Street art is any art developed in public spaces - that is, “in
the streets” — though the term usually refers to art of an illicit nature (as opposed to, for instance, government or community art initiatives). The term can include traditional graffiti artwork, though it is often used to distinguish modern public-space artwork from traditional graffiti and the overtones of gang territoriality and vandalism associated with it. Street art is the art on the streets. http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=street+art
Environment art- Refers to art which involves the creation or manipulation of a large or enclosed space, many effectively surrounding its audience. Architectural (including landscape architectural) design might be said to qualify as environment art, although the term usually refers to artworks which do not function as either of these kinds of environmental design typically do. http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/e/environmentart.html
The difference between public and community art artsource encourages an understanding of the distinction between art in public places and community art. Ideally, art that is predominately designed and made by a professional artist, is public art. Public artworks may involve the community in various stages of consultation however a community art project is when non-artist members of the community actively participate in the making of the work. Ideally, a trained artist and/or community arts worker facilitates community arts projects. http://www.artsource.net.au/clientservices/client_def.htm
What is “Environmental Art”? Artwork created by artists concerned with the state of our environment worldwide, and with their local situation. Environmental artists often work in these ways: - Artists interpret nature, creating artworks to inform us about nature and its processes, or about environmental problems we face - Artists interact with environmental forces, creating artworks affected or powered by wind, water, lightning, even earthquakes - Artists re-envision our relationship to nature, proposing through their work new ways for us to co-exist with our environment - Artists reclaim and remediate damaged environments, restoring nature in artistic and often aesthetic ways http://www.eco-art.org/
Photos: http://www.bluejake.com/archives/2005/08/05/parisian_streetart.php
Community + Street + Environmental Art
http://www.greenmuseum.org/what_is_ea.php
ART Mayu Shintaku, Merit Lesta
WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL ART? In a general sense, it is art that helps improve our relationship with the natural world. There is no definition set in stone. This living worldwide movement is growing and changing as you read this. Much environmental art is ephemeral, designed for a particular place (site-specific) and involves collaborations between artists and others such as scientists, educators and community groups. Some environmental art: - Interprets nature, creating artworks that inform us about nature and its processes, or about environmental problems we face - Is concerned with environmental forces and materials, creating artworks affected or powered by wind, water, lightning, even earthquakes - Re-envisions our relationship to nature, proposing through their work new ways for us to co-exist with our environment - Reclaims and remediates damaged environments, restoring ecosystems in artistic and often aesthetic ways
Tatsuo Miyajima 2003 3.2 x 2.2 m x 6 words
Street Art
ART
Community + Street + Environmental Art
Mayu Shintaku, Merit Lesta
2002-1999 [ARTIST]
Louise Bourgeois / MAMAN
[LOCATION]
TOKYO, JAPAN
[DIMENSIONS] 9.27
x 8.91 x 10.23(h)m
[MATERIALS] Bronze,
Stainless, Marble
Roppongi Hills Public Art and Design Project Artists from all of the World designed street funiture in Roppongi Hills with a concept of a “center of culture”. In 2003, Mori Building opened Mori Art Museum in the Roppongi Hills. The Museum is one of the largest in Japan, and attracts attention as a new focal point of art with a focus on contemporary art.
Roppongi Hills
[FOR MORE INFO] In the Field - http://roppongihills.com/jp/feature/publicart_design/
Karim Rashid 2003 sKape 0.7 x 9.0 x 1.94(h)m
Ron Arad 2003 Evergreen? 1.48 x 6.04 x 2.71(h)m
Tokujin Yoshioka 2003 Chair disappears in the rain Chair: 0.75 x 0.98 x 0.99(h) x 0.41(sh) Thomas Sandell Annas Stenar 0.77 x 1.5 x 0.45(h)m
2 | ART
Street Art
ART
Community + Street + Environmental Art
Mayu Shintaku, Merit Lesta
Clock Art Seattle Downtown Portland Wall Art
Photo: Bicycle parking sign, Seattle
Sign Bicycle Bench
Portland
3 | ART
Community Art
[FOR MORE INFO] In the Field - http://www.pps.org/great_public_spaces/one?public_place_id=504#
Community + Street + Environmental Art
Sunnyside Piazza is an inner Portland street intersection that surrounding neighbors converted into a community gathering place in September 2001. Working with the nonproďŹ t organization The City Repair Project, the residents of Sunnyside neighborhood designed their piazza, raised money for materials, and installed it themselves in accordance with a city ordinance that allows any Portland neighborhood to do such a project. The Piazza includes a giant street mural based on the image of a sunower, as well as a community kiosk and an art wall created with natural building techniques by residents and local artists.
