Biochemistry Preliminary Learning Portfolio

BIOS CHYMUS learning portfolio | volume 1

AUTHOR’S NOTE & ABOUT THE ZINE Hello, I am the author and layout artist of this learning portfolio. I am Grezelle Anne S. Aguila, a freshman nursing student. Part of our program is taking up a course of BioChemistry in our first semester in first year. I am still in the process of adjusting to college life in this new learning setup.

I made this magazine type of learning portfolio which create a better experience to gain the interest of readers while of course, learning.

I also wanted to express myself as who I am in this major output that we are creating. This can represent me as an ordinary person outside the academia who have interest with art. Being deeply focused creating alone in a room around 1 am to 5 am in the morning only focusing on the screen of my laptop.

This magazine is titled “Bios Chymus” which was the origin words of BioChemistry. Bios means life and Chymus means juice in Greek.

This will contain all my answers in the SAQS in our preliminary modules that includes the topics: Importance of Biochemistry, History of Biochemistry, Properties of Life, and Cells.

I used my knowledge and also I based on several books and websites that discusses about our topics.

I hope you will enjoy this new journey of learning or get to know me as a learner by browsing through the magazine I created. Please look forward to another volume for the next terms. Thank you!

BIOS CHYMUS MAGAZINE

CONTENTS Chapter 1

Importance of Biochemistry

Chapter 1 | Importance of Biochemistry

04

Biochemistry during Pandemic

05

Application of Biochemistry

Chapter 2 | History of Biochemistry

06

Trip down to memory lane

08

Did you know? (trivias)

14

Let Us Compare and Contrast

20

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

24

Visual Presentation of Comparison and Contrast

Chapter 3 | Properties of Life

12

All About Biological Hierarchy

16

Properties of Life: Homeostasis & Mutation

Chapter 5 | Properties of Life

18

Introduction to Cells

24

Components of Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

04

CHAPTER 1 BIOS CHYMUS

IMPORTANCE OF BIOCHEMISTRY DURING PANDEMIC The CoViD- 19 pandemic has huge effect to the entire world. It has created a lot of fears and worse, deaths of not just thousands, but millions of lives around the globe. This virus has been spreading rapidly and without any difficulty. The cases has become massive and uncontrollable at the first months of pandemic.

However, the scientists and other experts used scientific approach in order for people to be immune with the virus to decrease its bad effect and number of death due to CoViD-19.

Those scientists and experts have use the study of Biochemistry and other field connected to it for the to first, study the virus causing disease itself. Using medical biochemistry, they have observed the response

and abnormalities of human body from virus infection through laboratory examination of body fluids such as blood and mucus.

In the vaccine development, they have applied the virology using biochemistry which allowed them to classify and identify the the virus interactions to synthesize appropriate vaccines and drugs for CoViD-19. This causes us to still have normal or near normal body condition despite of having contact with the corona virus.

In conclusion, the biochemistry is the field of science that was mainly used for treatment of people during pandemic. The theories and studies in this field was the reason why we are gradually recovering.

Answers the question number 1

Photo from Chu

BIOCHE

As a norma disciplines and person I believe This field is the study of ou to establish an the general pu development supply is still m In all time our health is

BIOCHE

Photo from Mufid Majnun

As a nurs important fiel is the physiolo of health care how our bod the smallest We will be and illness of knowledge w

uttersnap

EMISTRY APPLIED TO ME AS A PERSON

al person, I am interested with different d fields relating to biochemistry but as a e that we mostly apply the food science. s where biochemistry is applied due to ur food’s chemical composition in order nd maintain the whole food supply for ublic. This is also the reason why the of food industry is continual, and the maintained despite of huge demands. es, especially during this time that at high risk, we must make sure

that we intake and consume nutritious food. The understanding of each chemical component of food and products could help us to achieve this goal and be informed with all the manufactured food materials.

The food safety and security is also essential for our body. For us, ordinary people we mainly rely on the products that we are getting in grocery stores which are the processed food and food science also improve the food products. Thus, those food that we buy and consume should be preserved, process, packed and distributed properly.

