĂƟŶŐ Ă ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚLJ ;ĂŶĚ ŝŵƉĞƌĂƟǀĞͿ ĨŽƌ ůŽĐĂůůLJͲĚƌŝǀĞŶ ƵƐĞƐ͘ Results dŚĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŚĂƐ ďƌŽƵŐŚƚ ŶĞǁ ǀĂůƵĞ ƚŽ Ă ĚĞƌĞůŝĐƚ ƐŝƚĞ͕ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚ ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌͲ ŚŽŽĚ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐ ĂŶĚ͕ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚůLJ͕ ďĞĞŶ ĐĂƌƌŝĞĚ beyond the site. As a ƌĞƐƵůƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͛Ɛ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵů ĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ĐŽƵŶĐŝů͕ Ă ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ƵƐĞ ĂŵĞŶĚŵĞŶƚ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ ƚŽ ůŽĐĂů ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ͗ ƉĂǀŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ǁĂLJ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƐŝŵŝůĂƌ ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ ƚŽ ƚĂŬĞ Žī ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ͘

&ŝŶĚ ŽƵƚ ŵŽƌĞ͘​͘​͘ WƌŽũĞĐƚ ƐƵŵŵĂƌLJ ŝŶ ŶŐůŝƐŚ͘ KUD Obrat, 2010.

ĞLJŽŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ^ŝƚĞ ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚŽƌƐ ƵƐĞĚ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ƚŽ ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚƐ ƚŽ ĐŽͲĐƌĞĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ƐŝƚĞ͘ Credit: KUD Obrat Archive

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

37

B dŚĞ ƉůĂĐĞ ŽĨ ƐŽĐŝĂů ŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ ŝŶ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ Social inclusion is often talked about in association with the term ‘governance’, a concept entailing a widening of focus from state-centric government, to further include the role of non-state actors. The concept of governance has emerged in a context where the distinction between ‘topdown’ and ‘bottom-up’ is becoming increasingly harder to see. Instead, both approaches are often in play at the same time, e.g., when a local government authority moves to institutionalise a grassroots initiative (see Deliverable 6.1).

Even though governance is emerging across Europe, recognition of the concept does not automatically lead to the involvement of all population groups and equal consideration of their interests, nor does it mean that social considerations are always given high priority. Recent studies on peri-urban development in Europe found that economic growth motives continue to dominate land use planning decisions, and, while ecological protection is of growing policy interest, social justice concerns receive very little attention3. Local authorities have a crucial role to play in mainstreaming social inclusion in

UGI planning, working together with members of civil society who are empowered not only to participate, but also to take action4.

t,z 'Ks ZE E ͍ &Žƌ ŵŽƌĞ ŽŶ h'/ ŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ͕ see /ŶŶŽǀĂƟǀĞ 'ŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ hƌďĂŶ 'ƌĞĞŶ ^ƉĂĐĞƐ ʹ >ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ĨƌŽŵ ϭϴ ŝŶŶŽǀĂƟǀĞ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ƵƌŽƉĞ͘ Deliverable 6.2.

Ky ϲ͗ d > </ ^Yh Z ͕ h W ^d E , >D,K>d ^Yh Z ͕ Z>/E dǁŽ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƌĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐ ŝŶ ĞƌůŝŶ͕ 'ĞƌŵĂŶLJ ĂŶĚ ƵĚĂƉĞƐƚ͕ ,ƵŶŐĂƌLJ͕ ƌĞǀĞĂů ƚŚĞ ĚƌĂŵĂƟĐĂůůLJ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĐĂŶ ƌĞƐƵůƚ ĨƌŽŵ Ă ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌLJ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͘ ŽƚŚ ŽƌŝŐŝŶĂƚĞĚ ŝŶ ĚŝƐĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞĚ ƉĂƌƚƐ ŽĨ ĞĂĐŚ ĐŝƚLJ͘ ĚǀŽĐĂĐLJ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ŝŶ ƵĚĂƉĞƐƚ dŚĞ ƌĞĚĞƐŝŐŶ ŽĨ dĞůĞŬŝ ^ƋƵĂƌĞ͕ ƵĚĂͲ ƉĞƐƚ͕ ǁĂƐ ŝŶŝƟĂƚĞĚ ďLJ Ă ŐƌŽƵƉ ŽĨ LJŽƵŶŐ ƉůĂŶŶĞƌƐ͕ ǁŚŽ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƐĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂů ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ͕ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůůLJ ĞŶŐĂŐĞĚ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͘ Ɛ Ă ƌĞƐƵůƚ͕ Ă ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ͛ ĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ ĨŽƌŵĞĚ ƚŽ ŵĂŶĂŐĞ ƚŚĞ ƐƋƵĂƌĞ͛Ɛ ŽŶŐŽŝŶŐ ŵĂŝŶͲ ƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ƚŚĞ ŶĞǁ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ĂŶĚ ŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ dĞůĞŬŝ ^ƋƵĂƌĞ ĐůĞĂƌůLJ ƌĞŇĞĐƚ ƚŚĞ ĂƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƐŽŵĞ ƌĞƐŝͲ ĚĞŶƚƐ͕ ǁŚŝůĞ ĞdžĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ŽƚŚĞƌƐ͘ ^ƚƌĞĞƚ ĨƵƌŶŝƚƵƌĞ ǁĂƐ ĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚ ƚŽ ƉƌĞǀĞŶƚ ƐůĞĞƉŝŶŐ͖ ĞĂƟŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĚƌŝŶŬŝŶŐ ĂƌĞ ĨŽƌďŝĚĚĞŶ͖ ŐƵĂƌĚƐ ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĂŶĚ ƌĞŵŽǀĞ ĂŶLJŽŶĞ ǁŚŽ ĚŝƐŽďĞLJƐ ƚŚĞ ƌƵůĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ƌĞƐƵůƚ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĞĚ ĂƐ Ă ŶĞǁ ĞdžĐůƵƐŝŽŶ ĨŽƌ ĂůƌĞĂĚLJͲĚŝƐĞŶĨƌĂŶͲ ĐŚŝƐĞĚ ŐƌŽƵƉƐ ;ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ZŽŵĂ͕ ŚŽŵĞůĞƐƐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ĂŶĚ ĂůĐŽŚŽůŝĐƐͿ͘

38

ƋƵŝƚLJ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ŝŶ ĞƌůŝŶ dŚĞ ƌĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ,ĞůŵŚŽůƚnj ^ƋƵĂƌĞ ǁĂƐ ŝŶŝƟĂƚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĞĂƌůLJ ϮϬϬϬƐ͕ ĂƐ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ Ă ĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚ ĨƵŶĚŝŶŐ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ ĨŽƌ ĚĞƉƌŝǀĞĚ ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚƐ ;ֻ Ždž ϲ ĞƌůŝŶͿ͘ dŚĞ ĨƵŶĚŝŶŐ ƉĂŝĚ ĨŽƌ Ă ĐŽŵŵƵͲ ŶŝƚLJ ŽĸĐĞ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝŶŝƟĂƚĞĚ Ă ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟǀĞƐ ŽĨ Ăůů ŐƌŽƵƉƐ ƵƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƐƋƵĂƌĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ƌĞƐƵůƚĞĚ ŝŶ Ă ŐĞŶƵŝŶĞůLJ ŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͘ ^ŝŶĐĞ ƚŚĞŶ͕ ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉĂĐƚ ŽĨ ŐĞŶƚƌŝĮͲ ĐĂƟŽŶ ŚĂƐ ƚŚƌĞĂƚĞŶĞĚ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞͲ ŵĞŶƚƐ͘ dŚĞ ĂƌĞĂ ůŽƐƚ ŝƚƐ ĨƵŶĚŝŶŐ ƉƌŝŽƌŝƚLJ ƐƚĂƚƵƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ůŝŬĞǁŝƐĞ ŝƚƐ ĐŽŵŵƵͲ ŶŝƚLJ ŽĸĐĞ͘ ^ŽŵĞ ŵĂƌŐŝŶĂůŝƐĞĚ ŐƌŽƵƉƐ ǁŚŽ ŚĂĚ ŽĐĐƵƉŝĞĚ ĐĞŶƚƌĂů ƉĂƌƚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐƋƵĂƌĞ ĂƌĞ ŶŽǁ ĨĂĐŝŶŐ ůĞƐƐ ƚŽůĞƌĂŶĐĞ ĨƌŽŵ ŵŝĚĚůĞ ĐůĂƐƐ ŐƌŽƵƉƐ͕ ǁŚŽƐĞ ǀŽŝĐĞƐ ĂƌĞ ŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐůLJ ĚŽŵŝͲ ŶĂŶƚ͘ ,Žǁ ƚŚŝƐ ŵŽƵŶƟŶŐ ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚ ǁŝůů ďĞ ƐŽůǀĞĚ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ LJĞƚ ĐůĞĂƌ͘ tŚŝůĞ ƚŚĞ ƚǁŽ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ ĚŝīĞƌ ;ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ďĞŝŶŐ Ă ŐŽŽĚ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ ŽĨ ĂĚǀŽĐĂĐLJ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƐĞĐŽŶĚ ŽĨ ĞƋƵŝƚLJ ƉůĂŶͲ ŶŝŶŐ ʹ ƐĞĞ <ĞLJ dĞƌŵƐ Ždž ŽǀĞƌ ƉĂŐĞͿ͕ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƐŚŽƌƚĐŽŵŝŶŐƐ ŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚ ƚŚĞ ĚŝƐƟŶĐͲ ƟŽŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ͘

ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌLJ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŝƐ Ă ŐŽŽĚ ƐƚĂƌƚ͕ ďƵƚ ǁŝůů ŶŽƚ ŝŶ ŝƚƐĞůĨ ĨŽƐƚĞƌ Ă ƐŽĐŝĂůůLJ ĐŽŚĞƐŝǀĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƐƉĂĐĞ͘ ĐƟǀĞůLJ ŝĚĞŶƟͲ ĨLJŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĞŶŐĂŐŝŶŐ Ăůů ƵƐĞƌ ŐƌŽƵƉƐ ĂŶĚ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŽŶŐŽŝŶŐ ĐŽĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĂƌĞ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ further steps.

dŚĞ ƌĞĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚ dĞůĞŬŝ ^ƋƵĂƌĞ ŝƐ ĂŶ ĂƩƌĂĐƟǀĞ ƉůĂĐĞ͕ LJĞƚ ƐŽŵĞ ŐƌŽƵƉƐ ŶŽ ůŽŶŐĞƌ ĨĞĞů ǁĞůĐŽŵĞ ƚŚĞƌĞ͘ ƌĞĚŝƚ͗ /ǀĄŶ dŽƐŝĐƐ

&ŝŶĚ ŽƵƚ ŵŽƌĞ͘​͘​͘ hZ d ĂƌƟĐůĞ ͛WĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ Žƌ /ŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͍͛ Tosics, 2015.

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

B >Ä&#x17E;Ç&#x20AC;Ä&#x17E;ĹŻĆ? ŽĨ Ć&#x2030;Ä&#x201A;Ć&#x152;Ć&#x;Ä?Ĺ?Ć&#x2030;Ä&#x201A;Ć&#x;ŽŜÍ&#x2014; ĨĆ&#x152;Žž Ĺ?ŜĨŽĆ&#x152;ĹľÄ&#x201A;Ć&#x;ŽŜ Ć&#x161;Ĺ˝ Ä&#x17E;ĹľĆ&#x2030;Ĺ˝Ç Ä&#x17E;Ć&#x152;ĹľÄ&#x17E;ĹśĆ&#x161; Many levels of participation in planning are possible and these have often been represented along a spectrum, starting at one end with simply informing citizens, all the way to complete citizen control in decisionmaking at the other end â&#x20AC;&#x201C; with several steps in between (e.g., see the IAP2 Public Participation Spectrum5).

In European cities, information and consultation processes are usually dictated by laws or regulations. Despite their formality, these processes can help to reveal citizensâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; concerns and ideas. However, ensuring that they Â&#x2022;Â&#x2014;Â&#x2C6;Ď?Â&#x2039;Â&#x2026;Â&#x2039;Â&#x2021;Â?Â&#x2013;Â&#x17D;Â&#x203A; Â&#x201D;Â&#x2021;Ď?Â&#x17D;Â&#x2021;Â&#x2026;Â&#x2013; Â&#x192;Â&#x17D;Â&#x17D; Â&#x201D;Â&#x2021;Â&#x2022;Â&#x2039;Â&#x2020;Â&#x2021;Â?Â&#x2013;Â&#x2022;ÇŻ Â&#x2039;Â?Â&#x2013;Â&#x2021;Â&#x201D;ests requires different efforts to engage people. Further, trust is built when participants feel that their voices are actually being considered instead of just heard.

Consultation tends to be less formal in cities where citizensâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; demands are part of the public policy culture and strengthened by bottom-up initiatives. To promote collaborative decision-making, some cities, such as Aarhus, have agreed on guidelines for citizen involvement from the outset of all municipal plans, strategies and projects6.

Â&#x201D;Â&#x2021;Â&#x2122;Â&#x192;Â&#x201D;Â&#x2020;Â&#x2021;Â&#x2020; Â&#x2122;Â&#x2039;Â&#x2013;Â&#x160; Â&#x2039;Â?Â&#x2026;Â&#x201D;Â&#x2021;Â&#x192;Â&#x2022;Â&#x2021;Â&#x2020; Â&#x2039;Â?Ď?Â&#x17D;Â&#x2014;Â&#x2021;Â?Â&#x2026;Â&#x2021; over decision-making processes and outcomes, while governments may Â&#x201E;Â&#x2021;Â?Â&#x2021;Ď?Â&#x2039;Â&#x2013; Â&#x2C6;Â&#x201D;Â&#x2018;Â? Â&#x201E;Â&#x2014;Â&#x2039;Â&#x17D;Â&#x2020;Â&#x2039;Â?Â&#x2030; Â&#x2013;Â&#x201D;Â&#x2014;Â&#x2022;Â&#x2013; Â&#x2122;Â&#x2039;Â&#x2013;Â&#x160; Â&#x2026;Â&#x2039;Â&#x2013;Â&#x2039;zens and accessing non-traditional forms of local knowledge. Examples in practice have included participatory budgeting or public-led priority green space projects for neighbourÂ&#x160;Â&#x2018;Â&#x2018;Â&#x2020; Â&#x2019;Â&#x17D;Â&#x192;Â?Â&#x2022; Č&#x2039;Öť Â&#x2018;Â&#x161; ͡ Â&#x2039;Â&#x2022;Â&#x201E;Â&#x2018;Â? Â&#x192;Â?Â&#x2020; Íľ Utrecht).

Allowing for and considering citizensâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; concerns and ideas in the planning process is a step towards more socially inclusive planning, especially if included in a co-governance framework. Yet, there is more a practitioner can do to improve inclusivity in the planning process. In recent decades, even more radical approaches to citizen participation have been formulated, such as advocacy, empowerment or equity planning (see Key Terms Box, Öť Â&#x2018;Â&#x161; ͸ Â&#x2014;Â&#x2020;Â&#x192;Â&#x2019;Â&#x2021;Â&#x2022;Â&#x2013; Â&#x192;Â?Â&#x2020; Â&#x2021;Â&#x201D;Â&#x17D;Â&#x2039;Â?Č&#x152;7.

When it comes to realising social inclusion in UGI planning practice, there are many ways to increase the willingness of citizens to express their preferences and participate in different stages of

Â&#x2013;Â&#x160;Â&#x2021; Â&#x2019;Â&#x17D;Â&#x192;Â?Â?Â&#x2039;Â?Â&#x2030; Â&#x2019;Â&#x201D;Â&#x2018;Â&#x2026;Â&#x2021;Â&#x2022;Â&#x2022; Č&#x2039;Öť Â&#x2018;Â&#x2018;Â&#x17D;Â&#x201E;Â&#x2018;Â&#x161; ͚ǥ Box E3 Aarhus).

KEY TERMS8 Ä&#x161;Ç&#x20AC;Ĺ˝Ä?Ä&#x201A;Ä?Ç&#x2021; Ć&#x2030;ĹŻÄ&#x201A;ŜŜĹ?ĹśĹ?Í&#x2014; Ä&#x201A;ĆŠÄ&#x17E;ĹľĆ&#x2030;Ć&#x161;Ć? Ć&#x161;Ĺ˝ ŽčÄ&#x17E;Ć&#x152; Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E;Ć?Ĺ?Ä&#x161;Ä&#x17E;ĹśĆ&#x161;Ć? Ĺ˝Ć&#x2030;Ć&#x2030;Ĺ˝Ć&#x152;Ć&#x161;ƾŜĹ?Ć&#x;Ä&#x17E;Ć? Ć&#x161;Ĺ˝ Ć&#x161;Ä&#x201A;ĹŹÄ&#x17E; Ć&#x2030;Ä&#x201A;Ć&#x152;Ć&#x161; Ĺ?Ĺś ĹśÄ&#x17E;Ĺ?Ĺ˝Ć&#x;Ä&#x201A;Ć&#x;ŽŜĆ? Ç Ĺ?Ć&#x161;Ĺ&#x161; Ć&#x2030;Ć&#x152;Ĺ?Ç&#x20AC;Ä&#x201A;Ć&#x161;Ä&#x17E; Ä&#x161;Ä&#x17E;Ç&#x20AC;Ä&#x17E;ĹŻĹ˝Ć&#x2030;Ä&#x17E;Ć&#x152;Ć?Í&#x2DC; Ä&#x201A;ĹśÄ&#x161; Ć&#x2030;ĆľÄ?ĹŻĹ?Ä? Ä&#x201A;ĆľĆ&#x161;Ĺ&#x161;Ĺ˝Ć&#x152;Ĺ?Ć&#x;Ä&#x17E;Ć?Í&#x2DC; ĹľĆ&#x2030;Ĺ˝Ç Ä&#x17E;Ć&#x152;ĹľÄ&#x17E;ĹśĆ&#x161; Ć&#x2030;ĹŻÄ&#x201A;ŜŜĹ?ĹśĹ?Í&#x2014; seeks to Ä&#x17E;ĹśÄ&#x201A;Ä?ĹŻÄ&#x17E; Ä?ŽžžƾŜĹ?Ć&#x161;Ç&#x2021; Ĺ˝Ć&#x152;Ĺ?Ä&#x201A;ĹśĹ?Ć?Ä&#x201A;Ć&#x;ŽŜĆ? Ć&#x161;Ĺ˝ Ĺ?ĹśĹ&#x2021;ĆľÄ&#x17E;ĹśÄ?Ä&#x17E; Ĺ?ĹśÇ&#x20AC;Ä&#x17E;Ć?Ć&#x161;ĹľÄ&#x17E;ĹśĆ&#x161; Ä&#x161;Ä&#x17E;Ä?Ĺ?Ć?Ĺ?ŽŜĆ? Ä?Ç&#x2021; Ä?Ć&#x152;Ĺ?ĹśĹ?Ĺ?ĹśĹ? Ć&#x161;Ĺ˝Ĺ?Ä&#x17E;Ć&#x161;Ĺ&#x161;Ä&#x17E;Ć&#x152; Ć&#x161;Ĺ&#x161;Ä&#x17E; Ä?ŽŜÄ?Ä&#x17E;Ć&#x2030;Ć&#x161;Ć? ŽĨ Ć&#x2030;Ä&#x201A;Ć&#x152;Ć&#x;Ä?Ĺ?Ć&#x2030;Ä&#x201A;Ć&#x161;Ĺ˝Ć&#x152;Ç&#x2021; Ä&#x201A;Ä?Ć&#x;ŽŜ Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E;Ć?Ä&#x17E;Ä&#x201A;Ć&#x152;Ä?Ĺ&#x161;Í&#x2022; Ä&#x161;Ĺ?Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E;Ä?Ć&#x161; Ä&#x201A;Ä?Ć&#x;ŽŜ Ĺ˝Ć&#x152;Ĺ?Ä&#x201A;ĹśĹ?Ć?Ĺ?ĹśĹ? ÍžÇ Ĺ&#x161;Ä&#x17E;Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E; Ć&#x161;Ĺ&#x161;Ĺ˝Ć?Ä&#x17E; Ä&#x201A;ÄŤÄ&#x17E;Ä?Ć&#x161;Ä&#x17E;Ä&#x161; Ä?Ç&#x2021; Ä&#x201A; Ć&#x2030;Ć&#x152;Ĺ˝Ä?ĹŻÄ&#x17E;Ĺľ žŽÄ?Ĺ?ĹŻĹ?Ć?Ä&#x17E; Ć&#x161;Ĺ˝ ÄŽĹśÄ&#x161; Ä&#x201A; Ć?ŽůƾĆ&#x;ŽŜͿÍ&#x2022; Ä&#x201A;ĹśÄ&#x161; Ć&#x2030;Ĺ˝Ć&#x2030;ƾůÄ&#x201A;Ć&#x152; Ä&#x17E;Ä&#x161;ĆľÄ?Ä&#x201A;Ͳ Ć&#x;ŽŜ ÍžĆ&#x152;Ä&#x201A;Ĺ?Ć?Ĺ?ĹśĹ? Ä?Ć&#x152;Ĺ?Ć&#x;Ä?Ä&#x201A;ĹŻ Ä?ŽŜĆ?Ä?Ĺ?ŽƾĆ?ĹśÄ&#x17E;Ć?Ć? Ä&#x201A;žŽŜĹ? Ä&#x161;Ĺ?Ć?Ä&#x201A;Ä&#x161;Ç&#x20AC;Ä&#x201A;ĹśĆ&#x161;Ä&#x201A;Ĺ?Ä&#x17E;Ä&#x161; Ĺ?Ć&#x152;ŽƾĆ&#x2030;Ć?Íż Ä&#x201A;Ć? Ć&#x2030;Ä&#x201A;Ć&#x152;Ć&#x161; ŽĨ Ä&#x201A; Ć&#x2030;Ć&#x152;Ĺ˝Ä?Ä&#x17E;Ć?Ć? Ć&#x161;Ĺ˝ Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E;Ä&#x161;Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E;Ć?Ć? Ć&#x2030;Ĺ˝Ç Ä&#x17E;Ć&#x152; Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E;ĹŻÄ&#x201A;Ͳ Ć&#x;ŽŜĆ? Ä&#x201A;ĹśÄ&#x161; Ä?Ć&#x152;Ĺ?ĹśĹ? Ä&#x201A;Ä?ŽƾĆ&#x161; Ć?Ĺ˝Ä?Ĺ?Ä&#x201A;ĹŻ Ä?Ĺ&#x161;Ä&#x201A;ĹśĹ?Ä&#x17E;Ďľ. Ć&#x2039;ĆľĹ?Ć&#x161;Ç&#x2021; Ć&#x2030;ĹŻÄ&#x201A;ŜŜĹ?ĹśĹ?Í&#x2014; involves planners Ç Ĺ˝Ć&#x152;ĹŹĹ?ĹśĹ? Ĺ?ĹśĆ?Ĺ?Ä&#x161;Ä&#x17E; Ĺ?Ĺ˝Ç&#x20AC;Ä&#x17E;Ć&#x152;ŜžÄ&#x17E;ĹśĆ&#x161; Ç Ĺ&#x161;Ĺ˝ ĆľĆ?Ä&#x17E; Ć&#x161;Ĺ&#x161;Ä&#x17E;Ĺ?Ć&#x152; Ć&#x2030;Ĺ˝Ć?Ĺ?Ć&#x;ŽŜ Ä&#x201A;ĹśÄ&#x161; Ä&#x17E;Ç&#x2020;Ć&#x2030;Ä&#x17E;Ć&#x152;Ć&#x;Ć?Ä&#x17E; Ć&#x161;Ĺ˝ Ĺ?ĹśĹ&#x2021;ĆľÄ&#x17E;ĹśÄ?Ä&#x17E; Ç&#x20AC;Ĺ?Ä&#x17E;Ç Ć?Í&#x2022; žŽÄ?Ĺ?ĹŻĹ?Ć?Ä&#x17E; Ĺ?Ć&#x152;ŽƾĆ&#x2030;Ć? Ć&#x161;Ĺ&#x161;Ä&#x201A;Ć&#x161; Ä&#x201A;Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E; ƾŜÄ&#x161;Ä&#x17E;Ć&#x152;Ͳ Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E;Ć&#x2030;Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E;Ć?Ä&#x17E;ĹśĆ&#x161;Ä&#x17E;Ä&#x161;Í&#x2022; Ä&#x201A;ĹśÄ&#x161; Ä&#x201A;Ä&#x161;Ç&#x20AC;Ä&#x201A;ĹśÄ?Ä&#x17E; Ć&#x2030;ŽůĹ?Ä?Ĺ?Ä&#x17E;Ć? Ç Ĺ?Ć&#x161;Ĺ&#x161; Ć&#x161;Ĺ&#x161;Ä&#x17E; Ä&#x201A;Ĺ?Ĺľ ŽĨ Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E;Ä&#x161;Ĺ?Ć?Ć&#x161;Ć&#x152;Ĺ?Ä?ĆľĆ&#x;ĹśĹ? Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E;Ć?ŽƾĆ&#x152;Ä?Ä&#x17E;Ć? Ć&#x161;Ĺ˝ Ć&#x161;Ĺ&#x161;Ä&#x17E; Ć&#x2030;ŽŽĆ&#x152;Í&#x2DC;

ŽͲĹ?Ĺ˝Ç&#x20AC;Ä&#x17E;Ć&#x152;ĹśÄ&#x201A;ĹśÄ?Ä&#x17E; Another way to think about participation is in terms of co-governance, where power is distributed between authorities and citizens (see Deliverables 6.1 and 6.2). Citizens can be KĹśÄ&#x17E; ŽĨ Ä&#x17E;Ć&#x152;ĹŻĹ?ĹśÍ&#x203A;Ć? žŽĆ?Ć&#x161; Ç Ä&#x17E;ĹŻĹŻÍ˛ĹŹĹśĹ˝Ç Ĺś Ä?ŽžžƾŜĹ?Ć&#x161;Ç&#x2021; Ĺ?Ä&#x201A;Ć&#x152;Ä&#x161;Ä&#x17E;ĹśĆ?Í&#x2022; Ć&#x161;Ĺ&#x161;Ä&#x17E; WĆ&#x152;Ĺ?ĹśÇ&#x152;Ä&#x17E;Ć?Ć?Ĺ?ŜŜÄ&#x17E;ĹśĹ?Ä&#x201A;Ć&#x152;Ć&#x161;Ä&#x17E;Ĺś Ĺ?Ć? Ä?ŽͲžÄ&#x201A;ĹśÄ&#x201A;Ĺ?Ä&#x17E;Ä&#x161; Ä?Ç&#x2021; Ä&#x201A; Ć?ĹľÄ&#x201A;ĹŻĹŻ Ć&#x161;Ä&#x17E;Ä&#x201A;Ĺľ ŽĨ Ä&#x17E;ĹľĆ&#x2030;ĹŻĹ˝Ç&#x2021;Ä&#x17E;Ä&#x17E;Ć? Ä&#x201A;ĹśÄ&#x161; Ĺ&#x161;ƾŜÄ&#x161;Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E;Ä&#x161;Ć? ŽĨ Ç&#x20AC;ŽůƾŜĆ&#x161;Ä&#x17E;Ä&#x17E;Ć&#x152;Ć? ŽŜ ĹŻÄ&#x201A;ĹśÄ&#x161; Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E;ĹśĆ&#x161;Ä&#x17E;Ä&#x161; ĨĆ&#x152;Žž Ć&#x161;Ĺ&#x161;Ä&#x17E; &Ć&#x152;Ĺ?Ä&#x17E;Ä&#x161;Ć&#x152;Ĺ?Ä?Ĺ&#x161;Ć?Ĺ&#x161;Ä&#x201A;Ĺ?ŜͲ<Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E;ĆľÇ&#x152;Ä?Ä&#x17E;Ć&#x152;Ĺ? žƾŜĹ?Ä?Ĺ?Ć&#x2030;Ä&#x201A;ĹŻĹ?Ć&#x161;Ç&#x2021;Í&#x2DC; Credit: Rieke Hansen

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

39

B Ky ϳ͗ WW'/^ ^ dKK> &KZ W Zd/ /W d/KE͕ >/^ KE ůƚŚŽƵŐŚ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ŚĂƐ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶͲ ĂůůLJ ďĞĞŶ ƚŽƉͲĚŽǁŶ ŝŶ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͕ ŵĂŶLJ ĐŝƟĞƐ ĂƌĞ ŵŽǀŝŶŐ ƚŽ ĂĚŽƉƚ ŵŽƌĞ ƉĂƌƟĐŝͲ ƉĂƚŽƌLJ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ͗ ŐĂƚŚĞƌŝŶŐ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ͛ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͕ ŝĚĞĂƐ͕ ǀĂůƵĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ŶĞĞĚƐ ƚŽ ŝŶĨŽƌŵ ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲŵĂŬŝŶŐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ĂůƐŽ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐůLJ ƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ ŝŶĨŽƌͲ ŵĂƟŽŶ ĂďŽƵƚ ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ͛ ƉĞƌĐĞƉƟŽŶƐ͕ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ƵƐĞ ŽĨ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĐĂŶ ŚĞůƉ ƚŽ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞ ďĞƩĞƌ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ͕ ĞƐƉĞͲ ĐŝĂůůLJ ǁŚĞŶ ƐƉĂƟĂůůLJͲĨŽĐƵƐĞĚ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ĂƌĞ ĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚ͘ dŽ ŵĞĞƚ ƚŚŝƐ ĚĞŵĂŶĚ͕ Ă ŐƌŽƵƉ ŽĨ ƚŽŽůƐ ŚĂƐ ĞŵĞƌŐĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ůĂƐƚ ƚǁŽ ĚĞĐĂĚĞƐ͕ ŬŶŽǁŶ ĂƐ WƵďůŝĐ WĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌLJ 'ĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐ /ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ^LJƐƚĞŵƐ ;WW'/^Ϳ͘ /Ŷ ĞƐƐĞŶĐĞ͕ WW'/^ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞƐ ŐĞŽƐƉĂƟĂů ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐ ǁŝƚŚ ƉƵďůŝĐ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ;ďĞůŽŶŐŝŶŐ ƚŽ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐ͕ ůŽĐĂů ŐƌŽƵƉƐ Žƌ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐͿ ƚŽ ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞ ƐƉĂƟĂů ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ŚĞůƉ ƉůĂŶŶĞƌƐ ƚŽ ŵĂŬĞ ďĞƩĞƌ ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐ ĂďŽƵƚ ůĂŶĚͲƵƐĞ͕ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ ĂůůŽĐĂƟŽŶ͘ ^ƵĐŚ ƚŽŽůƐ ĐĂŶ ĂůƐŽ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ŐƌĞĂƚĞƌ ĐŝƟnjĞŶ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞŵĞŶƚ ŝŶ

ĂƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŵĂƉƉŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƵƐĞƐ ŽĨ ƐƵĐŚ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƉĞƌĐĞŝǀĞĚ ĞŶǀŝͲ ƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ Žƌ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ;ֻ Ždž ϭ ĞƌůŝŶͿ͘ WW'/^ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ƵƐĞĚ Ăƚ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƐƚĂŐĞƐ͗ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ Ă ǀŝƐŝŽŶŝŶŐ ĞdžĞƌĐŝƐĞ Žƌ ďĂƐĞůŝŶĞ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ƚŽ ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞ ƚŚĞ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ Žƌ ƉƌĞĨĞƌƌĞĚ ƵƐĞƐ ŽĨ Ă ƉůĂĐĞͿ͕ Žƌ ƚŽ ĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞ Žƌ ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌ Ă ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ƵƉŽŶ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͘ >ŽǁͲƚĞĐŚ ĂŶĚ ŚŝŐŚͲƚĞĐŚ ŽƉƟŽŶƐ dŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ ƚǁŽ ŵĂŝŶ ƚLJƉĞƐ ŽĨ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͗ ϭͿ ŚĂƌĚĐŽƉLJ ŵĂƉƐ Žƌ ĂĞƌŝĂů ŝŵĂŐĞƐ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚƐ ŵĂƌŬ points or areas of interest with pens, ŵĂƌŬĞƌƐ Žƌ ƐƟĐŬĞƌƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ϮͿ ĚŝŐŝƚĂů ŵĂƉƉŝŶŐ͕ ƚLJƉŝĐĂůůLJ ƵƐŝŶŐ ǁĞďͲďĂƐĞĚ ŵĂƉƉŝŶŐ ƐŽŌǁĂƌĞ ;ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ŵĂŶLJ ĨƌĞĞ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵƐ͕ ֻToolbox T7). Some ƉůĂƞŽƌŵƐ ĂůƐŽ ĐŽŵďŝŶĞ WW'/^ ǁŝƚŚ ǁĞďͲďĂƐĞĚ ƐƵƌǀĞLJ ƚŽŽůƐ͕ ƐŽ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ƐƉĂƟĂů ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĐŽŵƉůĞͲ ŵĞŶƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ĂďŽƵƚ ƐƵƌǀĞLJ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚƐ͘

͞ Ž LJŽƵ ŚĂǀĞ ƚĞŶ ŵŝŶƵƚĞƐ ƚŽ ĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞ >ŝƐďŽŶ͛Ɛ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͍͟ /Ŷ ϮϬϭϳ͕ ĂƐ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ 'Z E ^hZ' ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕ Ă WW'/^ ƐƵƌǀĞLJ ǁĂƐ ĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚ ŝŶ >ŝƐďŽŶ͕ WŽƌƚƵŐĂů͕ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ Ăŝŵ ŽĨ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ ůŽĐĂů h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ;ƐĞĞ ŵĂƉ ďĞůŽǁͿ͘ dŚĞ ƐƵƌǀĞLJ ĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚ ƚŚŽƐĞ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĨƌĞƋƵĞŶƚůLJ ǀŝƐŝƚĞĚ͕ ƚŚŽƐĞ ĂǀŽŝĚĞĚ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚŽƐĞ ƉĞƌĐĞŝǀĞĚ ĂƐ ŚĂǀŝŶŐ ŚŝŐŚ ůĞǀĞůƐ ŽĨ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ Žƌ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͘ /ƚ ǁĂƐ ůĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ĞŶƚƌĞ ĨŽƌ ĐŽůŽŐLJ͕ ǀŽůƵƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŶǀŝƌŽŶͲ ŵĞŶƚĂů ŚĂŶŐĞƐ ;Đ ϯĐͿ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ hŶŝǀĞƌͲ ƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ >ŝƐďŽŶ͕ ŝŶ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚLJ ŽĨ >ŝƐďŽŶ͘ ƚ ƚŚĞ ƟŵĞ ŽĨ ǁƌŝƟŶŐ͕ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐƵƌǀĞLJ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞƐ ǁĂƐ ƐƟůů ŝŶ ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐ͘ WƌĞůŝŵͲ ŝŶĂƌLJ ƌĞƐƵůƚƐ ƐŚŽǁĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ ĂďŽƵƚ ϳϬй of respondents were not aware of the ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚLJ͛Ɛ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƉůĂŶƐ ĨŽƌ ŝƚƐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͕ ŝŶĚŝĐĂƟŶŐ ŵŽƌĞ ǁŽƌŬ ŝƐ ŶĞĞĚĞĚ ƚŽ ƌĂŝƐĞ ůŽĐĂů ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐ ŽĨ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͘

ĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞƐ ŽĨ WW'/^ ŝŶ ƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ ϭ͘ Enables many residents and stakeholders to more easily ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚĞ ŝŶ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͕ ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJ ƚŚŽƐĞ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ƟŵĞ Žƌ ĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐĞ ƚŽ ĂƩĞŶĚ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ĨŽƌƵŵƐ͘ Ϯ͘ ĂŶ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞ ĚLJŶĂŵŝĐ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͘ ϯ͘ /Ɛ ƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJ ŝŶĞdžƉĞŶƐŝǀĞ ĂŶĚ ĞĂƐLJ ƚŽ ĐŽŶĚƵĐƚ͘

Green spaces most frequently visited City parks Lisbon municipal boundary Ϭ ϭ Ϯ ϯ ϰ ϱ Ŭŵ

40

ϰ͘ KīĞƌƐ ŵĂƉƐ ĂƐ Ă ƚĂŶŐŝďůĞ outcome to support planning and ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐ͘ DĂƉ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐƵůƚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ WW'/^ ƐƵƌǀĞLJ ŝŶ >ŝƐďŽŶ͘ Credit: Ana Catarina Luz

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

B KEY MESSAGES FOR INCREASING SOCIAL INCLUSION DĂƚĐŚ ƚŚĞ ůĞǀĞů ŽĨ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƐĐĂůĞ͕ ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚĞŶĚĞĚ ŽƵƚĐŽŵĞ ǀŽůƵŶƚĂƌLJ͕ ďŽƩŽŵͲƵƉ ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞ ĐĂŶ ĞŵƉŽǁĞƌ ůŽĐĂů ƉĞŽƉůĞ ĂŶĚ͕ ŝŶ ƐŽŵĞ ĐĂƐĞƐ͕ ƌĞƐƵůƚ in local residents taking responsibility to manage an urban green space (ֻBox B5 >ũƵďůũĂŶĂͿ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ƚŚŝƐ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ŵĂLJ ŶŽƚ ďĞ ƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ Ăƚ Ă ŵƵĐŚ ůĂƌŐĞƌͲƐĐĂůĞ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌLJ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚ͕ ƌĂƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ƐƵƉƉůĂŶƚ͕ ĐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĂů ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ͘

/ĚĞŶƟĨLJ ƵŶĚĞƌͲƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚ ŐƌŽƵƉƐ ĂŶĚ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ ƚŽŽůƐ ĂŶĚ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ƚŽ ĞŶŐĂŐĞ ƚŚĞŵ WĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌLJ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ ĐĂŶ ĞĂƐŝůLJ ůĞĂĚ ƚŽ ĂŶ ƵŶďĂůĂŶĐĞĚ ůĞǀĞů ŽĨ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞŵĞŶƚ͕ ĞdžĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ůĞƐƐ ƉŽǁĞƌĨƵů ŐƌŽƵƉƐ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ŐƌŽƵƉƐ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ďĞ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ ĂŶĚ Ă ďƵŶĚůĞ ŽĨ ĚĞĚŝĐĂƚĞĚ ƚŽŽůƐ ĂŶĚ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚ ƚŽ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞ ƚŚĞŵ͕ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ƐƉĞĐŝĂů ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌLJ ŽīĞƌƐ ĨŽƌ LJŽƵŶŐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ͕ ǁŽŵĞŶ͕ Žƌ ĞƚŚŶŝĐ ŵŝŶŽƌŝƟĞƐ ;ֻ Ždž ϯ ĂƌŚƵƐͿ͘ KŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞĂƐŝĞƐƚ ǁĂLJƐ ŝƐ ƚŽ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ ĐŝƟnjĞŶ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞŵĞŶƚ ŝƐ ƚŽ ĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞ ƚŚĞ ďƵƌĚĞŶƐ ŽĨ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ͕ ŝ͘Ğ͕͘ ƚŽ ŵĂŬĞ ŝƚ ĂƐ ƐŝŵƉůĞ ĂƐ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ĨŽƌ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ƚŽ ŐĞƚ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ͘ ֻdŽŽůďŽdž dϳ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ Ă ƌĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ƚŽŽůƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĐĂŶ ŚĞůƉ͘

ĚĚƌĞƐƐ ƐŬŝůů ĂŶĚ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ďĂƌƌŝĞƌƐ dŽ ŵŽǀĞ ĨƌŽŵ ĨŽƌŵĂů ĐŽŶƐƵůƚĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞŵĞŶƚ͕ ďĂƌƌŝĞƌƐ ƚŽ ĞĸĐŝĞŶƚ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ďĞ ĚĞĂůƚ ǁŝƚŚ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ŵŝŐŚƚ ďĞ ůĂĐŬ ŽĨ ĮŶĂŶĐŝĂů ĂŶĚ ŚƵŵĂŶ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͕ ƟŵĞ ĐŽŶƐƚƌĂŝŶƚƐ͕ ŝŶƐƵĸĐŝĞŶƚ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚ ŐƌŽƵƉƐ͕ ůĂĐŬ ŽĨ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƟŽŶ ƐŬŝůůƐ ĂŵŽŶŐ ĐŝƚLJ ŽĸĐŝĂůƐ ĂŶĚͬŽƌ ŶŽŶͲŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĂů ĂĐƚŽƌƐ͕ Žƌ ƚŚĞ ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƉŽůŝĐLJ ĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬƐ͘ dŽ ƚŚŝƐ ĞŶĚ͕ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ĂƌĞ ĞŶŐĂŐŝŶŐ Ă ĚĞĚŝĐĂƚĞĚ ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚŽƌ͕ Žƌ ĂĚǀŽĐĂƟŶŐ ƚŽ ŚŝŐŚĞƌ ƉŽůŝƟĐĂů ůĞǀĞůƐ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ ĨŽƌ ŵŽƌĞ ƉŽůŝĐLJ ŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ƚŽ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌLJ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͘

^ŽĐŝĂů ŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ ŐŽĞƐ ďĞLJŽŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŌĞƌ ƉůĂŶƐ ĂƌĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ĂŶĚ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ĂŶ ŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͕ ŽŶŐŽŝŶŐ ŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ ŝƐ ŶĞĞĚĞĚ ƚŽ ĞŶƐƵƌĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞ ƚŽ ďĞ ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƵƐĞ ŽĨ Ăůů ŐƌŽƵƉƐ͘ dŚŝƐ may include physical maintenance programmes, but also social work (ֻ^ŽĐŝĂů ŽŚĞƐŝŽŶͿ͘

ֻdŽŽůďŽdž dϳ ĨŽƌ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŽŽůƐ ƚŽ ŚĞůƉ ĨŽƐƚĞƌ ƐŽĐŝĂů ŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͘

REFERENCES 1 Kooiman, J., 1993. Modern Governance: New Government-Society Interactions. Sage, London.

2 Cook, B., Kothari, U. (eds), 2001.

Participation: the new Tyranny? Zed Books Ltd. New York.