Mayu Shintaku, Merit Lesta
SE 33rd & Yamhill Streets, Portland, OR
A street intersection that was turned into a community gathering place by residents.
Sunnyside Piazza
ART
Photo: Information for Community
4 | ART
Without sun there are no colours and life!
[TITLE OF PROJECT]_
Photo: Jonna Pohjalainen
COLOUR PENCILS ART
POHJALAINEN
adjust this box accordingly
[LOCATION]_ Environmental
Art workshop of the Open Air Art Museum in PEDVALE, LATVIA
(don’t forget, you can play around w/ both toolbar arrows to adjust your photos! i.e. ‘filled-in’ arrow + ‘notfilled-in’ arrow)
[YEAR]_ 2006 [MATERIALS]_
quik-tip! hit SHIFT + CTRL button while dragging your mouse to resize frame and photo at same time!
timber
[BRIEF DESCRIPTION]_ ““Colour Pencils” of Jonna Pohjalainen
brings forth the special challenges of the Environmental Art. This fine documentation of her work “Colour Pencils” shows us how the work is connected with its surroundings and how it changes during different weather conditions and times of the day.” - Lea Turto
Community + Street + Environmental Art
MAIN PHOTO(S)
Mayu Shintaku, Merit Lesta
[DESIGNER / ARTIST/ ENGINEER]_ JONNA
From the Letter of Jonna Pohjalainen: “I travelled to work in
Pedvale with empty hands. I admired the lovely rural scene and the sunsets of Pedvale. I used local aspen in my work because of its lively forms and beautiful, grey colour. While you sharpen your pencils you can see time passing by. Colours bring joy and happiness in our everyday life. I chose a place of of my work because of the sunsets. You can sit and meditate near my work and look at the sunsets. Without sun there are no colours and life!”
Photos: Jonna Pohjalainen
[FOR MORE INFO]_
Photo: Jonna Pohjalainen
http://www.environmentalart.net/jonna_pohjalainen.htm http://www.elisanet.fi/jonna.pohjalainen/
Photo: Jonna Pohjalainen
6| ART
“An integral part of my work is audience participation: members of the public leave their mark while the art is being created...” - Lea Turto
[TITLE OF PROJECT]_
PLASTIC GARDEN ART
Photo: Lea Turto
[YEAR]_
Community + Street + Environmental Art
[LOCATION]_ HUTTINEN,
Mayu Shintaku, Merit Lesta
[DESIGNER / ARTIST/ ENGINEER]_LEA
TURTO
HELSINKI, FINLAND
2000, 2004
[MATERIALS]_ plastic
spoons, knives and forks
[BRIEF DESCRIPTION]_ “One of my concerns was: If we try to
dominate Nature, what will happen? We can control plastic gardens, but we will lose all the wildness by applying too much control.
Here are some photographs of my work: an installation of 12,000 plastic spoons, knives and forks. On each occasion I produce a new version appropriate for the chosen setting. “It was like a performance. I looked odd and members of the public came to talk to me. It looked like I was planting flowers and several people came to ask : What are these new flowers? They were surprised to find that my flowers were plastic and had no life. The public also took part in “planting” the plastic flowers.” - Lea Turto
Photos: Lea Turto, Marja Hakaka
Photo: Lea Turto
[FOR MORE INFO]_ http://www.environmentalart.net/turto/garden.htm “My works communicate with the social and cultural environment as well as with space and nature. “ - Lea Turto Photo: Lea Turto
Photo: Lea Turto
7| ART
Seat for Romance, Mätäjoki, Finland, 2000. The seat is made of wood and filled with straw.
[TITLE OF PROJECT]_ THE
STONES LIKE MUSHROOMS ART
Photo: Lea Turto
LATVIA
Air Art Museum in PEDVALE,
[YEAR]_ 2002 [MATERIALS]_clay [BRIEF DESCRIPTION]_ Installation of four big stones shaped
with clay, depicting mushrooms.