Answers the question number 2

EMISTRY FOR A NURSING STUDENT

sing student, I must say that the most ld related to biochemistry in my course ogy. In the medical field the foundation e assistance is knowing and mastering dy and each component works. Even detail or component is important. e able to assess and identify the disease f the human body with the concrete we get in studying the physiology of

human body. Also, in order to determine the clinical interventions and assistance that we will apply to patient, we should also be highly knowledgeable of how the biological processes works such as respiration, muscle contraction, tropism, homeostasis and digestion.

Our highly established knowledge in physiology will serve as our weapon have better performance in clinical interventions during college and as registered nurses.

Answers the question number 3

TRIPPING DOWN 1665 Let me first introduce a person named Robert Hooke who is an English scientist and architect. Biochemistry all started with his successful invention of the first microscope. With the discovery he had, Hooke was recorded as the first person to have a closer look of cells’ appearance and published the book he titled, the “Micrographia”.

why “cells” He studied a cork using his invention and called the microstructures “cells” because it was stated that it is like the small rooms where monks slept in.

However, those “cells” he saw was not like the cells we know in modern sciences.

It had no nucleus and organelles that should be found in living cells.

Answers the question number 1

1777- 1783 In these years, Antoine Lavoisier started to author the process of photosynthesis.

After he finished a study about animals’ cell respiration, he then proceeded to the same study with plants which is now we can the “Photosynthesis”. It is the method of plants where the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen takes place.

This study of Lavoisier became the foundation and establishment of a branch of chemistry which is known as the “physiological chemistry”. This branch specifically focuses on the chemical aspects of physiological and biological systems such as the chemistry of digestion and body fluids.

Answers the question number 2

TO MEMORY LANE 1930 It was in the year 1930 when two scientists namely Howard Northrop and Wendell Meredith Stanley developed research and studies about three digestive enzymes: (1) pepsin (2) trypsin, (3) chymotrypsin. They discovered those enzymes by crystallizing which made it easier to be solved by x-ray crystallography.

Answers the question number 5

Pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin Pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin play variety of significant roles in our digestive tract. Firstly, pepsin produce smaller units called peptides that pass from stomach into bloodstream and breakdown partially undigested fragments of protein that help small intestine to absorb it.

While the other two enzymes, trypsin and chymotrypsin are protein-digestive enzymes that are produced in pancreas.

Both of the enzymes play and important role on breaking down protein in small intestine. The only difference is that trypsin is in inactive form and it becomes chymotrypsin when it is in active form.

Answers the question number 5

CHAPTER 2 BIOS CHYMUS

07

DID YOU KNOW? “IN VITRO”

Answers the question number 3

V

itro is a process wherein something is performed, particularly dealing with biological object, is taking place in laboratory glassware such as the test tube and culture dish.

This process was believed ammonium chloride to combined them established in 19th century during the to create an organic matter which is study of Friedrich Wohler who proved the urea. This process Wohler did was that organic matter can be synthesized known as the “vitro synthesis of urea” from inorganic matter. He used two and begun the study of biochemistry. inorganic matters; silver cynate and

IS “TEST TUBE BABY” RIGHT? Answers the question number 4

T

here is a thing called test tube baby procedure by Robert Edwards and Patrick Steptoe. This is the process of recreating successful human reproduction that utilizes medical intervention vitro fertilization instead of the natural way of sexual intercourse.

However, the term “test tube baby” called to products of this procedure may seem inappropriate and inaccurate. Mainly because the vitro fertilization does not take

05

CHAPTER 2 BIOS CHYMUS

place in the test tube, but in another laboratory glassware which is Peri dish. They use this apparatus to have easier manipulation of sperm cells and unfertilized egg to form the embryo.

Photo from Getty Image

TECHNIQUES THAT PULLED BIOCHEMISTRY (VICE VERSA) Answers the question number 6

T

he establishment of biochemistry indeed have gone a long way. Variety of studies in biochemistry are used and significant in different aspects and disciplines especially genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, and even in medicine field. These are the several techniques are created to pull and develop the study of biochemistry from the past and in modern times: 1. Biochemical Tests- this technique pertains to the identification of biologically important chemical compounds. A procedure of breaking down chemicals is included in order to releasee its cell content

functions and processes such as cell metabolism.

2. Chromatography – this is a process of separating pure substance from mixture to extract cells.

5. Microscopy – this technique is used by the pioneers of biochemistry especially Robert Hooke who studied details of living organisms that are too small to be seen by naked eye. This established to discovery of cells and its structures.