3 Aalbers, C., Eckerberg, K., 2013. Governance and Sustainability of Peri-Urban Areas: A Comparative Analysis of the PLUREL Case Studies. In: Nillson, K., Pauleit, S., et al. (eds).

Peri-urban futures: Scenarios and models for land use change in Europe. Springer, p367.

4 Baker, S., Eckerberg, K. (eds). 2008. In Pursuit of Sustainable Development, New governance practices at the sub-national level in Europe. Routledge, p91.

5 IAP2 International Federation, 2012. IAP2 Spectrum of Public Participation. Available from: www.iap2.org/?page=A5

7 Bratt, R.G., Reardon, K.M., 2013. Beyond the Ladder: New Ideas About Resident Roles in Contemporary Community Development in the United States. In: Carmon, N., Fainstein, S. (eds.).

Policy, Planning, and People. Promoting Justice in Urban Development. University of Pennsylvania Press, p359.

8

6 See more at City of Aarhus website: https:// www.aarhus.dk/sitecore/content/Subsites/ CityOfAarhus/Home/The-City-Council/TheAarhus-model.aspx?sc_lang=da

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

See Bratt et al., 2013.

9 Reardon, K.M., 2000. An Experiential Approach to Creating a Community/University Partnership That Works: The East St. Louis Action Research Project. Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research 5-1, 59-74.

41

FURTHER READING PRACTICAL GUIDANCE ŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐ ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ tŝƚŚ 'ƌĞĞŶ /ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ. EPA, 2014. 'ƌĞĞŶ /ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ĂƐĞ ^ƚƵĚŝĞƐ͗ DƵŶŝĐŝƉĂů WŽůŝĐŝĞƐ ĨŽƌ DĂŶĂŐŝŶŐ ^ƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ ǁŝƚŚ 'ƌĞĞŶ /ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͘ EPA, 2010. 'ƌĞĞŶ /ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ 'ƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ ;EŽ͘ E ϭϳϲͿ͘ EĂƚƵƌĂů ŶŐůĂŶĚ͕ ϮϬϬϵ͘ dŚĞ DƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJ ŽĨ 'ƌĞĞŶ /ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͘ ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞ ĨŽƌ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů WŽůŝĐLJ͕ /ŶͲĚĞƉƚŚ ZĞƉŽƌƚ͘ DG Environment, 2012. d DĂŶƵĂů ĨŽƌ ŝƟĞƐ͗ ĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ŝŶ hƌďĂŶ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘ d ʹ dŚĞ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐ ŽĨ ĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕ ϮϬϭϭ͘ ŽŶƐƵůƚĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞŵĞŶƚ ŝŶ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͘ &ŽƌĞƐƚ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŐĞŶĐLJ͕ h<͘ dĂďďƵƐŚ͕ W͕͘ ϮϬϬϱ͘ dŚĞ hZ d // >ŽĐĂů ^ƵƉƉŽƌƚ 'ƌŽƵƉ dŽŽůŬŝƚ͘ hZ d͕ ϮϬϭϯ͘

SCIENTIFIC TEXTS 'ƌĞĞŶ /ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ĨŽƌ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͗ /ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŶŐ ,ƵŵĂŶ ĂŶĚ EĂƚƵƌĂů Systems. ďŝŶŐĚŽŶ͕ h<͗ ZŽƵƚůĞĚŐĞ͘ ƵƐƟŶ͕ '͕͘ ϮϬϭϰ͘ Ŷ /ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ &ƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ 'ƌĞĞŶ /ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͗ >ŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ Review. ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ :ŽƵƌŶĂů ŽĨ ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ Ϯ͕ ϭͲϮϰ͘ ĞĂƵĐŚĂŵƉ͕ W͕͘ ĚĂŵŽǁƐŬŝ͕ :͕͘ ϮϬϭϯ͘ ƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŝŶŐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƌŽŽĨ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ƉŽůŝĐLJ ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐ͘ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ϰϮ͕ ϭϱϭʹϭϲϰ͘ ĂƌƚĞƌ͕ d͕͘ &ŽǁůĞƌ͕ >͕͘ ϮϬϬϴ͘ īĞĐƟǀĞŶĞƐƐ ŽĨ >Žǁ /ŵƉĂĐƚ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ WƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ͗ >ŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ ZĞǀŝĞǁ ĂŶĚ ^ƵŐŐĞƐƟŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ &ƵƚƵƌĞ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͘ tĂƚĞƌ͕ ŝƌ ĂŶĚ ^Žŝů WŽůůƵƟŽŶ͘ ϮϮϯ͕ ϰϮϱϯͲϰϮϳϯ͘ Ahiablame, L.M. et al., 2012. dŚĞ ĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐ ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞͲďĂƐĞĚ ƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͗ Ă ƌĞǀŝĞǁ ŽĨ ƚǁĞŶƚLJ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ŝŶ EŽƌƚŚĞƌŶ ƵƌŽƉĞ͘ :ŽƵƌŶĂů ŽĨ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ƌĐŚŝͲ ƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͕ ϴ;ϮͿ͕ ϱϮͲϲϯ͘ ĂĐŬŚĂƵƐ͕ ͕͘ &ƌLJĚ͕ K͕͘ ϮϬϭϯ͘ ĞƐŝŐŶ͕ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĐŽƐƚ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ 'ƌĞĞŶ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘ &ŝŶĂů ƌĞƉŽƌƚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ ŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶ͘ ' ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͕ ĐŽůŽŐŝĐ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ ĂŶĚ ',< ŽŶƐƵůƟŶŐ͘ EĂƵŵĂŶŶ͕ ^͕͘ Ğƚ Ăů͕͘ ϮϬϭϭ͘ 'ƌĞĞŶǁĂLJƐ ĂƐ Ă ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ͘ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĂŶĚ hƌďĂŶ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ϯϯ͕ ϭϯϭͲϭϱϱ͘ ŚĞƌŶ͕ :͕͘ ϭϵϵϱ͘ ZĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ŐƌĞĞŶǁĂLJƐ ĂŶĚ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ͗ ĐĂƐĞ ƐƚƵĚLJ ŝŶ /ƚĂůLJ͘ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů :ŽƵƌŶĂů ŽĨ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ϲ;ϰϵͿ͕ ϵϬϯͲϵϭϲ͘ &ƵŵĂŐĂůůŝ͕ E͘ Θ dŽĐĐŽůŝŶŝ͕ ͕͘ ϮϬϭϮ͘ ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů EĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ ĂŶĚ 'ƌĞĞŶǁĂLJƐ͗ ŽŶĐĞƉƚ͕ ĞƐŝŐŶ͕ /ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͘ ĂŵďƌŝĚŐĞ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ WƌĞƐƐ͕ EĞǁ zŽƌŬ͕ E͘z͘ :ŽŶŐŵĂŶ͕ Z͘,͘'͕͘ WƵŶŐĞƫ͕ '͕͘ ϮϬϬϰ͘

42

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

C

D </E' /d , WW E͊

ŵďĞĚĚŝŶŐ h'/ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐ h'/ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ƉůĂŶƐ ŶŐĂŐŝŶŐ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ /ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƚŝŽŶ

43

EMBEDDING UGI IN THE PLANNING PROCESS Although the social, environmental and regulatory context varies from city to city,

ϐ about where and how it might be possible ϐ ǡ less of where they take place, in order to support urban green infrastructure.

dŚŝƐ ƐĞĐƟŽŶ ŝƐ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůŝƟĞƐ ŽĨ ĞŵďĞĚĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ h'/ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͕ ŝŶ ŽƚŚĞƌ ǁŽƌĚƐ͕ ŵĂŬŝŶŐ ŝƚ ŚĂƉƉĞŶ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŐƌŽƵŶĚ͊

So far, we have looked at UGI planning in relation to urban challenges and four core principles. Importantly, these are fundamentally inter-linked with one another.

Each of the UGI planning principles can, to varying degrees, contribute to addressing the urban challenges investigated for

/Ed 'Z d/KE

KEE d/s/dz

C

GREEN SURGE (see matrix below). Greengrey integration, whether for stormwater management or urban cooling, is directly Ǣ while enhancing ecological connectivity relates closely to protecting biodiversity.

Finally, a socially inclusive planning process might not guarantee a socially cohesive community – but it is an important step towards one.

The next pages offer further insights across a range of practical planning aspects – assessing a UGI network, developing plans, engaging stakeholders and implementation.

Dh>d/&hE d/KE >/dz

^K / > /E >h^/KE

>/E</E' h'/ WZ/E /W> ^ t/d, hZ E , >> E' ^ >/D d , E'

/K /s Z^/dz

'Z E KEKDz

^K / > K, ^/KE dŚĞ ĨŽƵƌ ĐŽƌĞ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ ŽĨ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĐĂŶ ĞĂĐŚ ŚĞůƉ ƚŽ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐ Ă ƌĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ƚŚŽƐĞ ĞdžĂŵŝŶĞĚ ŝŶ 'Z E ^hZ' ͘

'ƌĞĞŶͲŐƌĞLJ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ŽŶŶĞĐƚĞĚ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĨŽƌ ŇŽŽĚ ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶ Žƌ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƵƌďĂŶ ĐŽŽůŝŶŐ͘ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ǀĞŶƟůĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŽůŝŶŐ͘

ZĞŐƵůĂƟŶŐ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞ ƚŽ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ĂĚĂƉͲ ƚĂƟŽŶ ĂƐ ĂŶ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂů ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĨŽƌ ŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJ͘

/ŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ŐƌŽƵƉƐ ǀƵůŶĞƌĂďůĞ ƚŽ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ŝŵƉĂĐƚƐ ŝŶ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͘

Habitat provision, ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ ŶĂƟǀĞ plants as one of the ĐŽͲďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ŽĨ ŐƌĞĞŶͲ ŐƌĞLJ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ͘

Networks for ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ͘

WƌŽƚĞĐƟŶŐ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ŚĂďŝƚĂƚ ĂƐ ĂŶ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂů ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĨŽƌ ŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJ͘

&ŽƐƚĞƌŝŶŐ ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐ ĂŵŽŶŐ Ăůů ŐƌŽƵƉƐ ŽĨ the value of ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͘

ZĞĚƵĐĞĚ ŵĂŶĂŐĞͲ ŵĞŶƚ ĐŽƐƚƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ ŐƌĞĞŶͲŐƌĞLJ ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͖ ĂǀŽŝĚĞĚ ĐŽƐƚƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƌŝƐŬ ŵŝƟŐĂƟŽŶ͘

WƌŽŵŽƟŽŶ ŽĨ sustainable transport ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͕ Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ǁĂůŬŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ďŝŬŝŶŐ ƚŽ lessen environmental ŝŵƉĂĐƚƐ͘

ŽƐƚ ĞīĞĐƟǀĞ h'/ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ƐƉĂĐĞ͘

WƌŽŵŽƟŽŶ ŽĨ Ă ŐƌĞĞŶ ĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ͕ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ĐŽͲĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͕ ĐŽͲŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ĐŽͲŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘

WƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ h'/ ƚŽ ŵĞĞƚ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ demands and needs ŽĨ Ăůů ŐƌŽƵƉƐ͘

ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ǀƵůŶĞƌĂďůĞ ĂŶĚ ůĞƐƐͲ ǀŽĐĂů ŐƌŽƵƉƐ͛ ŶĞĞĚƐ and their empowerͲ ŵĞŶƚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ĐŽůůĂďͲ ŽƌĂƟǀĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͘

ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ Provision of ƵƐĂďŝůŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ĂŵĞŶŝƚLJ ĞƋƵŝƚĂďůĞ ĂĐĐĞƐƐ ƚŽ ǀĂůƵĞƐ ŽĨ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ h'/ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ƚŽ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĐŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ͘

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

45

ASSESSING UGI NETWORKS hŶĐŽǀĞƌ ǀĂůƵĞ ĂŶĚ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚŝĞƐ ^LJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ h'/ ŝƐ ĂŶ ĞƐƐĞŶƟĂů ƉƌĞĐƵƌƐŽƌ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ĂŶLJ ƐŽƵŶĚ h'/ ƉůĂŶ͕ ďƵƚ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚƐ ĂƌĞ ĂůƐŽ ƚŽŽůƐ ƚŽ ƌĂŝƐĞ ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐ ŽĨ h'/͛Ɛ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͘ YƵĂŶƟĨLJŝŶŐ ƚŚĞƐĞ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĂŶ ĞīĞĐƟǀĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ƚŽ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞ ŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ ŝŶ h'/͕ ŝĨ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƚĞĚ ǁĞůů ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĂŶĚ ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲŵĂŬĞƌƐ͘ YƵĂŶƟƚLJ E ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ Identifying and quantifying a broad

ȋֻ

ǡ Ȍ ϐ in understanding the shortcomings and potential of a UGI network, but it is also important to assess the quality of these elements and their ȋֻ tivity). Quality in its simplest form can be assessed by gathering data on ϐ UGI elements. Any qualitative assessment as a basis for UGI planning

KEY MESSAGES ƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐ h'/͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ƋƵĂŶƟƚLJ͕ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ͕ ƐƵƉƉůLJ ĂŶĚ ĚĞŵĂŶĚ͕ ŝƐ ĐƌŝƟĐĂů ĨŽƌ ĚĞĮŶŝŶŐ ĂĐƟŽŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ͘ hƐĞ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ ƚŽ ƌĂŝƐĞ ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ǀĂůƵĞ ŽĨ h'/ ĂŶĚ ƌĞůĂƚĞĚ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͕ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ƚŽ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ͘ ŵƵůƟƚƵĚĞ ŽĨ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ ƚŽŽůƐ ĞdžŝƐƚ ĨŽƌ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĂƐƉĞĐƚƐ ŽĨ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ʹ ŝƚ ŝƐ ďĞƐƚ ƚŽ ƵƐĞ Ă ŵŝdž ŽĨ ƚŚĞŵ͘ ϐ trum of functions and services before identifying priorities ȋֻ ȌǤ ecosystem services approach is one means of doing so. The TEEB (The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity) initiative suggests a stepwise procedure to identify and ϐ needs in a given urban area ȋֻ ͶͺȌǤ

^ƵƉƉůLJ ĂŶĚ ĚĞŵĂŶĚ Alongside information about existing green and blue spaces, both demand for and access to them need to be considered. Top-down assessments can also help determine priority actions, such as a green space audit, which assesses and maps city green spaces along with their shortcomings, potential and accessibility for residents in different parts of the city ȋֻ Ͷ ȌǤ

dŽ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ Ă ĐŝƚLJ͛Ɛ ŐƌĞĞŶ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͕ ƉůĂŶŶĞƌƐ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ ŶŽƚ ŽŶůLJ ƚŚĞ ǀĂůƵĂďůĞ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ďƵƚ ĂůƐŽ ƚŚŽƐĞ ĂƌĞĂƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŚŽůĚ ŚŝĚĚĞŶ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ĨŽƌ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ͘ dŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ŽĨ >ŝƐďŽŶ͕ ĨŽƌ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ ŝƐ ƚƵƌŶŝŶŐ ǁĂƐƚĞůĂŶĚƐ ŝŶƚŽ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ͘ Credit: Rieke Hansen

46

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

C Ky ϭ͗ ^^ ^^/E' d, ^K / > s >h K& 'Z E ^W t/d, WW'/^͕ Z>/E tĂLJƐ ƚŽ ĂƐƐĞƐƐ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚ ƉĞƌĐĞƉƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƵƐĞƐ ŽĨ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĂƌĞ ŽĨ ŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚ ŝŶ ŵĂŶLJ ĐŝƟĞƐ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƟĞƐ ŽŌĞŶ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ďĂůĂŶĐĞ ůŝŵŝƚĞĚ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ǁŝƚŚ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚ ƐĂƟƐͲ ĨĂĐƟŽŶ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚŝƐ ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͕ WƵďůŝĐ WĂƌƟĐŝͲ ƉĂƚŽƌLJ 'ĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐ /ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ^LJƐƚĞŵƐ ;WW'/^Ϳ ĐĂŶ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞ ŽŶ ƚƌĂĚŝͲ ƟŽŶĂů ƐƵƌǀĞLJŝŶŐ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ͕ ĐĂƉƚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƐŽĐŝĂů ǀĂůƵĞ ŽĨ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ ĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞƐ ŽǀĞƌ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ƐƵƌǀĞLJƐ ZĞƐŝĚĞŶƚ ƐĂƟƐĨĂĐƟŽŶ ŚĂƐ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůůLJ ďĞĞŶ ĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚ ĞŝƚŚĞƌ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƉŽƐƚĂů ƐƵƌǀĞLJƐ ŝŶƋƵŝƌŝŶŐ ĂďŽƵƚ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚ ƵƐĞ ŽĨ ĂŶĚ ƐĂƟƐĨĂĐƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ƉĂƌŬƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ŝŶ ŐĞŶĞƌĂů͕ Žƌ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŽŶͲƐŝƚĞ͕ ŽŶĞͲŽŶͲŽŶĞ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶŶĂŝƌĞƐ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ƐĂŵĞ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ŚĂǀĞ ĂůƐŽ ďĞĞŶ ƵƐĞĚ ƚŽ ĂƐƐĞƐƐ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͕ ĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐ ĂƉƉƌĞĐŝĂƟŽŶ͕ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĂŶĚ ĞĚƵĐĂͲ ƟŽŶĂů ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶ͘ tŚŝůĞ ďŽƚŚ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ĐĂŶ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ŵƵĐŚ ƵƐĞĨƵů ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͕ WW'/^ ĂůůŽǁƐ ĐŝƟĞƐ ƚŽ ŽďƚĂŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ĚĂƚĂ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ĞŶƟƌĞ ĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚƐ Žƌ

ĐŝƚLJͲǁŝĚĞ͘ ZĞƐƵůƚƐ ĨƌŽŵ Ă WW'/^ ƐƵƌǀĞLJ ĐĂŶ ŐƌĞĂƚůLJ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞ ƚŚĞ ĂďŝůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƉůĂŶͲ ŶĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŶĂŐĞƌƐ ƚŽ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚ ŚŽǁ parks are used, the needs and preferͲ ĞŶĐĞƐ ŽĨ ƉĂƌŬͲŐŽĞƌƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ;ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐͿ ƚŚĂƚ ƐƵĐŚ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŵĂLJ ĂƌŝƐĞ͘ ůƐŽ͕ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŝƐ ĞŶƚĞƌĞĚ ŝŶƚŽ Ă '/^͕ ŝƚ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ŽǀĞƌůĂŝĚ ǁŝƚŚ ŵĂƉ ůĂLJĞƌƐ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůůLJ ƵƐĞĚ ďLJ ƉůĂŶŶĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ŽĨ ŚĂďŝƚĂƚ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJͿ͕ ĨŽƐƚĞƌŝŶŐ ŵŽƌĞ ŚŽůŝƐƟĐ ƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ ĂďŽƵƚ ƐŽĐŝŽͲĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŬŝŶŐ ŝƚ ĞĂƐŝĞƌ ƚŽ ŝĚĞŶͲ ƟĨLJ ǁŚĞƌĞ ŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶƐ ŵĂLJ ďĞ ŶĞĞĚĞĚ͘ ƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ŝŶ ĞƌůŝŶ Ɛ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ 'Z E ^hZ' ͕ ĂŶ ŽŶůŝŶĞ WW'/^ ƐƚƵĚLJ ǁĂƐ ĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚ ŝŶ ĞƌůŝŶ ƚŽ ĞdžƉůŽƌĞ ƵƐĞƐ ŽĨ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŚŽǁ ƚŚĞ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ƚŚĞLJ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ĂƌĞ ƉĞƌĐĞŝǀĞĚ ;ƐĞĞ ŵĂƉ ďĞůŽǁͿ͘ ůƚŚŽƵŐŚ ƌĞƐƵůƚƐ ǁĞƌĞ ĐŽŵƉĂƌĂďůĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͛Ɛ ůĂƐƚ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƐĂƟƐĨĂĐƟŽŶ ƐƵƌǀĞLJ ŝŶ ƚĞƌŵƐ

ŽĨ ŐĞŶĞƌĂů ƵƐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƉĞƌĐĞƉƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ŶĞĞĚƐ͕ ƚŚĞ WW'/^ ƐƵƌǀĞLJ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ ŵƵĐŚ ƌŝĐŚĞƌ ĚĞƚĂŝů ĂďŽƵƚ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ƉĂƌŬƐ͘ dŚĞ ƐƵƌǀĞLJ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞƐ ƌĞǀĞĂůĞĚ ůŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ ĞdžƉĞƌŝͲ ĞŶĐŝŶŐ ƉƌŽďůĞŵƐ ůŝŬĞ ŽǀĞƌĐƌŽǁĚŝŶŐ Žƌ ůĂĐŬ ŽĨ ŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ŬŝŶĚƐ ŽĨ ĂĐƟǀŝͲ ƟĞƐ ƚĂŬŝŶŐ ƉůĂĐĞ ĂŶĚ ǁŚĞƌĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ǀĂůƵĞƐ ƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĞŶƚƐ ĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ŬŝŶĚ ŽĨ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ĐĂŶ ƐĞƌǀĞ Ă ǀĂƌŝĞƚLJ ŽĨ ƉůĂŶͲ ŶŝŶŐ͕ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ĂƉƉůŝĐĂͲ ƟŽŶƐ ;ƐĞĞ ŝŶƐĞƚ ďĞůŽǁͿ͘

WŽƚĞŶƟĂů ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ WW'/^

WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ϭ͘ /ĚĞŶƟĨLJ ŚŽƚƐƉŽƚƐ ŽĨ ǀĂůƵĞ ĂŶĚ uses Ϯ͘ /ĚĞŶƟĨLJ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ and/or redevelopment areas ϯ͘ ŶƟĐŝƉĂƚĞ ŚŽǁ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ŵĂLJ react to planning and management decisions DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ϭ͘ WŝŶƉŽŝŶƚ ĂŶƟͲƐŽĐŝĂů ĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ Ϯ͘ ĞƩĞƌ ĂůůŽĐĂƚĞ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ĨŽƌ maintenance ϯ͘ ĞƩĞƌ ƚĂƌŐĞƚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ƌĞůĂƚĞĚ ƚŽ ƉĞƌĐĞŝǀĞĚ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJͿ ĞƐŝŐŶ ϭ͘ Protect especially loved features in a park redesign Ϯ͘ Redesign areas experiencing ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚƐ Žƌ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƐŚŽƌƚĐŽŵŝŶŐƐ

Ϭ ϱ ϭϬ ϮϬ Ŭŵ

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

,ŽƚƐƉŽƚ ŵĂƉ ŽĨ ĨĂǀŽƵƌŝƚĞ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŝŶ ĞƌůŝŶ ƚŚĂƚ ĂƌĞ ĂůƐŽ ƉĞƌĐĞŝǀĞĚ ĂƐ ŝŶƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶĂů͘ dŚĞ ŚŽƚƐƉŽƚƐ͕ ƐŚŽǁŶ ŝŶ ƌĞĚ͕ ĂƌĞ ĐĞŶƚƌĞĚ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƉĂƌŬƐ dŝĞƌŐĂƌƚĞŶ͕ dĞŵƉĞůŚŽĨĞƌ &ĞůĚ͕ dƌĞƉƚŽǁĞƌ WĂƌŬ ĂŶĚ sŽůŬƐƉĂƌŬ &ƌŝĞĚƌŝĐŚƐŚĂŝŶ͘ Credit: Emily Rall

47

C d Έd, KEKD/ ^ K& K^z^d D^ E /K /s Z^/dzΉ ^d Wt/^ WWZK ,1 dŚĞ d ƐƚĞƉǁŝƐĞ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ŝƐ ŽŶĞ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ŵĞĂŶƐ ŽĨ ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐ ďŽƚŚ ƚŚĞ ŶĞĞĚƐ ŽĨ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ŽĨ h'/͕ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ƉƌŝŽƌŝƟƐŝŶŐ ĂĐƟŽŶƐ͘ ^ƚĞƉ ϭ͗ ^ƉĞĐŝĨLJ ĂŶĚ ĂŐƌĞĞ ŽŶ Ă ƉƌŽďůĞŵ Žƌ ƉŽůŝĐLJ ŝƐƐƵĞ ǁŝƚŚ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ƚĂĐŬůĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ; ^^Ϳ͕ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ͘ ^ƚĞƉ Ϯ͗ /ĚĞŶƟĨLJ ǁŚŝĐŚ ^^ ĂƌĞ ŵŽƐƚ ƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚ ŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ƌĞŐƵůĂƟŶŐ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐͿ͘ ^ƚĞƉ ϯ͗ ĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞ ǁŚĂƚ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶ ŝƐ ŶĞĞĚĞĚ ĂŶĚ ƐĞůĞĐƚ ƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ^^ ƵŶĚĞƌ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƚŝŽŶ͘ ^ƚĞƉ ϰ͗ /ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ƚŽ ĂƐƐĞƐƐ ;ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ ŝŶͿ ^^ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ǀĂůƵĞƐ͘ ^ƚĞƉ ϱ͗ /ĚĞŶƟĨLJ ĂŶĚ ĂƐƐĞƐƐ ƉŽůŝĐLJ͕ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ Žƌ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ŽƉƟŽŶƐ ŝŶ ŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ Žƌ ƐĞĐƵƌĞ ^^ ƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĚĞƐŝŐŶͬ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ ƚŽŽůƐ ƚŽ ƐĞƚ ƚŚĞ ŽƉƟŽŶƐ ŝŶ ŵŽƟŽŶ͘ ^ƚĞƉ ϲ͗ ƐƐĞƐƐ ƚŚĞ ƐŽĐŝĂů͕ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĂŶĚ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ŝŵƉĂĐƚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉŽůŝĐLJ ŽƉƟŽŶƐ ŽŶ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͘

ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚƐ

ϐ economic values can be a particularly convincing strategy to persuade decision-makers. For instance, the City of Edinburgh assessed the social return on investment of its urban green space, showing that, for every single GBP spent, 12-14GBP are generated in social-economic and ϐ 2. Similarly, illustrating the costs of NOT investing in UGI can be equally ȋֻ ʹ ȌǤ ^ŽĐŝĂů ĂŶĚ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚƐ

ϐ cannot be easily translated into monetary values, or it may simply not make sense to do so. Examples include a powerful place identity, inspiration received from green spaces, or the value of biodiversity. Here, other kinds of assessment come into play.

Ecological assessments can look at the quantity and quality of green spaces in general, of ecosystems, or of particular components of ecosystems. For example, a vulnerability assessment can identify areas which are more exposed to hazards from climate change and/or have less ȋֻ ͳ ȌǤ Social assessments concern the perceptions, values and goals of individuals or groups, and their relationships with green space. This type of assessment is more useful for intangible services, like spirituality or Ǣ are likely to have very different Ǣ for potentially controversial green space-related actions. Tools such as

ȋֻ ͹ Lisbon and C1 Berlin on PPGIS) can help to reveal what matters most to

citizens. Some expert-based studies, such as Edinburgh’s Open Space Audit, can also be considered a form ȋֻ Ͷ burgh).

/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚƐ Finally, integrated assessments bring together the ecological, economic and/or social dimensions. In their simplest form, individual results of the different assessment types can be discussed alongside one another, recognising that each is important to consider. Depending upon the consistency and comparability of methods, there are also integrated assessment tools that allow better side-by-side comparisons, such as multi-criteria analysis. See Toolboxes T1, T2, T6 and T7 for a range of assessment tools and Milestone 32 for more information on integrated valuation methods for UGI.

REFERENCES 1 TEEB – The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity, 2011. TEEB Manual for Cities: Ecosystem Services in Urban Management.

See more at www.teebweb.org

48

2 Reil, A., 2015. 1st Stakeholder Dialogue Forum - “Green Infrastructure for and with citizens: How can local governments make it happen?” Brussels, 13 October 2015. GREEN SURGE joint milestone “Workshop on good practice in UGI planning and green space governance” (MS35).

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

C Ky Ϯ͗ ^^ ^^/E' d, ZK> K& W Z/ͳhZ E & ZD> E /E h'/ W> EE/E'͕ D >DP hƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƚĞŶĚƐ ƚŽ ĨŽĐƵƐ ŽŶ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ƉĂƌŬƐ Žƌ ƵƌďĂŶ ĨŽƌĞƐƚƐ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ůĞƐƐ ĂƩĞŶƟŽŶ ƉĂŝĚ ƚŽ ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞůLJͲŽǁŶĞĚ Žƌ ůĞĂƐĞĚ ƐŝƚĞƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ĨĂƌŵůĂŶĚ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ůĂŶĚ ƵƐĞĚ ĨŽƌ ĨĂƌŵŝŶŐ ŚĂƐ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ƚŽ ŵĂŬĞ Ă ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͘ &ĂƌŵĞƌƐ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐ ĨŽƌ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞƐ ĐŽŵďŝŶĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ďƌŽĂĚĞƌ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ͘ As part of the GREEN SURGE Urban >ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ >Ăď ŝŶ DĂůŵƂ͕ ^ǁĞĚĞŶ͕ ĂŶ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ ĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͛Ɛ ƉĞƌŝͲƵƌďĂŶ ĨĂƌŵůĂŶĚ ǁĂƐ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ďLJ ĂŶ ŝŶƚĞƌĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌLJ ƚĞĂŵ͕ ŵĂĚĞ ƵƉ ŽĨ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ƐƚĂī ĨƌŽŵ ĮǀĞ ŵƵŶŝĐͲ ŝƉĂů ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ͘ dŚĞ ŝƚLJ ŽĨ DĂůŵƂ owns about half of the farmland within ŝƚƐ ĐŝƚLJ ůŝŵŝƚƐ ʹ ĂďŽƵƚ Ϯ͕ϮϬϬ ŚĂ ŝŶ ƚŽƚĂů ʹ ĂŶĚ ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ ϭ͕ϱϬϬ ŚĂ ŝŶ ĂĚũĂĐĞŶƚ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƟĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ƉƵƌĐŚĂƐĞĚ ƚŚŝƐ land for urban expansion purposes, ďƵƚ ŚĂƐ ƐŝŶĐĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞĚ ƉŽůŝĐLJ ĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ĐŽŵƉĂĐƚ ƵƌďĂŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘

dŚŝƐ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐ ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉĞƌĂƟǀĞ ƚŽ ĨŽƌŵƵͲ ůĂƚĞ ŶĞǁ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ŐŽĂůƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ůĂŶĚ͕ ĂŶĚ ĂůƐŽ ƚŚĞ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚLJ ƚŽ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌ ŝƚ ĂƐ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ Ă h'/ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ͘ dŚĞ ĂƐƐĞƐƐͲ ŵĞŶƚ ĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐ͗ ϭ͘ dŚĞ ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJ ĨŽƌ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ďĞŶĞͲ ĮƚƐ͕ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ǀĂůƵĞ͕ ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ƐĞůĨͲƐƵĸĐŝĞŶĐLJ͖ Ϯ͘ ^ŽĐŝĂů ĂŶĚ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͕ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͕ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ͕ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͕ ŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ͖ ϯ͘ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞŐƵůĂƟŶŐ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ͖ ĂŶĚ ϰ͘ ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͘ dŚĞ ĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ ĂůƐŽ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐ ƐŝƚĞ ĐŽŶĚŝͲ ƟŽŶƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ƐŽŝů͕ ŚLJĚƌŽůŽŐLJ ĂŶĚ ƚŽƉŽŐͲ ƌĂƉŚLJ͕ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚ ŽĨ ŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐ ĨĂƌŵͲ ůĂŶĚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ͘ dŚĞ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ ŚĂƐ ƌĞƐƵůƚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚǁŽ ŵĂŝŶ ƉƌŽƉŽƐĞĚ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ͘ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ϭ͗ ƐƐŝƐƚ ŚŝŐŚůLJͲƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞ ĨĂƌŵůĂŶĚ ƚŽ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞ ƚŽ h'/ ďLJ ;ĂͿ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ƐŵĂůů

ďŝŽƚŽƉĞƐ ĂŶĚ ůŝŶĞĂƌ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ͕ ƐŽ ĂƐ ƚŽ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ ĨŽƌ ǁŝůĚůŝĨĞ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͕ ĂŶĚ ;ďͿ ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƟŶŐ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ŽŶͲƐŝƚĞ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ͕ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐ ŵĂƌŬĞƚͲŽƌŝĞŶƚĞĚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ďĞƌƌLJͲƉŝĐŬŝŶŐ ĮĞůĚƐ Žƌ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ǀĞŐĞƚĂďůĞ ŐĂƌĚĞŶƐͿ͘ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ Ϯ͗ ƐƐŝƐƚ ůĞƐƐͲƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞ ĨĂƌŵůĂŶĚ ƚŽ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞ ƚŽ h'/ ƉƌŝŵĂƌŝůLJ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ůŽǁͲŝŶƚĞŶƐŝƚLJ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͕ ƐŽ ĂƐ ƚŽ ŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶ ĂŶĚ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů͕ ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐ ĂŶĚ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ǀĂůƵĞ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ĨŽƌ ĨŽƐƚĞƌŝŶŐ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ŵĂLJ ŚĞůƉ ĞdžƉĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ DĂůŵƂ͛Ɛ 'ƌĞĞŶͲ ůƵĞ WůĂŶ ;ֻ Ždž ϰ DĂůŵƂͿ ƚŽ ĂŐƌŝͲ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ůĂŶĚ͘ tŚŝůĞ ƚŚĞ ƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ Malmö is unique, the assessment ĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ŵŝŐŚƚ ĂůƐŽ ďĞ ĂƉƉůŝĐĂďůĞ ƚŽ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĐŝƟĞƐ ůŽŽŬŝŶŐ ƚŽ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ƌŽůĞ ŽĨ ƉĞƌŝͲ ƵƌďĂŶ ĨĂƌŵůĂŶĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ h'/ networks.

DĂůŵƂ͛Ɛ ĞĂƐƚĞƌŶ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ŝƐ ŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐ͕ ŚŝůůLJ ĂŶĚ ĚŽŵŝŶĂƚĞĚ ďLJ ƐĞŵŝͲŶĂƚƵƌĂů ŐƌĂƐƐůĂŶĚ͘ /ƚ ŚĂƐ ŐƌĞĂƚ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ ĂŶĚ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ǀĂůƵĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ĂůƐŽ ŽīĞƌƐ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ͘ >ĞƐƐͲƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞ ĨĂƌŵůĂŶĚ ŝƐ ƵƐĞĚ ĨŽƌ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů͕ ůŽǁͲŝŶƚĞŶƐŝƚLJ ƉƵƌƉŽƐĞƐ͕ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ŐƌĂnjŝŶŐ ƐŚĞĞƉ͘ ƌĞĚŝƚ͗ tĞƌŶĞƌ ZŽůĨ͘

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

49

DEVELOPING PLANS ŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ůĂƌŐĞ ǀĂƌŝĞƚLJ ŽĨ ƉůĂŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ƵƐĞĚ ƚŽ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ h'/͕ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ͕ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƉůĂŶƐ Žƌ ƚŚĞŵĂƟĐ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ŽŶ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ ǁĂƚĞƌ Žƌ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ͘ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJͲǁŝĚĞ Žƌ ĐŝƚLJͲ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ůĞǀĞů ŝƐ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƚŽ ĞŶƐƵƌĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ǁŚŽůĞ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ ŝƐ ƚĂŬĞŶ ŝŶƚŽ ĂĐĐŽƵŶƚ͘ ŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ Strategic UGI plans should be long ǡ ϐ updated regularly in order to provide an accurate and useful framework ȋֻ ͵ ʹ Milan). Often multiple instruments are needed, including at different spatial scales, and these need to be coordinated with one another. Therefore, it is important that UGI plans are embedded in the city’s planning system and linked to other planning ȋֻ Ͷ ÚȌǤ Berlin’s Urban Landscape Strategy is a good example of a strategic plan coordinated with other planning

KEY MESSAGES 'Ğƚ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŵĂŶĚĂƚĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĂĚǀŽĐĂƚĞƐ͘ ĞǀĞůŽƉ ƐƚƌŽŶŐ ďƵƚ ŇĞdžŝďůĞ ĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬƐ ĂŶĚ ŵŝdž ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐ ĨŽƌ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͘ ŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞ ƉůĂŶƐ͕ ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐ ĨŽƌ ĂĐŚŝĞǀŝŶŐ ŐŽĂůƐ͕ ĂůƐŽ Ăƚ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƐƉĂƟĂů ƐĐĂůĞƐ͘ mechanisms, as well as instruments such as pilot projects and dialogue forums, within a framework to involve non-government actors to ǯ

ȋֻ ͸ Berlin).

WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĨŽƌ ĂŶ ƵŶĐĞƌƚĂŝŶ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ In the face of the uncertainties that current urban challenges create, especially climate change, the key requirement for planning is to adopt ‘no-regret’ or ‘low-regret’ strategies over ‘hard’ adaptation (e.g., early warning systems, insurance, dykes).

No/low-regret strategies are designed to increase robustness at low costs, or

ϐ ȋֻ ǡ ֻ ǡ also Box E1 Malmö).

>ĞŐŝƐůĂƟŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĂĚǀŽĐĂƟŶŐ Legal requirements and political mandates are often a powerful driver for a UGI strategy, since they constitute a commitment on a higher legal or political level. However, even without ϐ ǡ Ǧ such as local politicians can sometimes secure enough political support to ȋֻ ͳ Szeged), while NGOs can use evidence ϐ ȋֻ ʹ ȌǤ ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ͛Ɛ KƉĞŶ ^ƉĂĐĞ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ ĐŽŶƐƵůƚĂƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ŵĂŶLJ ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ ;ֻ Ždž ϰͿ͘ Credit: City of Edinburgh Council

Ky ϯ͗ E /', KhZ,KK 'Z E W> E^͕ hdZ ,d ŝƟnjĞŶƐ ĂƌĞ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ ǁŚŽ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ŵŽďŝůŝƐĞĚ ƚŽ ƚĂŬĞ ƉĂƌƚ ŝŶ ƐŚĂƉŝŶŐ ƉůĂŶƐ͘ KŌĞŶ ŝƚ ŝƐ ĞĂƐŝĞƌ ƚŽ ĞŶŐĂŐĞ ƉĞŽƉůĞ Ăƚ Ă ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌͲ ŚŽŽĚ ůĞǀĞů͕ ǁŚĞŶ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĞĂ ƚŚĞLJ ůŝǀĞ ŝŶ ŝƐ ĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶĞĚ͕ ƌĂƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ƚŚĞ ǁŚŽůĞ ĐŝƚLJ͘ /Ŷ hƚƌĞĐŚƚ͕ dŚĞ EĞƚŚĞƌůĂŶĚƐ͕ EĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚ Green Plans have proved to be a ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵů ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚ ƚŽ ĞŶŐĂŐĞ ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ ŝŶ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐ ŝĚĞĂƐ ĨŽƌ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ƚŚĞ

50

ĐŝƚLJ͘ &Žƌ ĞĂĐŚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͛Ɛ ƚĞŶ ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚƐ͕ Ă ďƵĚŐĞƚ ŽĨ ΦϱϬϬ͕ϬϬϬ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ŵĂĚĞ ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ ƚŽ ƌĞĂůŝƐĞ ͚ŐƌĞĞŶ͛ ŝĚĞĂƐ ďƌŽƵŐŚƚ ĨŽƌǁĂƌĚ ďLJ ůŽĐĂůƐ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ŝĚĞĂƐ ǁĞƌĞ ĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚLJ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚŽƐĞ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ ĨĞĂƐŝďůĞ ďƵŶĚůĞĚ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ƚŽ ĨŽƌŵ Ă 'ƌĞĞŶ WůĂŶ͘ ŌĞƌ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͕ ƚŚĞ ŵƵŶŝĐŝͲ ƉĂůŝƚLJ ƉůĂŶƐ ƚŽ ĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞ ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ ŝŶ ƐĞůĨͲŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶĞĚ͘

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

C Ky ϰ͗ D >DP͛^ 'Z Eͳ >h W> E dŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ŽĨ DĂůŵƂ͕ ůŽĐĂƚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĨĂƐƚͲ ŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ PƌĞƐƵŶĚ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ͕ ŝƐ ĞdžƉĞƌŝͲ ĞŶĐŝŶŐ ƌĂƉŝĚ ƵƌďĂŶ ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ͘ ^ƉĂƟĂů ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ ĂƌĞ ĚƌŝǀĞŶ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ͚ĐŽŵƉĂĐƚ ĐŝƚLJ͛ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ ŶĞĞĚƐ ƚŽ ďĞ ŵĞƚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŝŶŶĞƌ ĐŝƚLJ ĚĞŶƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ͕ ŝŶƐƚĞĂĚ ŽĨ ĞdžƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ ŝŶƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐ ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJƐŝĚĞ͘ dŽ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĂŝŵƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŽ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĞ ĂŶĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ ŝƚƐ ďůƵĞͲŐƌĞĞŶ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐͲ ƚƵƌĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ŝƐ ƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐ Ă ͚'ƌĞĞŶ ĂŶĚ ůƵĞ WůĂŶ͛ ƚŽ ƌĞƉůĂĐĞ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐ 'ƌĞĞŶ WůĂŶ ;ϮϬϬϯͿ͘ hƐŝŶŐ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ƚŽ ŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚ ŐƌĞĞŶ ďůƵĞ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ dŚĞ ŶĞǁ ƉůĂŶ ƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐ ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉŽƌͲ ƚĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂů ĂŶĚ ŚŝŐŚ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ŐƌĞĞŶͲďůƵĞ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ďĞŶĞĮƚ ŽĨ ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ͕ ĨŽƌ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŽ ŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞ ƚŚĞ ĞīĞĐƚƐ ŽĨ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ͘ dŽ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ ĂǁĂƌĞͲ ŶĞƐƐ ŽĨ h'/͛Ɛ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ ĂŵŽŶŐ ĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĞ ƐƚĂī͕ ƉŽůŝƟĐŝĂŶƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŝƟͲ njĞŶƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ ŽĨ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ͕ ŝůůƵƐͲ ƚƌĂƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ǀĂůƵĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͛Ɛ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĂŶĚ ďůƵĞ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĨŽƌ ŚƵŵĂŶ ǁĞůůͲďĞŝŶŐ ďLJ ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů͕ ƌĞŐƵůĂƟǀĞ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶŝŶŐ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ;ƐĞĞ ŝŶƐĞƚ ďĞůŽǁͿ͘ DĂƉƐ ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶ ǁŝůů ďĞ ŝŶƚĞͲ

ŐƌĂƚĞĚ ŝŶƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͛Ɛ tĞďͲ'/^ ƉůĂƚͲ ĨŽƌŵ͕ ĞŶĂďůŝŶŐ ĞĂƐLJ ĂĐĐĞƐƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞŵ͘ dĞĂŵŝŶŐ ƵƉ ĨŽƌ ŝŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶ dŽ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶ ŝŶ Ă ĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟǀĞ ǁĂLJ͕ ƐĞǀĞƌĂů ƚŚĞŵĂƟĐ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ŐƌŽƵƉƐ ǁĞƌĞ ƐĞƚ ƵƉ͕ ĐƌŽƐƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ďŽƵŶĚĂƌŝĞƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ŶŝŶĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĞ ƵŶŝƚƐ ;ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ^ƚƌĞĞƚƐ ĂŶĚ WĂƌŬƐ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ͕ ŝƚLJ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ KĸĐĞ͕ ZĞĂů ƐƚĂƚĞ ĞƉĂƌƚͲ ment, as well as the Culture DepartͲ ment and Leisure Department). This ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞĚ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ƐŚĂƌŝŶŐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ůŽĐĂů ĞdžƉĞƌƚƐ͘ ĚĚŝͲ ƟŽŶĂůůLJ͕ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƟĞƐ ;ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ 'Z E ^hZ' ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐͿ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ ƚŽ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐ ŝĚĞĂƐ ĂŶĚ ƐƚƌĂƚĞͲ ŐŝĞƐ͕ Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ƚŚĞ ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚƐ ĂŶĚ ǁĞĂŬŶĞƐƐ ŽĨ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ǁĂLJƐ ĨŽƌǁĂƌĚ͘ dŚŝƐ ŝŶƚĞƌͲ ĂŶĚ ƚƌĂŶƐĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌLJ ĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞ ŚĞůƉĞĚ ƚŽ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ Ă ĐƵƫŶŐͲĞĚŐĞ ƉůĂŶ͘ /ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ ŝŶƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͛Ɛ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ dŚĞ 'ƌĞĞŶͲ ůƵĞ WůĂŶ ŝƐ ũƵƐƚ ŽŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͛Ɛ ƐƉĂƟĂů ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ƚŚĞ ŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞ WůĂŶ ;ϮϬϭϰͿ͕ Ă ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ƚŚĞŵĂƟĐ ƉůĂŶƐ͕ Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ƚŚĞ tĂƚĞƌ WůĂŶ ;ϮϬϭϲͿ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ

ŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞ WůĂŶ

NATIONAL POLICIES AND LEGISLATION 'ƌĞĞŶͲ ůƵĞ WůĂŶ tĂƚĞƌ WůĂŶ

ůŽƵĚͲ burst WůĂŶ ^ƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ WůĂŶ

ĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

Nature ŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ WůĂŶ

ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚƐ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ŝŶƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ;ƚŚĞ D ^d ĂŶĚ ^d ƉůĂŶƐͿ͘ tŚŝůĞ ŶŽŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĂƌĞ ůĞŐĂůůLJͲďŝŶĚŝŶŐ͕ ƚŚĞLJ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ĂĚŽƉƚĞĚ ďLJ ƉŽůŝƟĐĂů ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲŵĂŬĞƌƐ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ŚŝŐŚĞƐƚ ůĞǀĞů͘ &Žƌ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ƉƵƌƉŽƐĞƐ͕ ƚŚĞ 'ƌĞĞŶͲ ůƵĞ WůĂŶ ǁŝůů ďĞ ƐƵƉƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚ ůĂƚĞƌ ŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ĚĞƚĂŝůĞĚ ĂĐƟŽŶ ƉůĂŶ͘

dŚĞ ƉůĂŶ͛Ɛ ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ ϭ͘ /Ŷ DĂůŵƂ͕ ĞǀĞƌLJŽŶĞ ŚĂƐ ĂĐĐĞƐƐ ƚŽ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂů ĂŶĚ ŚĞĂůƚŚLJ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĂŶĚ ďůƵĞ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJ ůŝĨĞ Ϯ͘ /Ŷ DĂůŵƂ͕ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĂŶĚ ďůƵĞ ƐƉĂĐĞ ŚĂǀĞ Ă ƋƵĂŶƟƚLJ͕ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ ƚŚĂƚ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞƐ ŚŝŐŚ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ϯ͘ /Ŷ DĂůŵƂ͕ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĂŶĚ ďůƵĞ ƐƉĂĐĞ ŝƐ ƵƐĞĚ ĨŽƌ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ĂĚĂƉͲ ƚĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ Ăŝƌ ĂŶĚ ǁĂƚĞƌ ϰ͘ /Ŷ DĂůŵƂ͕ ƚŚĞ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ŝƐ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ůŽŶŐͲ ƚĞƌŵ ŝŶ Ă ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ǁĂLJ ϱ͘ /Ŷ DĂůŵƂ͕ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ĂƌĞ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ ŝŶ Ăůů ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐ͕ ƉŽůŝƚͲ ŝĐĂů ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂů ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐ

&ŝŶĚ ŽƵƚ ŵŽƌĞ͘​͘​͘ DĂůŵƂ͛Ɛ ŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞ WůĂŶ (English summary).

dŚĞ 'ƌĞĞŶͲ ůƵĞ WůĂŶ ŝƐ ĞŵďĞĚĚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚƐ͘ Credit: City of Malmö

51

ENGAGING STAKEHOLDERS ƌŽƐƐͲƐĞĐƚŽƌĂů ĂŶĚ ŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐ ƚŚĞ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞͲ ŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ Ă ǀĂƌŝĞƚLJ ŽĨ ĂĐƚŽƌƐ͕ ŶŽƚ ŽŶůLJ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƟĞƐ ďƵƚ ĂůƐŽ ďƵƐŝͲ ŶĞƐƐĞƐ͕ Đŝǀŝů ƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ ĂŶĚ ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ͘ ĐƟǀĞ ĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ĐĂŶ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞ Ă ƐĞŶƐĞ ŽĨ ƐŚĂƌĞĚ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ĨŽƌ ůŽĐĂů ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ĐŽͲĐƌĞĂͲ ƟŽŶ͕ ĐŽͲŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ĐŽͲŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ ĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ ;ֻ ^ŽĐŝĂů /ŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶͿ͘ ŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĞdžƚĞƌŶĂů ĞdžƉĞƌƚƐ Interdisciplinary cooperation between urban planners, green space planners, infrastructure planners and others is a critical aspect of UGI planning and an especially important success factor for green-grey integration approaches, where the complexity involved cannot be effectively addressed by a single ȋֻ ȌǤ

Berlin, an informal planning strategy illustrating a vision through visually-

KEY MESSAGES ŽŽƉĞƌĂƚĞ ǁŝƚŚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĞdžƚĞƌŶĂů ĞdžƉĞƌƚƐ͘ ŽůůĂďŽƌĂƚĞ ǁŝƚŚ ŶŽŶͲŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĂů ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ĐŽͲŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ ĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘ WĂƌƚŶĞƌͲƵƉ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ǀĂƌŝĞƚLJ ŽĨ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ĮŶĚ ŵĞĂŶŝŶŐĨƵů ǁĂLJƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞŵ ƚŽ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ĞŶŐĂŐĞĚ͘ engaging graphics and collages has promoted cooperation with other departments, because the plan content was presented in an unusual and easily ȋֻ ͸ ȌǤ where, there is evidence that collaboration between planners social workers ȋֻ ͸ ǡ ֻ ȌǤ Networking, forming partnerships between different departments and

sectors and integrating (external) experts early-on can also be especially helpful for developing UGI strategies at the city level. Effective local responses require knowledge of the context and potential paths forward as well as motivated actors to implement actions. ϐ tions can also play a role in providing the relevant knowledge and measures ȋֻ ͳ ǡ ʹ ǡ ͳ Szeged).

^ƚĂī ĨƌŽŵ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŝƚLJ ŽĨ DĂůŵƂ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐ h'/ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ĨŽƌ DĂůŵƂ͛Ɛ ƉĞƌŝͲƵƌďĂŶ ĨĂƌŵůĂŶĚ ǁŝƚŚ Ă 'Z E ^hZ' ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĞdžƚĞƌŶĂů ĞdžƉĞƌƚƐ͘ Credit: Anders Mårsén

52

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

C ŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ŶŽŶͲŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĂů ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ Fostering co-governance arrangements can lead to new roles for local government, e.g., as a facilitator and supporter responsible for enabling frameworks and funding programmes, but also providing ongoing oversight and guidance to ensure that public spaces remain

safe and accessible. Such an approach requires a framework, ϐ implementation (see Deliverable D6.2). In Berlin, the Urban Landscape Strategy built upon an existing ‘DIY’-culture to engage citizens in ȋֻ ͸ ȌǤ Where such a culture does not already exist, an external facilitator

can be a reliable partner in fostering a new approach, engaging individuals in new roles. The extra efforts ϐ two-way learning processes, can lead to unexpected planning solutions and often unburden local authorities from the full scope of monitoring or instructing tasks ȋֻ ͷ ǡ ͷ ȌǤ

> ^^KE^ &KZ h'/ s >KWD Ed t/d, EKEͳ'Ks ZED Ed > dKZ^ ĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ŽƌŐĂŶŝnjŝŶŐ /zͲƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ŽŶ ƉƵďůŝĐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ͕ ĐŝƚLJ ŽĸĐŝĂůƐ ŝŶ ĞƌůŝŶ ŐĂŝŶĞĚ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĂů ůĞƐƐŽŶƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŵĂLJ ďĞ ŽĨ ƌĞůĞǀĂŶĐĞ ĨŽƌ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĐŝƟĞƐ͘ ͻ ĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞ ƌƵůĞƐ ĨŽƌ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĂĐĐĞƐƐ ĨĂƌ ŝŶ ĂĚǀĂŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ƌĞǀŝĞǁ ƚŚĞƐĞ ƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐĂůůLJ ƚŽ ďĂůĂŶĐĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞͬƵƐĞƌ ŶĞĞĚƐ͘ ͻ ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ŝŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŚĂǀĞ ŐŽŽĚ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĂƚ ĂƌĞ ĐůŽƐĞ ƚŽ Ă ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ďĂƐĞ ŽĨ ƵƐĞƌƐ͘ ͻ ůƵƐƚĞƌ ĂŶĚ ĂĚǀĞƌƟƐĞ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ƵƐĞƐ ƐŽ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ĂƌĞ ĂǁĂƌĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞŵ͘ ͻ &ĂĐƚŽƌ ŝŶ Ă ůŽƚ ŽĨ ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶ͕ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶ͕ ĂŶĚ ŽǀĞƌƐŝŐŚƚ ŽĨ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘

Ky ϱ͗ hZ E Z &KZ ^d d/KE t/d, >K > Z ^/ Ed^͕ D/> E ŽƐĐŽŝŶĐŝƩă ;dŚĞ &ŽƌĞƐƚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŝƚLJͿ ŝƐ ĂŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ƌĞĨŽƌĞƐƚĂƟŽŶ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ůŽĐĂƚĞĚ ŝŶ DŝůĂŶ͕ /ƚĂůLJ͕ ĐŽŶĐĞŝǀĞĚ ƚŽ ĐŽƵŶƚĞƌ ƚŚĞ ŶĞŐĂƟǀĞ ĞīĞĐƚƐ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƚŽ ĨŽƐƚĞƌ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ǁĞůůͲďĞŝŶŐ͘ ƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚ ŝŶ ϭϵϳϰ ŽŶ ϯϱŚĂ ŽĨ ĂďĂŶͲ ĚŽŶĞĚ ĨĂƌŵůĂŶĚ͕ ŽƐĐŽŝŶĐŝƩă ŚĂƐ ƐŝŶĐĞ ŐƌŽǁŶ ƚŽ ŽǀĞƌ ϭϮϬŚĂ͘ dŚĞ ƐŝƚĞ ŽīĞƌƐ ϭϱϬ ĂůůŽƚŵĞŶƚ ŐĂƌĚĞŶƐ͕ ĂǀĂŝůͲ ĂďůĞ ƚŽ ůŽĐĂů ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ ƵƉŽŶ ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶ͘ There are also bike and footpaths and ŚŽƌƐĞďĂĐŬ ƌŝĚŝŶŐ ƚƌĂŝůƐ͖ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ͖ ĂŶĚ ĞǀĞŶƚ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ ĨŽƌ ůŽĐĂů ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ŚŝƌĞ͘ ,ŝŬŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĐLJĐůŝŶŐ ƚŽƵƌƐ ƚĂŬĞ ƉůĂĐĞ ƌĞŐƵůĂƌůLJ͕ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉƐ ĨŽƌ ƐĐŚŽŽůƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ŐƌŽƵƉƐ͘

dŚĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ŝƐ ŵĂŶĂŐĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ŶŽŶͲ ƉƌŽĮƚ ŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ /ƚĂůŝĂ EŽƐƚƌĂ ;KƵƌ /ƚĂůLJͿ ĂŶĚ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚŽƵƐĂŶĚƐ ŽĨ ǀŽůƵŶƚĞĞƌƐ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ ŝŶ ƉůĂŶƟŶŐ͕ ŵĂŝŶͲ ƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ŚĂƐ ƌĞĚƵĐĞĚ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ ďƵƌĚĞŶ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚLJ ŽĨ DŝůĂŶ ;ǁŚŝĐŚ ŽǁŶƐ ƚŚĞ ůĂŶĚͿ ĂŶĚ ĞŶĂďůĞĚ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ƚŽ ĞdžƉĂŶĚ͕ /ƚ ŚĂƐ ĂůƐŽ ĨŽƐƚĞƌĞĚ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵͲ ŶŝƟĞƐ ĨŽƌ ůŽĐĂů ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ ƚŽ ŐƌŽǁ ĨŽŽĚ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŽ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚ ǁŝƚŚ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ ǁŝƚŚ ĞĂĐŚ ŽƚŚĞƌ͘ dŚĞ ƉŽƐŝƟǀĞ ƌĞƐƵůƚƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂů ĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ͕ ĨŽƌ ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ͛ ŚĞĂůƚŚ ĂŶĚ ĨŽƌ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ƟĞƐ ;ֻ^ŽĐŝĂů ŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ͕ 'ƌĞĞŶ ĐŽŶŽŵLJͿ ŚĂǀĞ ŝŶƐƉŝƌĞĚ Ă ŶĞǁ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƉĂƌŬƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ 'ŝƌĞƩĂ WĂƌŬͿ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ďĞůƚ ŽĨ DŝůĂŶ͘

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

ĞĨŽƌĞ ;ƚŽƉͿ ĂŶĚ ĂŌĞƌ ;ďŽƩŽŵͿ͘ ƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƐŝƚĞ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJͲĚƌŝǀĞŶ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘ Credit: Centro Forestazione Urbana archive

&ŝŶĚ ŽƵƚ ŵŽƌĞ͘​͘​͘ /ƚĂůŝĂ EŽƐƚƌĂ ǁĞďƐŝƚĞ ;ŝŶ /ƚĂůŝĂŶͿ

53

C Ky ϲ͗ h'/ s >KWD Ed t/d, d, , >W K& ^K / > tKZ< Z^ /E Z>/E ^ŝŶĐĞ ϭϵϵϵ͕ ƚŚĞ ŝƚLJ ŽĨ ĞƌůŝŶ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ƌƵŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ƌĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶ ĞŶĚĞĂǀŽƵƌ ĐĂůůĞĚ ƚŚĞ EĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ĂƐ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŶĂƟŽŶĂů ͚^ŽĐŝĂů ŝƚLJ͛ ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞ͘ WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ŽǀĞƌǀŝĞǁ ZŝŐŚƚ ŶŽǁ͕ ϯϰ ĚĞƉƌŝǀĞĚ ĂƌĞĂƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ĂƌĞ ďĞŝŶŐ ĂƐƐŝƐƚĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŶĞŝŐŚͲ ďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĸĐĞƐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƵƐƵĂůůLJ ĞŵƉůŽLJ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚǁŽ ĂŶĚ ĨŽƵƌ ƐŽĐŝĂů ǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ŽĸĐĞƐ ĂƌĞ ǁĞůůͲ informed about the problems of their ůŽĐĂů ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƐŽŵĞ ĂůƐŽ ŚĂǀĞ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂďůĞ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ ǁŝƚŚ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƚLJƉĞƐ ŽĨ ŐƌĞĞŶ ŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶƐ͕ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ŶĂƚƵƌĞͲďĂƐĞĚ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂů ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ Žƌ ĐŽŶƚĞƐƚƐ ĨŽƌ ƐŵĂůů ŐƌĞĞŶ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚƐ͘ DŽƐƚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ Ăŝŵ ƚŽ ŵĂŬĞ ĚŝƌĞĐƚ ĐŽŶƚĂĐƚ ǁŝƚŚ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ ŽŶͲƐŝƚĞ͘

ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚ ŐƌĞĞŶŝŶŐ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘ /ŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŶŐ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĐĂƐĞƐ ƐŚŽǁĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ ŐƌĞĞŶŝŶŐ ĐĂŶ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ ŝŶ ĚĞŶƐĞ ŝŶŶĞƌͲĐŝƚLJ ĂƌĞĂƐ ǁŚĞƌĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ Žƌ ƐĞŵŝͲƉƵďůŝĐ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƐĐĂƌĐĞ͘ ZĞͲŐƌĞĞŶŝŶŐ ĂŶ ŝŶŶĞƌ ĐŽƵƌƚLJĂƌĚ͕ Ă ƉƵďůŝĐ ƐƋƵĂƌĞ Žƌ Ă ƉůĂLJŐƌŽƵŶĚ ŽīĞƌƐ Ă ĐŚĂŶĐĞ ƚŽ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐƉĂĐĞ͕ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ĐƌĞĂƟŶŐ Ă ŶĞǁ ŵĞĞƟŶŐ ƉůĂĐĞ͘ &Žƌ ŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌͲ ŚŽŽĚ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĸĐĞ ŝŶ ĞƌůŝŶͲ EĞƵŬƂůůŶ ŝŶŝƟĂƚĞĚ Ă ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ĐĂůůĞĚ ͛,ŝĚĚĞŶ WůĂĐĞƐ ʹ ĞĂƵƟĨƵů ŽƵƌƚLJĂƌĚƐ͛ ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐŝŶŐ ďŽƚŚ ůĂŶĚůŽƌĚƐ ĂŶĚ ƚĞŶĂŶƚƐ ƚŽ ƌĞͲŐƌĞĞŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĐŽƵƌƚLJĂƌĚƐ with the help of planners and some ĮŶĂŶĐŝĂů ĂƐƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝͲ ƟĞƐ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůLJ ǀĂůƵĂďůĞ ĨŽƌ ůŽǁ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ͕ ǁŚŽ ĂƌĞ ŽŌĞŶ ƐŽĐŝĂůůLJ ƐĞŐƌĞŐĂƚĞĚ͘

^ŽĐŝĂů ĞīĞĐƚƐ ŽĨ ůŽĐĂů ŐƌĞĞŶŝŶŐ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ 'Z E ^hZ' ĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚ ƚŚĞ ƌŽůĞ ŽĨ Ɛŝdž ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĸĐĞƐ ŝŶ

dŚĞ ƌŽůĞ ŽĨ ƐŽĐŝĂů ǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ ŝŶ ŽǀĞƌĐŽŵŝŶŐ ŽďƐƚĂĐůĞƐ KďǀŝŽƵƐůLJ͕ Ă ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ ĂƌĞ ůŝŬĞůLJ ƚŽ ĂƌŝƐĞ͗ ůĂŶĚůŽƌĚƐ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ďĞ

ĐŽŶǀŝŶĐĞĚ͕ ƚĞŶĂŶƚƐ ĂƌĞ ƐŽŵĞƟŵĞƐ ůĞƐƐ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚĞĚ ŝŶ ďŽƩŽŵͲƵƉ ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌͲ ŚŽŽĚ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ ƚŚĂŶ ŽǁŶĞƌƐ͕ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚ ĐŽƵŶĐŝůƐ ŽŌĞŶ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ĚŽŵŝŶĂƚĞĚ ďLJ ͚ŵŝĚĚůĞͲĐůĂƐƐ ŝĚĞĂƐ͛ ŝŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐ͕ ǁŚŝůĞ ƉůĂŶͲ ŶŝŶŐ ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ ĂƌĞ ŽŌĞŶ ƚŽŽ ďƵƌĞĂƵĐƌĂƟĐ ĂŶĚ ŶŽƚ ŽƉĞŶ ƚŽ ŝŶŶŽǀĂͲ ƟǀĞ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͕ ƐŽĐŝĂů ǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ ĐĂŶ ƉůĂLJ Ă ŬĞLJ ƌŽůĞ ŝŶ ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŶŐ ƐƵĐŚ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ ďĞĨŽƌĞ ƚŚĞLJ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ŵĂũŽƌ ƉƌŽďůĞŵƐ͘ /Ŷ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ ĞƐƚĂďͲ ůŝƐŚĞĚ ůŝŶŬƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƐŽĐŝĂů ǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ůŽĐĂů ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ ǁŝƚŚ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ĚĞŵŽͲ ŐƌĂƉŚŝĐ ĂŶĚ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ďĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚƐ ĂƌĞ ŽŌĞŶ ĐƌƵĐŝĂů ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ůŽŶŐĞƌ ƚĞƌŵ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ŐƌĞĞŶŝŶŐ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘ dŚĞ ĐĂƐĞƐ ƐƚƵĚŝĞĚ ŚĞƌĞ ƌĞǀĞĂů ƚŚĂƚ ƐŽĐŝĂů ǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ ĐĂŶ ŚĞůƉ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶĞƌƐ ƚŽ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞ ƉŽƐŝƟǀĞ ƐŽĐŝĂů ŝŵƉĂĐƚƐ ǁŝƚŚ ƐŵĂůů͕ ƵƉͲƐĐĂůĂďůĞ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͕ ĂĐƟͲ ǀĂƟŶŐ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ŐƌŽƵƉƐ ĂŶĚ ĞŶŐĂŐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞŵ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ĂŶĚ ůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ůŽĐĂů ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘

&ŝŶĚ ŽƵƚ ŵŽƌĞ͘​͘​͘ EĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ,ŝĚĚĞŶ WůĂĐĞƐ Ͳ ĞĂƵƟĨƵů ŽƵƌƚLJĂƌĚƐ͘ sŝĚĞŽ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ (in German).

KƩŽ WĂƌŬ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ǀĞƌLJ ĚĞŶƐĞ DŽĂďŝƚͲtĞƐƚ ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ĂƌĞĂ͘ ƌĞĚŝƚ͗ /ǀĄŶ dŽƐŝĐƐ

54

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

IMPLEMENTATION dÄ&#x201A;ĹŹÄ&#x17E; Ä&#x201A;Ä?Ć&#x161;Ĺ?ŽŜ Ä&#x201A;ĹśÄ&#x161; žŽŜĹ?Ć&#x161;Ĺ˝Ć&#x152; Ĺ?ĹľĆ&#x2030;Ä&#x201A;Ä?Ć&#x161;Ć?

DÄ&#x201A;ĹŹĹ?ĹśĹ? Ć&#x161;Ĺ&#x161;Ä&#x17E; ĹŻÄ&#x17E;Ä&#x201A;Ć&#x2030; ĨĆ&#x152;Žž Ć&#x2030;Ä&#x201A;Ć&#x2030;Ä&#x17E;Ć&#x152; Ć&#x161;Ĺ˝ Ć&#x2030;Ć&#x152;Ä&#x201A;Ä?Ͳ Ć&#x;Ä?Ä&#x17E; Ĺ?Ć? Ä&#x201A; Ä?Ĺ&#x161;Ä&#x201A;ĹŻĹŻÄ&#x17E;ĹśĹ?Ä&#x17E; ĨŽĆ&#x152; Ä&#x201A;ĹśÇ&#x2021; Ć&#x2030;ŽůĹ?Ä?Ç&#x2021; Ĺ˝Ć&#x152; Ć&#x2030;ĹŻÄ&#x201A;ĹśÍ&#x2DC; Ć&#x152;Ä&#x201A;ĹśĹ?Ä&#x17E; ŽĨ Ć&#x161;ŽŽůĆ? Ä&#x201A;Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E; Ä&#x201A;Ç&#x20AC;Ä&#x201A;Ĺ?ĹŻÄ&#x201A;Ä?ĹŻÄ&#x17E; Ć&#x161;Ĺ˝ Ĺ&#x161;Ä&#x17E;ĹŻĆ&#x2030; Ĺ?ĹľĆ&#x2030;ĹŻÄ&#x17E;ĹľÄ&#x17E;ĹśĆ&#x161; h'/ Ć&#x2030;ĹŻÄ&#x201A;ŜŜĹ?ĹśĹ? ÍžÄ&#x17E;Í&#x2DC;Ĺ?Í&#x2DC;Í&#x2022; ÖťdŽŽůÄ?Ĺ˝Ç&#x2020; dĎł Ć&#x161;Ĺ˝ Ĺ?ĹśÄ?Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E;Ä&#x201A;Ć?Ä&#x17E; Ć&#x2030;Ä&#x201A;Ć&#x152;Ć&#x;Ä?Ĺ?Ć&#x2030;Ä&#x201A;Ć&#x;ŽŜͿÍ&#x2022; Ä?ĆľĆ&#x161; Ä&#x201A; ĹŹÄ&#x17E;Ç&#x2021; Ć&#x2039;ĆľÄ&#x17E;Ć?Ć&#x;ŽŜ Ĺ?Ć? ĆľĆ?ĆľÄ&#x201A;ĹŻĹŻÇ&#x2021; Ĺ&#x161;Ĺ˝Ç Ć&#x161;Ĺ˝ Ĺ?Ä&#x17E;Ć&#x161; Ć&#x161;Ĺ&#x161;Ä&#x17E; Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E;Ć?ŽƾĆ&#x152;Ä?Ä&#x17E;Ć?Í&#x2DC; Collaboration and sharing knowledge can be an effective way to better deal with resource constraints. This includes, in particular, collaboration at the expert level and pooling knowledge from various partners Č&#x2039;Öť Â?Â&#x2030;Â&#x192;Â&#x2030;Â&#x2039;Â?Â&#x2030; Â&#x2022;Â&#x2013;Â&#x192;Â?Â&#x2021;Â&#x160;Â&#x2018;Â&#x17D;Â&#x2020;Â&#x2021;Â&#x201D;Â&#x2022;Č&#x152;Ǥ Â? Â&#x192;Â&#x2020;Â&#x2020;Â&#x2039;Â&#x2013;Â&#x2039;Â&#x2018;Â?ÇĄ the involvement of citizens can help planning to better correspond to local needs and to target investments more Â&#x2021;Â&#x2C6;Ď?Â&#x2039;Â&#x2026;Â&#x2039;Â&#x2021;Â?Â&#x2013;Â&#x17D;Â&#x203A; Č&#x2039;Öť Â&#x2022;Â&#x2022;Â&#x2021;Â&#x2022;Â&#x2022;Â&#x2039;Â?Â&#x2030;

Â?Â&#x2021;Â&#x2013;Â&#x2122;Â&#x2018;Â&#x201D;Â?Â&#x2022;Č&#x152;Ǥ

>Ä&#x17E;Ä&#x201A;Ć&#x152;ĹśĹ?ĹśĹ? Ä?Ç&#x2021; Ä&#x161;Ĺ˝Ĺ?ĹśĹ?

Pilot projects have been shown to be an effective means of testing new approaches. They can encourage similar initiatives and convince decision-makers that an idea is worth pursuing. A pilot project focusing on a key issue or objective of broad relevance can help to gain interest and support across different departÂ?Â&#x2021;Â?Â&#x2013;Â&#x2022; Č&#x2039;Öť Â&#x2018;Â&#x161; Íł Â&#x192;Â&#x17D;Â?Ă&#x161;Č&#x152;Ǥ Â&#x2021;Â&#x192;Â&#x201D;Â?Â&#x2039;Â?Â&#x2030; from these examples can also help to Â&#x192;Â&#x2020;Â&#x152;Â&#x2014;Â&#x2022;Â&#x2013; Â&#x192;Â?Â&#x2020; Â&#x201D;Â&#x2021;Ď?Â&#x2039;Â?Â&#x2021; Â&#x192; Â&#x2019;Â&#x17D;Â&#x192;Â?Â?Â&#x2039;Â?Â&#x2030; Â&#x2022;Â&#x2013;Â&#x201D;Â&#x192;Â&#x2013;Â&#x2021;Â&#x2030;Â&#x203A; before it is expanded to other areas.

KEY MESSAGES

Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E;Ä&#x201A;Ć&#x161;Ä&#x17E; Ä&#x201A; ĨĆ&#x152;Ä&#x201A;ĹľÄ&#x17E;Ç Ĺ˝Ć&#x152;ĹŹ ĨŽĆ&#x152; Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E;Ĺ?ƾůÄ&#x201A;Ć&#x152; žŽŜĹ?Ć&#x161;Ĺ˝Ć&#x152;Ĺ?ĹśĹ? ŽĨ h'/ Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E;Ć?ŽƾĆ&#x152;Ä?Ä&#x17E;Ć?Í&#x2DC; ^Ć&#x161;Ä&#x201A;Ć&#x152;Ć&#x161; Ç Ĺ?Ć&#x161;Ĺ&#x161; Ć&#x2030;Ĺ?ĹŻĹ˝Ć&#x161; Ć&#x2030;Ć&#x152;ŽŊÄ&#x17E;Ä?Ć&#x161;Ć? Ĺ?Ĺś Ĺ˝Ć&#x152;Ä&#x161;Ä&#x17E;Ć&#x152; Ć&#x161;Ĺ˝ Ä&#x201A;Ä&#x161;Ä&#x201A;Ć&#x2030;Ć&#x161; Ć?Ć&#x161;Ć&#x152;Ä&#x201A;Ć&#x161;Ä&#x17E;Ĺ?Ĺ?Ä&#x17E;Ć? Ä&#x201A;ĹśÄ&#x161; Ä?ĆľĹ?ĹŻÄ&#x161; Ć&#x2030;ĆľÄ?ĹŻĹ?Ä? Ä&#x201A;ĹśÄ&#x161; Ć&#x2030;ŽůĹ?Ć&#x;Ä?Ä&#x201A;ĹŻ Ć?ĆľĆ&#x2030;Ć&#x2030;Ĺ˝Ć&#x152;Ć&#x161;Í&#x2DC; hŜůŽÄ?ĹŹ Ä&#x201A;Ä&#x161;Ä&#x161;Ĺ?Ć&#x;ŽŜÄ&#x201A;ĹŻ Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E;Ć?ŽƾĆ&#x152;Ä?Ä&#x17E;Ć? Ä?Ç&#x2021; Ä?ŽůůÄ&#x201A;Ä?Ĺ˝Ć&#x152;Ä&#x201A;Ć&#x;ĹśĹ?Í&#x2022; Ć&#x2030;ŽŽůĹ?ĹśĹ? ĹŹĹśĹ˝Ç ĹŻÄ&#x17E;Ä&#x161;Ĺ?Ä&#x17E; Ä&#x201A;ĹśÄ&#x161; Ä&#x201A;Ä?Ä?Ä&#x17E;Ć?Ć?Ĺ?ĹśĹ? Ä&#x17E;Ç&#x2020;Ć&#x161;Ä&#x17E;Ć&#x152;ĹśÄ&#x201A;ĹŻ ĨƾŜÄ&#x161;Ĺ?ĹśĹ?Í&#x2DC; hŜůŽÄ?ĹŹ Ä&#x201A;ĹŻĆ&#x161;Ä&#x17E;Ć&#x152;ĹśÄ&#x201A;Ć&#x;Ç&#x20AC;Ä&#x17E; Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E;Ć?ŽƾĆ&#x152;Ä?Ä&#x17E;Ć?

GREEN SURGE research found external funding to be a major factor for supporting UGI (see Deliverable 5.1).

Access to European and national funding programmes is very important for implementing innovative strategies on larger scales and testing new approaches that require time and (human) resources. However, funds from developers or other private actors can also support implementation Č&#x2039;Öť Â&#x2018;Â&#x161; Íľ Â&#x2021;Â&#x201D;Â&#x17D;Â&#x2039;Â?ÇĄ Íš Â&#x2018;Â&#x2020;Â&#x153;Č&#x152;ÇĄ Â&#x2019;Â&#x201D;Â&#x2018;Â&#x2DC;Â&#x2039;Â&#x2020;Â&#x2021;Â&#x2020; there is a framework to ensure that Â&#x2019;Â&#x201D;Â&#x2039;Â&#x2DC;Â&#x192;Â&#x2013;Â&#x2021; Â&#x2019;Â&#x201D;Â&#x2018;Ď?Â&#x2039;Â&#x2013; Â&#x2039;Â&#x2022; Â?Â&#x2018;Â&#x2013; Â&#x2019;Â&#x201D;Â&#x2039;Â&#x2018;Â&#x201D;Â&#x2039;Â&#x2013;Â&#x2039;Â&#x2022;Â&#x2021;Â&#x2020; Â&#x2018;Â&#x2DC;Â&#x2021;Â&#x201D; Â&#x2013;Â&#x160;Â&#x2021; Â&#x2019;Â&#x2014;Â&#x201E;Â&#x17D;Â&#x2039;Â&#x2026; Â&#x2039;Â?Â&#x2013;Â&#x2021;Â&#x201D;Â&#x2021;Â&#x2022;Â&#x2013;ÇĄ Â&#x192;Â?Â&#x2020; Â&#x201E;Â&#x2021;Â?Â&#x2021;Ď?Â&#x2039;Â&#x2013;Â&#x2022; Â&#x2020;Â&#x2039;Â&#x2022;Â&#x2013;Â&#x201D;Â&#x2039;Â&#x201E;Â&#x2014;Â&#x2013;Â&#x2021;Â&#x2020; Â&#x2021;Â&#x201C;Â&#x2014;Â&#x192;Â&#x17D;Â&#x17D;Â&#x203A; Č&#x2039;Öť Â&#x201D;Â&#x2021;Â&#x2021;Â? Â&#x2026;Â&#x2018;Â?Â&#x2018;Â?Â&#x203A;Č&#x152;Ǥ Â?Â&#x2019;Â&#x2018;Â&#x201D;tantly, resources are not only monetary! Volunteerism and citizensâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; knowledge count among the resources that local governments can harness to get Â&#x2013;Â&#x160;Â&#x2039;Â?Â&#x2030;Â&#x2022; Â&#x2020;Â&#x2018;Â?Â&#x2021; Č&#x2039;Öť Â&#x2018;Â&#x161; Íş Â&#x152;Â&#x2014;Â&#x201E;Â&#x17D;Â&#x152;Â&#x192;Â?Â&#x192;Č&#x152;Ǥ

Ky ĎłÍ&#x2014; WWW FOR GREEN SPACE RENEWAL >Ĺ?Ć?Ä?Ĺ?Ä&#x201A;Ć?Ć&#x161;Ä&#x201A; WÄ&#x201A;Ć&#x152;ĹŹ ZÄ&#x17E;Ć?Ĺ?Ä&#x161;Ä&#x17E;ĹśÄ?Ä&#x17E; Ĺ?Ć? Ä&#x201A; Ĺ&#x161;ŽƾĆ?Ĺ?ĹśĹ? Ä?ŽžĆ&#x2030;ĹŻÄ&#x17E;Ç&#x2020; Ĺ?Ĺś Ć&#x161;Ĺ&#x161;Ä&#x17E; ŜŽĆ&#x152;Ć&#x161;Ĺ&#x161; ŽĨ >Ĺ˝Ä&#x161;Ç&#x152;Í&#x2022; WŽůÄ&#x201A;ĹśÄ&#x161;Í&#x2022; Ä&#x201A;ĹśÄ&#x161; Ä?Ĺ˝Ć&#x152;Ä&#x161;Ä&#x17E;Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E;Ä&#x161; Ä?Ç&#x2021; Ĺ?Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E;Ä&#x17E;Ĺś Ć?Ć&#x2030;Ä&#x201A;Ä?Ä&#x17E;Ć? Ć&#x161;Ĺ˝ Ć&#x161;Ĺ&#x161;Ä&#x17E; Ć?ŽƾĆ&#x161;Ĺ&#x161; Ä&#x201A;ĹśÄ&#x161; Ä&#x17E;Ä&#x201A;Ć?Ć&#x161; Í´ Ĺ?ĹśÄ?ĹŻĆľÄ&#x161;Ĺ?ĹśĹ? Ä&#x201A; Ć&#x2030;Ä&#x201A;Ć&#x152;ĹŹÍ&#x2022; Ć&#x161;Ĺ&#x161;Ä&#x17E; Sokolowka stream and several Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E;Ć?Ä&#x17E;Ć&#x152;Ç&#x20AC;Ĺ˝Ĺ?Ć&#x152;Ć?Í&#x2DC; /Ĺś ώϏϏϲÍ&#x2022; Ć&#x161;Ĺ&#x161;Ä&#x17E; Ĺ?Ć&#x161;Ç&#x2021; KĸÄ?Ä&#x17E; rehabilitated the stream and Ä?Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E;Ä&#x201A;Ć&#x161;Ä&#x17E;Ä&#x161; Ć&#x161;Ĺ&#x161;Ä&#x17E; dÄ&#x17E;Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E;Ć?Ä&#x201A; ZÄ&#x17E;Ć?Ä&#x17E;Ć&#x152;Ç&#x20AC;Ĺ˝Ĺ?Ć&#x152;Í&#x2022; Ä?ĆľĆ&#x161; there were no funds to improve Ć&#x161;Ĺ&#x161;Ä&#x17E; Ć?ĆľĆ&#x152;Ć&#x152;ŽƾŜÄ&#x161;Ĺ?ĹśĹ? Ĺ?Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E;Ä&#x17E;Ĺś Ć?Ć&#x2030;Ä&#x201A;Ä?Ä&#x17E;Ć?Í&#x2DC; tĹ&#x161;Ä&#x17E;Ĺś Ć&#x161;Ĺ&#x161;Ä&#x17E; ZÄ&#x17E;Ć?Ĺ?Ä&#x161;Ä&#x17E;ĹśÄ?Ä&#x17E; Ç Ä&#x201A;Ć? Ä?ŽŜĆ?Ć&#x161;Ć&#x152;ĆľÄ?Ć&#x161;Ä&#x17E;Ä&#x161; Ć?ŽŽŜ Ä&#x201A;Ĺ&#x152;Ä&#x17E;Ć&#x152; ͞ώϏϭϏͲ ĎŽĎŹĎ­ĎŻÍżÍ&#x2022; Ä&#x201A; WĆľÄ?ĹŻĹ?Ä?ͲWĆ&#x152;Ĺ?Ç&#x20AC;Ä&#x201A;Ć&#x161;Ä&#x17E;ͲWÄ&#x201A;Ć&#x152;Ć&#x161;ĹśÄ&#x17E;Ć&#x152;Ͳ Ć?Ĺ&#x161;Ĺ?Ć&#x2030; Ç Ä&#x201A;Ć? Ä&#x201A;Ć&#x152;Ć&#x152;Ä&#x201A;ĹśĹ?Ä&#x17E;Ä&#x161; Ä?Ä&#x17E;Ć&#x161;Ç Ä&#x17E;Ä&#x17E;Ĺś Ć&#x161;Ĺ&#x161;Ä&#x17E; Ä&#x161;Ä&#x17E;Ç&#x20AC;Ä&#x17E;ĹŻĹ˝Ć&#x2030;Ä&#x17E;Ć&#x152; Ä&#x201A;ĹśÄ&#x161; Ć&#x161;Ĺ&#x161;Ä&#x17E; žƾŜĹ?Ä?Ĺ?Ć&#x2030;Ä&#x201A;ĹŻĹ?Ć&#x161;Ç&#x2021;Í&#x2DC; dĹ&#x161;Ä&#x17E; Ä&#x161;Ä&#x17E;Ç&#x20AC;Ä&#x17E;ĹŻĹ˝Ć&#x2030;Ä&#x17E;Ć&#x152; Ä?ĹŻÄ&#x17E;Ä&#x201A;ĹśÄ&#x17E;Ä&#x161; Ä&#x201A;ĹśÄ&#x161; Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E;Ĺ&#x161;Ä&#x201A;Ͳ Ä?Ĺ?ĹŻĹ?Ć&#x161;Ä&#x201A;Ć&#x161;Ä&#x17E;Ä&#x161; Ć&#x161;Ĺ&#x161;Ä&#x17E; Ä&#x201A;Ä&#x161;ĹŠÄ&#x201A;Ä?Ä&#x17E;ĹśĆ&#x161; ĹŻÄ&#x201A;ĹśÄ&#x161;Í&#x2013; Ć&#x2030;Ä&#x201A;Ć&#x152;Ć&#x161;ĹŻÇ&#x2021; Ä&#x201A;Ć? ĹľÄ&#x201A;ĹśÄ&#x161;Ä&#x201A;Ć&#x161;Ĺ˝Ć&#x152;Ç&#x2021; Ä?ŽžĆ&#x2030;Ä&#x17E;ĹśĆ?Ä&#x201A;Ć&#x;ŽŜ ĨŽĆ&#x152; Ć&#x161;Ĺ&#x161;Ä&#x17E;Ĺ?Ć&#x152; Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E;žŽÇ&#x20AC;Ä&#x201A;ĹŻ ŽĨ ĹŻĹ˝Ä?Ä&#x201A;ĹŻ Ć&#x161;Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E;Ä&#x17E;Ć?Í&#x2022; Ä&#x201A;ĹśÄ&#x161; Ć&#x2030;Ä&#x201A;Ć&#x152;Ć&#x161;ĹŻÇ&#x2021; Ć&#x161;Ĺ˝ ĹľÄ&#x201A;Ç&#x2020;Ĺ?ĹľĹ?Ć?Ä&#x17E; Ć&#x161;Ĺ&#x161;Ä&#x17E; Ć&#x2030;Ĺ˝Ć?Ĺ?Ć&#x;Ç&#x20AC;Ä&#x17E; Ĺ?ĹśĹ&#x2021;ĆľÄ&#x17E;ĹśÄ?Ä&#x17E; ŽĨ Ć&#x161;Ĺ&#x161;Ä&#x17E; Ĺ?Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E;Ä&#x17E;Ĺś Ć?ĆľĆ&#x152;Ć&#x152;ŽƾŜÄ&#x161;Ͳ Ĺ?ĹśĹ?Ć? ŽŜ Ć&#x2030;Ć&#x152;Ĺ˝Ć?Ć&#x2030;Ä&#x17E;Ä?Ć&#x;Ç&#x20AC;Ä&#x17E; Ć?Ä&#x201A;ĹŻÄ&#x17E;Ć?Í&#x2DC; dĹ&#x161;Ä&#x17E; Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E;Ĺ&#x161;Ä&#x201A;Ä?Ĺ?ĹŻĹ?Ć&#x161;Ä&#x201A;Ć&#x161;Ä&#x17E;Ä&#x161; Ĺ?Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E;Ä&#x17E;Ĺś Ć?Ć&#x2030;Ä&#x201A;Ä?Ä&#x17E; Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E;ĹľÄ&#x201A;Ĺ?ĹśĆ? Ĺ?Ĺś Ć&#x2030;ĆľÄ?ĹŻĹ?Ä? Ĺ˝Ç ĹśÄ&#x17E;Ć&#x152;Ć?Ĺ&#x161;Ĺ?Ć&#x2030; Ä&#x201A;ĹśÄ&#x161; ĹľÄ&#x201A;ĹśÄ&#x201A;Ĺ?Ä&#x17E;Ͳ ĹľÄ&#x17E;ĹśĆ&#x161;Í&#x2022; Ä&#x201A;ĹśÄ&#x161; Ć&#x161;Ĺ&#x161;Ä&#x17E; Ĺ?Ć&#x161;Ç&#x2021; KĸÄ?Ä&#x17E; Ĺ&#x161;Ĺ˝Ć&#x2030;Ä&#x17E;Ć? to enable similar private investͲ ĹľÄ&#x17E;ĹśĆ&#x161; Ĺ?Ĺś Ĺ?ĹľĆ&#x2030;Ć&#x152;Ĺ˝Ç&#x20AC;Ĺ?ĹśĹ? Ĺ?Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E;Ä&#x17E;Ĺś Ć?Ć&#x2030;Ä&#x201A;Ä?Ä&#x17E;Í&#x2DC;