“This was close to the idea of community art : to show art in the open air, in common spaces like parks, riversides, old empty factories…and to communicate directly with the public, so that they can meet the artist at work and become involved with making an art exhibition.”
Community + Street + Environmental Art
[LOCATION]_ Open
TURTO
Mayu Shintaku, Merit Lesta
[DESIGNER / ARTIST/ ENGINEER]_ LEA
- Lea Turto
Photos: Lea Turto
[FOR MORE INFO]_ http://www.environmentalart.net/turto/teoksia.htm
Photo: Lea Turto
8| ART
Flowing Water Moon
Hydroglyph. Carved Sandstone.
[TITLE OF PROJECT]_
9’ x 6’ x 5”. Utah, 1992-95.
HYDROGLYPH
by Lynne Hull
ART
USA
[MATERIALS]_ stone, sandstone [BRIEF DESCRIPTION]_
Water capture basins for desert wildlife, holding from one to 5 gallons of rain or snowmelt. Lynne Hull’s habitat sculptures work at several levels, acting as ecoatonements to restore habitat damaged by human impact while encouraging humans to understand wildlife needs and shift attitudes toward our relationship with other species.
Community + Street + Environmental Art
[LOCATION]_ UTAH,
HULL
Mayu Shintaku, Merit Lesta
[DESIGNER / ARTIST/ ENGINEER]_ LYNNE
“My focus is on trans-species art, sculptures contributing to wildlife habitat. I want to make a positive gesture toward the earth and express my concerns for nurturance of other species and endangered lifecycles.” - Lynne Hull
Upper left: Moonphases
hydroglyph 14”x2” to 4” by Lynne Hull
Upper right: Scatter
Beckoning Cistern hydroglyph 4’x3’x3” Near Moab, Utah, photo1987 credit: bybelltown’s Lynne Hullphotos-flickr
[FOR MORE INFO]_
(arial, 9pt, justify left, italics)
http://www.greenmuseum.org/content/artist_index/artist_id-7.html http://www.eco-art.org/ Artist working on “Hydroglyph” carving Photo: Lynne Hull
9| ART
The future is not just what lies ahead; it is what we create. -Richard T. T. Forman
PARKING STRIPS: DEFINiTION - SCOPE- OPPORTUNITIES
LANDSCAPE
[SCOPE & OPPORTUNITES]_
Drainage- FLOOD CONTROL and minimizing the flow of stormwater off site
Edges +Parking Strips
“That portion of street lying between the constructed curb and property line, exclusive of the sidewalk area: Provided, that if there is no constructed curb, then the “planting strip” means that portion of the street lying between a constructed sidewalk and the property line: Provided further, that if there is no constructed curb or constructed sidewalk, then planting strip means that portion of the street lying between the traveled way and the property line, exclusive of any established pedestrian path.”
Shikha Chauhan + Mark Daniel
According to SDOT, the definition of Planting Strip is
MOBILITY
EDGES
by creating more space for plants and soil to absorb rainwater.
Water Quality-Utilize a combination of soils and plants to FILTER RAINWATER and allow it to seep into the ground.
COMMUNITY
Landscape-Designing the parking strips to be BEAUTIFUL as well as USEFUL. Mobility-Creating visual interest and thus, causing traffic to move at a SAFE pace. photo credit: www.ci.seattle.wa.us
Community-Creating an IDENTITY and a SENSE OF PLACE in the neighborhood. Education-Set an example for future ‘GREEN STREETS’ projects.