3. Cell Fractionation – this pertains to the separation of cell’s parts to be thoroughly studied which we now call the organelles.

This also allows to know the cellular

4. Enzyme Kinetics – this method/ technique is used to measure the rate of enzyme reaction in our body.

The Biochemistry now is too far from where it started. Let us nurture the studies and researchers for the people and for the world.

Photo from Portland State University

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CHAPTER 3 BIOS CHYMUS

Photo from Beauty of Widlife | Tumbler

EVER WONDERED HOW THESE ADORABLE CREATURES EXISTS? LIVE? INTERACT?

BIOLOGICAL HIERARCHY Answers the question number 1 Biological Hierarchy is a concept that revolve around the biological systems and structures. It defines and explains the complex organization of biology in a simple manner.

This basic theory was proposed in order to provide easier implementation for studies that deal with different chemical, physical, physiological, and pathological research.

These biological organization begins with the lowest level which are the atoms up gradually taking steps up until the highest level of organization— which is the biosphere or the term, we call bio mere.

The first level is the

cellular/ pre-cellular level this involves the atom which is the simplest and smallest unit of matter. Molecule is also included which is defined as a group of atoms bonded in different ways.

The second level is the cellular which contains the cells—known as the basic, structural, and fundamental unit of life.

The parts and structures inside the cells are also involved in this level which is known as the organelles.

For the third level, we have the Multicellular or the Super Cellular Level which are called as the functional parts. This contains: (1) the tissue—defined as group of cells with similar structures and functions, (2) organs— consists of two

or more different tissues, (3) organ system— contains different organs with interconnected functions.

Lastly, the Ecological Level that contains: (1) the organism — an independent living system composed of different organ systems, (2) Population—group of similar organisms, (3) community—different species that try to interact in order to live, (4) ecosystem—a combination of different community, inorganic matters, and environment, and (5) biome— ecosystem which include the geography and climate.

WHAT ABOUT VIRUS? Answers the question number 2

...viruses are not considered as a living organism

Based on the explanation and description of biological hierarchy above, virus is not considered as a living organism. It is inaccurate when there are some who consider virus as a living creature because it does not satisfy the biological hierarchy.

Although there are bacteria which are unicellular is a living organism, virus is still different. Bacteria are cells which are single

and complete providing that those have functional organelles such as protoplasm, ribosomes, cell walls, nucleoid and genetic material such as DNA. On the other hand, virus does not contain those functional organelles that bacteria possess.

Viruses are only composed of fragments of genetic materials (DNA and RNA) and protective protein coat.

TAXIS AND TROPISM Answers the question number 3

Biological sciences proposed a theory of that determine the characteristics of living organisms to determine which are included in the classification.

These characteristics are the organization, sensitivity/ response to stimuli, reproduction, homeostasis, growth and development, energy processing, and evolution.

Moreover, in the characteristic or property of life that tackles about the sensitivity and response to stimuli, we have two terms or phenomena that are similar and different in various ways.

Both tropism and taxis are called when a living organism respond or react because of a stimuli or sudden changes in the environment which is done through motion and orientation that are known as directional reactions.

Taxis is a process acted by animals to response from external stimulus wherein there are evident movements towards or away the stimuli. Unicellular organisms/ bacteria also show this phenomenon by moving towards the nutrients or away from toxic which is known as the chemotaxis.

Alternately, tropism is a process acted by plants towards or away from external stimulus. There are several types of tropism: (1) phototropism—bending towards the source of light, (2) gravitropism—growing of plants upward, (3) thigmotropism— responding to touch.

Photo from PNG Tree and Wikipedia

ANABOLISM AND CATABOLISM Photo from Fit For Life

In another characteristic of life that discusses about the metabolism introduces two different phenomena/ processes that can be complementing or contrasting in some ways.

Both anabolism and catabolism are classification of metabolism that are the processes in biochemistry which allows an organism to live, grow, reproduce, and adapt from the environment.

Anabolism is a process that is from simple to complex. In this procedure, simple molecules become complex and requires energy in order

to sustain the life of organism. An example of this is growing, it involves the anabolic process is creating monomers to polymers to be synthesized as protein which builds the body.