>Ĺ?Ä?Ĺ?Ä&#x201A;Ć?Ć&#x161;Ä&#x201A; WÄ&#x201A;Ć&#x152;ĹŹ ZÄ&#x17E;Ć?Ĺ?Ä&#x161;Ä&#x17E;ĹśÄ?Ä&#x17E; Ä&#x201A;ĹśÄ&#x161; Ĺ?Ć&#x161;Ć? Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E;Ĺ?Ä&#x17E;ĹśÄ&#x17E;Ć&#x152;Ä&#x201A;Ć&#x161;Ä&#x17E;Ä&#x161; Ĺ?Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E;Ä&#x17E;Ĺś Ć?Ć&#x2030;Ä&#x201A;Ä?Ä&#x17E;Ć?Í&#x2022; >Ĺ˝Ä&#x161;Ç&#x152;Í&#x2DC; Credit: Budomal

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

55

C Ky ϴ͗ d ^d/E' E t hZ E 'Z E W ZdE Z^,/W^͕ >:h >: E dŚĞ ŝƚLJ ŽĨ >ũƵďůũĂŶĂ͕ ^ůŽǀĞŶŝĂ͕ ŝƐ ĂŝŵŝŶŐ ƚŽ ĮŶĚ ŶĞǁ ǁĂLJƐ ƚŽ ĞŶŐĂŐĞ ǁŝƚŚ ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ ĂŶĚ͕ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ƟŵĞ͕ ƚŽ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ Ă ĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůůLJ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ ŵŽĚĞů ĨŽƌ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ͕ ĂǀŽŝĚŝŶŐ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĞdžƉĞŶĚŝƚƵƌĞ ŽŶ ŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ ĂƐ Ă ƌĞƐƵůƚ ŽĨ ŐƌĞĞŶŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͘ /Ŷ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞƐĞ ŐŽĂůƐ͕ Ă 'Z E ^hZ' >ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ůůŝĂŶĐĞ ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚLJ͕ ƉůĂŶŶĞƌƐ͕ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ŶŽŶͲƐƚĂƚĞ ĂĐƚŽƌƐ ŝŶǀĞƐͲ ƟŐĂƚĞĚ ŶĞǁ ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉ ŵŽĚĞůƐ ǁŝƚŚ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐ ĂŶĚ E'KƐ͘ dŚĞ ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ ŚĂƐ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚ >ũƵďůũĂͲ ŶĂ͛Ɛ ŶĞǁ ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ hƌďĂŶ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ϮϬϭϰͲϮϬϮϬ͗ ĞŶŐĂŐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƚŽ ͚ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌLJ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ͕ ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJ ǁŝƚŚ ǀƵůŶĞƌĂďůĞ ŐƌŽƵƉƐ͛ ŝƐ ŶŽǁ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƌĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ͘ ,Žǁ ƚŽ ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌ The partnership also resulted in a ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƟŽŶ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͕ ͚>ŝǀĂĚĂ> ͕͛ ƚĞƐƟŶŐ ĂŶ ĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ

EŽŶͲƐƚĂƚĞ ĮŶĂŶĐŝŶŐ A wide range of instruments and approaches can be used to secure ϐ Ǧ state actors. These include: ͻ dĂdžĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƌĞŐƵůĂƚŽƌLJ ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐ

ͻ WĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƐ ;ֻ Ždž ϳ >ŽĚnjͿ ͻ /ŶĐĞŶƟǀĞƐ ͻ ŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞ ƐŽĐŝĂů ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĞŶƚƌĞƉƌĞŶĞƵƌƐŚŝƉ

ֻ ͺ funding mechanisms, as does

56

ŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ ŵŽĚĞů ŽŶ Ă Ϭ͘ϲŚĂ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƐƉĂĐĞ͘ ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ ŽŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ŽĸͲ ĐŝĂůƐ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ͕ ďƌŝŶŐŝŶŐ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ƉƌĂĐƟƟŽŶĞƌƐ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ǁĂƐ Ă ŬĞLJ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐ ĨĂĐƚŽƌ ĨŽƌ ƚŚŝƐ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͕ ĞŶĂďůŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ƚŽ ďĞ ĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞůLJ ŵĂƉƉĞĚ ĂŶĚ ĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚ͘ ͞dŚŝƐ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ŚĞůƉĞĚ ƚŽ ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ Ă ǀĞƌLJ ŐŽŽĚ ůŽĐĂů E'K ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌ͕ ĂǀŽĚ K ͕ ƚŽ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ ƚŚĞ ƐŝƚĞ ǁŝƚŚ ƵƐ͟ ƐŚĞ ƐĂLJƐ͘ dŚĞ ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌ E'K ĚƌŽǀĞ Ă ĨŽĐƵƐ ŽŶ ŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ ŚŝŐŚ ƐĐŚŽŽů ĚƌŽƉͲ ŽƵƚƐ ǁŚŽ ĂƌĞ ŽŌĞŶ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůLJ ƵŶĚĞƌͲ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚ ŝŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘ WƵƫŶŐ ŝĚĞĂƐ ŝŶƚŽ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ ʹ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ dŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚĞĂŵͲďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĞīŽƌƚƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐ ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞĚ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĂů ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƟŽŶ ƐŝƚĞ͕ Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ƚŚĞ ƐŝƚĞ͛Ɛ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů͕ ŚŽǁ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ĐŽƵůĚ ďĞ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ ŝŶƚŽ ƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂů ĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ͕ ĂŶĚ ŚŽǁ ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ ĐŽƵůĚ ďĞ ďĞƐƚ ĞŶŐĂŐĞĚ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚĞ ĞŶĚ͕ Ă ůĂƌŐĞůLJ ƵŶƵƐĞĚ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ǁĂƐ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĞĚ ŝŶƚŽ ŽŶĞ ŽīĞƌŝŶŐ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͕ ƌĂŶŐŝŶŐ ĨƌŽŵ ƐƉŽƌƚƐ ƚŽ ĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͖ ĨƌŽŵ

Deliverable 4.1.

DŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐ Monitoring is essential to ensure that UGI is not only maintained in a good state but ideally regularly improved. It is also a mechanism to check if targets are being met or strategies need to be adjusted. For instance, a UGI strategy for climate change adaptation may involve targets to protect and increase tree cover, in order to moderate the urban heat island effect, reduce stormwater runoff, sequester carbon, and reduce cooling energy demands. Regular tree audits could help to determine if stronger

ůŽĐĂů ĨŽŽĚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ƚŽ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ƌĂƌĞ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ƐŝƚĞ͘ dŚŝƐ ƉŝůŽƚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ŚĂƐ ŝŶƐƉŝƌĞĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ƚŽ ĞdžƉůŽƌĞ ǁŚĞƚŚĞƌ ƚŽ ŝŶƚƌŽͲ ĚƵĐĞ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ ŵŽĚĞů ĨŽƌ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƉƵďůŝĐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘

KƉĞŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ >ŝǀĂĚĂ> ǁŝƚŚ ǀŽůƵŶƚĞĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ DĂLJŽƌ ŽĨ >ũƵďůũĂŶĂ͕ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ h 'ƌĞĞŶ tĞĞŬ ϮϬϭϲ͘ ƌĞĚŝƚ͗ ŶũĂ DĂŶũĂ ^ĞŐƵůŝŶ

&ŝŶĚ ŽƵƚ ŵŽƌĞ͘​͘​͘ >ũƵďůũĂŶĂ ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ hƌďĂŶ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ϮϬϭϰͲϮϬϮϬ (in Slovenian)

protections for existing trees in certain types of development are necessary, or more incentives to encourage tree planting.

Monitoring is often undervalued and underfunded in many cities.

However, there are cases of municipalities successfully partnering with university researchers to monitor

ϐ ȋֻ ͷ Lisbon). Monitoring goes hand-inhand with a commitment to regu Ǣ goals and strategies remain in line with the reality on the ground ȋֻ ͵ ǡ Ͷ ȌǤ

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

D

CONCLUSION AND NEXT STEPS ŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ ZĞĨůĞĐƚŝŶŐ ŽŶ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ŝŶ LJŽƵƌ ĐŝƚLJ ZĂƉŝĚ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĐŚĞĐŬůŝƐƚ ĞƚĂŝůĞĚ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĐŚĞĐŬůŝƐƚ

57

CONCLUSION dŚŝƐ ŐƵŝĚĞ ŚĂƐ ŽƵƚůŝŶĞĚ ƚŚĞ ĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƐ ĨŽƌ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ʹ ǁŚĞƚŚĞƌ ŝƚ ďĞ ƚŽ ŬŝĐŬƐƚĂƌƚ Ă ŶĞǁ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ŝŶ LJŽƵƌ ĐŝƚLJ͕ Žƌ ƚŽ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞ ĂŶ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͘ hůƟŵĂƚĞůLJ͕ ŝƚ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ Ă ĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ ĨŽƌ ŐĞƫŶŐ ƐƚĂƌƚĞĚ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ŝŶƐŝŐŚƚƐ ĨƌŽŵ ĐĂƐĞ ƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚ ƵƌŽƉĞ͘ DŽƌĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĂů ƚŽŽůƐ ĂŶĚ ŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ ĂƌĞ ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ֻdŽŽůďŽdž ƐĞĐƟŽŶ͘ WƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐ ĨŽƌ ůŽĐĂů h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ Before developing a UGI planning strategy, ϐ Ǥ priorities are often driven by widelyrecognised urban challenges. Hence, these challenges may present windows of opportunity for UGI planning to play a greater role in urban development and decision-making overall. In this guide, four key urban challenges have been examined for their relevance to UGI planning: climate change adaptation, biodiversity protection, promoting a green economy and increasing social cohesion. While these are growing in importance, they are not the only ones that cities face. You may identify others that are more pressing for your local community – a declining manufacturing sector, for instance, or rising public healthcare costs.

D ƌŝŶŐŝŶŐ ƚŚŝŶŐƐ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ʹ Ă ŚŽůŝƐƟĐ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ƚŽ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ The underlying principles and practical guidance offered here need to be understood as part of a holistic approach – one that will need to be adapted to suit your local context: the planning system, social, economic and environmental conditions, as well as the available actors. In addition, successfully planning UGI requires a strategic approach. Once clear priorities and objectives are established, the linkages, ϐ these should be taken into account.

Importantly, the four UGI principles are fundamentally inter-linked. For instance, improving connectivity within a green network can increase the provision of ecosystem services, which in turn enhances multifunctionality. Solutions for green-grey integration likewise provide ϐ Ǧ tionality of conventional solutions for transport routes and stormwater disposal.

In parallel to these three principles, it is essential to involve different groups in UGI planning in order to ensure equitable recognition of their needs and distribution ϐ Ȃ ǡ rate the principle of social inclusion.

dŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƐƐĞŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ZƵŚƌ ĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚ ǁĂƐ ƚŚĞ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ 'ƌĞĞŶ ĂƉŝƚĂů ŝŶ ϮϬϭϳ͘ /ƚ ŚĂƐ ďƵŝůƚ ƵƉ Ă ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ ŽĨ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĂŶĚ ďůƵĞ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ ĂŶĚ ŚŝŐŚ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ƉĂƌŬƐ͕ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ <ƌƵƉƉ WĂƌŬ͘ Credit: Johannes Kassenberg

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

59

REFLECTING ON UGI PLANNING IN YOUR CITY dŽ ŚĞůƉ LJŽƵ ĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞ LJŽƵƌ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŽ ŝĚĞŶͲ ƟĨLJ ƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĂĐƟŽŶ ƐƚĞƉƐ ĨŽƌ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƟŶŐ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ ǁĞ ŚĂǀĞ ƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚ ƚǁŽ ĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶ ĐŚĞĐŬůŝƐƚƐ ʹ ŽŶĞ ƌĂƉŝĚ͕ ĂŶĚ ŽŶĞ ĚĞƚĂŝůĞĚ ;ƐĞĞ ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶ ďĞůŽǁ ĨŽƌ ŚŽǁ ƚŚĞLJ ǁŽƌŬͿ͘ Both checklists are tailored to strategic planning at the city-level (such as green space plans or open space plans), but they might also provide insights for regional planning or ǡ Ǧ ϐ Ǥ is to identify the potential to advance or update existing practices, plans and policies by adopting the UGI planning approach (e.g., Are there ϐ ǫ

ĞƚĂŝůĞĚ ĐŚĞĐŬůŝƐƚ Rapid checklist

A

B

Urban challenges

UGI principles

DĂŬŝŶŐ ŝƚ ŚĂƉƉĞŶ͊

60

ǫ ǫȌǤ The suggested measures listed in the detailed checklist are the result of research conducted throughout GREEN SURGE, including a litera ϐ lenges and core UGI planning principles, as well as experiences from cities across Europe that have been studied in-depth (see Deliverable 5.2). The listed measures include planning objectives and actions that could be included in a strategic Ǣ ǡ ϐ ments, and participatory engagement policies that require broader action. This is neither an exhaustive

C

ϭ͘ džŝƐƟŶŐ ƉůĂŶƐ͕ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ ƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚ ƚŽ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ ŝŶ ŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽ ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ ŐĂƉƐ ĂŶĚ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ĨŽƌ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ͖ Ϯ͘ WůĂŶƐ͕ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĂƌĞ ŝŶ ĂŶ ĞĂƌůLJ ƐƚĂŐĞ ŽĨ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉͲ ŵĞŶƚ͕ ŝŶ ŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽ ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ŶĞĞĚƐ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐ ĨŽƌ ĂĐƟŽŶ͘ Both evaluations begin with the one-page rapid checklist.

tŚĂƚ ĨŽƌ͍

tŚŽ͍

dŽ ƚƌŝŐŐĞƌ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶ Žƌ ƚŽ ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ ƚŽƉŝĐƐ of interest for the ĚĞƚĂŝůĞĚ ĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶ͘

&Žƌ ĐŽŵƉůĞƟŶŐ ĞŝƚŚĞƌ ĐŚĞĐŬůŝƐƚ͕ LJŽƵƌ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƚĞĂŵ ƐŚŽƵůĚ be involved (at a minimum).

ZĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟǀĞƐ ŽĨ ŽƚŚĞƌ relevant departments would ŝĚĞĂůůLJ ĂůƐŽ ďĞ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶ͕ ĂŶĚ LJŽƵ ĞǀĞŶ ŵĂLJ ǁŝƐŚ ƚŽ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌ ŝŶǀŝƟŶŐ ŬĞLJ ŶŽŶͲŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͘

A

B

list, nor one that will necessarily suit every situation. For each measure, consider its relevance and adequacy for the given context in your city. Either evaluation can be undertaken for:

To undertake a more ƚŚŽƌŽƵŐŚ ĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶ͕ ŐŽŝŶŐ ŝŶƚŽ ŵŽƌĞ ĚĞƚĂŝů ŽŶ ĞĂĐŚ ŵĂŝŶ ƚŚĞŵĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŐƵŝĚĞ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŝŶŐ Ă ƌĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ͘

,Žǁ͍ ŝƚŚĞƌ ĐŚĞĐŬůŝƐƚ ĐŽƵůĚ ĨŽƌŵ ƚŚĞ ďĂƐŝƐ ĨŽƌ Ă ƐŝŵƉůĞ ĨĂĐĞͲƚŽͲĨĂĐĞ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶ͕ ǁŚŝůĞ ƚŚĞ ĚĞƚĂŝůĞĚ ĐŚĞĐŬůŝƐƚ ĐŽƵůĚ ĂůƐŽ ďĞ ƵƐĞĚ ƚŽ ŐƵŝĚĞ ĂŶ ĞdžƚĞŶĚĞĚ ǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉ (with or without an external ŵŽĚĞƌĂƚŽƌͿ͘ /ĚĞĂůůLJ͕ ƚŚĞ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ƌĞƐƵůƚ ŝŶ ĂŶ ĂĐƟŽŶ ƉůĂŶ ĨŽƌ ĨŽůůŽǁ ƵƉ͘

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

RAPID UGI PLANNING CHECKLIST 5 dŝĐŬ ƚŚŝƐ ďŽdž ŝĨ ĂŶ ŝƚĞŵ ŚĂƐ ĂůƌĞĂĚLJ ďĞĞŶ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ ŝŶ LJŽƵƌ ƉůĂŶ 7

ƌŽƐƐ ƚŚŝƐ ďŽdž ŝĨ ĂĐƟŽŶ ŝƐ ŶĞĞĚĞĚ

Ê

ƌŽƐƐͲůŝŶŬ ƚŽ ƌĞůĂƚĞĚ ĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ ;ŝĨ ĂŶ ĂƌĞĂ ŝƐ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ ĂƐ Ă ƉƌŝŽƌŝƚLJͿ

A

,/Ed͗ &Žƌ ƚŚŽƐĞ ŝƚĞŵƐ ǁŝƚŚ ĐƌŽƐƐĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƌŝŐŚƚͲŚĂŶĚ ďŽdž͕ LJŽƵ ŵŝŐŚƚ ďĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚĞĚ ŝŶ ŐŽŝŶŐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƌƌĞͲ ƐƉŽŶĚŝŶŐ ƐĞĐƚŝŽŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĚĞƚĂŝůĞĚ ĐŚĞĐŬůŝƐƚ ƚŽ ƌĞǀŝĞǁ this area in more depth.

URBAN CHALLENGES UGI planning can help to tackle important urban challenges, such as climate change ĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ͕ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ͕ Ă ŐƌĞĞŶ ĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ͕ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĐŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ͕ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌƐ͘

5 7

ŽĞƐ LJŽƵƌ ƉůĂŶ ;ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ Žƌ ŝŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚͿ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ƚŽ͘​͘​͘ ͙ ĂĚĂƉƚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĂĚǀĞƌƐĞ ĞīĞĐƚƐ ŽĨ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ͕ ĨŽƌ ŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞ ďLJ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐ ǀƵůŶĞƌĂďŝůŝƟĞƐ͕ ƚĂŬŝŶŐ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ ĂĐƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƉƌĞǀĞŶƚ Žƌ ŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞ ĚĂŵĂŐĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ƐĞŝnjŝŶŐ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŵĂLJ ĂƌŝƐĞ ;Ğ͘Ő͘ ůŽǁͲͬŶŽͲƌĞŐƌĞƚ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐͿ͍ >/D d , E'

'Ž ƚŽ ͘ϭ

͙ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚ ůŽĐĂů ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕ ŽīĞƌ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ĨŽƌ ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƌĂŝƐĞ ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ŽĨ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐͲƌŝĐŚ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ͍ 'Ž ƚŽ ͘Ϯ

/K /s Z^/dz

'Z E KEKDz

͙ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞ ƚŽ Ă ŐƌĞĞŶ ĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ ƚŚĂƚ ĂŝŵƐ ƚŽ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞ ŚƵŵĂŶ ǁĞůůͲďĞŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĞƋƵŝƚLJ ǁŚŝůĞ ƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ƌŝƐŬƐ ĂŶĚ ĚĞƉůĞƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͍ dŚŝƐ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞƐ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĚŝƌĞĐƚ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ ͙ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ĞƋƵĂů ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ĨŽƌ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ĨƌŽŵ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ďĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚƐ ƚŽ ĂĐĐĞƐƐ ĂŶĚ ďĞŶĞĮƚ ĨƌŽŵ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŽ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞ ƐŽĐŝĂů ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŵŽŶŐ ƚŚĞŵ͕ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚ ŽĨ ŐƌĞĂƚĞƌ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĐŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ͍

^K / > K, ^/KE

'Ž ƚŽ ͘ϯ

'Ž ƚŽ ͘ϰ

/Ŷ LJŽƵƌ ůŽĐĂů ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͕ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞƌĞ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂů ƉƌĞƐƐŝŶŐ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ͍ WůĞĂƐĞ ŵĂŬĞ Ă ŶŽƚĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞŵ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐ ǁĂLJƐ ƚŚĞLJ ŵŝŐŚƚ ďĞ ƚĂĐŬůĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͘ ͍​͍​͍

B

UGI PLANNING PRINCIPLES UGI planning is an approach based on the core principles of green-grey ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ͕ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ͕ ŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ƐŽĐŝĂů ŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͘

5 7

ŽĞƐ LJŽƵƌ ƉůĂŶ ;ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ Žƌ ŝŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚͿ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ƚŽ͘​͘​͘ …ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ǁŝƚŚ ͚ŐƌĞLJ͛ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ;Ğ͘Ő͘ ƌŽĂĚƐ͕ ĐĂŶĂůƐ͕ ĚƌĂŝŶĂŐĞ ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐͿ ĂŶĚ ƚŽ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞ ĐŽŵďŝŶĞĚ ŐƌĞĞŶͲŐƌĞLJ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ŝŶ ǁĂLJƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ŵŽƌĞ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ƚŚĂŶ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ĞŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ͍

'Ž ƚŽ ͘ϭ

/Ed 'Z d/KE

…ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŝŶ ŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͕ ŵŽďŝůŝƚLJ ďLJ ďŝŬĞ ĂŶĚ ŽŶ ĨŽŽƚ͕ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ǀĞŶƟůĂƟŽŶ͕ ŝĚĞĂůůLJ ďLJ ĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ŐŽĂůƐ ĨŽƌ ŚƵŵĂŶƐ͕ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĂďŝŽƟĐ ŇŽǁƐ͍ KEE d/s/dz

͙ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ƚŽ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů͕ ƐŽĐŝŽͲĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĂŶĚ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͕ ĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ŝŶ ǁĂLJƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ƐLJŶĞƌŐŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĚƵĐĞ ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƚƌĂĚĞͲŽīƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞŵ͍ Dh>d/&hE d/KE >/dz

͙ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟǀĞ͕ ƐŽĐŝĂůůLJ ŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĂƌĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƚŽ Ăůů ĂŶĚ ŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ĂŶĚ ŶĞĞĚƐ ŽĨ ĚŝǀĞƌƐĞ ƉĂƌƟĞƐ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐ ŽŶ ǀƵůŶĞƌĂďůĞ ƐŽĐŝĂů ŐƌŽƵƉƐ͍ ^K / > /E >h^/KE URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

'Ž ƚŽ ͘Ϯ

'Ž ƚŽ ͘ϯ

'Ž ƚŽ ͘ϰ

61

DETAILED UGI PLANNING CHECKLIST 5 dŝĐŬ ƚŚŝƐ ďŽdž ŝĨ ĂŶ ŝƚĞŵ ŚĂƐ ĂůƌĞĂĚLJ ďĞĞŶ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ ŝŶ LJŽƵƌ ƉůĂŶ 7 ƌŽƐƐ ƚŚŝƐ ďŽdž ŝĨ ĂĐƟŽŶ ŝƐ ŶĞĞĚĞĚ Ê

ƌŽƐƐͲůŝŶŬ ƚŽ ƌĞůĂƚĞĚ ĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ ;ŝĨ ĂŶ ĂƌĞĂ ŝƐ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ ĂƐ Ă ƉƌŝŽƌŝƚLJͿ

,/Ed͗ hƐĞ ƚŚĞ ƐƉĂĐĞ ŶĞdžƚ ƚŽ ĞĂĐŚ ƐĞĐƟŽŶ ƚŽ ŶŽƚĞ ĚŽǁŶ ƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐ͕ ŽƚŚĞƌ ŝĚĞĂƐ͕ Žƌ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ƐƚĞƉƐ ĨŽƌ ĂĐƟŽŶ͘ tŚĞŶ ƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ ĂďŽƵƚ ǁŚĂƚ͛Ɛ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ ĨŽƌ LJŽƵƌ ůŽĐĂů ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͕ ŵĂŬĞ ƐƵƌĞ LJŽƵ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌ ƚŚĞ ĨƵůů ƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ ŽĨ ƚLJƉĞƐ ŽĨ ŐƌĞĞŶ ;ĂŶĚ ďůƵĞͿ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŵĂŬĞ ƵƉ h'/ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ƵƌďĂŶ ĨĂƌŵůĂŶĚ͕ ƐĐŚŽŽůŐƌŽƵŶĚƐ͕ ƌĂŝůƌŽĂĚ ĞŵďĂŶŬŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ŐƌĞĞŶ ǁĂůůƐ͕ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƌŽŽĨƐ ĂŶĚ ĂďĂŶĚŽŶĞĚ ĂƌĞĂƐ ʹ ƐĞĞ 'ƵŝĚĞ WĂƌƚ ͗ 'ƌĞĞŶ ^ƉĂĐĞ dLJƉŽůŽŐLJͿ͘

5 7

A URBAN CHALLENGES A1

EŽƚĞƐ ;ƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐͬŝĚĞĂƐͬĂĐƟŽŶƐͿ

ůŝŵĂƚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ͗ ^ƉĞĐŝĮĐ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ŵĂLJ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͗

A1.1 ƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ŝŵƉĂĐƚƐ ŽĨ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ĞīĞĐƚƐ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ǀƵůŶĞƌĂďůĞ ĂƌĞĂƐ Žƌ ŐƌŽƵƉƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ůŝǀŝŶŐ ŝŶ ŇŽŽĚͲ ƉƌŽŶĞ͕ ĚĞŶƐĞůLJ ďƵŝůƚ Žƌ ƐŽĐŝŽͲĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂůůLJ ĚŝƐĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞĚ ĂƌĞĂƐͿ͘ A1.2 ZĞĚƵĐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ŚĞĂƚ ŝƐůĂŶĚ ĞīĞĐƚ ŝŶ ĚĞŶƐĞ ĂƌĞĂƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ƌĞƋƵŝƌŝŶŐ Žƌ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŝƐŝŶŐ ƐƚƌĞĞƚ ƚƌĞĞƐ͕ ŐƌĞĞŶ ǁĂůůƐ ĂŶĚ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƌŽŽĨƐ͕ ƌĞƋƵŝƌŝŶŐ ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĂŵŽƵŶƚƐ ŝŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐͿ͘ A1.3 W ƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ƌĞĨƵŐĞƐ ĨŽƌ ǀƵůŶĞƌĂďůĞ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐ ŝŶ ŚŝŐŚ ĚĞŶƐŝƚLJ ĂƌĞĂƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͘ ƐŚĂĚĞĚ ĂƌĞĂƐ ĂŶĚͬŽƌ ĂƌĞĂƐ ǁŝƚŚ ǁĂƚĞƌ ĨĞĂƚƵƌĞƐͿ A1.4 D ĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ƚŽ ƉƌĞǀĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞ ĚĂŵĂŐĞ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞƐƚŽƌŝŶŐ ŇŽŽĚƉůĂŝŶƐ͕ ǁĞƚůĂŶĚƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽĂƐƚĂů ůĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƐ ϭ͘ϱ ĞĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĂŵŽƵŶƚ ŽĨ ŝŵƉĞƌǀŝŽƵƐ ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ ;Ğ͘Ő͘ ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞͲ ŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŝƐŝŶŐ ƉĞƌǀŝŽƵƐ Žƌ ƐĞŵŝͲƉĞƌǀŝŽƵƐ ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞƐͿ͘ A1.6 ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ Ă ƉůĂŶƟŶŐ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ĐŽŵƉŽƐĞĚ ŽĨ ĚŝǀĞƌƐĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ;ǁŝƚŚ ƉƌĞĨͲ ĞƌĞŶĐĞ ĨŽƌ ŚĞĂƚͲƚŽůĞƌĂŶƚ ǀĂƌŝĞƟĞƐ͕ ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJ ĨŽƌ ƐƚƌĞĞƚ ƚƌĞĞƐͿ͘

Ê

ϭ /ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ͕ ϭ ƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐ h'/ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ͕ ϯ ŶŐĂŐŝŶŐ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ

A2

ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͗ ^ƉĞĐŝĮĐ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ŵĂLJ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͗

A2.1 WƌŽƚĞĐƟŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĞŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐ ŶĂƟǀĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ďŝŽƚŽƉĞƐ͕ ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJ ƚŚŽƐĞ ƚŚĂƚ ĂƌĞ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůůLJ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚƌĞĂƚĞŶĞĚ͘ dŚŝƐ ŵĂLJ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ƌĞƐƚŽƌŝŶŐ ĚĂŵĂŐĞĚ ǀĂůƵĂďůĞ ŚĂďŝƚĂƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƚƌŽůůŝŶŐ ŝŶǀĂƐŝǀĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͘ A2.2 ƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŝŶŐ Ă ǁĞůůͲĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĞĚ͕ ĐŝƚLJǁŝĚĞ ĂŶĚ ĚŝǀĞƌƐĞ ďŝŽƚŽƉĞͬŚĂďŝƚĂƚ network.

A2.3 ƌĞĂƟŶŐ ĂƌĞĂƐ ŽĨ ůŽǁ ŝŶƚĞŶƐŝƚLJ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ǁŚĞƌĞ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ ĐĂŶ ͚ƌƵŶ ǁŝůĚ͛ ĂŶĚ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ĐĂŶ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚ ƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐ ƐƉŽŶƚĂŶĞŽƵƐůLJ͕ Žƌ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŶŐ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ƐŝƚĞƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ďƌŽǁŶĮĞůĚƐ ǁŝƚŚ ŚŝŐŚ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ŚĂďŝƚĂƚƐͿ͘ A2.4 WƌŽŵŽƟŶŐ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŝŶ ŽƌŶĂŵĞŶƚĂů ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ƉĂƌŬƐ͕ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƌŽŽĨƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƐƚƌĞĞƚ ŐƌĞĞŶ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ďLJ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂů ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕ ƉůĂŶƟŶŐ ŶĂƟǀĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͕ ĂůůŽǁŝŶŐ ĨŽƌ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝŽŶ͕ ĂŶĚ ƉůĂŶƟŶŐ ƉŽůůŝŶĂƟŽŶͲĨƌŝĞŶĚůLJ ƉůĂŶƚƐͿ͘ Ϯ͘ϱ WƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐ ŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ ĂŶĚͬŽƌ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀĞƐ ƚŽ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐͲ ĂŶĚ ŚŽŵĞŽǁŶĞƌƐ ƚŽ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ ;ĨŽƌ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ƐĞĞ ƉƌŝŽƌ ƉŽŝŶƚͿ͘ A2.6 ĚƵĐĂƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ǁĂLJƐ ƚŽ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚ ŝƚ͕ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞŵ ƚŽ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ͘

Ê

62

Ϯ ŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ͕ ϯ DƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJ͕ Ϯ ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ƉůĂŶƐ

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

A URBAN CHALLENGES A3

5 7

EŽƚĞƐ ;ƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐͬŝĚĞĂƐͬĂĐƟŽŶƐͿ

WƌŽŵŽƟŶŐ Ă ŐƌĞĞŶ ĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ͗ ^ƉĞĐŝĮĐ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ŵĂLJ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͗

A3.1 ƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ǀĂůƵĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ and ĂǀŽŝĚĞĚ ĐŽƐƚƐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĐĂŶ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ƌĞĚƵĐĞĚ ĂƐƚŚŵĂ ĂŶĚ ƌĞƐƉŝƌĂƚŽƌLJ ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ ƌĂƚĞƐ͕ ĂǀŽŝĚĞĚ ĚĂŵĂŐĞ ĨƌŽŵ ŇŽŽĚŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ĞǀĞŶƚƐͿ͘ A3.2 ŶŐĂŐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ ŝŶ ĮŶĂŶĐŝŶŐ h'/ ;Ğ͘Ő͘ ƉƵďůŝĐͲƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ ƉĂƌƚͲ ŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƐ͕ ƌĞŐƵůĂƚŽƌLJ ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ƚĂdžĞƐ͕ ƵƐĞƌͲƉĂLJƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵƉĞŶƐĂƟŽŶ ƐĐŚĞŵĞƐ͕ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚƐͿ͘ A3.3 ŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ ǀŽůƵŶƚĞĞƌƐ ĨŽƌ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ and ŵĂŝŶƚĞͲ ŶĂŶĐĞ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƟŵĞ ďĂŶŬƐ͕ ƌĞǁĂƌĚ ƐĐŚĞŵĞƐ͕ ŶŽŶͲƉƌŽĮƚ ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌŝŶŐͿ͘ A3.4 W ƌŽŵŽƟŶŐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĂƐ ĂŶ ĂƐƐĞƚ ŝŶ ĐŝƚLJ ŵĂƌŬĞƟŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ͘

Ê

ϰ ^ŽĐŝĂů ŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͕ ϯ ŶŐĂŐŝŶŐ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͕ ϰ /ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ

A4

/ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĐŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ͗ ^ƉĞĐŝĮĐ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ŵĂLJ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͗

A4.1 ƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐ Žƌ ĐƌĞĂƟŶŐ ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐ ĨŽƌ equitable ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ accessibility ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐ ƉĂƌŬƐ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ Ă ϭϱ ŵŝŶƵƚĞ ǁĂůŬ ŽĨ Ăůů ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝŶŐ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƚƌĂŶƐŝƚ ůŝŶŬƐ ƚŽ ƉŽƉƵůĂƌ ƉĂƌŬƐͿ͘ A4.2 ŶƐƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ƐĂĨĞƚLJ ŽĨ ŶĞǁ ĂŶĚ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞ ůŝŐŚƟŶŐ͕ ŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ͕ ĚĞƐŝŐŶͿ͕ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ĚĞƐŝŐŶŝŶŐ ŶĞǁ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŝŶ ǁĂLJƐ ƚŚĂƚ ůĞĂǀĞ ƌŽŽŵ ĨŽƌ ĐƌĞĂƟǀĞ ƉůĂLJ ĂŶĚ ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚ ŝĚĞŶƟƚLJ͘ A4.3 WƌŽŵŽƟŶŐ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ Žƌ ŝŶƚĞƌĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ŐĂƌĚĞŶƐ ĂƐ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ǁŚĞƌĞ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ĨƌŽŵ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ďĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚƐ ŵĂLJ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚ͘ A4.4 ^ƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ ůŽĐĂů E'KƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ͛ ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ ƚŽ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘

Ê

ϰ ^ŽĐŝĂů ŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͕ ϯ ŶŐĂŐŝŶŐ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͕ ϰ /ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ

A5

KƚŚĞƌ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ͗

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

63

5 7

B UGI PRINCIPLES B1

EŽƚĞƐ ;ƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐͬŝĚĞĂƐͬĂĐƟŽŶƐͿ

/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ͗ ^ƉĞĐŝĮĐ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ŵĂLJ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͗

ϭ͘ϭ >ŝŶŬŝŶŐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ǁŝƚŚ ƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ to improve water ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĚƵĐĞ ƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ŽŶ ƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀĞƐ Žƌ ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐ ĨŽƌ ĚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝƐĞĚ ǁĂƚĞƌ ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĚƌĂŝŶĂŐĞ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƌĂŝŶ ŐĂƌĚĞŶƐ͕ ƐǁĂůĞƐ͕ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƌŽŽĨƐ͕ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚ ǁĞƚůĂŶĚƐ ĂŶĚ ƉĞƌŵĞĂďůĞ ƉĂǀĞŵĞŶƚ͖ ĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝƐĞĚ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ ůŝŬĞ ďŝŽƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶ ďĂƐŝŶƐ͖ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ĐŽŽƉͲ ĞƌĂƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ǀĞŐĞƚĂƚĞĚ ƌŝǀĞƌ ďƵīĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ǁĞƚůĂŶĚ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶͿ͘ ϭ͘Ϯ >ŝŶŬŝŶŐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ǁŝƚŚ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ to improve air ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ͕ ŵŝƟŐĂƚĞ ŶŽŝƐĞ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ƐĂĨĞ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ĨŽƌ ǁĂůŬŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ďŝŬŝŶŐ ĂŶĚͬŽƌ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ǀĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ŚŽƵƐĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚƌĂƉ ƉŽůůƵƚĂŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ŶŽŝƐĞ ĂůŽŶŐ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ͖ ŝŶƐƚĂůůŝŶŐ ďŝŬĞ ƉĂƚŚƐ ŝŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐͿ͘ ϭ͘ϯ >ŝŶŬŝŶŐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ǁŝƚŚ ĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐͲ ture ƚŽ ŵĂdžŝŵŝƐĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ĞĸĐŝĞŶĐŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞ ǁĂůŬŝŶŐ͕ ďŝŬŝŶŐ͕ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ͕ ĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐ ĂƉƉĞĂƌĂŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ĞĚƵĐĂͲ ƟŽŶĂů ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ďŝŬĞ ƉĂƚŚƐ ĂůŽŶŐ ƉŽǁĞƌůŝŶĞ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ͕ ƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐ ŶĂƟǀĞ ǀĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶ͕ ŝŶƐƚĂůůŝŶŐ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶ ƐŝŐŶĂŐĞͿ͘ ϭ͘ϰ >ŝŶŬŝŶŐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ǁŝƚŚ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ ƚŽ ŵĂdžŝŵŝƐĞ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů͕ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂů ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂů ĂƌĞĂƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ Žƌ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀĞƐ ĨŽƌ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĐŽƵƌƚLJĂƌĚƐ Žƌ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƌŽŽĨƐͿ͘

Ê

ϯ DƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJ͕ ϯ ŶŐĂŐŝŶŐ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͕ ϰ /ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ

B2

ŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ͗ ^ƉĞĐŝĮĐ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ŵĂLJ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͗

Ϯ͘ϭ ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀŝŶŐ Ă ĐŝƚLJͲǁŝĚĞ and ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůůLJͲůŝŶŬĞĚ ŐƌĞĞŶ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ ƚŚĂƚ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞƐ ƐLJŶĞƌŐŝĞƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͕ ŵŽďŝůŝƚLJ͕ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ͕ ǁŝůĚůŝĨĞ͕ ůŽĐĂů ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ďƵŝůƚ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘ Ϯ͘Ϯ ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐ Ă ǁĞůůͲĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĞĚ͕ ƐĂĨĞ bike and pedestrian ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ƚŽ Įůů ŝŶ ŵŝƐƐŝŶŐ ƐĞŐŵĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ ŬĞLJ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ͕ ƉƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐ Ă ďŝŬĞ ŵĂƉͿ ĂŶĚ ĞŶƐƵƌŝŶŐ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŽ ďŽƚŚ ůŽĐĂů ƉĂƌŬƐ ĂŶĚ ŬĞLJ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂů ĂƌĞĂƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŶŐ ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞͲ ŵĞŶƚƐ ĨŽƌ ƉĂƌŬ ĂĐĐĞƐƐ͕ ĞŶƐƵƌŝŶŐ ĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞ ĂĐĐĞƐƐ ƉŽŝŶƚƐ Ăƚ ŬĞLJ ƉĂƌŬƐͿ͘ Ϯ͘ϯ ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀŝŶŐ Ă ŚĂďŝƚĂƚ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ to support the ŵŽǀĞͲ ŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ;ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐ ĐƌŝƟĐĂů ŚĂďŝƚĂƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ďĂƌƌŝĞƌƐ Žƌ ďŽƩůĞŶĞĐŬƐͿ ĂŶĚ ĞŶƐƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĂƚ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ŚĂďŝƚĂƚƐ ĨŽƌ ŇŽƌĂ ĂŶĚ ĨĂƵŶĂ ĂƌĞ ǁĞůůͲĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͕ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ƐŽƵŶĚ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ŬĞLJ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͕ ŚĂďŝƚĂƚ ƉƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ͕ ƐĞĞĚ ĚŝƐƉĞƌƐĂů͕ ĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ ĐĂƉĂďŝůŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ƉĂƩĞƌŶƐͿ͘ Ϯ͘ϰ ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ ĂŶĚ ͚ƉĞƌĨŽƌĂƚĞĚ͛ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ;Ğ͘Ő͘ ĂƌĞĂƐ ŽĨ ĚŝƐƉĞƌƐĞĚ ǀĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶͿ ĐĂƉĂďůĞ ŽĨ ŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ǀĞŶƟůĂƟŽŶ as well as ŇŽŽĚ ĐŽŶƚƌŽů in vulnerable areas.