WATER-QUALITY
DRAINAGE
[FOR MORE INFO]_ In the Field - http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/plantingstrip.htm
1 | EDGES
[TITLE OF PROJECT]_
SEA STREETS, SEATTLE
EDGES
WA
[YEAR]_ 1999 [AREA]_ 2.3
acres
[COST]_ $850,000 [BRIEF DESCRIPTION]_
Edges +Parking Strips
[LOCATION]_Seattle,
Public Utilities
Shikha Chauhan + Mark Daniel
[DEVELOPED BY]_ Seattle
The Street Edge Alternatives (SEA) Streets Project transforms a typical north Seattle block into a curving, tree-lined strip with a better stormwater management system that uses swales and culverts. [FOR MORE INFO]_ photo credit: Mark
In the Field - http://www.seattle.gov/util/About_SPU/Drainage_&_ Sewer_System/Natural_Drainage_Systems/Street_Edge_Alternatives/ index.asp
Beckoning Cistern photo credit: belltown’s photos-flickr (arial, 9pt, justify left, italics)
Marginalia:phrase, quote, photo, drawing, diagram (arial, 10pt, justify left)
source: www.djc.com
photo credit: http://www.4culture.org photo credit: Shikha
photo credit: SPU
2 | EDGES
plan from community exhibit
[TITLE OF PROJECT]_
HIGH POINT, SEATTLE
Seattle, WA
[YEAR]_ Phase
I completed in 2006
[SITE AREA]_120
acres
[BRIEF DESCRIPTION]_
The streets tilt slightly toward one side, and in place of gutters, shallow swales have been planted with a variety of native drought-tolerant shrubs, trees and grasses. The soil in the swales has been enriched with about 3 feet of compost much like the ground surface of a forest. The plants, soil and microorganisms function as a natural filter for toxins. Water from roofs, parking and streets is diverted to these swales, which, through natural processes, filter toxins from the water.
source: SVR
Edges +Parking Strips
[LOCATION]_ West
SHA
EDGES Shikha Chauhan + Mark Daniel
[DEVELOPED BY]_ SPU,
[FOR MORE INFO]_ http://www.thehighpoint.com/expo/S_Natural.html http://www.ci.seattle.wa.us/util/About_SPU/Drainage_&_Sewer_System/ Natural_Drainage_Systems/High_Point_Project/index.asp curb-cut for intake photo credit: Mark
photo credit: Shikha
photo credit: SPU/Parks
photo credit: Mark
3 | EDGES
Marginalia:phrase, quote, photo, drawing, diagram (arial, 10pt, justify left)
signage explains the project to passersby
SW 12TH AVENUE, PORTLAND EDGES
of Portland BES
[LOCATION]_ Portland,
OR
[YEAR]_ 2005 [SITE AREA]_272
sq. ft.
[COST]_$34,000 [BRIEF DESCRIPTION]_
source: Landscape Architecture magazine (September 2006)
Edges +Parking Strips
[DEVELOPED BY]_City
Shikha Chauhan + Mark Daniel
photo credit: Mark
[TITLE OF PROJECT]_
This series of landscaped stormwater planters captures
and infiltrates approximately 8,000 square feet of street runoff. Nearly all this runoff, estimated at 180,000 gallons annually, is now managed by this system instead of heading directly into the Willamette River via a storm sewer. Notably, this project demonstrated that highly urbanized streetscapes could be sucessfully retrofitted to manage runoff while maintaining strong pedestrian circulation and on-street parking.
intake drain photo credit: Shikha
[FOR MORE INFO]_ http://www.portlandonline.com/bes/index.cfm?c=34601&a=123776
photo credit: Shikha
source: Landscape Architecture magazine (September 2006)
4 | EDGES
signage at the project site
[TITLE OF PROJECT]_
SISKIYOU STREET, PORTLAND EDGES
of Portland BES
[LOCATION]_ Portland,
OR
[YEAR]_ 2003 [SITE AREA]_600
sq. ft.
[COST]_$17,000
Edges +Parking Strips
[DEVELOPED BY]_City
Shikha Chauhan + Mark Daniel
photo credit: Mark
[BRIEF DESCRIPTION]_ source: Landscape Architecture magazine (September 2006)
This project was Portland’s first residential, on-street
stormwater management project. It was constructed in part to reduce the amount of runoff entering a combined sewer system (wastewater and stormwater) which was experiencing overflow events. Other project goals were to demonstrate how Portland could retrofit existing streets to manage stormwater flow and volume effectively and inexpensively.