On the other hand, catabolism is a process that is from complex to simple. In this process, there is a breaking down of molecules into simpler components which allows it to be absorbs by the body. An example of catabolic process is breaking down of digested polysaccharides like starch to glucose or its monosaccharides to be used as energy.

Answers the question number 5

REPRODUCTION Answers the question number 4 The ability to reproduce is one of the properties to determine if a matter is classified as living organism or not. In this property, Bacteria, plants, and animals has their own ways to multiple or reproduce.

Photo from The Richest

Bacteria are able to reproduce due to undergoing a process which is known as the Binary fission.

This reproductive procedure is done by division of parent cell into two identical daughter cells. Also, the chromosomes and genetic materials are the same just like how mitosis works.

Sexual and asexual reproduction are the processes that occur during the reproduction of plants and animals also known as the multicellular organisms. The sexual and asexual reproduction occur depending on the specie of plants and animals.

Photo from Minute Media

In sexual reproduction, the fusion or fertilization of haploid gametes from parent organisms with two different sexes are needed.

There will be different offspring from the parents because of mergence of two sets of chromosomes.

Photo from Life Shining

In asexual reproduction, the reproduction occurs without fusion of gametes.

Unlike the sexual, asexual only need one parent organism and will have genetically identical offspring.

CHAPTER 2 BIOS CHYMUS

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CHAPTER 3 BIOS CHYMUS

HOMEOSTASIS Homeostasis is one of the properties that identifies life in biological systems. It is the ability of our body to maintain appropriate internal condition despite of the changes in the state of the environment. This is major reason why organisms including humans are able to adapt to the environment in order to survive. The regulation may involve body’s temperature, pH balance, and concentration of variety of chemicals in the body.

The homeostasis and body regulation involves the process of feedback particularly the negative feedback in physiological manner.

Negative feedback mechanism works when there is an undesirable

change in surrounding that may affect the body. It starts with receptors which monitor the variable and detect stimuli. Then the control center or brain will do it job to receive the input from receptor and lastly, the effector will control or activate the body parts to adjust the value of variable that is appropriate for the stimulus.

An example of homeostasis is when there is sudden rise in temperature, then it will be the stimuli. The receptor will provide information of high temperature to the part of brain. Thus, the effector will provide signal to eccrine sweat glands to secrete sweat to lower the body temperature.

Answers the question number 6

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MUTATION Mutation is another property of life that implies the change in genetic materials or chromosomes of living organism. This process results to permanent and heritable change of an organism. The modification in characters or traits are spontaneous or occurs naturally and can be influenced by other aspects.

In my opinion, mutations can be bad because there it can probably be harmful to organisms and can cause diseases. The reason behind this is there could be mistakes with the deletion, insertion, and rearrangement of genes and chromosomes. This phenomenon

is explained by Scientist Dobhansky in which he called it misprints in cell division. Some organisms that undergo mutations have evident abnormalities in their physical appearances and in ternal structures of the body.

However, mutation can also be good process because the spontaneous changes in the genes and DNA sequence of the organism is due to the change of environment/ biome over long period of time.

This is the way to adjust or survive in the new set of environments which has huge difference from hundreds to millions of years ago.

Answers the question number 7

CELLS AND FUNCTIONS

C

ells are the basic unit and foundation of all living things including the humans. There are different types, classifications, and variety of cells which may help in different ways.

The main function of cell is for metabolism and energy use. Just like what I have discussed in the last module, energy consumption and production which are the anabolism and catabolism occur in cells. Cells are also responsible for synthesizing the molecules

that includes the proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. They are responsible for the growth, development and reproduction wherein cells identify the characteristics of the body becuase it contains the organisms’ genetic materials Answers the question number 1

Nerve cells are also the reason why the body parts or organs coordinated with each other. This is because cells have the ability to communicate with each other using chemical and electrical signals

Somatic cells such as the epithelial and muscle cells are the reason for human growth and wound healing.

These occur in living organism because of cell cycle including the cell growth and division which we call mitosis.

Sperm and egg cells are pivotal when it comes to reproduction, and inheritance because they contain the copy of the organism’s genetic information (chromosomes and DNA). Additionally, gametes or specialized cells are responsible for reproduction for the next generation.

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The Cell Theory The Cell Theory is known as the core and basic principle of Biology. This theory was widely accepted view of that provides detailed explanation of how life on Earth functions. There are several characteristics and properties that was stated in the theory which was the conclusion of those scientist’s careful and skeptic studies.