Ê

64

Ϯ ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕ ϭ /ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ͕ ϭ ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ƉůĂŶƐ

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

B UGI PRINCIPLES B3

5 7

EŽƚĞƐ ;ƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐͬŝĚĞĂƐͬĂĐƟŽŶƐͿ

DƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJ͗ ^ƉĞĐŝĮĐ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ŵĂLJ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͗

ϯ͘ϭ ƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐ the various ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů͕ ƐŽĐŝĂů and ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ ƚŚĞƐĞ ƚŽ ƉŽůŝĐLJͲŵĂŬĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ͘ ϯ͘Ϯ ƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĚĞŵĂŶĚ ĨŽƌ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJ ƚŽ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ ŶŽǁ ĂŶĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ůŽŶŐ ƚĞƌŵ͘ ϯ͘ϯ ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ƉůĂŶƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚ h'/͛Ɛ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ĐŝƚLJͲǁŝĚĞ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ƐŽĐŝŽͲĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ ĐŽŶƚĞŵƉůĂƟŽŶ͕ ƐŽĐŝĂů ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶ͕ ƐƉŽƌƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƉůĂLJͿ͕ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ŚĂďŝƚĂƚƐ ĨŽƌ ƌĂƌĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͕ ǁŝůĚĞƌŶĞƐƐͿ͕ ƌĞŐƵůĂƟŶŐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ ƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶ͕ ŇŽŽĚ ĐŽŶƚƌŽůͿ Žƌ ƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶŝŶŐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ͕ ĨƌĞƐŚ ǁĂƚĞƌ͕ ǁŽŽĚͿ͘ ϯ͘ϰ ƚ ƚŚĞ ƐŝƚĞ ůĞǀĞů͕ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŝŶ ǁĂLJƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ƐLJŶĞƌŐŝĞƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĚƵĐĞ ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ǀŝƐŝƚŽƌ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ Žƌ ƐƉĂƟĂů ƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĐŽŶŇŝĐƟŶŐ ƵƐĞƐͿ͘

Ê

ϯ ŶŐĂŐŝŶŐ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͕ Ϯ ƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐ h'/ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ

B4

^ŽĐŝĂů ŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͗ ^ƉĞĐŝĮĐ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ŵĂLJ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͗

ϰ͘ϭ ĐƟǀĞůLJ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ ŝŶ ƉůĂŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ and ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ǀŝƐŝŽŶŝŶŐ ĨŽƌƵŵƐ͕ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶŶĂŝƌĞƐ͕ ĐŚĂƌƌĞƩĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ͛ juries). ϰ͘Ϯ DŽďŝůŝƐŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ǀŝĞǁƐ ŽĨ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐ ŶŽƚ ƵƐƵĂůůLJ ĂĐƟǀĞ ŝŶ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ǁŝƚŚ ĚŝƐĂďŝůŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĞůĚĞƌůLJ͕ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ĂŶĚ ĂĚŽůĞƐĐĞŶƚƐ͕ ŝŵŵŝŐƌĂŶƚƐ͕ ůŽǁͲŝŶĐŽŵĞ ĂŶĚ ŚŽŵĞůĞƐƐ ƉĞŽƉůĞͿ ďLJ ĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ŽƌŝĞŶƚĞĚ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ƚŚĞƐĞ ŐƌŽƵƉƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ WŚŽƚŽͲ ǀŽŝĐĞͿ͘ ϰ͘ϯ ĞůĞŐĂƟŶŐ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŽ ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ďLJ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌLJ ďƵĚŐĞƟŶŐ͕ ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ͛ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐĂƌĚĞŶŝŶŐ ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ͕ ǀŽůƵŶƚĞĞƌ ŵĂŝŶƚĞͲ ŶĂŶĐĞ ƐĐŚĞŵĞƐ Žƌ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĨŽƌŵƐ ŽĨ ĐŝǀŝĐ ĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ĨŽƌ h'/Ϳ͘

Ê

ϯ ŶŐĂŐŝŶŐ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͕ ϰ ^ŽĐŝĂů ĐŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

65

C EMBEDDING UGI IN PLANNING

To successfully embed UGI in the planning process, a number of factors have ďĞĞŶ ƐŚŽǁŶ ƚŽ ďĞ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ͕ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŶŐ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƉůĂŶƐ͕ ĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ƌĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ĮŶĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŵĞĂŶƐ ĨŽƌ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ͘

5 7

EŽƚĞƐ ;ƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐͬŝĚĞĂƐͬĂĐƟŽŶƐͿ

C1

ƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐ h'/ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ͗ ^ƉĞĐŝĮĐ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ƚŽ ĞdžƉĂŶĚ ŬŶŽǁůͲ ĞĚŐĞ ďĂƐĞ ĂŶĚ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ĨŽƌ h'/ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĨŽƌŵ ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲŵĂŬŝŶŐ ŵĂLJ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͗ C1.1 ŽŶĚƵĐƟŶŐ Ă ĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŽĨ Ăůů ƚLJƉĞƐ ;ŝ͘Ğ͕͘ ĂůƐŽ ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ ĂŶĚ ƵŶĚĞƌƵƟůŝƐĞĚ ƐŝƚĞƐ ůŝŬĞ ďƌŽǁŶĮĞůĚƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĂŝůͲ ǁĂLJƐͿ ŝŶ ŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽ ďĞƩĞƌ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĚĞĮĐŝƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ŽĨ LJŽƵƌ h'/ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ƋƵĂŶƟƚLJ͕ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ͕ ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ͕ ĂĐĐĞƐƐ͕ ƐƵƉƉůLJ ŽĨ ďĞŶĞͲ ĮƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŝƟnjĞŶ ĚĞŵĂŶĚͿ͘

C1.2 /ĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ĂƌĞĂƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ďĞ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĞĚ Žƌ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚ and the need for ŶĞǁ h'/ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞŵ͘ C1.3 hƐŝŶŐ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ƚŽ ĂƐƐĞƐƐ ŶŽƚ ũƵƐƚ h'/͛^ ŵŽŶĞƚĂƌLJ ǀĂůƵĞ͕ ďƵƚ ŝƚƐ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĂŶĚ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ǀĂůƵĞ ƚŽŽ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ͘ C1.4 &ƌĂŵŝŶŐ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚƐ ŝŶ ƚĞƌŵƐ ŽĨ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ ƚŽ ďĞ ƚĂĐŬůĞĚ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ǀƵůŶĞƌͲ ĂďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉĂĐƚƐ ŽĨ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ͕ ŚĂďŝƚĂƚƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĂƌĞ ƚŚƌĞĂƚĞŶĞĚͿ ĂŶĚ ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƟŶŐ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ĐŽƐƚͲƐĂǀŝŶŐƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ďLJ ĐŽŶĚƵĐƟŶŐ Ă ĐŽƐƚͲ ďĞŶĞĮƚ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐͿ͘ ϭ͘ϱ /ůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŶŐ h'/ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ŝŶ Ă ĨŽƌŵĂƚ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƐ ĂƩƌĂĐƟǀĞ ĂŶĚ ĞĂƐLJ ƚŽ ƵŶĚĞƌͲ ƐƚĂŶĚ ĨŽƌ ŶŽŶͲĞdžƉĞƌƚƐ ;ůŽĐĂů ƉŽůŝƟĐŝĂŶƐ͕ ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲŵĂŬĞƌƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŐĞŶĞƌĂů ƉƵďůŝĐͿ ŝŶ ŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽ ƌĂŝƐĞ ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐ ĂŶĚ ŐĂŝŶ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ.

C2

ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ƉůĂŶƐ͗ ^ƉĞĐŝĮĐ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ƚŽ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐĂůůLJ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ h'/ ǁŝƚŚ ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐ ŵĂLJ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͗

C2.1 ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ Ă ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ƉůĂŶ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵ ǀŝƐŝŽŶ ĨŽƌ h'/ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉͲ ŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ƌĞŐƵůĂƌ ƵƉĚĂƚĞƐ ƚŽ ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌ ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞƐƉŽŶĚ ƚŽ ĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐ ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ͘ C2.2 ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŝŶŐ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂƌĞ ͚ŶŽͲƌĞŐƌĞƚ͛ or ͚ůŽǁͲƌĞŐƌĞƚ͛ (i.e., ĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚ ƚŽ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ ƌŽďƵƐƚŶĞƐƐ Ăƚ ůŽǁ ĐŽƐƚƐ Žƌ ƚŽ ĐŽŵƉĞŶƐĂƚĞ ĨŽƌ ĞdžƚƌĂ ĐŽƐƚƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ĂĚĚĞĚ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐͿ͘ C2.3 'ĞƫŶŐ ƉůĂŶ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ͗ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŵĂŶĚĂƚĞƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ŐůŽďĂů Žƌ ŶĂƟŽŶĂů ƉŽůŝͲ ĐŝĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶ ĂŶĚ ŝƚƐ ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐͿ͕ ďLJ ůŝŶŬŝŶŐ ŝƚ ƚŽ ůŽĐĂůůLJ important ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ ;ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞͿ ĂŶĚͬŽƌ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ ƐƚƌŽŶŐ ĂĚǀŽĐĂƚĞƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ƉŽůŝƟĐŝĂŶƐ͕ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů E'KƐͿ͘ C2.4 ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ Ă ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚ h'/ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ďLJ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĨƵůů ƐƉĞĐƚƌƵŵ ŽĨ ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ĨŽƌŵĂů ĂŶĚ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂůͿ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚƐ ĂŶĚ ǁĞĂŬŶĞƐƐĞƐ͕ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ Ă ƌĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ŵĞĐŚͲ ĂŶŝƐŵƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ĨƵŶĚŝŶŐ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ͕ ƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ͕ ƉŝůŽƚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ƚŽ ĚĞŵŽŶͲ ƐƚƌĂƚĞ ŶĞǁ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ͕ ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ ƚŽ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ŶŽŶͲƐƚĂƚĞ ĂĐƚŽƌ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞͲ ment). Ϯ͘ϱ >ŝŶŬŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ h'/ ƉůĂŶ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚŽƐĞ ŽĨ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐͬƐĞĐƚŽƌƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚŽƐĞ Ăƚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ůĞǀĞůƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ůĞǀĞůƐͿ͕ ĂŝŵŝŶŐ Ăƚ ƐLJŶĞƌŐŝĞƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĂŝĚ ŽĨ ĐƌŽƐƐͲƐĞĐƚŽƌĂů ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ŐƌŽƵƉƐ Žƌ ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚ͕ ƐŝŵƵůͲ ƚĂŶĞŽƵƐ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƉůĂŶƐͿ͘

66

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

C EMBEDDING UGI IN PLANNING C3

5 7

EŽƚĞƐ ;ƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐͬŝĚĞĂƐͬĂĐƟŽŶƐͿ

ŶŐĂŐŝŶŐ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͗ ^ƉĞĐŝĮĐ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ƚŽ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞ Ă ǀĂƌŝĞƚLJ ŽĨ ĂĐƚŽƌƐ ŝŶ ŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞ h'/ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŵĂLJ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͗

C3.1 /ĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐ ƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚ ĂĐƚŽƌƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ƐƚĂī ŝŶ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ĞdžƚĞƌŶĂů ĞdžƉĞƌƚƐ͕ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƟĞƐ͕ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐ ĂŶĚ Đŝǀŝů ƐŽĐŝĞƚLJͿ ƚŚĂƚ ĂƌĞ ŶŽƚ LJĞƚ ĞŶŐĂŐĞĚ ŝŶ h'/ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ ĂŶĚ ĮŶĚŝŶŐ ŵĞĂŶŝŶŐĨƵů ǁĂLJƐ ƚŽ ĞŶŐĂŐĞ them ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ďLJ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ͕ ďLJ ĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ ƌĞĂĐŚŝŶŐ ŽƵƚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞŵ͕ Žƌ ďLJ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀĞƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞŵĞŶƚͿ͘ C3.2 ŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĞdžƚĞƌŶĂů ĞdžƉĞƌƚƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐ ŝŶƚĞƌĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌLJ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƐŚĂƌĞĚ ƚŽƉŝĐƐ Žƌ ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ ƌĞůĂƚĞĚ ƚŽ h'/ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ƐŚĂƌŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĞdžĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ĨƌŽŵ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĮĞůĚƐ ŽĨ ĞdžƉĞƌƟƐĞ ĂŶĚ ĂŝŵŝŶŐ Ăƚ ƐŚĂƌĞĚ h'/ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐͿ͘ C3.3 ŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ ŶŽŶͲŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĂů ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͕ Ğ͘Ő͘ ďLJ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ ĐŽͲŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ ĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ďŽƩŽŵͲƵƉ ŝŶŝƟĂͲ ƟǀĞƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ŐĂƌĚĞŶƐͿ͕ ĂŶĚ ĨŽƐƚĞƌŝŶŐ the required ƐŬŝůůƐ ĂŶĚ ĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬƐ ĨŽƌ ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŶŐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ Žƌ ŽƵƚƐŝĚĞ ƚŚĞ ĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟŽŶ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ƚĂŬŝŶŐ ŽŶ Ă ƐƵƉĞƌǀŝƐŝŶŐ͕ ŵŽĚĞƌĂƟŶŐ Žƌ ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƟŶŐ ƌŽůĞ͕ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŝŶŐ ĐŽŶƚƌĂĐƚ ĂŐƌĞĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĂĐĐĞƐƐ ƌŝŐŚƚƐͿ͘ C4

/ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͗ ^ƉĞĐŝĮĐ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ƚŽ ĂŝĚ ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂͲ ƟŽŶ ŽĨ h'/ ƉůĂŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ŵĂLJ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͗

C4.1 hƐŝŶŐ ƉŝůŽƚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ƚŽ ƚĞƐƚ ŶŽǀĞů ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ ŝŶ ĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚ ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ĞŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐ͕ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͕ ǁĂƚĞƌ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͕ ƉĂƌŬƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶͿ͘ ZĞƐƵůƚƐ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ ĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞĚ ƚŽ ĞŶĂďůĞ ƐƵĐŚ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ƚŽ ďĞ ƌĞĮŶĞĚ ďĞĨŽƌĞ ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶ ŽŶ Ă ůĂƌŐĞƌ ƐĐĂůĞ͘ C4.2 džƉůŽƌŝŶŐ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂů ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ Žƌ ŶĂƟŽŶĂů ĨƵŶĚŝŶŐ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ͕ ĨƵŶĚƐ ĨƌŽŵ ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ ĂĐƚŽƌƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ WƵďůŝĐͲWƌŝǀĂƚĞͲWĂƌƚŶĞƌͲ ƐŚŝƉƐ͕ ĐŽŵƉĞŶƐĂƟŽŶ ƐĐŚĞŵĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƌĞŐƵůĂƚŽƌLJ ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐͿ͕ ũŽŝŶƚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ǁŝƚŚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ Žƌ ŶŽŶͲĮŶĂŶĐŝĂů ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ǀŽůƵŶƚĂƌLJ ǁŽƌŬ ĂŶĚ ůŽĐĂů ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͘ C4.3 DŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐ ƚŽ ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͛Ɛ h'/ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞ ƚĂƌŐĞƚƐ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶ ƚŽ ĂĚũƵƐƚ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ŝĨ ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ ĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞ͘

t, d EKt͍ tĞ ŚŽƉĞ ƚŚŝƐ ĐŚĞĐŬůŝƐƚ ŚĂƐ ŚĞůƉĞĚ LJŽƵ ƚŽ ƌĞŇĞĐƚ ŽŶ LJŽƵƌ ƉůĂŶ ĂŶĚ ŚŽǁ ƚŽ ŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ h'/ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ŝŶƚŽ ŝƚ͕ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ƚŽ ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ ƐŽŵĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ĨŽƌ ĂĐƟŽŶ͘ /Ĩ LJŽƵ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŽŽ ŵĂŶLJ ĂƌĞĂƐ ǁŚĞƌĞ ĂĐƟŽŶ ŝƐ ŶĞĞĚĞĚ͕ ƚŚŝŶŬ ĂďŽƵƚ ƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞŵ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĮǀĞ ŵŽƐƚ ƵƌŐĞŶƚ Žƌ ŵŽƐƚ ƉƌŽŵŝƐŝŶŐ ŽŶĞƐ͘ dŽ ŚĞůƉ ďƵŝůĚ Ă ĐŽŚĞƌĞŶƚ h'/ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ͕ ǁĞ ŝŶǀŝƚĞ LJŽƵ ƚŽ ǀŝƐŝƚ ;Žƌ ƌĞǀŝƐŝƚͿ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĂƌĞĂƐ ŽĨ ŽƵƌ WƌĂĐƟƟŽŶĞƌƐ͛ 'ƵŝĚĞ͗ ͻ ŽƌĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů͕ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚĞƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞŵ ;ƐĞĞ 'ƵŝĚĞ WĂƌƚ Ϳ͖ ͻ 'ƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƚLJƉĞƐ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ LJŽƵƌ ĐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ;ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůͿ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ ƚŽ Ă ŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂů ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĞĚ h'/ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ ;ƐĞĞ 'ƵŝĚĞ WĂƌƚ ͗ 'ƌĞĞŶ ^ƉĂĐĞ dLJƉŽůŽŐLJͿ͖ ͻ dŽŽůƐ ƚŽ ĂƐƐĞƐƐ ƚŚĞ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ ƐƚĂƚĞ ŽĨ LJŽƵƌ ĐŝƚLJ͛Ɛ h'/ ;ƐĞĞ 'ƵŝĚĞ WĂƌƚ ͗ ƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐ h'/ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞůĂƚĞĚ dŽŽůďŽdžĞƐͿ͖ ͻ WŽƚĞŶƟĂůůLJ ŚĞůƉĨƵů ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĞƌƐ ŝŶ ĂŶĚ ŽƵƚƐŝĚĞ LJŽƵƌ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ;ƐĞĞ 'ƵŝĚĞ WĂƌƚ ͗ ŶŐĂŐŝŶŐ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐͿ͖ ͻ /ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ LJŽƵ ŶĞĞĚ ĂŶĚ ǁĂLJƐ ƚŽ ŽďƚĂŝŶ ƚŚĞŵ ;ƐĞĞ 'ƵŝĚĞ WĂƌƚ ͗ /ŵƉůĞͲ ŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ dŽŽůďŽdž dϴͿ͕ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ͖ ͻ ĂƌƌŝĞƌƐ ƚŚĂƚ LJŽƵ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ŽǀĞƌĐŽŵĞ ;ƐĞĞ ĐĂƐĞ ƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚ 'ƵŝĚĞ͕ ĂŶĚ Ăƚ WĂƌƚ Ϳ͘ URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

67

E

ZK^^ͳ hdd/E' ^ ^dh / ^ ϭ Ϯ ϯ ϰ ϱ ϲ

/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚŝŽŶ ĨŽƌ ƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ DŝůĂŶ͛Ɛ ZĞŐŝŽŶĂů ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů EĞƚǁŽƌŬ ZĞŶĞǁĂů ŽĨ ƚŚĞ 'ĞůůĞƌƵƉ ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ ĐŽŵƉůĞdž ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ͛Ɛ KƉĞŶ ^ƉĂĐĞ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ĐƚŝŽŶ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĨŽƌ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐ h'/ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ /z

69

E Ky ϭ͗ /Ed 'Z d/KE &KZ ^dKZDt d Z D E ' D Ed͕ D >DP &ůŽŽĚŝŶŐ ŝƐ Ă ŵĂũŽƌ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞ ĨŽƌ DĂůŵƂ͕ ďĞŝŶŐ Ă ƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJ ŇĂƚ ĐŝƚLJ͘ KƉĞŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ŚĂƐ ƉůĂLJĞĚ Ă ŬĞLJ ƉĂƌƚ ŝŶ ŇŽŽĚ ŵŝƟŐĂƟŽŶ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟŽŶ ŽƉƟŶŐ ĨŽƌ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƌŽŽĨƐ͕ ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶ ƉŽŶĚƐ ĂŶĚ ďŝŽƐǁĂůĞƐ ƚŽ ĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚ ƚŚĞ ƐĞǁĞƌ ƉŝƉĞƐ ďĞůŽǁ ŐƌŽƵŶĚ͘ Strategy dŚĞ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĂŶĚ ŐƌĞLJ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ŝŶ DĂůŵƂ ŚĂƐ ŶŽƚ ƌĞƐƵůƚĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ Ă ƐŝŶŐůĞ͕ ƵŶŝĨŽƌŵ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ͕ ďƵƚ ƌĂƚŚĞƌ ŐƌŽǁŶ ŽǀĞƌ ƟŵĞ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚĞ ůĂƚĞ ϭϵϴϬƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ŝƚLJ͛Ɛ tĂƚĞƌ ĂŶĚ ^ĞǁĂŐĞ ƵƚŚŽƌŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ^ƚƌĞĞƚ ĂŶĚ WĂƌŬƐ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ďĞŐĂŶ ƚŽ ǁŽƌŬ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ƚŽ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐ ƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ŝƐƐƵĞƐ ʹ ŽƌŝŐŝŶĂůůLJ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶ ƉŽŶĚƐ͘ dŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ƉŽŶĚ ǁĂƐ ďƵŝůƚ ŝŶ ϭϵϴϵ ŽŶ ƉƵďůŝĐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĞĂƐƚĞƌŶ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͕ ĂƐ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ Ă ŶĞǁ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ dŚĞ ŵĂŝŶ impetus for the pond was that the ĂƌĞĂƐ ƌĞĐĞŝǀŝŶŐ ƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ ƌƵŶŽī ĚŝĚ ŶŽƚ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJ ƚŽ ĚŝƐƉŽƐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉĞĂŬ ŇŽǁƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ŶĞǁůLJͲƐĞĂůĞĚ ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞƐ ǁŽƵůĚ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ͘ ^ŝŶĐĞ ƚŚĞŶ͕

ĂďŽƵƚ ϯϱ ƉŽŶĚƐ ĂŶĚ ƐƚƌĞĂŵƐ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚ ŝŶ ƉƵďůŝĐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ DŽƐƚ ǁĞƌĞ ďƵŝůƚ ĂƐ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ƐĐŚĞŵĞƐ ĨŽƌ ŶĞǁ ƌĞƐŝͲ ĚĞŶƟĂů͕ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů Žƌ ƌĞƚĂŝů ĂƌĞĂƐ͕ Žƌ ĨŽƌ roads. /Ŷ ϮϬϬϬ͕ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĞīŽƌƚƐ ǁĞƌĞ ĞdžƉĂŶĚĞĚ ĂŶĚ ĨŽƌŵĂůŝƐĞĚ ĂƐ Ă ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƉŽůŝĐLJ͕ ƐƚĂƟŶŐ ƚŚĂƚ ŶĞǁ ƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ ŝŶƚŽ ƉĂƌŬƐ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ͘ ĂƌůLJ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂͲ ƟŽŶ ĞīŽƌƚƐ ĂŝŵĞĚ ƚŽ ĂǀŽŝĚ ĚĂŵĂŐĞ ĐĂƵƐĞĚ ďLJ ĐŽŵďŝŶĞĚ ƐĞǁĞƌ ŽǀĞƌŇŽǁ͘ DŽƌĞ ƌĞĐĞŶƚůLJ͕ ƚŚĞ ƌŝƐŬ ŽĨ ĚĂŵĂŐĞ ĨƌŽŵ ĐůŽƵĚďƵƌƐƚ ŇŽŽĚŝŶŐ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ƚŚĞ ůŽƵĚďƵƌƐƚ WůĂŶ͕ ĂƉƉƌŽǀĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ďŽĂƌĚ ŝŶ 2017. The Plan stresses the need for ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ŶĞĐĞƐƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ ŝŶƚĞͲ ŐƌĂƟŶŐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĂŶĚ ďůƵĞ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ĐůŽƐĞ ĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ǁŝƚŚ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͘ dŚĞ ƉůĂŶ ŝƐ Ă ƐƵďͲĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJͲ ǁŝĚĞ ŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞ WůĂŶ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƐĞƚƐ ŐŽĂůƐ ĨŽƌ ůŽĐĂů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ /ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ /ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ DĂůŵƂ͛Ɛ ƐƚŽƌŵͲ

ǁĂƚĞƌ ƉŽůŝĐLJ ŚĂƐ ŵŽƐƚůLJ ĨŽĐƵƐĞĚ ŽŶ ůĂƌŐĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ŶĞǁ ůŽĐĂů ŵĂƐƚĞƌ ƉůĂŶƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞƐ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ĐŝƚLJ departments and private developers. ^ƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ƉůĂŶŶĞƌƐ ŐĞƚ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ Ăƚ ĂŶ ĞĂƌůLJ ƐƚĂŐĞ ŽĨ ŵĂƐƚĞƌ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ ƚŽ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ ƐŚĂƌĞ ŽĨ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ŶĞĞĚĞĚ ƚŽ ĂďƐŽƌď ƚŚĞ ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚ ƌĂŝŶĨĂůů͘ ^ŽůƵƟŽŶƐ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞŶ ŶĞŐŽƟĂƚĞĚ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƐĞǀĞƌĂů ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂů ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŝƚLJ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ KĸĐĞ͕ ^ƚƌĞĞƚ ĂŶĚ WĂƌŬƐ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ͕ ĂŶĚ tĂƚĞƌ ĂŶĚ ^ĞǁĂŐĞ ƵƚŚŽƌŝƚLJ͘ >ĂƌŐĞͲƐĐĂůĞ ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶ ƉŽŶĚƐ ĂƌĞ ŵĂŶĂŐĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ^ƚƌĞĞƚ ĂŶĚ WĂƌŬƐ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ ĨƵŶĚĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ tĂƚĞƌ ĂŶĚ ^ĞǁĂŐĞ ƵƚŚŽƌŝƚLJ (ֻ/ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶͿ͘ >ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ĨƌŽŵ ĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐ &Žƌ ƚŚĞ DĂůŵƂ ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ džŚŝďŝƟŽŶ ŝŶ ϮϬϬϭ͕ ĂŶ ĞŶƟƌĞůLJ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ǁĂƐ ĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚ ĨŽƌ Ă ŶĞǁ ĚĞǀĞůͲ opment area (the Western Harbour) ĂŶĚ ĂŶ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚ ; ƵŐƵƐƚĞŶďŽƌŐͿ͘ ŽƚŚ ĂƌĞĂƐ ďĞĐĂŵĞ ƚĞƐƚͲďĞĚƐ ƚŽ ĞdžƉůŽƌĞ ŚŽǁ ĂŶ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ĐŽƵůĚ ďĞ ŝŵƉůĞͲ

ZĞƚĞŶƟŽŶ ƉŽŶĚ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚ ŝŶ ĂŶ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ƉĂƌŬ͕ ƵŐƵƐƚĞŶďŽƌŐ͕ DĂůŵƂ͘ Credit: Tim Delshammar

70

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

E

>/D d , E'

ŵĞŶƚĞĚ ŝŶ ƌĞĂůŝƚLJ ŝŶ ƚǁŽ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ŬŝŶĚƐ ŽĨ ĂĐƚŽƌƐ͘ /Ŷ ƵŐƵƐƚĞŶͲ ďŽƌŐ͕ ƚŚĞ ŝƚLJ͛Ɛ ^ƚƌĞĞƚ ĂŶĚ WĂƌŬƐ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ƉƵďůŝĐůLJͲŽǁŶĞĚ ƐŽĐŝĂů ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ ĐŽŵƉĂŶLJ ƚŽ ƌĞďƵŝůĚ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƐƚĂůů ŐƌĞĞŶ ƌŽŽĨƐ͖ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ tĞƐƚĞƌŶ ŚĂƌďŽƵƌ͕ ƚŚĞ ŝƚLJ ǁŽƌŬĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƐĞǀĞƌĂů developers to build the open stormͲ ǁĂƚĞƌ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ ;ֻ ŶŐĂŐŝŶŐ stakeholders). ƚ ƚŚĞ ƟŵĞ͕ ƚŚĞƌĞ ǁĞƌĞ ǀĞƌLJ ĨĞǁ Swedish examples of open stormwater ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŚĂĚ ďĞĞŶ ƚŚŽƌŽƵŐŚůLJ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ ŝŶƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ĨĂďƌŝĐ͘ dŚĞƌĞ ǁĂƐ ŶŽ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ŚŽǁ ƚŽ ƐĐĂůĞ ƵƉ ƚŚĞ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ͕ ŚŽǁ ƚŽ ŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶ ŝƚ͕ Žƌ ŚŽǁ ƚŚĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ ǁŽƵůĚ ƌĞĂĐƚ͘ dŚĞ ƉŝůŽƚͲƉƌŽũĞĐƚͲďĂƐĞĚ͕ ƐƚĞƉͲďLJͲ ƐƚĞƉ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ĞŶĂďůĞĚ ĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐ ͚ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐͲďLJͲĚŽŝŶŐ͛ ĂŵŽŶŐ ƚŚŽƐĞ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ͘ ^ŽŵĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐ ŚĂĚ ƚŽ ďĞ ĂĚũƵƐƚĞĚ͕ ďƵƚ ƚŽĚĂLJ ŵŽƐƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ ƌĞŵĂŝŶ ƵŶĐŚĂŶŐĞĚ ĂŶĚ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶ ĂƐ ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚ͘ KƚŚĞƌ ŝŶƐŝŐŚƚƐ ǁĞƌĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ͕ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĮŶĂŶĐŝŶŐ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŽ ďĞ ĂŐƌĞĞĚ ƵƉŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ůĂŶĚŽǁŶĞƌƐ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶĞĚ͘ dŚĞ ŵŽƐƚ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ŽƵƚĐŽŵĞ ǁĂƐ ƚŽ ĚĞŵŽŶͲ ƐƚƌĂƚĞ ƚŚĂƚ ĂŶ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ ŝŶ ĂŶ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ƌĞƐŝͲ ĚĞŶƟĂů ĂƌĞĂ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ DĂůŵƂ͛Ɛ ŐƌĞĞŶͲ ŐƌĞLJ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ƚĞŶĚĞĚ ƚŽ ďĞ ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵů ŝŶ ŶĞǁ͕ ůĂƌŐĞͲƐĐĂůĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘

^ƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ ƌĞƐĞƌǀŽŝƌ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚ ŝŶ ĂŶ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ƐĐŚŽŽůLJĂƌĚ͕ ƵŐƵƐƚĞŶďŽƌŐ͕ DĂůŵƂ͘ Credit: Tim Delshammar

^ƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ ƌĞƐĞƌǀŽŝƌ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚ ŝŶ ĂŶ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ƐĐŚŽŽůLJĂƌĚ͕ ƵŐƵƐƚĞŶďŽƌŐ͕ DĂůŵƂ͘ Credit: Tim Delshammar

ƉŽůŝĐLJͿ͕ ĂŶĚ ĨƵŶĚŝŶŐ ĨŽƌ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚĞ ůŽŶŐĞƌ ƚĞƌŵ͕ ƚŚĞ ŝƚLJ͛Ɛ ĐŽŵŵŝƚͲ ment to maintain the open stormwater ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ ;ŽŶĐĞ ďƵŝůƚͿ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ŬĞLJ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͛Ɛ ǀŝĂďŝůŝƚLJ͕ ǁŚŝůĞ ǀŽůƵŶƚĂƌLJ ŐƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ĂůƐŽ ƉůĂLJĞĚ Ă ƉĂƌƚ ŝŶ ŵŽďŝůŝƐŝŶŐ ŶŽŶͲƐƚĂƚĞ ĂĐƚŽƌƐ͘ ^ŽŵĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞƌƐ ŚĂǀĞ ŽƉƚĞĚ ƚŽ ǀŽůƵŶƚĂƌŝůLJ ĚĞƚĂŝŶ ƐƚŽƌŵͲ ǁĂƚĞƌ ǀŝĂ ƉŽŶĚƐ Žƌ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƌŽŽĨƐ ŝŶ ŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽ ŵĞĞƚ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ ƌĂƟŶŐ ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ Z D ŽŵŵƵŶŝͲ ƟĞƐ͕ Žƌ Ă ůŽĐĂů ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ĚĞǀĞůͲ ŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĂƌĞĂ ƌĂƟŽƐ ;' ZͿ͘ ,ŽŵĞŽǁŶĞƌƐ ǁŚŽ ĚŝƐĐŽŶŶĞĐƚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĚƌĂŝŶƉŝƉĞƐ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ĐĂŶ ƌĞĐĞŝǀĞ Ă ƌĞĨƵŶĚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ tĂƚĞƌ ĂŶĚ ^ĞǁĂŐĞ ƵƚŚŽƌŝƚLJ͘

dŚĞ ŵĂŝŶ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ ŝŶ DĂůŵƂ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ƚŚĞ ůĞŐĂů ĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ ;ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĐƚͿ͕ ůŽĐĂů ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ ;ƚŚĞ ŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞ WůĂŶ͕ ůŽĐĂů master plans, and stormwater

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

&ŝŶĚ ŽƵƚ ŵŽƌĞ͘​͘​͘ Z D ŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ >ŽĐĂů ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ ĨŽƌ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ DĂůŵƂ ;/Ŷ Swedish). &ƵƌƚŚĞƌ ƌĞĂĚŝŶŐ ŽŶ ůĞƐƐŽŶƐ ůĞĂƌŶĞĚ͘ ^ĐĂŶĚĂŶĂǀŝĂŶ 'ƌĞĞŶ ZŽŽĨ /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ͘ ' Z ʹ 'ƌĞĞŶ ƌĞĂ ZĂƟŽ The Western Harbour – experiences and lessons learned. Malmö, Sweden. Persson, B. (ed.), 2013. ĂƐĞ ƐƚƵĚLJ ĂŶĚ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ŽϬϭ͕ DĂůŵƂ͕ ^ǁĞĚĞŶ͘ Journal of Green Building, ϴ ;ϯͿ͕ ϯϰͲϱϬ͘ ƵƐƟŶ͕ '͕͘ ϮϬϭϯ͘ ůƵĞͲŐƌĞĞŶ ĮŶŐĞƌƉƌŝŶƚƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ŽĨ DĂůŵƂ͕ ^ǁĞĚĞŶ͗ DĂůŵƂ͛Ɛ ǁĂLJ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ Ă ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ĚƌĂŝŶĂŐĞ͘ Malmö: Va syd. Stahre, P., 2008.

71

E Ky Ϯ͗ Z '/KE > K>K'/ > E dtKZ<͕ D/> E dŚĞ ŵŽƐƚ ĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶͲ ŵĞŶƚĂů ƉůĂŶ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ >ŽŵďĂƌĚLJ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ZĞŐŝŽŶĂů ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů EĞƚǁŽƌŬ ;ZĞƚĞ ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂ ZĞŐŝŽŶĂůĞ͕ Žƌ Z ZͿ͘ dŚĞ Z Z ǁĂƐ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚ ŝŶ ϮϬϬϵ͕ ĂƐ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ Ă ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ ĨŽƌ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐĞĚ ďLJ Ă ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ŶĞƐƚĞĚ Ăƚ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ƐĐĂůĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚĞŶĚĞĚ ƚŽ ƐĞƌǀĞ ĂƐ Ă ŵŽĚĞů ĨŽƌ ůŽĐĂů͕ ƉƌŽǀŝŶĐŝĂů ĂŶĚ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ŝŶ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƉĂƌƚƐ ŽĨ /ƚĂůLJ͘ dŚĞ Z Z͛Ɛ ŐŽĂů ŝƐ ƚŽ ďƵŝůĚ Ă ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ ŽĨ ƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ͕ ůŝŶŬŝŶŐ ƉƌŝŽƌŝƚLJ ĂƌĞĂƐ ĨŽƌ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶŝŶŐ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŚĂďŝƚĂƚ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ǀĂůƵĞ ďLJ ĞŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĞīĞĐƟǀĞŶĞƐƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ĨƵŶĐͲ

ƟŽŶƐ ƚŚĞLJ ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵ͘ ^ŝŶĐĞ ϮϬϭϬ͕ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ŐƌĂĚƵĂůůLJ ƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂů ƐĐĂůĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ŝƐ ŶŽǁ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŽĨ ŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂͲ ƟŽŶ ŝŶƚŽ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂů ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͘ ĐƚŽƌƐ dŚĞ Z Z ǁĂƐ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ĂŶĚ ĚƌĂŌĞĚ ďLJ dŚĞ ŝƌĞĐƚŽƌĂƚĞ 'ĞŶĞƌĂů ĨŽƌ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ͕ hƌďĂŶ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ^Žŝů ŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ ŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ͕ ĞƉĂƌƚͲ ŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ >ŽŵďĂƌĚLJ ZĞŐŝŽŶ ŝŶ ĐŽŶƐƵůƚĂƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů advisors. As part of the network, enviͲ ƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ĂŶĚ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶƐ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƚĞ ǁŝƚŚ ůŽĐĂů ĞdžƉĞƌƚƐ ƚŽ ĞŶĂĐƚ ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ ĂŝŵĞĚ Ăƚ ĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚ ŽĨ Ă sustainable natural environment. AddiͲ ƟŽŶĂů ĂĐƚŽƌƐ ĂƌĞ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƟĞƐ ;ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ

ƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƐƵƉƉůLJ ŝŶĨŽƌͲ ŵĂƟŽŶ ŽŶ ĂŶŝŵĂů ĂŶĚ ƉůĂŶƚ ůŝĨĞͿ͕ ĞŶǀŝͲ ƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů E'KƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ tt& /ƚĂůŝĂͿ͕ ĐŝƟͲ njĞŶƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ƐĞĐƚŽƌ͘ WƵďůŝĐͲƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƐ ƐŚĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͕ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ ĐŽƐƚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶĞĚ͕ ĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ĂŶĚ ŶĞĞĚƐ ŽĨ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƐĞĐƚŽƌƐ ŝŶ ĂŶ ŝŶƚĞƌĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌLJ ƚĞĂŵ͘ /ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ /ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ Z Z ŝƐ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ƉƌŝŽƌŝƚLJ ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ƵƌďĂŶ ƐƉƌĂǁůͿ͘ dŚĞ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ ŝƐ ŐƵŝĚĞĚ ďLJ ďĞƐƚ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ďƵīĞƌ njŽŶĞƐ ƚŽ ĂďƐŽƌď ŶŝƚƌĂƚĞƐ͕ ƌĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŶĂƟǀĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐͿ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ͕ ƉĞƌŝͲ ƵƌďĂŶ ĂŶĚ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ůĞǀĞůƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĞĚ ďLJ ƉƌŽǀŝŶĐŝĂů ĂŶĚ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂů ƉůĂŶƐ͘

DŝŶĐŝŽ WĂƌŬ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐ ƚǁŽ ĂĐƟŽŶƐ ƚŽ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ͘ ĐƟŽŶ ϭ ; njŝŽŶĞ ϭͿ͗ Ă ŐƌĞĞŶ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌ ǁĂƐ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚ ĐƵƫŶŐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ njŽŶĞ͘ ĐƟŽŶ Ϯ ; njŝŽŶĞ ϮͿ͗ Ă ƐĞĐŽŶĚ ŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶ ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƚĞĚ Ă ĐƌŝƟĐĂů ďĂƌƌŝĞƌ͕ ƚŚĞ ^ĂŶ 'ŝŽƌŐŝŽ ƌŝĚŐĞ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐĂƵƐĞĚ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ DŝŶĐŝŽ ĐĂŶĂů͘ >ĞŐĞŶĚ͗ &ŝŶŝƐŚĞĚ ŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶƐ ;ŐƌĞĞŶ ůŝŶĞƐͿ͖ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ŐƌĞĞŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ZĞŐŝŽŶĂů ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů EĞƚǁŽƌŬ ;Z ZͿ ;LJĞůůŽǁ ƐƋƵĂƌĞƐͿ͖ ďŝŬĞ ƉĂƚŚƐ ĂŶĚ ĨŽŽƚƉĂƚŚƐ ;ƌĞĚ ůŝŶĞƐͿ͖ ƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ Z Z ;ŐƌĞĞŶ ůĞĂĨ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĐĂŶĂůͿ͘ ƌĞĚŝƚ͗ DŝŶĐŝŽ WĂƌŬ WƌĞƐƐ KĸĐĞ