intake drain photo credit: www.portlandonline.com
[FOR MORE INFO]_ http://www.portlandonline.com/bes/index.cfm?c=34601&a=123777
photo credit: Mark
5 | EDGES
New Seasons Market [TITLE OF PROJECT]_
NEW SEASONS MARKET, PORTLAND EDGES
of Portland BES
[LOCATION]_ Portland,
OR
[YEAR]_ 2004 [BRIEF DESCRIPTION]_
These street stormwater planters were part of complete
Edges +Parking Strips
[DEVELOPED BY]_City
Shikha Chauhan + Mark Daniel
photo credit: Mark
stormwater management project at a Portland grocery store. As a whole, the project removes a whopping one million gallons of stormwater from the combined sewer system annually. [FOR MORE INFO]_ source: www.portlandonline.com
http://www.portlandonline.com/shared/cfm/image.cfm?id=123781
intake drain photo credit: www.portlandonline.com
source: www.portlandonline.com
photo credit: Mark
photo credit: www.portlandonline.com
6 | EDGES
[TITLE OF PROJECT]_
PEOPLE’S FOOD CO-OP, PORTLAND EDGES
[LOCATION]_ Portland,
OR
[YEAR]_ 2006 [COST]_$50,000 [BRIEF DESCIPTION]_
Edges +Parking Strips
of Portland BES
Shikha Chauhan + Mark Daniel
[DEVELOPED BY]_City
This project drains roughly 5,000 square feet of street runoff through a combination of curb extensions and stormwater planters. In addition to the environmental benefits provided, this project also improved the pedestrian crossing and beautified the streetscape. [FOR MORE INFO]_ http://www.portlandonline.com/shared/cfm/image.cfm?id=131225 intake drain photo credit: www.portlandonline.com
photo credit: Mark
source: www.portlandonline.com
source: www.portlandonline.com
7 | EDGES
Using nature to protect nature is a way to guarantee clean water in Minnesota now and in the future. -http://www.maplewoodmn.govoffice.com
[TITLE OF PROJECT]_
GLADSTONE SOUTH, MAPLEWOOD, MN
EDGES
[LOCATION]_ Maplewood,
MN
[YEAR]_ 2002 [LENGTH]_2.7
miles
Edges +Parking Strips
of Maplewood
Shikha Chauhan + Mark Daniel
[DEVELOPED BY]_ City
photo credit: http://www.ci.maplewood.mn.us
[BRIEF DESCRIPTION]_
This project incorporated the use of swales, rain gardens and ribbon curb to manage stormwater. For the 250 homes in the neighborhood, 127 rainwater gardens were constructed, in addition to 3 large public gardens. [FOR MORE INFO]_ In the Field - http://www.ci.maplewood.mn.us
photo credit: http://www.ci.maplewood.mn.us source: http://www.ci.maplewood.mn.us
8 | EDGES
AESTHETIC STRIPS AND EDGES
EDGES
Edges +Parking Strips
Shikha Chauhan + Mark Daniel
photo credit: http://forums2.gardenweb.com
photo credit: http://www.flickr.com/
Seattle, WA photo credit: http://seattletimes.nwsource.com Seattle, WA photo credit: http://seattletimes.nwsource.com
9 | EDGES
COEXISTING HAPPILY TOGETHER pedestrians, bikers and automobiles [PEDESTRIAN SAFETY, Intelligent Transportation System (ITS)]
IN-PAVEMENT LIGHTING
many more pedestrian crossing locations have now been treated with the in-pavement lighting system [FOR MORE INFO] theTraffic Engineering Manager for the City, Mr. David Godfrey at dgodfrey@ci.kirkland.wa.us http://www.ci.kirkland.wa.us/
Juanita-Woodinville Road, the flashing light is easily noticieable to the drivers
Great Streets / Complete Streets
in the fall of 1997 at two locations- Central Way and 4th Street and NE 124th Street at the North Kirkland Community Center
Noriko Marshall
KIRKLAND IN-PAVEMENT LIGHTING
STREETS
Other Intelligent Transportation System MICROWAVE DETECTOR
iIn-pavement flash light
COUNTDOWN SIGNAL
INFLARED DETECTOR
ANIMATED EYES DISPLAY
ILLUMINATED PUSHBUTTON
ACCESSIBLE SIGNAL
Easy to find button
Portland, OR Los Angeles, CA
Windsor, OT
Windsor, OT
Sweeden
Portland, OR Clearwater, FL
Original in-pavement lighting in NE 124th Street, Kirkland, WA
Problems
Devices (solutions)
Places (installations)
[FOR MORE INFO]
Many of the problems pedestrians face when crossing the street may be addressed using ITS technologies.of crashes, and noise level. Research on traffic-calming
An array of ITS devices have been developed to improve both mobility and safety for pedestrians.