These are the major hypotheses that is included in the theory: The old cell theory states that: (1) all organisms are composed of cells and can be multi- or unicellular (2) it is the basic unit of life (3) arouse from pre-existing cells due to mutations.

Additionally, there is a modern version of cell theory which states that: (1) there is an energy flow in cells (2) since cells carry DNA, they also pass it form cell to cell (3) the basic chemical composition of all cells is the same.

Answers the question number 2

Contributors of Cell Theory Cell theory was not inaugurated overnight. It took hundreds of years, and bunch of scientists to make it well-established and be the standard of Biology. These are the scientists who made huge contributions for the cell theory (ancient and modern): Answers the question number 3

Robert

Matthias

Theodor

Robert

Rudolf

Hooke

Schleiden

Schwann

Remark

Virchow

English scientist and architect who built the first microscope and first discovered cells but in cork.

German Botanist who observed and studied about the plant cells through crystallization.

German physiologist who focused on observing the animal tissue and proposed the principle of plant and animal cells.

Polish neurologist and embryologist who introduced the process of cell division and result of it.

Polish pathologist who published a controversial editorial essay titled “Cellular Pathology” that presented the idea of creation of cells from another cell.

Photos from Fine Art America, Thing Link, Amazon Naws, Britannica

CHAPTER 2 BIOS CHYMUS

19

T

he living organisms are classsifies or divided into two depending on the categories of their cells.

Those major categories of cells are called the eukaryotic and the prokayotic cells On the other hand, the eukaryotic cells are another major category of cells which are known to possess a true nucleus and membrane- bound organelles. It seems that there are a lot of differences, and they are defined oppositely. These cells are larger compared to prokaryotes.

Additionally, eukaryotic organisms can either be unicellular (organisms with only one cell) or multicellular (organisms multiple cells) wherein it includes all of the major kingdoms except the monera.

The example of organisms possessing eukaryotic cells are animals, plants, fungi, and protist. These organisms are known as eukaryotes.

The prokaryotic cells are the category of cells which is mainly recognized as cells that does not have true nucleus and membrane bound organelles.

The organisms that possess these major categories are called single- celled organisms (organisms with only one cells) which are believed as the oldest or most primitive form of life on Earth which have fossil records from about 3.5 billion years ago.

The examples of organisms possessing prokaryotic cells are bacteria and archaea.

These organisms are known as prokaryotes.

TWO MAJOR CATEGORIES OF CELLS Photo from Fine Art America

Photo from My News LA

Answers the question number 4

CELL WALL ACCESSORIES T

he cell wall serves as the outer layer of prokaryotic cells which protect the whole structures. This also allows the cells to maintain shape and always stay hydrated. This part also have different accessories in order to interact with the environments where prokaryotes are.

Mainly, these are allows the prokaryotic cells to attach on surfaces.

Flagella – wall which

a threadlike structure in cell enables prokaryotes to move

Pili (sex pili) – a thin fiber in cell wall which is made of proteins. This accessory is responsible for gene transfer and recombination in bacterial cell.

Fimbrae – a hairlike structure that attach animal cells and other non-living things.

This is the reason why bacteria are able to colonize and affect body systems.

to

Answers the question number 5

MAIN COMPONENTS FOUND ONLY IN

PROKARYOTIC CELLS Answers the question number 7

CAPSULE prevent the prokaryotic cells to be injured, dehydrated, and die.

MESOSOME responsible for increasing the surface are of plasma membrane that help for respiration

PILI a thin fiber in cell wall which is made of proteins. This accessory is responsible for gene transfer and recombination in bacterial cell.

PLASMID part that kills other organism to defend the host cell by synthesizing poison

SIMILAR MAIN COMPONENTS

A

lthough these major cateories of cells have drastic differences, they also have various things in similar. These includes some components that are both possessed by eukaryotes and prokaryotes

CELL WALL

this component is more common in prokaryotes than eu This define ethe shape of cells and is a layer outside

PLASMA MEMBRANES

this component surrounds the cytoplasm and respon protecting the organelles inside which is semi- pe

ukaryotes. the cell.

nsible for ermeable.