72

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

/K /s Z^/dz

ZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ƚŽ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞ ƚŚĞ Z Z ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ ǁŝƚŚ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƉůĂŶƐ ŽĨ ĂĐƟŽŶ ƚŚĂƚ ŽƉĞƌĂƚĞ Ăƚ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ƐĐĂůĞƐ͕ Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ƚŚĞ dĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů 'ŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ WůĂŶ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂůͬŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂů ůĞǀĞů͘ ŽƚŚ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĂŶĚ private funds support the implementaͲ ƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ Z Z͕ ŶĂŵĞůLJ ƚŚĞ 'ƌĞĞŶ ƌĞĂƐ &ƵŶĚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ >ŽŵďĂƌĚLJ ZĞŐŝŽŶ ;ĨƵŶĚƐ ŽĨ Φϭϱ ŵŝůůŝŽŶͿ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĂƌŝƉůŽ &ŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶ ;ǁŚŝĐŚ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ Ă ůŝŶĞ ŽĨ ĐƌĞĚŝƚ ƚŽ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ Z Z ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐͿ͘ &ƵŶĚƐ ĂůƐŽ ŇŽǁ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽǀŝŶĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƟĞƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ ůŽĐĂů ĂƌĞĂƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ĨƌŽŵ ĂīŽƌĞƐƚĂƟŽŶ ĐŽŵƉĞŶƐĂƟŽŶ ƐĐŚĞŵĞƐ ƚŽ ŵŝƟŐĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ loss of land to urban development. ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂů ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ĂƌĞ ũŽŝŶƚ ĨƵŶĚŝŶŐ shared between the European Union ĂŶĚ ŶĂƟŽŶĂůͬƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ƌƵƌĂů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐͿ͘

dŚĞ DŝŶĐŝŽ WĂƌŬ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚ ĨƵŶĚŝŶŐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚǁŽ ƉƵďůŝĐ ŐƌĂŶƚƐ ĨŽƌ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ ;ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ >ŽŵďĂƌĚLJ ZĞŐŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĂƌŝƉůŽ &ŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶͿ͘ dŚĞ ƚŽƚĂů ĐŽƐƚ ĂŵŽƵŶƚĞĚ ƚŽ ΦϰϮϱ͕ϬϬϬ ĨŽƌ ƉůĂŶƟŶŐƐ ĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĐĂŶĂů ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ǁŽŽĚĞĚ ĂƌĞĂƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ĂŶ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂů ΦϮϮϬ͕ϬϬϬ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ĞĐŽƚƵŶŶĞů͘ WĂƌƚŶĞƌƐ ǁĞƌĞ DŝŶĐŝŽ WĂƌŬ ĂƐ ůĞĂĚ ĂŐĞŶĐLJ͕ ƚŚĞ WƌŽǀŝŶĐĞ ŽĨ DĂŶƚƵĂ͕ DƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚLJ ŽĨ DĂŶƚƵĂ͕ ĂŶĚ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƚLJ /WK ;ƚŚĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ŐĞŶĐLJ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ WŽ ƌŝǀĞƌͿ͘ ŝƟnjĞŶ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞŵĞŶƚ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚ Ă ƉƌĞƐƐ ĐŽŶĨĞƌͲ ĞŶĐĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƚŽ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͕ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂů ǀŝƐŝƚƐ ĨŽƌ ƐĐŚŽŽůƐ͕ ƚƌĞĞͲƉůĂŶƟŶŐ ĚĂLJƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ŐĞŶĞƌĂů ƉƵďůŝĐ͕ ĂŶĚ Ă ƉƵďůŝĐ ŝŶĂƵŐƵƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ĂĚǀĞƌƟƐĞĚ ďLJ ƚĞůĞǀŝƐŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƉƌĞƐƐ ĐŽǀĞƌĂŐĞ͘

DŝŶĐŝŽ ĂŶĂů KŶĞ Z Z ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚ ƚŽ ĚĂƚĞ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞƐ DŝŶĐŝŽ WĂƌŬ͘ /Ŷ ϮϬϭϰ͕ Ă ŶĞǁ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌ ǁĂƐ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ ďĂŶŬƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ DŝŶĐŝŽ ĂŶĂů͕ ĐŽŶƐŝƐƟŶŐ ŽĨ ƚƌĞĞ ƌŽǁƐ ŽǀĞƌ Ă ĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƐĞǀĞŶ Ŭŵ͘ dŚĞ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌ ŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƚƐ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ŽĨ DĂŶƚƵĂ ĂŶĚ ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶƐ ƚŚĞ ŽǀĞƌĂůů ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ DŝŶĐŝŽ ĂŶĂů ŝŶ ŝƚƐ ŵŽƐƚ ƵƌďĂŶŝƐĞĚ ƚƌĂĐƚ͘ džŝƐƟŶŐ ǀĞŐĞƚĂͲ ƟŽŶ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĐĂŶĂů ďĂŶŬƐ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ŝŶƚĞͲ ŐƌĂƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ŶĞǁ ŶĂƟǀĞ ƚƌĞĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƐŚƌƵďƐ͕ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ůŽĐĂů ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ (ֻ ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJͿ͘ dŚĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ĂůƐŽ ůĂŝĚ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ ĂŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶǁĂLJ ƚŚĂƚ ĂůůŽǁƐ ƉĞĚĞƐƚƌŝĂŶƐ ĂŶĚ ĐLJĐůŝƐƚƐ ƚŽ ƚƌĂǀĞů ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƉĞƌŝͲƵƌďĂŶ njŽŶĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ďĞŐŝŶŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ Ă ďŝŬĞ ƉĂƚŚ ŶŽƌƚŚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͕ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ Ă ϯϯŵͲůŽŶŐ ƵŶĚĞƌƉĂƐƐ͕ Žƌ ͚ĞĐŽƚƵŶŶĞů͕͛ for pedestrians and wildlife (ֻ'ƌĞĞŶͲ ŐƌĞLJ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶͿ͘

dŚĞ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ƐŝƚĞƐ ĂƌĞ ĐĂƌĞĚ ĨŽƌ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ Ă ĮǀĞ LJĞĂƌ ŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ ĐŽŶƚƌĂĐƚ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ďĂŶŬ ŐƵĂƌĂŶƚĞĞ ŽĨ ϭϭϬй ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌŬƐ͛ ǀĂůƵĞ ƌĞůĞĂƐĞĚ ĞĂĐŚ LJĞĂƌ͘ KƚŚĞƌ ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ ƚŽ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ĂƌĞ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐ ďLJ ƚŚĞ DŝŶĐŝŽ WĂƌŬ sŽůƵŶƚĂƌLJ ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů 'ƵĂƌĚƐ ĂŶĚ Ϯϰ ŚŽƵƌ ĐĂŵĞƌĂ ƐƵƌǀĞŝůůĂŶĐĞ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĞĚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƚƌŽů ĐĞŶƚƌĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ DƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚLJ ŽĨ DĂŶƚƵĂ͛Ɛ ůŽĐĂů ƉŽůŝĐĞ ĨŽƌĐĞ͘

E

ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ͘ ƌĞůĂƚĞĚ ĂĐƟŽŶ ŝƐ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞĚ ƵƉĚĂƟŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƟŶŐ ŽĨ ƐŬŝůůƐ ĂŶĚ ďĞƐƚ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĨƌĂŵĞͲ ǁŽƌŬ͕ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ǁĞď ƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ ƐĞƐƐŝŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ ƉƌĂĐƟƟŽŶĞƌƐ͘

&ŝŶĚ ŽƵƚ ŵŽƌĞ͘​͘​͘ Z Z ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚ DŝŶĐŝŽ ĂŶĂů sŝĚĞŽ WĂƌĐŽ EŽƌĚ DŝůĂŶŽ ůů ŝŶ /ƚĂůŝĂŶ͘

&ƵƌƚŚĞƌ ŽƵƚůŽŽŬ Ŷ ŝŶŶŽǀĂƟǀĞ ĂƐƉĞĐƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ Z Z ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ƐŚŝŌ ĨƌŽŵ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚͲ ĚƌŝǀĞŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ƚŽ Ă ŐƌĞĂƚĞƌ ƌŽůĞ ĨŽƌ ŶŽŶͲ ƐƚĂƚĞ ĂĐƚŽƌƐ͕ ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJ ƚŚŽƐĞ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ƐĞĐƚŽƌ͘ dŚĞ ŝŶƚĞŶƚ ŝƐ ƚŽ ƉƌŝŽƌŝƟƐĞ ĞǀĞŶ ŵŽƌĞ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ƐĞĐƚŽƌ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞŵĞŶƚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ͘ &ƵƌƚŚĞƌͲ ŵŽƌĞ͕ ƚŚĞ Z Z ĂŝŵƐ ƚŽ ŽīĞƌ Ă ƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů ƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ ĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ ĨŽƌ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ŵŽĚŝĮͲ ĐĂƟŽŶƐ ƚŽ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƉƌŽǀŝŶĐŝĂů ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

73

E Ky ϯ͗ Z E t > K& d, ' >> ZhW ,Kh^/E' KDW> y͕ Z,h^ 'ĞůůĞƌƵƉ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ůĂƌŐĞƐƚ ƐŽĐŝĂů ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ ĐŽŵƉůĞdž ŝŶ ĞŶŵĂƌŬ͕ ďƵŝůƚ ŝŶ ϭϵϲϴͲϳϮ͘ dŚĞ ϯϬ ƚŽǁĞƌ ďůŽĐŬƐ ĐŽŵƉƌŝƐĞ Ϯ͕ϰϬϬ ĂƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ǁĞƌĞ ŚŽŵĞ ƚŽ ũƵƐƚ ŽǀĞƌ ϳϬϬϬ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ ĂƐ ŽĨ :ĂŶƵĂƌLJ ϮϬϭϯ͘ ^ŝŶĐĞ ƚŚĞ ϮϬϬϬƐ͕ 'ĞůůĞƌƵƉ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ Ă ĚŝƐĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞĚ ĂƌĞĂ͕ ĚƵĞ ƚŽ ŚŝŐŚ ůĞǀĞůƐ ŽĨ ƵŶĞŵƉůŽLJͲ ŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ĐƌŝŵŝŶĂů ĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ͕ ĂŶĚ ůŽǁ ůĞǀĞůƐ ŽĨ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ŝƚƐ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ͘ /Ŷ ϮϬϭϯ͕ ĂůŵŽƐƚ ϳϵй ŽĨ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ ĐĂŵĞ ĨƌŽŵ ŶŽŶͲtĞƐƚĞƌŶ ĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ͕ ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚ ƚŽ ϭϭй ĨŽƌ ĂƌŚƵƐ ĂƐ Ă ǁŚŽůĞ͘ DĂŶLJ ĂƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ ŚĂǀĞ ƌĞŵĂŝŶĞĚ ǀĂĐĂŶƚ ŝŶ ƌĞĐĞŶƚ LJĞĂƌƐ ĚƵĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƐŝƚĞ͛Ɛ ƉŽŽƌ ƌĞƉƵƚĂƟŽŶ͘ /Ŷ ϮϬϬϳ͕ ƚŚĞ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ĂƌŚƵƐ ĚĞĐŝĚĞĚ ƚŽ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ Ă ŶĞǁ ŵĂƐƚĞƌ ƉůĂŶ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ Ăŝŵ ŽĨ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵŝŶŐ 'ĞůůĞƌƵƉ ĨƌŽŵ Ă ŵŽŶŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂů ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ ĞƐƚĂƚĞ ŝŶƚŽ ĂŶ ĂƩƌĂĐƟǀĞ͕ ŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂů ƵƌďĂŶ ĂƌĞĂ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ŶĞǁ ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ͕ ĂŵĞŶŝͲ ƟĞƐ͕ ǁŽƌŬƉůĂĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞǀŝƚĂůŝƐĞĚ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵ Ă ǀĂƌŝĞƚLJ ŽĨ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĂŶĚ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ;ֻDƵůƟĨƵŶĐͲ ƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJͿ͘ dŚĞ ŵĂƐƚĞƌ ƉůĂŶ ŚĂƐ Ă ůŽŶŐͲ ƚĞƌŵ ƟŵĞ ĨƌĂŵĞ͕ ƚĂƌŐĞƟŶŐ ŽǀĞƌĂůů ĐŽŵƉůĞƟŽŶ ŝŶ ϮϬϮϳ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ŐƌĞĞŶ

ƐƉĂĐĞ ƌĞŶĞǁĂů ƚŽ ďĞ ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞ ďLJ ϮϬϭϳ͘ dŚĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ĮŶĂŶĐĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ Ă ƐƉĞĐŝĂů ƵƌďĂŶ ƌĞŶĞǁĂů ĨƵŶĚ ;>ĂŶĚƐͲ ďLJŐŐĞ ĨŽŶĚĞŶͿ͘ dŚĞ ĨƵŶĚƐ ĂƌĞ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ŽĨ ĂƌŚƵƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ƌĂďƌĂŶĚ ^ŽĐŝĂů ,ŽƵƐŝŶŐ ƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ ƚŚĂƚ ŵĂŶĂŐĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƐŝƚĞ͕ Ă ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ ĨŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶ͕ ĂŶĚ Ă ŶĂƟŽŶĂů ŵŝŶŝƐƚƌLJ͘ /ƚ ŚĂƐ Ă ďƵĚŐĞƚ ŽĨ ΦϭϬϬ ŵŝůůŝŽŶ͕ ŽĨ ǁŚŝĐŚ ΦϭϮ͘ϱ ŵŝůůŝŽŶ ŝƐ ĂůůŽĐĂƚĞĚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ͘ <ĞLJ ĨĞĂƚƵƌĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŶĞǁĂů /Ŷ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ƉŚĂƐĞ͕ ƚŚƌĞĞ ůĂƌŐĞ ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ ďůŽĐŬƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ ǁĞƌĞ ĚĞŵŽůŝƐŚĞĚ͕ ŵĂŬŝŶŐ ƌŽŽŵ ĨŽƌ ƐŚŽƉƐ ĂŶĚ Ă ĐŽŵŵƵͲ ŶŝƚLJ ŚŽƵƐĞ͘ /Ŷ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ ƚŚĞ ŽůĚ ƐĐŚŽŽů ǁĂƐ ƌĞƉůĂĐĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ Ă ͚ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͛Ɛ ĐŝƚLJ͕͛ ĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐ Ɛŝdž ŬŝŶĚĞƌͲ ŐĂƌƚĞŶƐ ĨƌŽŵ 'ĞůůĞƌƵƉ ĂŶĚ Ă ŚĞĂůƚŚ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ͘ /Ŷ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ƚĞŶƵƌĞ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ will be adapted in some parts from rental to ownership in order to provide Ă ŵŽƌĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƟĂƚĞĚ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚ ĐŽŵƉŽͲ ƐŝƟŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ ǁŝůů ďĞ ĂĐĐŽŵƉĂͲ ŶŝĞĚ ďLJ ƐƉĞĐŝĂů ƐĂĨĞƚLJ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ ĨŽƌ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͘ dŚĞ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ƵŶĚĞƌƉŝŶŶĞĚ ďLJ Ă ŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂů

ŝŶǀĞŶƚŽƌLJ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞŶƟŽŶ ƚŚĂƚ ŬĞLJ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐ ƚŚƌĞĞ ĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶƐ͗ ƐŽĐŝĂůͬŚĞĂůƚŚ ŝƐƐƵĞƐ͕ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ĂŶĚ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJ͘ <ĞLJ ĂŝŵƐ ĂƌĞ ƚŽ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ ƉĞƌĐĞŝǀĞĚ ƐĂĨĞƚLJ ĂŶĚ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞ ǀŝƐƵĂů ŽƌŝĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͕ ǁŚŝůĞ ĂůƐŽ ŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ƌĂŝŶͲ ǁĂƚĞƌ ĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJ ;ֻ ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌͲ ƐŝƚLJ͕ ůŝŵĂƚĞ ŚĂŶŐĞ ĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶͿ͘ dŚĞ ůĂƌŐĞ ŽƉĞŶ ŽƵƚĚŽŽƌ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ǁŝůů ďĞ ĚŝǀŝĚĞĚ ŝŶƚŽ ƐŵĂůůĞƌ njŽŶĞƐ ĂƐ ƉůĂLJͲ ŐƌŽƵŶĚƐ͕ ĂůůŽƚŵĞŶƚ ŐĂƌĚĞŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƉůĂLJŝŶŐ ĮĞůĚƐ ƚŚĂƚ ǁŝůů ƚƵƌŶ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƌŵĞƌ ǁĂƐƚĞůĂŶĚ ŝŶƚŽ Ă ƐĞƌŝĞƐ ŽĨ ĂĐƟǀĞ ĂƌĞĂƐ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ĂƌĞ ŝŶƚĞŶĚĞĚ ƚŽ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶ ĂƐ ĂŶ ŝŶƚĞƌĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĐŽŵŵŽŶƐ͕ ďƌŝĚŐŝŶŐ ďŽƵŶĚĂƌŝĞƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĞƚŚŶŝĐ ĂŶĚ ƐŽĐŝĂů ŐƌŽƵƉƐ ;ֻ^ŽĐŝĂů ŽŚĞƐŝŽŶͿ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚŝƐ ǁĂLJ͕ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŚĂƐ ƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞĚ ĂŶĚ ƐŽƵŐŚƚ ƚŽ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐ ďŽƚŚ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĂŶĚ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ͘ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ dŚĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ŚĂƐ ĐŽŵďŝŶĞĚ Ă ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ĂŶŝƐŚ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂů ƚŽƉͲ ĚŽǁŶ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ďŽƩŽŵ ƵƉ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͘ ĂŶŝƐŚ ůĂǁ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƐ ƚŚĞ ƌŝŐŚƚƐ ŽĨ ƉƵďůŝĐ ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ ƚĞŶĂŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐ ĂŶLJ ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞŝƌ ůŝǀŝŶŐ ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ ƚŽ ďĞ ĂŐƌĞĞĚ ƵƉŽŶ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ƌĂďƌĂŶĚ ^ŽĐŝĂů ,ŽƵƐŝŶŐ ƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ͘ /Ŷ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ ƚǁŽ ĞůĞĐƚĞĚ boards exist at the site, independent ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ ĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ͕ ǁŚŽƐĞ ĂŐƌĞĞŵĞŶƚ ĂůƐŽ ŶĞĞĚĞĚ ƚŽ ďĞ ƐĞĐƵƌĞĚ͘

sŝƐƵĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĂŶ ĞĚŝďůĞ ƉĂƌŬ ǁŝƚŚ ĐŚĞƌƌLJ ƚƌĞĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĨŽƌ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂů ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐĂƌĚĞŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŵĞĞƟŶŐ ƉůĂĐĞƐ͕ ƚŽ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĞĂ͛Ɛ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĐŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ͘ ƌĞĚŝƚ͗ ^> ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ ϮϬϭϰ

74

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

/K /s Z^/dz

>/D d , E'

E

&ŝŶĚ ŽƵƚ ŵŽƌĞ͘​͘​͘ 'ĞůůĞƌƵƉ DĂƐƚĞƌƉůĂŶ͘ ĂƌŚƵƐ DƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚLJ͕ ϮϬϭϰ͘ ůŝŵĂƚĞ ĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ WůĂŶ ϮϬϭϰ (in Danish). 'ĞůůĞƌƵƉ hƌďĂŶ WĂƌŬ ŽǀĞƌǀŝĞǁ ŽŶ ^> ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ ǁĞďƐŝƚĞ͘ SLA ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ͕ ϮϬϭϰ͘ ŝƐƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐƉůĂŶ 'ĞůůĞƌƵƉƉĂƌŬĞŶ н dŽǀĞƐŚƆũ (in Danish). Aarhus Municipality, 2011.

/ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ ďLJ ƌĞƐƚŽƌŝŶŐ Ă ͚ŵŝƐƐŝŶŐ ůŝŶŬ͛ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƌŵ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŶŽƌƚŚĞƌŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ǁĞĚŐĞ ĂŶĚ ƐŽƵƚŚĞƌŶ ďůƵĞ ǁĞĚŐĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƐŽƵƚŚ͕ ĂƐ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ 'ĞůůĞƌƵƉ͛Ɛ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶ ;ďůĂĐŬ ůŝŶĞͿ ƌĞĚŝƚ͗ ^> ƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ ϮϬϭϰ

^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ƚŽ ƐĞĐƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚ ĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ŵŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚ ŵŝŐƌĂŶƚ ŐƌŽƵƉƐ ƚŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ ůĂƌŐĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ ŝŶ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞŵĞŶƚ ŝŶ ĚĞŵŽĐƌĂƟĐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚŝƐ ŬŝŶĚ͘ dŚƵƐ͕ ŵĂŶLJ ƐŝŵƉůLJ ĚŝĚ ŶŽƚ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͘ ^ĞǀĞƌĂů ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ ƐĐŚĞŵĞƐ ǁĞƌĞ ƚĞƐƚĞĚ ƚŽ ŽǀĞƌĐŽŵĞ ƚŚŝƐ ŽďƐƚĂĐůĞ͕ ƌĂŶŐŝŶŐ ĨƌŽŵ ŵŽƌĞ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ƉƵďůŝĐ ŚĞĂƌŝŶŐƐ͕ ƚŽ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌLJ ǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉƐ ĂŶĚ ͚ůŽŽŬͲĂŶĚͲůĞĂƌŶ͛ ǀŝƐŝƚƐ ƚŽ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƉůĂĐĞƐ ŝŶ ĞŶŵĂƌŬ ;ֻ^ŽĐŝĂů /ŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶͿ͘ &ŽƵƌ ǁĂůŬƐ ǁŝƚŚ ǁŽŵĞŶ ĨƌŽŵ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĞƚŚŶŝĐ ŐƌŽƵƉƐ ǁĞƌĞ ŚĞůĚ͕ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ ĂŶĚ ƚĂůŬŝŶŐ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƌƚŚĐŽŵŝŶŐ ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ŵĂŝŶ ƉƵƌƉŽƐĞ ǁĂƐ ƚŽ ďƌŝŶŐ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ ĨƌŽŵ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ŐƌŽƵƉƐ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ĂŶĚ ĂůůŽǁ ƚŚĞŵ ƚŽ ĚĞƐŝŐŶĂƚĞ ĂƌĞĂƐ ǁŚĞƌĞ ƐĂĨĞƚLJ ĂƐƉĞĐƚƐ ĐŽƵůĚ ďĞ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚ͘ zŽƵƚŚ ĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ĐůƵďƐ ƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚ ƐƉĞĐŝĂů ĂƩĞŶƟŽŶ͕ ĂƐ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ Ă ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ

ƚŽ ĞŶŐĂŐĞ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ͚ĨƌŽŵ ŝŶƐŝĚĞͲŽƵƚ͛͘ dŚƌŽƵŐŚ ĐŽŶƚĂĐƚƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂů ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂů ŽĸĐĞƌ ĂŶĚ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟǀĞƐ ŽĨ ůŽĐĂů ĐůƵďƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐ͕ Ă ŐƌŽƵƉ ŽĨ Ϯϭ LJŽƵŶŐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚĞĚ ŝŶ Ă ƚƌŝƉ ƚŽ ͚^ƵƉĞƌŬŝůĞŶ͛ ;ƚŚĞ ^ƵƉĞƌ tĞĚŐĞͿ ŝŶ EƆƌƌĞďƌŽ͕ ŽƉĞŶŚĂŐĞŶ͘ EƆƌƌĞďƌŽ ŚĂƐ been transformed from an industrial ĂŶĚ ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ ĂƌĞĂ ŝŶƚŽ Ă ŵƵůƟĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ůĞŝƐƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ ĂƌĞĂ͘ dŚĞ ǀŝƐŝƚ ĨŽƐƚĞƌĞĚ ĚŝĂůŽŐƵĞ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ŐƌŽƵƉ ĂŶĚ ŚĞůƉĞĚ ƚŽ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐ ŽƉƟŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ ĂŶĚ barriers to the future development of Gellerup’s park. dŚĞ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚLJ ŚĂƐ ĂůƐŽ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚ Ă ŐƌŽƵƉ ŽĨ ƚĞŶ ͚ůĞŝƐƵƌĞ ƟŵĞ ǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͛͘ dŚĞƐĞ ĂƌĞ LJŽƵŶŐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ĨƌŽŵ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĞƚŚŶŝĐ ŐƌŽƵƉƐ ǁŚŽ ƌĞĐĞŝǀĞ Ă ƐŵĂůů ƐĂůĂƌLJ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚLJ ĨŽƌ ŝŶĨŽƌŵŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂů ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŶĞǁĂů ƉůĂŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƟĞƐ ĨŽƌ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲ

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

ŵĂŬŝŶŐ͘ ƉŽƐŝƟǀĞ ĞīĞĐƚ ŽĨ ƚŚŝƐ ŝŶŝƟĂͲ ƟǀĞ ŝƐ ƚŚĂƚ ǀĂŶĚĂůŝƐŵ ŚĂƐ ĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂĐĞƐ ǁŚĞƌĞ ƚŚĞ ůĞŝƐƵƌĞ ƟŵĞ ǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ ĂƌĞ ĂĐƟǀĞ͘ >ĞƐƐŽŶƐ ůĞĂƌŶƚ dŚĞ ůĞǀĞů ŽĨ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ ŚĂƐ ĞǀŽůǀĞĚ ĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐůLJ ƐŝŶĐĞ ϮϬϬϲ͘ WĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌLJ ĞīŽƌƚƐ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ƐƉĞĐŝĂů ĨŽĐƵƐ ƵƉŽŶ ĐĞƌƚĂŝŶ ŐƌŽƵƉƐ ƐĞĞŵ ƚŽ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ŵŽƐƚ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵů ŝŶ ŐĞŶĞƌͲ ĂƟŶŐ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ŽĨ ĂŶĚ ŵĞĂŶͲ ŝŶŐĨƵů ĨĞĞĚďĂĐŬ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶ͘ ĞƐƉŝƚĞ ƚŚĞ ĞdžƚĞŶƐŝǀĞ ůĞŐĂů ƌŝŐŚƚƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƉƵďůŝĐ ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ ŚĂǀĞ ŝŶ ĞŶŵĂƌŬ͕ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟǀĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚǁŽ ŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ ďŽĂƌĚƐ ǁĞƌĞ ŝŶŝƟĂůůLJ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ ŽŶůLJ Ăƚ Ă ƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJ ůŽǁ ůĞǀĞů͘ Ƶƚ ĂĐƟǀĞ ůŽďďLJŝƐŵ ƐƵĐĐĞĞĚĞĚ͗ ƚŚĞLJ ŚĂǀĞ ƐŝŶĐĞ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚ ŝŶ Ăůů ŝŵƉŽƌͲ ƚĂŶƚ ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ƟŵĞ ĂĐƚ ĂƐ ĂŶ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ ĐŚĂŶŶĞů ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƚĞĂŵ and residents.

75

E Ky ϰ͗ KW E ^W ^dZ d 'z͕ /E hZ', dŚĞ ŝƚLJ ŽĨ ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ ŽƵŶĐŝů ĚĞǀĞůͲ ŽƉĞĚ ĂŶ KƉĞŶ ^ƉĂĐĞ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ĂƐ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ Ă ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ƚŽ ŵĞĞƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͛Ɛ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ŶĞĞĚƐ͘ dŚĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ďĞŐĂŶ ŝŶ ϮϬϬϵ ǁŝƚŚ ĂŶ ĂƵĚŝƚ ŽĨ Ăůů ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ƐŝnjĞĚ ϱϬϬŵϮ Žƌ ůĂƌŐĞƌ͗ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ƐƵĐŚ ĐŽŵƉƌĞͲ ŚĞŶƐŝǀĞ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ ƐŝŶĐĞ ϭϵϲϵ͘ /ƚ ǁĂƐ ůĂƵŶĐŚĞĚ ŝŶ ϮϬϭϬ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ƚǁĞůǀĞ ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚ ĂĐƟŽŶ ƉůĂŶƐ ƚŽ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͕ ĂŶĚ ƵƉĚĂƚĞĚ ŝŶ ϮϬϭϲ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚĞ ŶĞǁ ǀĞƌƐŝŽŶ͕ KƉĞŶ ^ƉĂĐĞ ϮϬϮϭ͕ ƚŚĞ ĂĐƟŽŶ ƉůĂŶƐ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ĐŽŶƐŽůŝĚĂƚĞĚ ŝŶƚŽ ĨŽƵƌ >ŽĐĂůŝƚLJ KƉĞŶ ^ƉĂĐĞ ĂĐƟŽŶ ƉůĂŶƐ͘ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ďĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐ dŚĞ KƉĞŶ ^ƉĂĐĞ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ǁĂƐ ĚƌŝǀĞŶ ďLJ ^ĐŽƫƐŚ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƉŽůŝĐLJ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞƐ ^ĐŽƫƐŚ ůŽĐĂů ĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƟĞƐ ƚŽ ƉƌĞƉĂƌĞ ƐƵĐŚ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ ŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ ŽŶ ĚŽŝŶŐ ƐŽ ;WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĚǀŝĐĞ EŽƚĞ ϲϱͿ͘ ŶŽƚŚĞƌ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ĚƌŝǀĞƌ ǁĂƐ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞƌ ĚĞŵĂŶĚ ĨŽƌ Ă ĨĂŝƌ͕ ĐůĞĂƌ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ƚŽ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůLJ ĨŽƌ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶͲ ƟĂů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐ͘ dŚĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ĐŽŵƉƌŝƐĞƐ ƚŚƌĞĞ ĐŽƌĞ ĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐ͗ ĂŶ ĂƵĚŝƚ͕ ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ĂĐƟŽŶ ƉůĂŶƐ͘ dŚĞ ĂƵĚŝƚ ƌĂŶŬƐ ƚŚĞ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ŽƵŶĐŝůͲŽǁŶĞĚ ƉĂƌŬƐ ĂŶĚ ŐĂƌĚĞŶƐ͕ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů ĂŵĞŶŝƚLJ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ͕ ĐĞŵĞƚĞƌŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƐĞŵŝͲŶĂƚƵƌĂů ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ƐƉŽƌƚƐ ĂƌĞĂƐͿ͘ WƌŝǀĂƚĞ ŐĂƌĚĞŶƐ ĂŶĚ ďĂĐŬLJĂƌĚƐ ĂƌĞ ŶŽƚ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚ͘ dŚĞ ŽƵŶĐŝů ƚŽŽŬ ĂŶ ĂĐƟǀĞ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ƚŽ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐ ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ͛ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ŶĞĞĚƐ͕ ƵƐŝŶŐ ƚǁŽ ĂƵĚŝƚ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶŶĂŝƌĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ŵĞĞƚͲ ŝŶŐƐ ŝŶ ϮϬϬϴͬϵ ƚŽ ŐĂŝŶ ŵŽƌĞ ƵŶĚĞƌͲ ƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ŽĨ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƵƐĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬŝŶŐ ĐŽŶƐƵůƚĂƟŽŶ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĚƌĂŌ audit and plan (ֻ^ŽĐŝĂů /ŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶͿ͘

76

&KZ ͗ KƉĞŶ ^ƉĂĐĞ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ DĂƉ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŵĞĞƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ůĂƌŐĞ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ ;ŐƌĞĞŶͿ͕ ƚŚŽƐĞ ĚĞĮĐŝĞŶƚ ;ƌĞĚͿ͕ ĂŶĚ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů ĂƌĞĂƐ ŶŽƚ ŵĞĞƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ ;ĚĂƌŬ ŐƌĞLJͿ͘ Credit: City of Edinburgh Council

&d Z͗ DĂƉ ;ϮϬϭϲͿ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŵĞĞƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ ;ŐƌĞĞŶͿ͕ ĚĞĮĐŝĞŶĐŝĞƐ ;ƌĞĚͿ͕ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů ĂƌĞĂƐ ŶŽǁ ŵĞĞƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ ;ƉŝŶŬͿ ĂŶĚ ƚŚŽƐĞ ŶŽƚ LJĞƚ ŵĞĞƟŶŐ ŝƚ ;ĚĂƌŬ ŐƌĞLJͿ͘ DĂŶLJ ƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐůLJͲĚĞĮĐŝĞŶƚ ĂƌĞĂƐ ŚĂǀĞ ƚƵƌŶĞĚ ƉŝŶŬ ƐŝŶĐĞ ϮϬϭϬ͘ Credit: City of Edinburgh Council

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

/K /s Z^/dz

hƐŝŶŐ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐ ƚŽ ĂƐƐĞƐƐ ŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJ ĐŝƚLJͲǁŝĚĞ dŚĞ ƌĞƐƵůƚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĂƵĚŝƚ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƐƵůƚĂͲ ƟŽŶ ĨŽƌŵĞĚ Ă ďĂƐŝƐ ĨŽƌ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚͲƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƐƚĂŶĚͲ ĂƌĚƐ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ĂƐƐĞƐƐ ƚŚĞ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ĚŝŶͲ ďƵƌŐŚ͛Ɛ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ ĂŶĚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ ŽĨ ďŽƚŚ ŚƵŵĂŶƐ ;ĂĐĐĞƐƐ ƚŽ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĂŶĚ ĂƉƉĞĂƌĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƐƉĂĐĞͿ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ;ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ ŚĂďŝƚĂƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĚĞŐƌĞĞ ŽĨ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJͿ͘ /Ŷ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ƵƐĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƌĞĐŽƌĚĞĚ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂů ďĂůů ŐĂŵĞƐ͕ ƐĞĂƟŶŐ͕ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ͕ ŽďƐĞƌǀŝŶŐ ǁŝůĚůŝĨĞ ֻDƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJͿ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝͲ ĂƚĞŶĞƐƐ ŽĨ ĞĂĐŚ ƵƐĞ ƐĐŽƌĞĚ ŝŶ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ƐŝnjĞ͕ ůŽĐĂƟŽŶ͕ ĂĚũĂĐĞŶƚ ƵƐĞͿ͘ dŚƌĞĞ ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐ ǁĞƌĞ ĚĞĮŶĞĚ͕ ĞŶƐƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĂƚ Ăůů ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ ŚĂǀĞ ĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞ ĂĐĐĞƐƐ ƚŽ ŚŝŐŚ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŽĨ ĞĂĐŚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ƚLJƉĞƐ͗ ĂͿ ůŽĐĂů ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ͕ ďͿ ůĂƌŐĞ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ĐͿ ƉůĂLJ ƐƉĂĐĞ͘ dŚĞ ŽƵŶĐŝů ĂůƐŽ ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ ŵĂƉƐ ƚŽ ǀŝƐƵĂůŝƐĞ ĂƌĞĂƐ ǁŝƚŚ ĂĐĐĞƐƐ ĚĞĮĐŝĞŶĐŝĞƐ͘ /Ŷ ϮϬϭϬ ĂůŵŽƐƚ ϮϬ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĚŝĚ ŶŽƚ ŵĞĞƚ ƚŚĞ ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐ͕ ǁŚŝůĞ ďLJ ϮϬϭϲ ƚŚĂƚ number was down to three, and over 30 ŶĞǁ ůŽĐĂů ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŚĂĚ ďĞĞŶ ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ϰϬϬ ŵĞƚƌĞƐ ŽĨ ŚŽŵĞƐ ʹ ĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ͛Ɛ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵů ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂͲ ƟŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ŽƵŶĐŝů ƌĞƐŽůǀĞĚ ƚŽ ƌĞƚĂŝŶ ĂŶĚ ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƵƉĚĂƚĞĚ ϮϬϭϲ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ;ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ Ă ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌ ǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉͿ ƚŽ ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞ ĚĞůŝǀĞƌLJ ŽĨ ŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂů ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ŝŶ ŶĞǁ developments and to promote environͲ ŵĞŶƚƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ƐŽĐŝĂů ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĂĐƟǀĞ ůŝǀŝŶŐ͘ ĐƟŽŶ ƉůĂŶƐ &Žƌ ƚŚĞ ϮϬϭϬ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ͕ ƚǁĞůǀĞ ĂĐƟŽŶ ƉůĂŶƐ ǁĞƌĞ ƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚ Ăƚ ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚ ůĞǀĞů͕

ĚĞƐĐƌŝďŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĂĐƟŽŶƐ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ƚŽ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ŵŽƌĞ ŚŽŵĞƐ ǁŝƚŚ ƐƵĸĐŝĞŶƚ ĂĐĐĞƐƐ ƚŽ ŐŽŽĚ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ dŚĞLJ ĂůƐŽ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚ Ă ƟŵĞƐĐĂůĞ ĨŽƌ ĞĂĐŚ ĂĐƟŽŶ͕ ƚŚĞ ůĞĂĚ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ͕ ĨƵŶĚŝŶŐ ƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĂŶ ĞƐƟŵĂƚĞĚ ĐŽƐƚ͘ dŚĞ ĂĐƟŽŶ ƉůĂŶƐ ǁĞƌĞ ƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ŽƵŶĐŝů͛Ɛ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ͕ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƐƵůƚĂƟŽŶ ǁĂƐ ƐŽƵŐŚƚ ǁŝƚŚ EĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚ WĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƐ ;ŐƌŽƵƉƐ ŵĂĚĞ ƵƉ ŽĨ ůŽĐĂů ƉƵďůŝĐ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟǀĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐͿ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ǁŝĚĞƌ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͘ ZĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĨƵŶĚŝŶŐ ŽƵŶĐŝů͛Ɛ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ŝƐ ŝŶ ĐŚĂƌŐĞ ŽĨ ƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƵƉĚĂƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ĂŶĚ ĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚ ĂƵĚŝƚ ĂŶĚ ĂĐƟŽŶ ƉůĂŶƐ͘ dŚĞ ƐƚĞĞƌŝŶŐ ŐƌŽƵƉ ŚĂƐ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ EĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌͲ hood Partnership teams and other ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ WĂƌŬƐ ĂŶĚ 'ƌĞĞŶ ^ƉĂĐĞƐ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ͘ dŚĞ ĂĐƟŽŶ ƉůĂŶƐ ĂƌĞ ĞŝƚŚĞƌ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞĚ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂůůLJ ďLJ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ Žƌ ĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůůLJ͕ Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ŶĂƟŽŶĂů ĐLJĐůĞ ĐŚĂƌŝƚLJ ^ƵƐƚƌĂŶƐ ŚĂƐ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚ ĨƵŶĚƐ ƚŽ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞ ƐŽŵĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ͕ ǁŚŝůĞ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĂĐƟŽŶƐ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ĨƵŶĚĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞƌ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐ ĞŝƚŚĞƌ ŽŶͲ Žƌ ŽīͲƐŝƚĞ͘ ^ƵƉƉŽƌƚ ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ͗ ƉŽůŝĐLJ ŵĂŶĚĂƚĞ͕ ĐŽŶƐƵůƚĂƟŽŶ͕ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ dŚĞ ĐůĞĂƌ ŵĂŶĚĂƚĞ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ ďLJ ŶĂƟŽŶĂů ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƉŽůŝĐLJ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ĂŶ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ĨĂĐƚŽƌ ŝŶ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƐƚƌĂƚͲ ĞŐLJ͛Ɛ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͘ &ƵƌƚŚĞƌ͕ Ă ŚŝŐŚ ůĞǀĞů ŽĨ ĐŽŶƐƵůƚĂƟŽŶ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĂƵĚŝƚ ĂŶĚ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ƚŽŽŬ ƉůĂĐĞ͘ ŽƵŶĐŝů ƐƚĂī ĂĐƟǀĞůLJ ĐŽŶƐƵůƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƉĞŽƉůĞ Ăƚ Ă ǀĂƌŝĞƚLJ ŽĨ ƉůĂĐĞƐ ;ĨĂƌŵĞƌƐ ŵĂƌŬĞƚƐ͕ ŐĂůĂ ĚĂLJƐ͕ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ĐŽƵŶĐŝůƐ͕ EĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌͲ ŚŽŽĚ WĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉ ŵĞĞƟŶŐƐ͕ ĞƚĐ͘Ϳ͘ KƚŚĞƌ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌ ŐƌŽƵƉƐ ǁĞƌĞ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞĚ ǀŝĂ ĞŵĂŝů ĂŶĚ ƉŽƐƚ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ĞŶƚƌĞƉƌĞŶĞƵƌƐ͕

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

'Z E KEKDz

E

ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ĂŶĚ LJŽƵƚŚ ŐƌŽƵƉƐ͘ ŚŝůͲ ĚƌĞŶ ĂŶĚ LJŽƵŶŐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ǁĞƌĞ ŝŶǀŝƚĞĚ ƚŽ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚĞ Ăƚ ƐĐŚŽŽůƐ ĂŶĚ ĐůƵďƐ͕ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ƉĂƌĞŶƚƐ ŝŶ ŽƚŚĞƌ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶƐ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ ;ֻ^ŽĐŝĂů /ŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶͿ͘ &ŝŶĂůůLJ͕ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶͲ ŶŝŶŐ ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ ŝŶ ƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĂƵĚŝƚ͕ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ͕ ĂŶĚ ĂĐƟŽŶ ƉůĂŶƐ ŚĂƐ ĞŶƐƵƌĞĚ ŝƚƐ ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚ ƵƐĂŐĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ĂůƐŽ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚ ĐƌŽƐƐͲĚĞƉĂƌƚͲ ŵĞŶƚ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ŝŶǀĞƐƚͲ ŵĞŶƚ ŝŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ǁŝůů ďĞ ƵƉĚĂƚĞĚ ĞǀĞƌLJ ĮǀĞ LJĞĂƌƐ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ a basis to monitor and evaluate developͲ ŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͛Ɛ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ ƚĂŬĞͲŚŽŵĞ ŵĞƐƐĂŐĞ ĨƌŽŵ ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ ŝƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŬŶŽǁŝŶŐ LJŽƵƌ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƵƐĞƐ͕ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝͲ ďŝůŝƚLJ͕ ĂŶĚ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ͕ ƉĂLJƐ Žī ǁŚĞŶ ŝƚ ĐŽŵĞƐ ƚŽ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐĂůůLJ ĂůŝŐŶŝŶŐ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ ŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͛Ɛ natural environment.

&ŝŶĚ ŽƵƚ ŵŽƌĞ͘​͘​͘ KƉĞŶ ^ƉĂĐĞ ϮϬϮϭ͗ ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ͛Ɛ KƉĞŶ ^ƉĂĐĞ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ͘ dŚĞ ŝƚLJ ŽĨ ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ ŽƵŶĐŝů͕ ϮϬϭϲ͘ ƵĚŝƚƐ ĂŶĚ >ŽĐĂůŝƚLJ ĐƟŽŶ WůĂŶƐ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĚǀŝĐĞ EŽƚĞ ϲϱ͗ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ KƉĞŶ ^ƉĂĐĞ͘ ^ĐŽƫƐŚ Government, 2008. ,Žǁ EĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚ WĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƐ tŽƌŬ͘ KǀĞƌǀŝĞǁ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĚŝŶďƵƌŐŚ EĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚ Partnership website.

77

E Ky ϱ͗ d/KE W> EE/E' &KZ /K /s Z^/dz͕ >/^ KE Ɛ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ hE ĞĐĂĚĞ ĨŽƌ ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌͲ ƐŝƚLJ ;ϮϬϭϭͲϮϬϮϬͿ͕ ƚŚĞ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚLJ ŽĨ >ŝƐďŽŶ͕ WŽƌƚƵŐĂů͕ ĚĞĐŝĚĞĚ ƚŽ ƚĂŬĞ ĂĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ Ăŝŵ ĨŽƌ ĂŶ ĂŵďŝƟŽƵƐ ϮϬй ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞͲ ŵĞŶƚ ŝŶ ŝƚƐ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ďLJ ϮϬϮϬ ƌĞůĂƟǀĞ ƚŽ ŝƚƐ ϮϬϭϬ ůĞǀĞůƐ͘ &Žƌ ƚŚŝƐ ƉƵƌƉŽƐĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂů ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ͚ ŝŽĚŝͲ ǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŝƚLJ ŽĨ >ŝƐďŽŶ͕ Ă ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ĨŽƌ ϮϬϮϬ͛ ǁĂƐ ĨŽƌŵƵůĂƚĞĚ ŝŶ ϮϬϭϮ͕ ƐŽŽŶ ĨŽůůŽǁĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ͚>ŽĐĂů ĐƟŽŶ WůĂŶ ĨŽƌ >ŝƐďŽŶ ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͛ ŝŶ ϮϬϭϱ͘ dŚĞ ĂĐƟŽŶ ƉůĂŶ ŝƐ ĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚ ŶŽƚ ŽŶůLJ ƚŽ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚ ƚŚĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ͛Ɛ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ͕ ďƵƚ ĂůƐŽ ƚŽ ŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ ŝŵƉĂĐƚ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŝŶ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ͕ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ͕ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚ ǁĞůůͲ ďĞŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĐŝƚLJ ĐŽŵƉĞƟƟǀĞŶĞƐƐ (ֻ ůŝŵĂƚĞ ŚĂŶŐĞ ĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ͕ 'ƌĞĞŶ ĐŽŶŽŵLJͿ͘ dŚĞ ƉůĂŶ ŝƐ ŝŶƚĞŶĚĞĚ ƚŽ ďĞ ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚ Ăƚ Ă ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ƐĐĂůĞ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞĂƐ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ĂĐƟŽŶƐ ĂƌĞ ĚĞĮŶĞĚ Ăƚ ůŽĐĂů ƐĐĂůĞ͘ dŚĞ ĂĐƟŽŶ ƉůĂŶ ĚĞĮŶĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĚĞƚĂŝůƐ ĂĐƟŽŶƐ ƌĞůĂƚĞĚ ƚŽ ƚŚƌĞĞ ŵĂŝŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ͘ ϭ͘ /ŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐ͗ ͻ ǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐ ĂŶĚ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ĐĂŵƉĂŝŐŶƐ ƚĂƌŐĞƟŶŐ ůŽĐĂů ŐŽǀĞƌŶͲ ŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ƐĐŚŽŽůƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ͘

ͻ dƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ ĨŽƌ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŐƵŝĚĞƐ͘ ͻ KƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ LJĞĂƌůLJ ĞǀĞŶƚƐ͘ Ϯ͘ ƌĞĂƟŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƐŚĂƌŝŶŐ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͗ ͻ ^ƵƉƉŽƌƚ ĨŽƌ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ĐŽŶĨĞƌͲ ĞŶĐĞƐ ĨŽĐƵƐĞĚ ŽŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌͲ ƐŝƚLJ͘ ͻ WĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƐ ǁŝƚŚ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƟĞƐ ŽŶ ŝŶƚĞƌŶƐŚŝƉƐ͕ ĂŶĚ DĂƐƚĞƌ ĂŶĚ ŽĐƚŽƌĂů ĚĞŐƌĞĞƐ ĨŽĐƵƐĞĚ ŽŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ͕ ĂŶŝŵĂů ďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ͕ ĂŶĚ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ŵŽĚĞůůŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐ͘ ϯ͘ ^ƉĞĐŝĮĐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ĂĐƟŽŶƐ͗ ͻ /ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ƉƵďůŝĐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ ͻ /ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ŵĞĚŝƵŵͲƐŝnjĞĚ ĂŶĚ ůĂƌŐĞ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ /ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĐŽŶŶĞĐͲ ƟǀŝƚLJ ǁŝƚŚ ƉĞƌŝƉŚĞƌĂů ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝͲ ƟĞƐ͘ ͻ ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶ ĂĐƟŽŶƐ /ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂů ĂŶĚ ŇŽƌŝƐƟĐ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŝŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ ͻ ƌĞĂƟŶŐ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŚŽƚƐƉŽƚƐ ĂŶĚ ǁŝůĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƌĞŶĂƚƵƌĂůŝƐŝŶŐ ƐƚƌĞĂŵƐ͘

ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ ŽĨ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂů ĂůůŽƚŵĞŶƚ ŐĂƌĚĞŶƐ ;ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚ ŝŶ ϮϬϬϳͿ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚ ŝŶ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ Žƌ ŶĞǁ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͕ Žƌ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ ŝŶƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ĨĂďƌŝĐ͕ ŝŶ ŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ŚĂƐ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚ ƚŽ Ă ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ŵŽƐĂŝĐ ǁŝƚŚ ŐƌĞĂƚ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ĨŽƌ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͘ /ŶŶŽǀĂƟǀĞ ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ dŚĞ ĂĐƟŽŶ ƉůĂŶ ŝƐ ĞŵƉůŽLJŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŝƚLJ ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ /ŶĚĞdž ; /͕ ֻToolbox T1) ĂŶĚ ƚǁŽ ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐ ĐĂŵƉĂŝŐŶƐ ;ƐĐŚĞĚƵůĞĚ ĨŽƌ ϮϬϭϳ ĂŶĚ ϮϬϮϬͿ ƚŽ ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌ ĂŶĚ ĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞ ŝƚƐ ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞ (ֻ/ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶͿ͘ ĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ /Ɛ ƵƐĞĚ ŝŶ ƵƌŝƟďĂ͕ ƌĂnjŝů͕ ĂŶĚ ^ŝŶŐĂƉŽƌĞ͕ ƚŚĞ >ŝƐďŽŶ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚLJ͕ ŝŶ ĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ DƵŶŝĐŝƉĂů ŐĞŶĐLJ ĨŽƌ ŶĞƌŐLJ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ ;>ŝƐďŽĂ ĞͲŶŽǀĂͿ͕ ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ ŝƚƐ ŽǁŶ ǀĞƌƐŝŽŶ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂů ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͘ dŚĞ / ĐŽŵƉƌŝƐĞƐ Ϯϯ ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ƐƵďͲŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ ĚŝǀŝĚĞĚ ŝŶƚŽ ƚŚƌĞĞ ŵĂŝŶ ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐ͗ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ͘

dĂŐƵƐ ƐƚƵĂƌLJ͗ ƚŚĞ ŶŽƌƚŚ ƐŚŽƌĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞƐƚƵĂƌLJ ŝƐ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ Ă ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ŵĂƌƐŚůĂŶĚ ĂƌĞĂ ŽĨ ŚŝŐŚ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚ͘ /ƚ ǁŝůů ďĞ ƌĞƐƚŽƌĞĚ ĂƐ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ >ŝƐďŽŶ͛Ɛ ůŽĐĂů ĂĐƟŽŶ ƉůĂŶ ĨŽƌ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͘ ƌĞĚŝƚ͗ D> tĞďƐŝƚĞ ͬ ^şƟŽ ĚĂ D> ǁǁǁ͘ĐŵͲůŝƐďŽĂ͘Ɖƚ

78

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

/K /s Z^/dz

'Z E KEKDz

>/D d , E'

E

&ŝŶĚ ŽƵƚ ŵŽƌĞ͘​͘​͘ >ŽĐĂů ĐƟŽŶ WůĂŶ ĨŽƌ >ŝƐďŽŶ͛Ɛ ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ (in Portuguese).

Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 2015.

ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ZŽƵƚĞ͗ Ă ŐƵŝĚĞ ƚŽ Ă ϭϰ Ŭŵ ǁĂůŬŝŶŐ ƌŽƵƚĞ͕ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŶŐ DŽŶƐĂŶƚŽ &ŽƌĞƐƚ WĂƌŬ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ dĂŐƵƐ ƌŝǀĞƌ͘ /ƚ ǁĂƐ ƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚ ĂƐ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ >ŝƐďŽŶ͛Ɛ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ƚŽ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐ ĂŶĚ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘ ƌĞĚŝƚ͗ D> tĞďƐŝƚĞ ͬ ^şƟŽ ĚĂ D> ǁǁǁ͘ĐŵͲůŝƐďŽĂ͘Ɖƚ

/ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ dŚĞ >ŝƐďŽŶ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚLJ ŝŶƚĞŶĚƐ ƚŽ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞ ŶŽŶͲŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĂů ĂĐƚŽƌƐ ŝŶ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĂĐƟŽŶ ƉůĂŶ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ĞǀĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ďLJ ĨŽƐƚĞƌŝŶŐ ƉĂƌƚͲ ŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƐ ǁŝƚŚ ĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐ͕ E'KƐ ĂŶĚ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƟĞƐ͕ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐ ǀŽůƵŶͲ ƚĞĞƌŝŶŐ ;ֻ ŶŐĂŐŝŶŐ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐͿ͘ džƉĞĐƚĞĚ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶ͛Ɛ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ƚŚĞ ůŝŬĞůŝŚŽŽĚ ŽĨ ĚŝǀĞƌŐĞŶƚ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƐƚĂŬĞͲ ŚŽůĚĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ƉŽůŝƟĐĂů ƉĂƌƟĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ĚĞŶƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͛Ɛ ƵƌďĂŶ ĨĂďƌŝĐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝƐ ůĞĂǀŝŶŐ ůĞƐƐ ĂŶĚ ůĞƐƐ ƌŽŽŵ ĨŽƌ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ƉƌŽŵŽƟŽŶ͘ &ƵƌƚŚĞƌŵŽƌĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ͛Ɛ ŽŶŐŽŝŶŐ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĐƌŝƐŝƐ ƐĞƌŝŽƵƐůLJ ůŝŵŝƚƐ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͛Ɛ ďƵĚŐĞƚ͘

ƚ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ƟŵĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĐƌŝƐŝƐ ŚĂƐ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ĚĞŵĂŶĚ ĨŽƌ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͕ ĐůŽƐĞ ƚŽ ĐŝƟͲ zens’ homes. This presents an opporͲ ƚƵŶŝƚLJ ĨŽƌ ĐŝƚLJ ŽĸĐŝĂůƐ ƚŽ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞ ĐŝƟnjĞŶ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚ ŝŶ ǀŽůƵŶƚĞĞƌ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͕ Ğ͘Ő͘ ĞƌĂĚŝĐĂƟŶŐ ŝŶǀĂƐŝǀĞ ƉůĂŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐ ŽƵƚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ŝŶ ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉ ǁŝƚŚ ĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐ͕ E'KƐ ĂŶĚ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝͲ ƟĞƐ ƚŽ ŵŝŶŝŵŝƐĞ ĐŽƐƚƐ ;ֻGreen ĐŽŶŽŵLJͿ͘ >ŝƐďŽŶ͛Ɛ ĂĐƟŽŶ ƉůĂŶ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ŵĞƚ ǁŝƚŚ ŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚ ĨƌŽŵ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶͲ ŵĞŶƚĂů E'KƐ͘ &ƵƌƚŚĞƌŵŽƌĞ͕ ŽƚŚĞƌ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƟĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ƐŝŐŶĂůůĞĚ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚ ŝŶ ĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚLJ ƚŽ ƐĞƚ ƵƉ ƐŝŵŝůĂƌ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ͘

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

79

E Ky ϲ͗ E, E /E' h'/ d,ZKh', /z͕ Z>/E ĞƌůŝŶ͛Ɛ hƌďĂŶ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ;h>^Ϳ͕ ƉƵďůŝƐŚĞĚ ŝŶ ϮϬϭϮ͕ ŝƐ Ă ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ǀŝƐŝŽŶ ƚŚĂƚ ĨŽĐƵƐĞƐ ŽŶ ŚĂƌŶĞƐƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͛Ɛ ǁĞĂůƚŚ ŽĨ ƉƵďůŝĐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ƚŽ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͛Ɛ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ůŝĨĞ ĂŶĚ ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶ ŝƚƐ ŝŵĂŐĞ͘ KŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŚƌĞĞ ŵĂũŽƌ ƚŚĞŵĞƐ ŝƐ ͚WƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ͕͛ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐŽŶĐĞŶͲ ƚƌĂƚĞƐ ŽŶ ůĞǀĞƌĂŐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ůŽŶŐͲƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ĚŽͲŝƚͲLJŽƵƌƐĞůĨ ; /zͿ ĐƵůƚƵƌĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ƚŽ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƉƵďůŝĐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ǁŚŝůĞ ĂůƐŽ ĨŽƐƚĞƌŝŶŐ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͕ ĐƌĞĂƟǀĞ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂů ƵƐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƉůĂĐĞ ŝĚĞŶƟƚLJ͘ ĐƚŽƌƐ ĂŶĚ ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ The ULS was developed based on a ^ĞŶĂƚĞ ŵĂŶĚĂƚĞ ƚŽ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĂŶĚ ŽƉĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚ ŽĨ ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͛Ɛ ƌĞƐŝůͲ ŝĞŶĐĞ͘ dŚĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ǁĂƐ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ďLJ the Senate Department for Urban Development and the Environment in ĐŽŶũƵŶĐƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ƚǁŽ ĐŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶĞĚ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ĮƌŵƐ͘ ŽŶƐƵůƚĂƟŽŶ ǁĂƐ ƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬĞŶ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ĞǀĞŶƚƐ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ǁŝĚĞ ƌĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͕ Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĞ

ŽĸĐŝĂůƐ͕ ůŽĐĂů E'KƐ͕ ƌĞĂů ĞƐƚĂƚĞ ĚĞǀĞůͲ ŽƉĞƌƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚĞĚ ŝŶ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĂŶĚ ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂů ƐŝƚĞ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ͘ &ƵƌƚŚĞƌͲ ŵŽƌĞ͕ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶƐ ƚŽŽŬ ƉůĂĐĞ ǁŝƚŚ ĞdžƉĞƌƚƐ ŝŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŽƌĚŝͲ ŶĂƚŽƌƐ ŽĨ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ƉůĂŶƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ƚŚĞ ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ĞƌůŝŶͿ͘ dŚĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ĂůƐŽ ƐĞĞŬƐ ƚŽ ĂĐƟǀĂƚĞ ŵŽƌĞ ŶŽŶͲƐƚĂƚĞͲĂĐƚŽƌ ĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ŝŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ ŝŶ ŝŶŶŽǀĂƟǀĞ ǁĂLJƐ͕ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůLJ ŝŶ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ĨŽƐƚĞƌŝŶŐ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĂŶĚ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͕ ĨŽŽĚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ ĐŽŽůŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ďŝŽŵĂƐƐ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ;ֻ ůŝŵĂƚĞ ŚĂŶŐĞ ĚĂƉƚĂͲ ƟŽŶͿ͘ /ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ WƌŽĚƵĐͲ ƟǀĞ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ƌĞůŝĞƐ ƐƚƌŽŶŐůLJ ŽŶ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶͲ ƟĂů ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ǀŝĂ Ă ĚŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞ ƉůĂƞŽƌŵ ĂŶĚ ĞdžĞŵƉůĂƌLJ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͕ ŵĂŶLJ ŽĨ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŚĂǀĞ ĂůƌĞĂĚLJ ďĞĞŶ ƉƵƚ ŝŶƚŽ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͘ džĂŵƉůĞ͗ hƌďĂŶ WŝŽŶĞĞƌƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ dĞŵƉĞůŚŽĨĞƌ &ĞůĚ KŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉŝůŽƚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŶŐ

ƚŚĞ WƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ƚŚĞŵĞ ǁĂƐ ƚŚĞ ͚hƌďĂŶ WŝŽŶĞĞƌƐ͛ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ dĞŵƉĞůŚŽĨĞƌ &ĞůĚ͕ Ă ĨŽƌŵĞƌ ĂŝƌĮĞůĚ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƐ ŶŽǁ ŽŶĞ ŽĨ ĞƌůŝŶ͛Ɛ ůĂƌŐĞƐƚ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƉĂƌŬƐ͘ dŚĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ϮϬ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ƵƐĞƐ ŽĨ ƐƉĂĐĞ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ŐĂƌĚĞŶŝŶŐ͕ ĐƵůƚƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ Ăƌƚ ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƐƉŽƌƚ ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ͘ ĂĐŚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉŝŽŶĞĞƌ ƵƐĞƐ was proposed, implemented and ŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶĞĚ ďLJ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐ ĂŶĚ ŐƌŽƵƉƐ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂů ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ;ֻ/ŵƉůĞͲ ŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶͿ͘ dŚĞ ŝĚĞĂ ǁĂƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞƐĞ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ƵƐĞƐ ĐŽƵůĚ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƌŬ͛Ɛ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJ ĂŝŵƐ͕ ŬŝĐŬͲƐƚĂƌƚ ŝƚƐ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ ĂŶĚ ƐŚĂƉĞ ŝƚƐ ĂƉƉĞĂƌĂŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ŝŵĂŐĞ ŝŶ Ă ƉŽƐŝƟǀĞ ǁĂLJ ;ֻ'ƌĞĞŶ ĐŽŶŽŵLJͿ͘ ^ŽŵĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞŵ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ǀĞƌLJ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵů͕ ĨŽƌ ŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞ ƚŚĞ ůůŵĞŶĚĞͲ<ŽŶƚŽƌ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŐƌĞǁ ĨƌŽŵ ϭϬ ƌĂŝƐĞĚ ďĞĚƐ ŝŶ ϮϬϭϭ ƚŽ ϮϱϬ ŝŶ ũƵƐƚ Ă ĨĞǁ LJĞĂƌƐ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ŶŽǁ ĂĐƚŝǀĞůLJ ƵƐĞĚ ďLJ ŽǀĞƌ ϱϬϬ ŵĞŵďĞƌƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĞĚ ƚŽ Ă ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ ŽĨ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ŐĂƌĚĞŶƐ ĞůƐĞͲ ǁŚĞƌĞ ŝŶ 'ĞƌŵĂŶLJ͘

ŽůůĂŐĞ ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ǀŝƐŝŽŶĂƌLJ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌ ŽĨ ĞƌůŝŶ͛Ɛ hƌďĂŶ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ͘ ƌĞĚŝƚ͗ WƌŽũĞŬƚďƺƌŽ &ƌŝĞĚƌŝĐŚ ǀŽŶ ŽƌƌŝĞƐ ƵŶĚ ďŐŵƌ >ĂŶĚƐĐŚĂŌƐĂƌĐŚŝƚĞŬƚĞŶ ŽŶ ďĞŚĂůĨ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ^ĞŶĂƚƐǀĞƌǁĂůƚƵŶŐ Ĩƺƌ Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt Berlin

80

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

'Z E KEKDz

/Ŷ ƉĂƌƚ ĚƵĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĐƌĞĂƟǀĞ ƐƉŝƌŝƚ ĨŽƐƚĞƌĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞƐĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͕ ƉůĂĐĞ ĂƩĂĐŚŵĞŶƚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƌŬ ŐƌĞǁ ƋƵŝĐŬůLJ ĂŶĚ ƐƚƌŽŶŐůLJ͘ ƚŽƉͲĚŽǁŶ ĚƌŝǀĞŶ͕ ůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵ ŵĂƐƚĞƌ ƉůĂŶ ĨŽƌ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉͲ ŵĞŶƚ ĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƌŬ͛Ɛ ĞĚŐĞƐ ǁĂƐ ŵĞƚ ǁŝƚŚ ŵƵĐŚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ŽƉƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ͕ ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐ ŝŶ Ă ĐŝƟnjĞŶ ƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĚƵŵ ŝŶ ϮϬϭϰ ƚŚĂƚ ǀĞƚŽĞĚ ƚŚĞ ŝƚLJ͛Ɛ ƉůĂŶƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ĂŶ ŝŶƚĞŶƐŝǀĞ͕ ƚǁŽͲLJĞĂƌ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƌŬ͛Ɛ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉͲ ment. ^ƵĐĐĞƐƐ ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ KŶĞ ĨĂĐƚŽƌ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐ of the ULS has been the brand of the ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ŝƚƐĞůĨ ;ůŽŐŽ͕ ŝŵĂŐĞƐ͕ ŶĂŵĞ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚ ĐƵůƚƵƌĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞLJ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ĞůŝĐŝƚͿ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŚĞůƉĞĚ ƚŽ ĂĚĚ ǁĞŝŐŚƚ ĂŶĚ ůĞŐŝƟŵĂĐLJ ƚŽ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ŝĚĞĂƐ ĂŶĚ ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĂů ĂŶĚ ŶŽŶͲ ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĂů ĂĐƚŽƌƐ͘ dŚĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ŚĂƐ ĂůƐŽ ďĞĞŶ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĞĚ ďLJ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĂĚŵŝŶͲ ŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĞ ƵŶŝƚƐ͕ ƉĂƌƚůLJ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ŝƚ ƌĞĨĞƌƐ ƚŽ ŵĂŶLJ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ƉůĂŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ ǁŝƚŚ ƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌ ŵĂŶĚĂƚĞƐ͘

ŶŽƚŚĞƌ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐ ĨĂĐƚŽƌ ǁĂƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ĂůůŽĐĂƚĞĚ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ĨƵŶĚƐ ƚŽ ŝŵƉůĞͲ ŵĞŶƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ h>^͗ ΦϭϬ ŵŝůůŝŽŶ ŝŶ ƚŽƚĂů͘ /Ŷ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ dĞŵƉĞůͲ ŚŽĨĞƌ &ĞůĚ͕ ŽŶĞ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞ ŝƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ĂůůŽĐĂƚĞ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŝŶŐ͕ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ͕ ĂŶĚ ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐ /z ŝŶŝƟĂͲ ƟǀĞƐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŵĂŬĞƐ ƐƵĐŚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ĐŽƐƚͲ ĂŶĚ ƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞůͲŝŶƚĞŶƐŝǀĞ͘ ĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐ Ă ƌĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ Ăƚ ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ĨƌŽŵ ŐĞƫŶŐ ƚŽŽ ĂƩĂĐŚĞĚ ƚŽ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ƵƐĞƐ ĂƌĞ ĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ͘

>/D d , E'

E

&ŝŶĚ ŽƵƚ ŵŽƌĞ͘​͘​͘ hƌďĂŶ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ĞƌůŝŶ͘ Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt, 2012. 'ƌƺŶĂŶƚĞŝů ǁĞďƐŝƚĞ͘ GermanǁŝĚĞ ŽŶůŝŶĞ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ ĨŽƌ ďŽƩŽŵͲ ƵƉ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ͕ including urban gardens.

Both in German.

ĞƌůŝŶ͛Ɛ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ /z ĐƵůƚƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƌĞĂĚŝŶĞƐƐ ŽĨ ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ ƚŽ ŝŶŝƟĂƚĞ ĂŶĚ ƚĂŬĞ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ĨŽƌ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ĞƐƐĞŶƟĂů ƚŽ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ hƌďĂŶ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ͕ ŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ǁĂLJ ƐƵƉƉůĞͲ ŵĞŶƟŶŐ ĚĞĐůŝŶŝŶŐ ĐŝƚLJ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ĐĂƐĞ ƐƚƵĚLJ ĂůƐŽ ƐŚŽǁƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŽŶŐŽŝŶŐ ŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƟŵĞ ĂŶĚ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ŝƐ ŶĞĞĚĞĚ ŝĨ ĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ ĂƌĞ ƚŽ ǁŽƌŬ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ŝŶ ŵŽƌĞ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞ ĂŶĚ ŚĂƌŵŽŶŝŽƵƐ ǁĂLJƐ͘

EƵƚƵƌĞ DŝŶŝ Zd 'ŽůĨ͕ ŽŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ϮϬ ͚hƌďĂŶ WŝŽŶĞĞƌ͛ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ dĞŵƉĞůŚŽĨĞƌ &ĞůĚ͘ dŚĞ ŵŝŶŝͲŐŽůĨ ĐŽƵƌƐĞ ǁĂƐ ďƵŝůƚ ďLJ ĂƌƟƐƚƐ ƵƐŝŶŐ ƌĞĐLJĐůĞĚ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ ĂŶĚ ŝƐ ĂůŵŽƐƚ ĞŶƟƌĞůLJ ƌƵŶ ŽŶ ƌĞŶĞǁĂďůĞ ĞŶĞƌŐLJ͘ Credit: Emily Rall

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

81

TOOLBOX dϭ͗ dŽŽůƐ ĨŽƌ WƌŽƚĞĐƚŝŶŐ ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ dϮ͗ dŽŽůƐ ĨŽƌ WƌŽŵŽƚŝŶŐ Ă 'ƌĞĞŶ ĐŽŶŽŵLJ dϯ͗ dŽŽůƐ ĨŽƌ /ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ^ŽĐŝĂů ŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ dϰ͗ dŽŽůƐ ĨŽƌ 'ƌĞĞŶͲ'ƌĞLJ /ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚŝŽŶ dϱ͗ dŽŽůƐ ĨŽƌ ŽŶŶĞĐƚŝǀŝƚLJ dϲ͗ dŽŽůƐ ĨŽƌ DƵůƚŝĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶĂůŝƚLJ dϳ͗ dŽŽůƐ ĨŽƌ ^ŽĐŝĂů /ŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ dϴ͗ &ƵŶĚŝŶŐ dŽŽůƐ ĂŶĚ DĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ

83

dϭ͗ dKK>^ &KZ WZKd d/E' /K /s Z^/dz D d,K ͬ dKK>

t, d &KZ͍

^ KZ/E' ^z^d D

&/E Khd DKZ

ŝƚLJ ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ /ŶĚĞdž ; /Ϳ

ůƐŽ ŬŶŽǁŶ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ^ŝŶŐĂƉŽƌĞ /ŶĚĞdž ŽŶ ŝƟĞƐ͛ ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕ ƚŚĞ / ŝƐ Ă ƚŽŽů ĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚ ĨŽƌ ĐŝƟĞƐ ƚŽ ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌ ĂŶĚ ĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐ ĂŶĚ ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞ ŽŶ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĞŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘

/ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐ Ϯϯ ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ ĚŝǀŝĚĞĚ ŝŶƚŽ ϭͿ ŶĂƟǀĞ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕ ϮͿ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ϯͿ ŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͘ &Žƌ ĞĂĐŚ ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌ͕ ƚŚĞ / ŵĂŶƵĂů ƉƌŽƉŽƐĞƐ Ă ƐĐŽƌĞ ŽĨ ϬͲϰ ƉŽŝŶƚƐ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞ Ϭ ĐŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚƐ ƚŽ ƉŽŽƌ ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ϰ ƚŽ ĞdžĐĞůůĞŶƚ͘

CBI website

dŚĞ ƐĐŽƌŝŶŐ ĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂ ĂƌĞ ĚŝǀŝĚĞĚ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚǁŽ ƐĞĐƟŽŶƐ͗ ϭͿ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ĞƐŝŐŶ͕ ĂŶĚ ϮͿ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ WŽƐƚͲ ŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƚŚĞ ĂƉƉůŝĐĂŶƚ ƵƐĞƐ ƚŽ ĂƐƐĞƐƐ ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ĐĞƌƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŬĞ ĂŶLJ ĂĚũƵƐƚŵĞŶƚƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌLJ͘ /Ĩ ĂŶ ĂƉƉůŝĐĂŶƚ ĞĂƌŶƐ ůĞƐƐ ƚŚĂŶ ϱϬй ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĂƉƉůŝĐĂďůĞ ƉŽŝŶƚƐ ĨƌŽŵ ĞĂĐŚ ƐĞĐƟŽŶ͕ ƚŚĞ ĐĞƌƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ĐĂŶŶŽƚ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞ͘

tŝůĚůŝĨĞ &ƌŝĞŶĚůLJ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĞƌƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ website

dŚĞ & ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĞĂ ŽĨ Ă ƐŝƚĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŚŽƐƚƐ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ Žƌ ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵƐ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ͕ ĞdžƉƌĞƐƐĞĚ ĂƐ Ă ƌĂƟŽ ŝŶ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƚŽƚĂů ƐŝƚĞ ĂƌĞĂ͘ & ǀĂůƵĞƐ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ƵƐĞĚ ƚŽ ĚĞĮŶĞ Ă ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ ƚŽ ďĞ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞĚ when a site is redeveloped.

& ĚĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶ͕ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĞƌůŝŶ ^ĞŶĂƚĞ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ĨŽƌ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͕ dƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ůŝŵĂƚĞ WƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ website

^ƵŝƚĂďůĞ ĨŽƌ͗ ĐŝƚLJͲǁŝĚĞ ƐĐĂůĞ tŝůĚůŝĨĞ &ƌŝĞŶĚůLJ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĞƌƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ

WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚ ĨŽƌ ƵƐĞ ƉƌŝŽƌ ƚŽ Ă ŶĞǁ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͕ ƚŽ ŝŶŝƟĂƚĞ ĂŶ ĞĂƌůLJ ĚŝĂůŽŐƵĞ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ďŝŽůŽŐŝƐƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŽ ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͘ WƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ĂƌĞ ĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞĚ ƵƐŝŶŐ ĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂůůŽĐĂƚĞ ƉŽŝŶƚƐ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͕ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƉŽƐƚͲĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ƉŚĂƐĞƐ͘ ^ƵŝƚĂďůĞ ĨŽƌ͗ ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚͬƐŝƚĞ ƐĐĂůĞ

ŝŽƚŽƉĞ ƌĞĂ &ĂĐƚŽƌ͕ ĞƌůŝŶ ; &Ϳ

dŚĞ & ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů standards for new development and ĂůƚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ Žƌ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƐ ŽŶ Ă ƐŝƚĞ͘ /ƚ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƐ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͕ ďŝŽƚŽƉĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĂƉƉĞĂƌĂŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂů use. ^ƵŝƚĂďůĞ ĨŽƌ͗ ƐŝƚĞ ƐĐĂůĞ ŝŶ ďƵŝůƚͲƵƉ ĂƌĞĂƐ

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

85

dϮ͗ dKK>^ &KZ WZKDKd/E' 'Z E KEKDz D d,K ͬ dKK>

t, d &KZ͍

&/E Khd DKZ

ƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ŵĂƉƉŝŶŐ ŝŶ ĂŶĚ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ

DĞƚŚŽĚ ƚŽ ŵĂƉ ĂŶĚ ĂŶĂůLJƐĞ ƚŚĞ ŬŝŶĚ ŽĨ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐ ůŽĐĂƚĞĚ ŝŶ ĂŶĚ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ ĂƚĂ ŽŶ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐĞƐ ŝƐ ƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJ ĞĂƐŝůLJ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞ͕ Ğ͘Ő͘ ĨƌŽŵ KƉĞŶ^ƚƌĞĞƚDĂƉ ;K^DͿ͘ dŚĞ ƵƐĞƌ ŶĞĞĚƐ ƚŽ ƐĞůĞĐƚ Ă ďƵīĞƌ njŽŶĞ ʹ ŝŶĚŝĐĂƟŶŐ Ă ĐĞƌƚĂŝŶ ƌĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ƉƌŽdžŝŵŝƚLJ ƚŽ Ă ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ Ă ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉ ŝƐ ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚ͘

ĂƐŚ ŇŽǁƐ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚ ďLJ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͗ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ĨŽƌ ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐ ŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚ ǀĂůƵĞƐ ŽĨ UGI. GREEN SURGE Deliverable ϰ͘Ϯ͘ ŶĚĞƌƐƐŽŶ͕ ͕͘ <ƌŽŶĞŶďĞƌŐ͕ :͘ Ğƚ Ăů͕͘ ϮϬϭϱ͘ ƉƉϭϴͲϭϵ ĂŶĚ ƉƉϮϲͲϮϳ͘

/ĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ZΘ ŽĸĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĐƌĞĂƟǀĞ ĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐ

DĞƚŚŽĚ ƚŽ ĞdžĂŵŝŶĞ ǁŚĞƌĞ ĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐƌĞĂƟǀĞ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚͬŽƌ ƚŚŽƐĞ ĞŶŐĂŐĞĚ ŝŶ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĂŶĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ;ZΘ Ϳ͕ ĂƌĞ ůŽĐĂƚĞĚ ƌĞůĂƟǀĞ ƚŽ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘

ĂƐŚ ŇŽǁƐ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚ ďLJ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͗ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ĨŽƌ ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐ ŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚ ǀĂůƵĞƐ ŽĨ UGI. ƉƉϮϮͲϮϭ͘

,ĞĚŽŶŝĐ ƉƌŝĐŝŶŐ

DĞƚŚŽĚ ƚŽ ĂƐƐŝŐŶ ǀĂůƵĞ ƚŽ ŶŽŶͲŵĂƌŬĞƚ ĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ ƌĞĂů ĞƐƚĂƚĞ ƐĂůĞƐ Žƌ ƌĞŶƚĂů ƉƌŝĐĞƐ͘ ŵŽĚĞů ŝƐ ƵƐĞĚ ƚŽ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉĂĐƚƐ ŽĨ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ǀĂƌŝĂďůĞƐ ŽŶ ƉƌŽƉĞƌƚLJ ƐĂůĞƐ Žƌ ƌĞŶƚĂů ƉƌŝĐĞƐ͕ ƵƐƵĂůůLJ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂů͕ ŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐ ĂŶĚ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ĂƩƌŝďƵƚĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞƐĞ ƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐƐ͘ dŚĞ ůĂƩĞƌ ŽŶĞƐ ĂƌĞ ŵŽƐƚ ŽŌĞŶ ĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƐ ƚŽ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƚLJƉĞƐ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘

ĂƐŚ ŇŽǁƐ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚ ďLJ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͗ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ĨŽƌ ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐ ŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚ ǀĂůƵĞƐ ŽĨ UGI. ƉƉϮϵͲϯϬ͘

/Ŷs ^d

KƉĞŶ ƐŽƵƌĐĞ ƐŽŌǁĂƌĞ ƚŽ ŵĂƉ ĂŶĚ ĂƐƐĞƐƐ ƚŚĞ ŵŽŶĞƚĂƌLJ ǀĂůƵĞ ŽĨ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘ ZĞƐƵůƚƐ ĐĂŶ ĂůƐŽ ďĞ ŶŽŶͲ ŵŽŶĞƚĂƌLJ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ƚŽŶŶĞƐ ŽĨ ĐĂƌďŽŶ ƐĞƋƵĞƐƚĞƌĞĚͿ͘

/Ŷs ^d ǁĞďƐŝƚĞ

ŝͲdƌĞĞ

^ŽŌǁĂƌĞ ƉĂĐŬĂŐĞ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ h^ &ŽƌĞƐƚ ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ ƵƌďĂŶ ĨŽƌĞƐƚƌLJ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ ĂŶĚ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ tools.

ŝͲdƌĞĞ ǁĞďƐŝƚĞ

86

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

dϯ͗ dKK>^ &KZ /E Z ^/E' ^K / > K, ^/KE D d,K ͬ dKK>

t, d &KZ͍

&/E Khd DKZ

ĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞ EĂƚƵƌĂů 'ƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞ ^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ ; E'^ƚͿ

^ĞƚƐ ďĞŶĐŚŵĂƌŬƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ŵĂdžŝŵƵŵ ĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ ƚŽ ƉĂƌŬƐ ĂŶĚ ĂƌĞĂ ŽĨ ƉĂƌŬƐ Žƌ ǁŽŽĚůĂŶĚƐ ƉĞƌ ĐĂƉŝƚĂͿ͘

Nature Nearby. Accessible EĂƚƵƌĂů 'ƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞ 'ƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ͘ EĂƚƵƌĂů ŶŐůĂŶĚ͕ ϮϬϭϬ͘

hZ' ĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ ĨŽƌ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ

ŽŵƉůĞƚĞĚ h ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ƚŽ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚ ŽĨ ŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ůŝĨĞ ŝŶ ĐŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƵƌďĂŶ ƌĞŐŝŽŶƐ͘ ŵŽŶŐ ŝƚƐ ŽƵƚƉƵƚƐ ŝƐ Ă ĐĂƚĂůŽŐƵĞ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐ ĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂ͕ ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ ĂŶĚ ƐƵŐŐĞƐƚĞĚ ŵĞƚŚŽĚŽůŽŐŝĞƐ ĨŽƌ ƵƐĞ ŝŶ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĂƐƉĞĐƚƐ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘

^ŽĐŝĂů ƌŝƚĞƌŝĂ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ hƌďĂŶ 'ƌĞĞŶ ^ƉĂĐĞƐ͘ Coles, R., Caserio, M., 2001.

WƵďůŝĐ ĞŶĞĮƚƐ ZĞĐŽƌĚŝŶŐ System (PBRS)

dŽŽů ĨŽƌ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ ƚŚĂƚ ĂŝŵƐ ƚŽ ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ ƐLJŶĞƌŐŝĞƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƐŽĐŝĂů͕ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĂŶĚ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ŶĞĞĚƐ ĂŶĚ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ͕ ƵƐŝŶŐ '/^ ƐŽŌǁĂƌĞ͘

PBRS Website džĂŵƉůĞ ZĞƉŽƌƚ͗ >ĂŶĐĂƐŚŝƌĞ 'ƌĞĞŶ /ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ͘ WƵďůŝĐ ĞŶĞĮƚ ƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ͘ WƌŽũĞĐƚ ZĞƉŽƌƚ͘ W Z^͕ ϮϬϬϴ͘

^ŽĐŝĂů ŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ ZĂĚĂƌ

DĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ Ă ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ͛Ɛ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĐŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ƚŚƌĞĞ ĚŽŵĂŝŶƐ ;ƐŽĐŝĂů ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐ͕ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĞĚŶĞƐƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ĨŽĐƵƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵŵŽŶ ŐŽŽĚͿ ĂŶĚ ŶŝŶĞ ĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶƐ͘

WƌŽũĞĐƚ ƐƵŵŵĂƌLJ ^ŽĐŝĂů ŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ ZĂĚĂƌ͘ DĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐ ŽŵŵŽŶ 'ƌŽƵŶĚ͘ Ŷ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶ ŽĨ ^ŽĐŝĂů ŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ͘ ĞƌƚĞůƐŵĂŶŶ ^ƟŌƵŶŐ ; Ě͘Ϳ͕ ϮϬϭϯ͘

^ŽĐŝĂů ŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ WŽůŝĐLJ EĞǁƐ

ZĞǀŝĞǁ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƚŽ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞ ƚŚĞ ƐƚĂƚĞ ŽĨ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĐŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ ŝŶ Ă ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ ;ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ ŝŶ ƚŚƌĞĞ ĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶƐ͗ ƐŽĐŝĂů ŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͕ ƐŽĐŝĂů ŵŽďŝůŝƚLJ͕ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĐĂƉŝƚĂůͿ ĂŶĚ ƚŽ ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĐĂŶ ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶ Žƌ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĐŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ͘

K ƐŽĐŝĂů ĐŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ ƉŽůŝĐLJ ƌĞǀŝĞǁƐ͘ ŽŶĐĞƉƚ EŽƚĞ͘ K ͕ 2014.

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

87

dϰ͗ dKK>^ &KZ 'Z Eͳ'Z zͳ/Ed 'Z d/KE D d,K ͬ dKK>

t, d &KZ͍

&/E Khd DKZ

DŝŶŶĞƐŽƚĂ ^ƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ DĂŶƵĂů

dŚŝƐ ŽŶůŝŶĞ ƐŽƵƌĐĞ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ Ă ĐŽŵƉƌĞŶƐŝǀĞ ŽǀĞƌǀŝĞǁ ŽĨ ƉŽƉƵůĂƌ ƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ ŵŽĚĞůůŝŶŐ ƐŽŌǁĂƌĞ ƚŽ ĂƐƐŝƐƚ ǁŝƚŚ ƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƌŝŐŚƚ ŽŶĞ ĨŽƌ LJŽƵƌ ƉƵƌƉŽƐĞƐ͘ ƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ possible tools is outlined below.

DŝŶŶĞƐŽƚĂ ^ƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ DĂŶƵĂů website

^h^d /E Ͳ ^LJƐƚĞŵƐ ĨŽƌ hƌďĂŶ ^ƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ dƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ŶĂůLJƐŝƐ /ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ

ĞĐŝƐŝŽŶ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ƚŽŽů ĞǀĂůƵĂƟŶŐ ŽƉƟŵĂů ůŽĐĂƟŽŶ͕ ƚLJƉĞ ĂŶĚ ĐŽƐƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ ŶĞĞĚĞĚ ƚŽ ŵĞĞƚ ǁĂƚĞƌ ƋƵĂŶƟƚLJ ĂŶĚ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ŐŽĂůƐ͘ EŽƚĞ ƚŚĂƚ W ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ĨŽƌ ŶĞǁĞƌ ǀĞƌƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨ ^h^d /E ĨŽƌ ůĂƚĞƌ ǀĞƌƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ tŝŶĚŽǁƐ Žƌ ƌĐ'/^ ŚĂƐ ĞŶĚĞĚ͘

SUSTAIN website

RECARGA

ĞƐŝŐŶ ƚŽŽů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ tŝƐĐŽŶƐŝŶ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ EĂƚƵƌĂů ZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ĨŽƌ ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞ ĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ďŝŽ ƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶ ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ͕ ƌĂŝŶ ŐĂƌĚĞŶƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶ ďĂƐŝŶƐ͘

RECARGA website

Wϴ Ͳ WƌŽŐƌĂŵ ĨŽƌ WƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐ WŽůůƵƟŶŐ WĂƌƟĐůĞ WĂƐƐĂŐĞ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ WŝƚƐ͕ WƵĚĚůĞƐ Θ WŽŶĚƐ

DŽĚĞůƐ ƚŚĞ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƉŽůůƵƚĂŶƚƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƵƌďĂŶ ƌƵŶŽī ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĞīĞĐƟǀĞŶĞƐƐ ŽĨ ŐƌĞĞŶ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ĨŽƌ ŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐ ǁĂƚĞƌ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ͘

P8 website

^tDD Ͳ W ^ƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ DŽĚĞů

^ƵƉƉŽƌƚƐ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ ĂŶĚ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶŝŶŐ ƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ ƌƵŶŽī͕ ĐŽŵďŝŶĞĚ ƐĞǁĞƌ ŽǀĞƌŇŽǁƐ ĂŶĚ ĚƌĂŝŶĂŐĞ ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͘

SWMM website

Dh^/ Ͳ DŽĚĞů ĨŽƌ hƌďĂŶ ^ƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ /ŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ

DŽĚĞůƐ ƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞ ƚŽ ĂƐƐŝƐƚ ŝŶ ƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐ ĂŶ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ͘

MUSIC website

tŝŶ^> DD Ͳ ^ŽƵƌĐĞ >ŽĂĚŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ DŽĚĞů ĨŽƌ tŝŶĚŽǁƐ

ǀĂůƵĂƚĞƐ ƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ ƉŽůůƵƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƌƵŶŽī ǀŽůƵŵĞ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĞĂ ǁŚĞƌĞ ƌƵŶŽī ŝƐ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĞīĞĐƟǀĞŶĞƐƐ ŽĨ Ă ƌĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ĐŽŶƚƌŽů ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ŝŶĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶͬ ďŝŽĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶ ďĂƐŝŶƐ͕ ƐƚƌĞĞƚ ĐůĞĂŶŝŶŐ͕ ǁĞƚ ĚĞƚĞŶƟŽŶ ƉŽŶĚƐ͕ ŐƌĂƐƐ ƐǁĂůĞƐ͕ ĮůƚĞƌ ƐƚƌŝƉƐ͕ ƉŽƌŽƵƐ ƉĂǀĞŵĞŶƚ͕ ĐĂƚĐŚďĂƐŝŶƐ͕ ǁĂƚĞƌ ƌĞƵƐĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ƉƌŽƉƌŝĞƚĂƌLJ ĚĞǀŝĐĞƐ͘

tŝŶ^> DD ǁĞďƐŝƚĞ

ŝͲdƌĞĞ ,LJĚƌŽ

^ŝŵƵůĂƚĞƐ ƚŚĞ ĞīĞĐƚ ŽĨ ƚƌĞĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĐŽǀĞƌ ŽŶ ǁĂƚĞƌ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ͘ ĞƐŝŐŶĞĚ ƚŽ ďĞ ƐŝŵƉůĞ ĞŶŽƵŐŚ ĨŽƌ ŶŽŶͲĞdžƉĞƌƚƐ ƚŽ use.