Several communities throughout the US and Canada have installed ITS devices to meet the needs of pedestrians.
http://www.walkinginfo.org/ http://www.hsrc.unc.edu/index.cfmhttp://www.hsrc.unc.edu/ index.cfm
| STREETS
COEXISTING HAPPILY TOGETHER pedestrians, bikers and automobiles [TRAFFIC CALMING TREATMENTS]
SEA STREET PROJECT (Street Edge Alternatives Project) 2nd Avenue NW, between NW 117th and 120th Streets.
Great Streets / Complete Streets
Noriko Marshall
serpentine
STREETS
2001 The serpentine, meandering shape of the roadway create visual interest and cause traffic to move at a safe pace. Accordingly, this is an ideal location for pedestrians and bicyclists. [FOR MORE INFO] http://cityofseattle.net/util/About_SPU/Drainage_&_Sewer_System/Natural_Drainage_ Systems/Street_Edge_Alternatives/index.asp
Other Traffic Calming Treatments CURB EXTENSIONS
CHOKERS
CROSSING ISLANDS
MINI-CIRCLES
SPEED TABLE
Bainbridge Island, WA
Traffic calming is a way to design streets, using physical measures, to encourage people to drive more slowly. It creates physical and visual cues that induce drivers to travel at slower speeds. The reason traffic calming is such a powerful and compelling tool is that it has proven to be so effective. Some of the effects of traffic calming, such as fewer and less
severe crashes, are clearly measurable. Experience throughout Europe, Australia, and North America has shown that traffic calming, if done correctly, reduces traffic speeds, the number and severity of crashes, and noise level. Research on traffic-calming projects in the United States supports their effectiveness at decreasing automobile speeds, reducing the num-
bers of crashes, and reducing noise levels for specific contexts. Looking at a sample of various speed studies shows that typical speed reductions of 5 to 20 percent at the 85th percentile speed can be realized by the use of traffic-calming measures—including speed tables, minicircles, speed humps, and other standard traffic-calming devices. Use of several of the traffic-calming measures
RAISED PEDESTRIAN SPECIFIC PAVING CROSSING TREATMENT
Sunnyside Piazza, OR
have also resulted in substantial reductions in motor vehicle crashes. For example, the implementation of traffic mini-circles in Seattle has resulted in a reduction of approximately 80 percent of intersection accidents [FOR MORE INFO] http://www.walkinginfo.org/
| STREETS
COEXISTING HAPPILY TOGETHER pedestrians, bikers and automobiles [BIKE LANES and BIKE TRAILS]
GENTLY SLOPED RAMP CONNECTING THE DOWNTOWN AND ESPLANADE
Noriko Marshall
Eastbank Esplanade Portland, Oregon Construction started in 1999 completed in 2001 [FOR MORE INFO] www.pdc.us/ura/central_eastside/eastbank.asp Esplanade
(Photos courtesy of pdc)
Esplanade
The width can accomodate the pedestrians and bicyclists comfortably
STREETS
Great Streets / Complete Streets
ESPLADE LOCATION
A bike trail on the edge of water can avoid dangerous intersections with automoviles
The Esplanade is 1.5 miles long, extending north from the Hawthorne Bridge, past the Morrison and Burnside Bridges, to the Steel Bridge with connections to eastside neighborhoods as well as across the river to Gov. Tom McCall Waterfront Park.
Photo taken by myself
This is a demonstration project as well for improved habitat areas for fish and wildlife and riverbank restoration.
(Photos courtesy of www.pedbikeinfo.org)
The photos on the left are some of the successful bike lanes along the automobile lanes. The width and location of the bike lanes are carefully designed in order to improve bicyclists’ safety.
A missing short stretch of BurkeGilman Trail in Seattle. There is a plan to connect this segment.
[FOR MORE INFO] Creating Livable Streets by Portland Metro http://www.pedbikeinfo.org/ Santa Cruz, CA
Madison, WI
http://bicyclinginfo.org by Department of Transportaion of Chicago
| STREETS
COEXISTING HAPPILY TOGETHER pedestrians, bikers and automobiles [INTEGRATION]
STREETS
Vancouver was repeatedly chosen as a top quality-of-life by a qualified international human resources consultancy. The best performing cities should have reliable, integrated transport systems. After extensive study in 1999, bike path was improved and extended to accomodate increasing population as well as improve environmental quality. Vancouver has unusually wide array of transportation options. the best way to get around Vancouver and the North Shore is often by walking. Vancouver has some of the best trails, paths and walkways you’ll find anywhere. In major busstops, there is a metro representative to assist metro bus users and tourists.