MAIN COMPONENTS FOUND ONLY IN

EUKARYOTIC CELLS Answers the question number 8

NUCLEUS the central organelle of cell that contain the genetic material

MITOCHONDRIA “powerhouse of the cell” located in cytoplasm that is responsible for energy production in ATP form to be used in cell activities.

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM smooth looking that synthesize lipids for carbohydrate metabolism and detoxification of drugs and other poisons.

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM looks bumpy because it ribosomes that synthesizes

contains proteins

VESICLES AND VACUOLES fluid sacs that serves as transporter of cellular materials

LYSOSOME involves in cell activities where it break down excess cell parts

CENTROSOME made of 9 triplet microtubules that pulls chromatids in cell division

GOLGI APPARATUS packages before it

protein into vesicles go outside the cells

CILIA keeps internal passageways free from mucus or any foreign agent.

CYTOPLASM a clear fluid where organelles in cell lay.

CYTOSKELETON

CHROMOSOMES DNA molecules that contain the genetic material of organisms Answers the question number 6

this component also gives shape for the cell that is make of microfilament and microtubules.

CHAPTER 5 BIOS CHYMUS

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CHAPTER 5 BIOS CHYMUS

CELL MEM

CELL NU

CELL WALL CHLOROPLAST

MITOCHO

RIBOSO

ENDOPL

RETICU

GOLGI APP

VACO

Answers the question number & 10

PLANT CELLS CELL WALL this part of cell is only found in plant cells and not in animal cells in prokaryotes than eukaryotes. This define ethe shape of cells and is a layer outside the cell.

CHLOROPLAST found only in plant cells that has huge responsibility in photosynthesis. It synthesize food by the use of light energy converted into chemical energy

MBRANE

UCLEUS

ONDRIA

CENTRIOLES LYSOSOME PERIXOSOMES

OMES

LASMIC

ULUM

PARATUS

OULE

Answers the question number 9

Answers the question number & 10

ANIMAL CELLS CENTRIOLES this organelle is made up of microtubules that act as a springboard on which other structures of the cell can be assembled and has important role in cell division.

LYSOSOME another organelle only found in animal cells that has the digestive enzymes of cells. This helps in cell activities such as breaking down the excess cell parts.

PERIXOSOME only found in animal cells that break down long fatty acid chains and produce phospholipids necessary for lungs and brains.

SOURCES Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/test-tube-baby https://pediaa.com/difference-between-trypsinand-chymotrypsin/#:~:text=Trypsin%20and%20 chymotrypsin%20are%20proteolytic%20enzymes%20 secreted%20by,They%20aid%20in%20the%20enzymatic%20 digestion%20of%20proteins. https://www.bioexplorer.net/history_of_biology/ biochemistry/ https://biochemden.com/biochemical-techniques-basics/ https://www.hierarchystructure.com/hierarchicalorganization-biology/ https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-betweentaxis-and-tropism/#:~:text=The%20key%20difference%20 between%20taxis%20and%20tropism%20is,show%20 different%20reactions%20to%20internal%20and%20 external%20factors. https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-betweentaxis-and-tropism/#:~:text=The%20key%20difference%20 between%20taxis%20and%20tropism%20is,show%20 different%20reactions%20to%20internal%20and%20 external%20factors. https://study.com/academy/answer/compare-the-processof-reproduction-in-bacteria-viruses-plants-and-animals. html https://www.thoughtco.com/cell-theory-373300 https://byjus.com/biology/prokaryotic-and-eukaryoticcells/#:~:text=Eukaryotic%20cells%20are%20cells%20 that%20possess%20a%20true,organelles.%20 Eukaryotes%20can%20either%20be%20unicellular%20 or%20multicellular. https://www.thoughtco.com/prokaryotes-meaning-373369 https://thisonevsthatone.com/prokaryotes-vseukaryotes/#:~:text=Both%20prokaryotes%20and%20 eukaryotes%20have%20a%20cytoskeleton%20 which,present%2C%20but%20in%20eukaryotes%2C%20it%20is%20always%20present.

PHOTO SOURCES Chuttersnap Mufid Majnun Getty Image Portland State University Beauty of Widlife in Tumblr PNG Tree Wikipedia Fit For Life The Richest Minute Media Life Shining Buzz Nigeria Fox News Plus PNG Birkshire Blogs Pin Image Blog Spot AGrowing Spac Fine Art America Thing Link Amazon Naws