ŝͲdƌĞĞ ,LJĚƌŽ ǁĞďƐŝƚĞ

88

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

dϱ͗ dKK>^ &KZ KEE d/s/dz D d,K ͬ dKK>

t, d &KZ͍

&/E Khd DKZ

ŽƌƌŝĚŽƌ ĞƐŝŐŶ

ƉůĂƚĨŽƌŵ ŽĨĨĞƌŝŶŐ ĂĐĐĞƐƐ ƚŽ ŽƌƌŝĚŽƌ ĞƐŝŐŶĞƌ ;Ă ďĂƐŝĐ ƌĐ'/^ ƚŽŽůďŽdž ĨŽƌ ĐƌĞĂƚŝŶŐ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌ ŵŽĚĞůƐͿ ĂŶĚ ůŝŶŬƐ ƚŽ Ă ƌĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ŽƚŚĞƌ '/^ ƚŽŽůƐ ƚŽ ŵŽĚĞů͕ ŵĂƉ ĂŶĚ ĂƐƐĞƐƐ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚŝǀŝƚLJ͕ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ͕ Žƌ habitats.

ŽƌƌŝĚŽƌ ĞƐŝŐŶ ǁĞďƐŝƚĞ

SCALETOOL

WĂƌƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ^ > ^ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ;^ĞĐƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĞ >ĞǀĞůƐ ĂŶĚ ƐƉĂƟĂů͕ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂů͕ ĂŶĚ ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ^ĐĂůĞƐͿ͕ ƚŚŝƐ ŝƐ Ă ƉůĂƞŽƌŵ ŽīĞƌŝŶŐ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŽŽůƐ ƚŽ ĂƐƐĞƐƐ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ Ăƚ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ƐĐĂůĞƐ͕ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ Ă ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ŵŽĚƵůĞ͕ ďĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚ ƌĞĂĚŝŶŐ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů ĂŶĚ ůŝŶŬƐ ƚŽ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ŽŶůŝŶĞ͘ ůƐŽ ƵƐĞĨƵů ĨŽƌ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͘

SCALETOOL website

ŽƌƌŝĚŽƌ dŽŽůďŽdž

dŚĞ ŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ ŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ^ƉĞĐŝĂůŝƐƚ 'ƌŽƵƉ ŽīĞƌƐ Ă ƚŽŽůďŽdž ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ůŝŶŬƐ ƚŽ ƐŽŌǁĂƌĞ͕ ƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů ƉĂƉĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ǁĞď ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ƵƐĞĨƵů ĨŽƌ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ͘

ŽƌƌŝĚŽƌ dŽŽůďŽdž͕ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ ŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ^ƉĞĐŝĂůŝƐƚ 'ƌŽƵƉ ǁĞďƐŝƚĞ

'ƌĞĞŶ tĂůŬĂďůĞ ŝƚLJ WůĂŶ

^ƚŽĐŬŚŽůŵ͛Ɛ 'ƌĞĞŶ tĂůŬĂďůĞ ŝƚLJ WůĂŶ ; ĞŶ ŐƌƂŶĂ ƉƌŽŵĞŶĂĚƐƚĂĚĞŶͿ ŚĂƐ Ă ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ĨŽĐƵƐ ŽŶ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŶŐ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ ƚŽ ŐƌĞĞŶ ;ĂŶĚ ďůƵĞͿ ĂƌĞĂƐ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ ĨŽĐƵƐ ĂƌĞĂƐ ĂŶĚ ĚĞĮŶĞĚ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ͕ ĂƐ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞ ĐŝƚLJ ƉůĂŶ ͚dŚĞ tĂůŬĂďůĞ ŝƚLJ͗ ^ƚŽĐŬŚŽůŵ ŝƚLJ WůĂŶ͛͘ Ŷ ŶŐůŝƐŚ ƐƵŵŵĂƌLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞ ƉůĂŶ ĂŶĚ ĂŶ ĂƌƟĐůĞ ĚĞƐĐƌŝďŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ 'ƌĞĞŶ tĂůŬĂďůĞ ŝƚLJ Plan are available online.

^ƚŽĐŬŚŽůŵ ŝƚLJ WůĂŶ ǁĞďƐŝƚĞ ; ŶŐůŝƐŚ ƐƵŵŵĂƌLJͿ dŚĞ tĂůŬĂďůĞ ŝƚLJ͗ ^ƚŽĐŬŚŽůŵ ŝƚLJ WůĂŶ͕ ϮϬϭϬ͘ ;ŝŶ ŶŐůŝƐŚͿ 'ƌĞĞŶ tĂůŬĂďůĞ ŝƚLJ WůĂŶ͕ ϮϬϭϯ (in Swedish) WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ 'ƌĞĞŶ tĂůŬĂďůĞ ŝƚLJ͗ ŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂůŝnjŝŶŐ sĂůƵĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŽŶŇŝĐƚƐ ĨŽƌ hƌďĂŶ 'ƌĞĞŶ ^ƉĂĐĞ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ ŝŶ ^ƚŽĐŬŚŽůŵ͘ >ŝƩŬĞ͕ ,͕͘ ϮϬϭϱ͘

ĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞ EĂƚƵƌĂů 'ƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞ ^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ ; E'^ƚͿ

^ĞƚƐ ďĞŶĐŚŵĂƌŬƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ ŽĨ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ŵĂdžŝŵƵŵ ĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ ƚŽ ƉĂƌŬƐ ĂŶĚ ĂƌĞĂ ŽĨ ƉĂƌŬƐ Žƌ ǁŽŽĚůĂŶĚƐ ƉĞƌ ĐĂƉŝƚĂͿ͘ ůƐŽ ƵƐĞĨƵů ĂƐ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ ĞǀĂůƵĂƟŶŐ Ă ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͛Ɛ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĐŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ͘

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

͚EĂƚƵƌĞ EĞĂƌďLJ͛ ĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞ EĂƚƵƌĂů 'ƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞ 'ƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ͘ EĂƚƵƌĂů ŶŐůĂŶĚ͕ ϮϬϭϬ͘

89

dϲ͗ dKK>^ &KZ Dh>d/&hE d/KE >/dz D d,K ͬ dKK>

&/E Khd DKZ

t, d &KZ͍

'ƌĞĞŶ<ĞLJƐΛzŽƵƌ ŝƚLJ ʹ 'ƵŝĚĞ DĂŶƵĂů͕ ƚŽŽůďŽdž ĂŶĚ ĞͲůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ŵŽĚƵůĞ ƉƵďůŝƐŚĞĚ ďLJ ĨŽƌ hƌďĂŶ 'ƌĞĞŶ YƵĂůŝƚLJ ƚŚĞ /K Z >ĞŝďŶŝnj /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ ŽĨ ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĂŶĚ ZĞŐŝŽŶĂů ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ ƌĞƐĚĞŶ͘ ^ĞĞ ŝŶ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶ ƚŽŽůƐ͘

'ƌĞĞŶ<ĞLJƐ ǁĞďƐŝƚĞ͘ 'ƌĞĞŶ <ĞLJƐ Team, 2008.

'ƌĞĞŶ &ůĂŐ ǁĂƌĚ

ĞŶĐŚŵĂƌŬ ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ ĨŽƌ ƉĂƌŬƐ ĂŶĚ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ h<͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ Ϯϳ ĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ĞŝŐŚƚ ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ͕ ĂŵŽŶŐ ŽƚŚĞƌƐ͕ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ĨŽƌ ŚƵŵĂŶƐ͕ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJ͕ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ͘ dŚĞ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞƐ Ă ŵƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂů ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ƚŽ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJ ŽĨ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ ƉƉůŝĐĂŶƚƐ ĂƌĞ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ƚŽ ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐŝƚĞ͛Ɛ ƵƐĞƌƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ƐŝƚĞ ŝƚƐĞůĨ ĂŶĚ ŝƚƐ ƐƉĞĐŝĂů ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ ;ǁŚĞƚŚĞƌ ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂů͕ ƐŽĐŝĂů Žƌ ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůͿ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ͘

'ƌĞĞŶ &ůĂŐ ǁĂƌĚ ǁĞďƐŝƚĞ

dŚĞ DĞƌƐĞLJ &ŽƌĞƐƚ DƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJ '/^ ŵĂƉƉŝŶŐ

'/^ ŵĂƉƉŝŶŐ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ďLJ Ă h<ͲďĂƐĞĚ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ ŽĨ ǁŽŽĚůĂŶĚƐ ĂŶĚ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ŵĞƚŚŽĚŽůŽŐLJ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐ ĚĂƚĂ ŶĞĞĚƐ ĂŶĚ ĂĐƋƵŝƌŝŶŐ ĚĂƚĂ͕ ĂŚĞĂĚ ŽĨ ŵĂƉƉŝŶŐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͕ ŝƚƐ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚ ŶĞĞĚƐ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚ ƚŽ ďĞ ĂĚĂƉƚĂďůĞ ƚŽ Ă ƌĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƐĐĂůĞƐ͘

dŚĞ sĂůƵĞ ŽĨ DĂƉƉŝŶŐ 'ƌĞĞŶ /ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͘ dŚĞ DĞƌƐĞLJ &ŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ϮϬϭϭ͘

90

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

dϳ͗ dKK>^ &KZ ^K / > /E >h^/KE D d,K ͬ dKK>

t, d &KZ͍

&/E Khd DKZ

TOOLS FOR ASSESSMENT AND VALUATION ^ƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌ ŶĂůLJƐŝƐ

Method to ensure that relevant stakeholders are ĐŽŶƚĂĐƚĞĚ ŝŶ ĂŶ ĂĐƟŽŶͲƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͘

dŚĞ hZ d // >ŽĐĂů ^ƵƉƉŽƌƚ 'ƌŽƵƉ dŽŽůŬŝƚ͕ ƉϲϰͲϲϱ͘

/ŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞͬ /ŶŇƵĞŶĐĞ DĂƚƌŝdž

DĞƚŚŽĚ ƚŽ ƉƌŝŽƌŝƟƐĞ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͕ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ƚŽ ƚŚŝŶŬ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ƌŝŐŚƚ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ƚŽ ƚĂŬĞ ǁŝƚŚ ĞĂĐŚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞŵ͘ KŌĞŶ ƵƐĞĚ ŝŶ ĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ͘

dŚĞ hZ d // >ŽĐĂů ^ƵƉƉŽƌƚ 'ƌŽƵƉ dŽŽůŬŝƚ͕ ƉϲϲͲϲϳ͘

TOOLS FOR PARTICIPATING IN PLANNING &ŽƌĞƐƚƌLJ ŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ƚŽŽůďŽdž

ZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞ ĨŽƌ ĨŽƐƚĞƌŝŶŐ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ ƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ h<ͲďĂƐĞĚ &ŽƌĞƐƚƌLJ ŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ƚŽŽůďŽdž ŝƐ ĂŝŵĞĚ Ăƚ ŵĂŶĂŐĞƌƐ ŽĨ ĨŽƌĞƐƚƐ ĂŶĚ ǁŽŽĚůĂŶĚƐ͕ ďƵƚ ĂůƐŽ ƵƐĞĨƵů ĨŽƌ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƉƌĂĐƟƟŽŶĞƌƐ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ ŝŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘

WƵďůŝĐ ĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ƚŽŽůďŽdž ŽŶ ƚŚĞ &ŽƌĞƐƚƌLJ ŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶ website

ŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ

dŚĞ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ǁĞďƐŝƚĞ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ ĂŶ ƚŽ ŽĨ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ƚŽ ĞŵƉůŽLJ ĨŽƌ ŐƌĞĂƚĞƌ ƐŽĐŝĂů ŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͘ ^ĞůĞĐƚĞĚ ŽƉƟŽŶƐ ĂƌĞ ŽƵƚůŝŶĞĚ below.

ŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ǁĞďƐŝƚĞ

ŚĂƌĞƩĞ Žƌ ͛ŝŶƋƵŝƌLJ ďLJ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͛ ǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉ

ǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉ ǁŚĞƌĞ ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ ĐŽŵĞ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ƚŽ ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ ŝƐƐƵĞƐ͕ ĚĞůŝďĞƌĂƚĞ ĂďŽƵƚ ƉƌĞĨĞƌƌĞĚ ŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ƉůĂŶƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ͘

ŶŐĂŐŝŶŐ ŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ dŽŽůŬŝƚ͘ tĞƐƚ >ŽƚŚŝĂŶ ŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ WĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉ͕ ϮϬϭϱ͕ Ɖϭϱ͘

ŝƟnjĞŶƐ͛ ũƵƌŝĞƐ

ŐƌŽƵƉ ŽĨ ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ ŝƐ ƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚ͕ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ƐƉĞĐŝĂů ĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂ͕ ĂƐ Ă ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟǀĞ ĐƌŽƐƐͲƐĞĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ Ă ǁŝĚĞƌ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͘ DƵĐŚ ůŝŬĞ Ă ũƵƌLJ ŝŶ Ă ůĞŐĂů ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͕ ƚŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ƚŽ ŵĞĞƚ ĂƐ Ă ŐƌŽƵƉ͕ ƌĞĐĞŝǀĞ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͕ ĚĞůŝďĞƌĂƚĞ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ĂŶĚ ƵůƟŵĂƚĞůLJ ŵĂŬĞ ƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƐ ĂďŽƵƚ ĂŶ ŝƐƐƵĞ ŽĨ ƉƵďůŝĐ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ͘

ĐƟǀĞ ĞŵŽĐƌĂĐLJ ǁĞďƐŝƚĞ

WŚŽƚŽǀŽŝĐĞ

ĂŵĞƌĂƐ ĂƌĞ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ ƚŽ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ŵĞŵďĞƌƐ ƚŽ ŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĐŽƌĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͛Ɛ ƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƉŚŽƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ͘ dŚĞ ĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐ ŽŶ ǀŝƐƵĂů ŽďũĞĐƚƐ ŵĂŬĞƐ ŝƚ ĞĂƐŝĞƌ ĨŽƌ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ƐƚƌŽŶŐ ĐŽŵŵĂŶĚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂů ůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞ ƚŽ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚĞ͘

ŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ dŽŽůďŽdž ǁĞďƐŝƚĞ͗ /ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƟŶŐ WŚŽƚŽǀŽŝĐĞ ŝŶ zŽƵƌ ŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ

WĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌLJ ƵĚŐĞƟŶŐ

ŝƚLJ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ ĂƌĞ ŐŝǀĞŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŚĂŶĐĞ ƚŽ ĚĞĐŝĚĞ ŚŽǁ ƚŽ ƐƉĞŶĚ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ Ă ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂů ďƵĚŐĞƚ͘ ĞƐŝĚĞƐ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐLJ ĂŶĚ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŶŐ ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƐƚƐ ŽĨ ƉƵďůŝĐ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͕ ƚŚŝƐ ĐĂŶ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ ĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ empowerment.

WĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌLJ ƵĚŐĞƟŶŐ WƌŽũĞĐƚ website

EĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚ 'ƌĞĞŶ WůĂŶƐ

ŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ ǁŽƌŬ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ŽŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ĂŶĚͬ Žƌ ƉůĂŶƐ ĨŽƌ ŵŽƌĞ ůŝǀĂďůĞ ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚƐ͘ džĂŵƉůĞƐ ƌĂŶŐĞ ĨƌŽŵ ŵŽƌĞ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů͕ ƚŽƉͲĚŽǁŶ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ ǁŝƚŚ ƐƚƌŽŶŐ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞŵĞŶƚ ƚŽ ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞůLJ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJͲůĞĚ ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƚŚĞŶ ŐŽ ĨŽƌ ĐŝƚLJ ĐŽƵŶĐŝů approval.

,Žǁ ƚŽ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ LJŽƵƌ ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚ ƉůĂŶ͘ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ Aid. 'ƵŝĚĞ ĨŽƌ ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ EĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚ WůĂŶƐ ;EĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚƐ ůŝǀĞ͊Ϳ͘ Manitoba Government, 2002.

PPGIS

&Žƌ ŇĞdžŝďůĞ ŵĂƉƉŝŶŐ͗ ŽƉƟŽŶƐ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ tŝŬŝŵĂƉƉŝŶŐ ;ĨƌĞĞͿ͕ ƌĐ'/^ ^ƚŽƌLJ DĂƉ ƌŽǁĚƐŽƵƌĐĞ΢ ĂƉƉ ;ůŝĐĞŶƐĞͲ ďĂƐĞĚͿ ĂŶĚ DĂƉƟŽŶŶĂŝƌĞ ;ƉĂŝĚ ƐƵďƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶͿ͘

tŝŬŝŵĂƉƉŝŶŐ ƌĐ'/^ ^ƚŽƌLJ DĂƉ ƌŽǁĚƐŽƵƌĐĞ΢ DĂƉƟŽŶŶĂŝƌĞ

&Žƌ ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ͛ ƌĞƋƵĞƐƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵƉůĂŝŶƚƐ͗ ŽƉƟŽŶƐ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ &ŝdž DLJ ^ƚƌĞĞƚ ĂŶĚ /ŵƉƌŽǀĞ DLJ ŝƚLJ ;ďŽƚŚ ĨƌĞĞͿ͘

&ŝdž DLJ ^ƚƌĞĞƚ /ŵƉƌŽǀĞ DLJ ŝƚLJ

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

91

dϴ͗ &hE /E' dKK>^ E D , E/^D^ D d,K ͬ dKK>

t, d &KZ͍

&/E Khd DKZ

ƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ƵƐĞ ŽĨ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ

ƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐ ƉĂLJ Ă ĨĞĞ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƌŝŐŚƚ ƚŽ ƵƐĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĨŽƌ ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂů ƉƌŽĮƚ͕ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ĨŽƌ ƌƵŶŶŝŶŐ Ă ƉĂƌŬ ĐĂĨĠ ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƌŵ ŽĨ Ă ůĞĂƐĞ Žƌ ůŝĐĞŶĐĞͿ͘

džĂŵƉůĞ͗ ƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ hƐĞ ŽĨ WƵďůŝĐ ^ƉĂĐĞƐ͘ ZĂŶĚǁŝĐŬ ŝƚLJ ŽƵŶĐŝů͕ Australia.

ƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚƐ (BIDs)

ƵƐŝŶĞƐƐͲůĞĚ ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŵĂŶĂŐĞ ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞůLJͲŽǁŶĞĚ ĂƌĞĂƐ͘ dŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ Ă ŵĂũŽƌŝƚLJ ŽĨ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐ ;ĞŝƚŚĞƌ ůĂŶĚ ŽǁŶĞƌƐ Žƌ ƚĞŶĂŶƚƐͿ ĂŐƌĞĞŝŶŐ ƚŽ ƉĂLJ Ă ŵĞŵďĞƌ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ͘ ZĞůĂƚĞĚ ŐƌĞĞŶŝŶŐ ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ ĐĂŶ ƐĞƌǀĞ ƚŚĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ ŐŽŽĚ ďƵƚ ĂƌĞ ƉƌŝŵĂƌŝůLJ ŵŽƟǀĂƚĞĚ ďLJ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ value return to owners and investors, and should be ĚĞƉůŽLJĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ĐĂƵƟŽŶ͕ ĂƐ ƚŚĞLJ ŵĂLJ ŐƌĂŶƚ ĞdžĐůƵƐŝŽŶĂƌLJ ƌŝŐŚƚƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞƐĞ ƉĂƌƟĞƐ͘

džĂŵƉůĞ͗ 'ƌĞĞŶ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ŝŶ sŝĐƚŽƌŝĂ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚ͘ ZŽŐĞƌƐ Ğƚ Ăů͕͘ ϮϬϭϮ͘

ŽŵƉĞŶƐĂƟŽŶ ƐĐŚĞŵĞƐ

^ƵĐŚ ƐĐŚĞŵĞƐ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ƌĞƋƵŝƌŝŶŐ ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ ůĂŶĚ ŽǁŶĞƌƐ ƚŽ ĐŽŵƉĞŶƐĂƚĞ ĨŽƌ ĂŶLJ ŝŵƉĂĐƚ ŽŶ ƉƵďůŝĐ ŐŽŽĚƐ ĐĂƵƐĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ;ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ KīƐĞƚƐͿ͕ Žƌ ŽīĞƌŝŶŐ ĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞ ƉůŽƚƐ ŽĨ ůĂŶĚ Žƌ ĮŶĂŶĐŝĂů ĐŽŵƉĞŶƐĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ ĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞŝƌ ůĂŶĚ ŝĨ ƚŚĞLJ ĚŽ ŶŽƚ ŝŶƚĞŶĚ ƚŽ ŵĂŶĂŐĞ ŝƚ ŝŶ ůŝŶĞ ǁŝƚŚ ůŽĐĂů ĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƟĞƐ͛ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘

džĂŵƉůĞ͗ ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ KīƐĞƚƐ͘ UNDP 2016.

ZĂŝŶ ƚĂdž

WĂŝĚ ďLJ Ă ůĂŶĚ ŽǁŶĞƌ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ǀŽůƵŵĞ ŽĨ ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ ƌƵŶŽī ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƉƌŽƉĞƌƚLJ͘

tĂƐƚĞǁĂƚĞƌ ƚĂdžĞƐ͘ Kd 2001.

WĂLJŵĞŶƚƐ ĨŽƌ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ services (PES)

&ŝŶĂŶĐŝĂů ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀĞ ǁŚĞƌĞ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ; ^^Ϳ ĂƌĞ ƉƵƌĐŚĂƐĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ^^ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌƐ ƚŽ ĞŶƐƵƌĞ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ ĂƌĞ ŵĂŶĂŐĞĚ ŝŶ Ă ǁĂLJ ƚŚĂƚ ŵĂdžŝŵŝƐĞƐ ƚŚĞ ĚĞůŝǀĞƌLJ ŽĨ Ă ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ͘

WĂLJŵĞŶƚƐ ĨŽƌ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ services. UNEP 2008.

WƵďůŝĐͲƉƌŝǀĂƚĞͲ ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƐ ;WWWͿ

>ŽĐĂů ĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƟĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŚĞ ŽƉƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀĞƐ ƚŽ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ ĂŶĚ ĞŶĂďůĞ ŵŽƌĞ ŇĞdžŝďůĞ ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ ŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ͘ ǁŝŶͲ ǁŝŶͲƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ďŽƚŚ ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐ ŝƐ ŬĞLJ ƚŽ Ă ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵů WWW͘

džĂŵƉůĞ͗ ֻ Ždž ϳ >ŽĚnj͘

ŽŵƉĞƟƟŽŶƐ͕ ĂǁĂƌĚ ƐĐŚĞŵĞƐ

>ŽĐĂů͕ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů͕ ŶĂƟŽŶĂů͕ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƐ Žƌ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶƐ ŵĂLJ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞ ƚŚĞƐĞ ƚŽ ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞ ŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ ŝŶ h'/͘

džĂŵƉůĞƐ͗ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ 'ƌĞĞŶ ĂƉŝƚĂů ǁĂƌĚ 'ƌĞĞŶ &ůĂŐ ǁĂƌĚ

ŚĂƌŝƚLJ ĞǀĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ;Ğ͘Ő͘ ĨƵŶƌƵŶƐͿ

hŶĚĞƌƚĂŬĞŶ ďLJ ŶŽŶͲƉƌŽĮƚ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ͛ĨƌŝĞŶĚƐ ŽĨ ƉĂƌŬƐ͛ ŐƌŽƵƉƐ͘

džĂŵƉůĞ͗ 'ůĂƐŐŽǁ ŝƚLJ ŽƵŶĐŝů͘ &ƌŝĞŶĚƐ ŽĨ 'ůĂƐŐŽǁ WĂƌŬƐ͘

^ƉŽŶƐŽƌƐŚŝƉ

ŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐ͕ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ Žƌ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐ ŵĂLJ ͛ĂĚŽƉƚ͛ ƚƌĞĞƐ Žƌ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘

džĂŵƉůĞ͗ DŝůůŝŽŶ dƌĞĞƐ Ez ͘

'ƌĞĞŶ ďŽŶĚƐ

&ŝdžĞĚͲŝŶĐŽŵĞ ŝŶǀĞƐƚŽƌƐ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ĨƵŶĚƐ ƚŽ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ďĂŶŬ ůŽĂŶƐ ĨŽƌ ĞůŝŐŝďůĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͕ Ğ͘Ő͕͘ ƚŚŽƐĞ ƐĞĞŬŝŶŐ ƚŽ ŵŝƟŐĂƚĞ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ Žƌ ƚŽ ŚĞůƉ ĂīĞĐƚĞĚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ ĂĚĂƉƚ ƚŽ ŝƚ͘ &Žƌ ŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞ͕ ƚŚĞ 'ƌĞĞŶ /ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ /ŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ ŽĂůŝƟŽŶ ;'// Ϳ ďƌŝŶŐƐ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ŝŶǀĞƐƚŽƌƐ͕ ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ŐƌĞĞŶ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ďĂŶŬƐ ƚŽ ŚĞůƉ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ ƚŚĞ ŇŽǁ ŽĨ ĐĂƉŝƚĂů ƚŽ ŐƌĞĞŶ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌůĚ͘

džĂŵƉůĞ͗ 'ƌĞĞŶ /ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ /ŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ ŽĂůŝƟŽŶ

92

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

APPENDIX >ŝƐƚ ŽĨ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚŽƌƐ

93

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS KEdZ/ hdKZ

&&/>/ d/KE

KEdZ/ hd/KE^ dK

ŶĚĞƌƐƐŽŶ͕ ƌŝŬ

ƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞ WƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌ Ăƚ ^ƚŽĐŬŚŽůŵ ZĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐĞ ĞŶƚĞƌ ;^Z Ϳ ^ƚŽĐŬŚŽůŵ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕ ^ǁĞĚĞŶ

'ƌĞĞŶ ĐŽŶŽŵLJ͕ ƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐ h'/ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ

ƌĂŶƋƵŝŶŚŽ͕ ƌŝƐƟŶĂ

ƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌ Ăƚ Ğϯ Ͳ ĞŶƚƌĞ ĨŽƌ ĐŽůŽŐLJ͕ ǀŽůƵƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ŚĂŶŐĞƐ͕ &ĂĐƵůĚĂĚĞ ĚĞ ŝġŶĐŝĂƐ ĚĞ >ŝƐďŽĂ ;&& h>Ϳ͕ WŽƌƚƵŐĂů

ůŝŵĂƚĞ ŚĂŶŐĞ ĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ

ƌŝŶŬŵĞLJĞƌ͕ ĂŶŝĞů

ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌ Ăƚ ŚĂŝƌ ŽĨ ĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞͬWůĂŶƚ ĐŽůŽŐLJ͕ dĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ ĞƌůŝŶ ;dh Ϳ͕ 'ĞƌŵĂŶLJ

Ždž ϲ

ĂƐƉĞƌƐĞŶ͕ KůĞ ,ũŽƌƚŚ

^ĞŶŝŽƌ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌ Ăƚ /ŶƐƟƚƵƚ ĨŽƌ 'ĞŽǀŝĚĞŶƐŬĂď ŽŐ EĂƚƵƌĨŽƌǀĂůƚŶŝŶŐ͕ >ĂŶĚƐŬĂďƐĂƌŬŝƚĞŬƚƵƌ ŽŐ ƉůĂŶůčŐŶŝŶŐ Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Denmark

Ždž ϯ

ŚĂƉŵĂŶ͕ ůĞĂŶŽƌ

ƐƐŝƐƚĂŶƚ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌ Ăƚ ŚĂŝƌ ĨŽƌ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ dĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ DƵŶŝĐŚ ;dhDͿ͕ 'ĞƌŵĂŶLJ

ĚŝƚŽƌŝĂů͕ ůĂLJŽƵƚ͕ intro, Part A, C, D

ǀĞũŝđ͕ ZŽnjĂůŝũĂ

ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌ Ăƚ ŝŽƚĞŚŶŝƓŬĂ ĨĂŬƵůƚĞƚĂ Univerza v Ljubljana (UL), Slovenia

^ŽĐŝĂů /ŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͕ Ždž ϱ͕ ϴ

Davies, Clive

sŝƐŝƟŶŐ WƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌ Ăƚ ŝƉĂƌƟŵĞŶƚŽ Ěŝ ^ĐŝĞŶnjĞ ŐƌŽͲ Ambientali e Territoriali (Di.S.A.A.T.) hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚă ĚĞŐůŝ ^ƚƵĚŝ Ěŝ Ăƌŝ ͚ ůĚŽ DŽƌŽ͛ ;hE/ Ϳ͕ /ƚĂůLJ

ŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ

Delshammar, Tim

>ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚ Ăƚ ŝƚLJ ŽĨ DĂůŵƂ͕ ^ƚƌĞĞƚ ĂŶĚ WĂƌŬƐ Department, Sweden

/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ͕ Ždž ϭ

Ğ ĞůůŝƐ͕ zŽůĞ

ƐƐŝƐƚĂŶƚ Ăƚ ŝƉĂƌƟŵĞŶƚŽ Ěŝ ^ĐŝĞŶnjĞ ŐƌŽͲ ŵďŝĞŶƚĂůŝ e Territoriali (Di.S.A.A.T.) hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚă ĚĞŐůŝ ^ƚƵĚŝ Ěŝ Ăƌŝ ͚ ůĚŽ DŽƌŽ͛ ;hE/ Ϳ͕ /ƚĂůLJ

ŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ Ždž ϱ͕ Ϯ

ƌůǁĞŝŶ͕ ^ĂďƌŝŶĂ

^ƚƵĚĞŶƚ ĂƐƐŝƐƚĂŶƚ Ăƚ ŚĂŝƌ ĨŽƌ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ dĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ DƵŶŝĐŚ ;dhDͿ͕ 'ĞƌŵĂŶLJ

ĚŝƚŽƌŝĂů͕ ůĂLJŽƵƚ ŽĨ &ŝĞůĚ dĞƐƚ sĞƌƐŝŽŶ ϭ͘Ϭ͕ ŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ Ždž ϱ͕ ϲ

&ŽŚůŵĞŝƐƚĞƌ͕ ^ĂŶĚƌĂ

ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌ Ăƚ ŚĂŝƌ ĨŽƌ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ dĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ DƵŶŝĐŚ ;dhDͿ͕ 'ĞƌŵĂŶLJ

ŽŶĐĞƉƚ͕ ĞĚŝƚŽƌŝĂů ŽĨ &ŝĞůĚ dĞƐƚ sĞƌƐŝŽŶ ϭ͘Ϭ

'ĞŶƟŶ͕ ^ĂŶĚƌĂ

dĞĂĐŚŝŶŐ ƐƐŝƐƚĂŶƚ WƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌ Ăƚ /ŶƐƟƚƵƚ ĨŽƌ 'ĞŽǀŝĚĞŶƐŬĂď ŽŐ EĂƚƵƌĨŽƌǀĂůƚŶŝŶŐ͕ >ĂŶĚƐŬĂďƐĂƌŬŝƚĞŬƚƵƌ ŽŐ ƉůĂŶůčŐŶŝŶŐ Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Denmark

Ždž ϯ

'ĞƌŽŚĄnjŝ͕ ǀĂ

ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌ Ăƚ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ ;DZ/Ϳ͕ ,ƵŶŐĂƌLJ

^ŽĐŝĂů /ŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͕ Ždž ϭ

,ĂŶƐĞŶ͕ ZŝĞŬĞ

ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌ Ăƚ ŚĂŝƌ ĨŽƌ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ dĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ DƵŶŝĐŚ ;dhDͿ͕ 'ĞƌŵĂŶLJ

ŽŶĐĞƉƚ͕ ĞĚŝƚŽƌŝĂů͕ ůĂLJŽƵƚ ;ĂůƐŽ &ŝĞůĚ dĞƐƚ sĞƌƐŝŽŶ ϭ͘ϬͿ͕ WĂƌƚ ͕ ͕ ͕ DƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJ͕ Ždž ϯ͕ ϰ͕ ϰ͕ ϲ

<ƌŽŶĞŶďĞƌŐ͕ :ĂŬƵď

ƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞ WƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌ Ăƚ &ĂĐƵůƚLJ ŽĨ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐ ĂŶĚ ^ŽĐŝŽůŽŐLJ hŶŝǁĞƌƐLJƚĞƚ >ŽĚnjŬŝ ;h>K Ϳ͕ WŽůĂŶĚ

'ƌĞĞŶ ĐŽŶŽŵLJ͕ Ždž ϳ

>ĂĨŽƌƚĞnjnjĂ͕ ZĂīĂĞůĞ

^ĞŶŝŽƌ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌͬ ƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞ WƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌ Ăƚ ŝƉĂƌƟŵĞŶƚŽ Ěŝ ^ĐŝĞŶnjĞ ŐƌŽͲ ŵďŝĞŶƚĂůŝ Ğ dĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂůŝ ; ŝ͘^͘ ͘ ͘d͘Ϳ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚă ĚĞŐůŝ ^ƚƵĚŝ Ěŝ Ăƌŝ ͚ ůĚŽ DŽƌŽ͛ ;hE/ Ϳ͕ /ƚĂůLJ

ŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ

>Ƶnj͕ ŶĂ ĂƚĂƌŝŶĂ

WŽƐƚͲĚŽĐƚŽƌĂů ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌ Ăƚ Ğϯ Ͳ ĞŶƚƌĞ ĨŽƌ ĐŽůŽŐLJ͕ ǀŽůƵƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ŚĂŶŐĞƐ͕ &ĂĐƵůĚĂĚĞ ĚĞ ŝġŶĐŝĂƐ ĚĞ >ŝƐďŽĂ ;&& h>Ϳ͕ WŽƌƚƵŐĂů

ůŝŵĂƚĞ ŚĂŶŐĞ ĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ͕ 'ƌĞĞŶ ĐŽŶŽŵLJ͕ Ždž ϭ͕ ϳ

94

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

KEdZ/ hdKZ

&&/>/ d/KE

KEdZ/ hd/KE^ dK

EĂƐƚƌĂŶ͕ DŽũĐĂ

ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌ Ăƚ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ĨŽƌ ĨŽƌĞƐƚƌLJ ĂŶĚ ƌĞŶĞǁĂďůĞ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͕ ŝŽƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů &ĂĐƵůƚLJ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ >ũƵďůũĂŶĂ ;h>Ϳ͕ ^ůŽǀĞŶŝĂ

^ŽĐŝĂů /ŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͕ Ždž ϱ

WĂƵůĞŝƚ͕ ^ƚĞƉŚĂŶ

WƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌ Ăƚ ŚĂŝƌ ĨŽƌ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ dĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ DƵŶŝĐŚ ;dhDͿ͕ 'ĞƌŵĂŶLJ

ŽŶĐĞƉƚ͕ ĞĚŝƚŽƌŝĂů͕ ůŝŵĂƚĞ ŚĂŶŐĞ ĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ͕ Ždž Ϯ

WŝŶƚĂƌ͕ DĂƌŝŶĂ

WƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌ Ăƚ ŝŽƚĞŚŶŝƓŬĂ ĨĂŬƵůƚĞƚĂ Univerza v Ljubljana (UL), Slovenia

Ždž ϱ

Rall, Emily

ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌ Ăƚ ŚĂŝƌ ĨŽƌ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ dĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ DƵŶŝĐŚ ;dhDͿ͕ 'ĞƌŵĂŶLJ

ŽŶĐĞƉƚ͕ ĞĚŝƚŽƌŝĂů͕ Part A, C, D, ^ŽĐŝĂů ĐŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ͕ /ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ͕ ^ŶĂƉƐŚŽƚ ϯ͕ ϭ͕ ϲ

ZŽůĨ͕ tĞƌŶĞƌ

ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌ Ăƚ ŚĂŝƌ ĨŽƌ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ dĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ DƵŶŝĐŚ ;dhDͿ͕ 'ĞƌŵĂŶLJ

ŽŶĐĞƉƚ͕ ŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ͕ Ždž ϰ͕ Ϯ

^ĂŶƚŽƐ͕ ƌƚƵƌ

ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌ Ăƚ Ğϯ Ͳ ĞŶƚƌĞ ĨŽƌ ĐŽůŽŐLJ͕ ǀŽůƵƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ŚĂŶŐĞƐ͕ &ĂĐƵůĚĂĚĞ ĚĞ ŝġŶĐŝĂƐ ĚĞ >ŝƐďŽĂ ;&& h>Ϳ͕ WŽƌƚƵŐĂů

ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕ ůŝŵĂƚĞ ŚĂŶŐĞ ĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ͕ 'ƌĞĞŶ ĐŽŶŽŵLJ͕ Ždž ϱ

^ĂŶƚŽƐͲZĞŝƐ͕ Margarida

^ĐŝĞŶƟĮĐ ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚŽƌ Ăƚ Ğϯ Ͳ ĞŶƚƌĞ ĨŽƌ ĐŽůŽŐLJ͕ ǀŽůƵƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ŚĂŶŐĞƐ͕ &ĂĐƵůĚĂĚĞ ĚĞ ŝġŶĐŝĂƐ ĚĞ >ŝƐďŽĂ ;&& h>Ϳ͕ WŽƌƚƵŐĂů

ůŝŵĂƚĞ ŚĂŶŐĞ ĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ͕ Ždž ϭ

^ƚĂŚů KůĂĨƐƐŽŶ͕ ŶƚŽŶ

ƐƐŝƐƚĂŶƚ ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌ Ăƚ /ŶƐƟƚƵƚ ĨŽƌ 'ĞŽǀŝĚĞŶƐŬĂď ŽŐ EĂƚƵƌĨŽƌǀĂůƚŶŝŶŐ͕ >ĂŶĚƐŬĂďƐĂƌŬŝƚĞŬƚƵƌ ŽŐ ƉůĂŶůčŐŶŝŶŐ Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Denmark

DƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJ͕ Ždž ϯ

^njĄƌĂnj͕ >ƵĐĂ

ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌ Ăƚ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ ;DZ/Ϳ͕ ,ƵŶŐĂƌLJ EŽǁ͗ /ŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĞŶ ĨƂƌ ůĂŶĚƐŬĂƉƐĂƌŬŝƚĞŬƚƵƌ͕ ƉůĂŶĞƌŝŶŐ ŽĐŚ ĨƂƌǀĂůƚŶŝŶŐ͕ ^ǀĞƌŝŐĞƐ ůĂŶƚďƌƵŬƐƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚĞƚ ;^>hͿ͕ ^ǁĞĚĞŶ

/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ͕ ůŝŵĂƚĞ ŚĂŶŐĞ ĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶ͕ ^ŽĐŝĂů ŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ͕ Ždž ϭ͕ ϯ

dŽƐŝĐƐ͕ /ǀĄŶ

DĂŶĂŐŝŶŐ ĚŝƌĞĐƚŽƌ Ăƚ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ ;DZ/Ϳ͕ ,ƵŶŐĂƌLJ

^ŽĐŝĂů /ŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͕ Ždž ϲ͕ ϲ

sĂŶ ĚĞƌ :ĂŐƚ͕ ůĞdžĂŶĚĞƌ

ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌ Ăƚ >ĂŶĚ hƐĞ ĂŶĚ ĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ 'ƌŽƵƉ ĞŶƚƌĞ ĨŽƌ ĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͕ ^ŽĐŝĞƚLJ ĂŶĚ ŝŽƐĞĐƵƌŝƚLJ͕ &ŽƌĞƐƚ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ;& Z Ϳ͕ hŶŝƚĞĚ <ŝŶŐĚŽŵ EŽǁ͗ ŽƉĞƌŶŝĐƵƐ /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ ŽĨ ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ hƚƌĞĐŚƚ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕ dŚĞ EĞƚŚĞƌůĂŶĚƐ

Ždž ϯ͕ ϰ͕ ϰ

sŝĞƌŝŬŬŽ͕ <ĂƟ

WŽƐƚͲĚŽĐƚŽƌĂů ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌ Ăƚ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞƐ ,ĞůƐŝŶŐŝŶ zůŝŽƉŝƐƚŽ ;h,Ϳ͕ &ŝŶůĂŶĚ

ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕ Ždž Ϯ

ĞůĞnjŶŝŬĂƌ͕ aƉĞůĂ

ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌ Ăƚ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ŐƌŽŶŽŵLJ͕ ŝŽƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů &ĂĐƵůƚLJ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ >ũƵďůũĂŶĂ ;h>Ϳ͕ ^ůŽǀĞŶŝĂ

Ždž ϱ

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING GUIDE

95

View publication stats