Great Streets / Complete Streets
VANCOUVER, B.C. CANADA
Bicyclists in downtown Vancouver
Noriko Marshall
Vancouver Metro
[FOR MORE INFO] Creating Livable Streets by Portland Metro http://www.pedbikeinfo.org/ http://vancouver.ca/engsvcs/transport/plan/pdf/ppt681.pdf 1999bikeplan.pdf by City of Vancouver Engineering Service photos courtesy of John Bek
Rollerbladers at integrated trail in Stanley Park
photos courtesy of John Bek
Aquabus Streetcar plan
Pedestrians and cafe
Integrated trail in downtown waterfront photos courtesy of City of Vancouver Department of Transportation
| STREETS
COEXISTING HAPPILY TOGETHER pedestrians, bikers and automobiles
TYPICAL REGIONAL BOULEVARD DESIGN
[GREEN STREET DESIGNS]
STREETS
Streetcar plan
South waterfront condo complex sidewalk, Portland, OR Currently partially complete (October, 2006)
TYPICAL REGIONAL STREET DESIGN
Great Streets / Complete Streets
Noriko Marshall
TYPICAL COMMUNITY BOULEVARD DESIGN
Information board of the green street designed by Kevin Perry, Oregon State University, Portland, OR
There are well studied and proven formula for the boulevards and streets. They are more or less standardized. However, the hydrogy has been neglected for many years and there is no standardized formula for how storm water should be treated. Water is dying worldwide. It is overdue to include stormwater design in the streets. [FOR MORE INFO] New Seasons Market sidewalk, Portland, OR 2005
High Point development, Seattle, WA 2000 ~ present
http://www.portlandonline.com/bes/index.cfm?c=ebbcf Creating Livable Streets by Portland Metro
photos by myself, illustrations by Portland Metro
| STREETS
[TITLE OF MATERIAL]_
[LOCATION]_ PORTLAND,
OR
Tanner Springs Park
Napier Neighborhood Mosaic Walk
Crown Street, Vancouver
Pedestrian Environments; Materials + Amenities
BC
PEDESTRIAN Amanda Bell
[LOCATION]_ VANCOUVER,
GROUND TREATMENTS
Jamison Square Park
photo credit: www.beltcollins.com
photo credits: City of Vancouver Engineering Services
photo credit: www.bergerpartnership.com
photo credits: Amanda Bell
photo credit: www.pedbikeimages.org
photo credit: www.bergerpartnership.com
photo credit: www.classicnursery.com
photo credit: Amanda Bell
| PEDESTRIAN
[TITLE OF AMENITY]_
LIGHTING
photo credit: www.schulershook.com
photo credit: www.seagulllighting.com
PEDESTRIAN
photo credit: www.pps.org
Roundabout
photo credits: Amanda Bell
Paver Lights
Pedestrian Environments; Materials + Amenities
Amanda Bell
[MATERIALS]_ LED
[TYPE]_ BOLLARD
photo credits: www.pedbikeimages.org photo credit: www.sharperimage.com
Lighted Bike Stand
[LOCATION]_ PORTLAND,
photo credits: www.lumileds.com
OR
photo credits: Amanda Bell
| PEDESTRIAN
[TITLE OF AMENITY]_ photo credit: Amanda Bell
photo credit: www.pedbikeimages.org
PEDESTRIAN
photo credit: Amanda Bell
photo credits: Amanda Bell
DESIGN
Pedestrian Environments; Materials + Amenities
[TYPE]_ SEPARATED
DESIGN
Amanda Bell
[TYPE]_ INTEGRATED
SEATING
photo credit: Amanda Bell
photo credit: www.allworthnussbaum.com
photo credits: Amanda Bell
[TYPE]_ TRADITIONAL
photo credits: www.landscapeforms.com
| PEDESTRIAN
[TITLE OF AMENITY]_ photo credit: www.bergerpartnership.org
photo credit: Amanda Bell
FURNISHINGS
PEDESTRIAN
photo credit: www.landscapeforms.com
Pedestrian Environments; Materials + Amenities
RACKS
Amanda Bell
[TYPE]_ BIKE
[TYPE]_ SHELTERS
photo credit: www.ncascades.org
photo credit: www.ggnltd.com photo credits: www.bergerpartnership.com
photo credits: Amanda Bell
[TYPE]_ TRASH
CANS
photo credits: Amanda Bell
photo credit: www.landscapeforms.com
| PEDESTRIAN
DECIDUOUS TREES PLANTING
Acer rubrum
From the southern USA, this magnolia exhibits timeless beauty in its magnificent foliage and pristine blooms. It grows well in moist conditions and competes for surface water making a difficult match with many ground-covers. However, with a history and shear beauty to back it, this tree is a match for the magnolia district.
RED MAPLE KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE Gymnocladus dioicus Native to the Eastern United States, this tree grows especially well in moist woodland areas. It produces fragrant white flowers in the early summer and seed pods containing seeds that were once ground to make coffee. Today, this tree’s large form can be seen gracing the likes of parks, golf courses, and large areas, but retains value for it’s tenacity in difficult environmental conditions.
Planting for Special Situations
Eric J H Berg
Also known as the scarlet maple or swamp maple, this species is perhaps best known for it’s brilliant fall color. The less used name swamp maple implies that this tree tolerates wet soils, but it is tolerant of many other conditions as well.
ARBUTUS
Magnolia grandiflora
Arbutus menziesii Native to the Pacific Northwest, and more specifically the bluffs of Magnolia itself, this specimen was originally mistaken for magnolia trees, giving Magnolia its name. It is a great drought tolerant tree.
SOUTHERN MAGNOLIA
NATIVE
| PLANTING
CONIFEROUS TREES + SHRUBS PLANTING
Another native, drought tolerant tree that is useful in large formal spaces. Calocedrus means ‘beautiful cedar’ and this specimen lives up to its name with its shapely, conical habit and extremely attractive foliage. Cultivars range its form for pyramidal to columnar and everywhere in between.
Known only as a fossil before World War II, the dawn redwood has been resurrected into magnificent form by way of a stand found in China. It is one of the truly deciduous conifers and loves moist conditions.
Calocedrus decurrens
ANGLOJAP YEW
INCENSE CEDAR
Taxus x media A hybrid between the Japanese and English yews, this evergreen shrub displays a wide variety of forms in the landscape, ranging from small, spreading shrubs, to groomed hedges. It is a drought tolerant variety able to survive in many different environments.
PONDEROSA PINE
Planting for Special Situations
Eric J H Berg
NATIVE
Metasequoia glyptostroboides
Pinus ponderosa Best suited for those extremely dry places, this stately pine dominates landscapes east of the cascades. The long needled form gives it a graceful appearance in almost any setting.
DAWN REDWOOD
NATIVE
| PLANTING
DECIDUOUS SHRUBS PLANTING
Magnolia stellata
STAR MAGNOLIA
RED-TWIG DOGWOOD Cornus stolonifera Red and yellow twigs adorn cultivars of this species making a highly attractive deciduous plant in winter. It is also a native commonly found in wetter areas.
NATIVE
OREGON GRAPE
Unique colors accentuate this non-native species. Grayblue leaves and near purple stems Mahonia aquifolium highlight this willow’s impressive attributes. Also, as a willow, this Much like many other native plants, species flourishes in high moisture the Oregon grape is a drought tolerant species. It’s holly-like leaflets give it a ornate situations. presence in many situations, labeling the Salix purpurea landscape as uniquely ‘Pacific Northwest’. With colors ranging from yellow flowers, to blueish-purple berries, and finally to ARCTIC WILLOW purple fall colors, the Oregon grape offers multi-seasonal benefits while meeting the environmental challenges of the Seattle climate.
Planting for Special Situations
Eric J H Berg
Another magnolia for Magnolia neighborhood. Smaller than it’s cousin, it’s flowers bloom before the leaves emerge stately large shrub in the early spring.
NATIVE
| PLANTING
VINES + GROUND COVERS PLANTING
More of a shrub than a true ground cover, salal’s are a native plant to the Pacific Northwest. Extremely drought tolerant, these plants have been showcased in the SEA street projects on the upper banks of bioswales and bio-infiltration sites.
Planting for Special Situations
Eric J H Berg
NATIVE
Gaultheria shallon
SALAL
ORANGE HONEYSUCKLE Lonicera ciliosa
CHAMELEON PLANT Houttuynia cordata A medium-sized ground cover found in aquatic environments of Eastern Asia, this plant is not yet considered a noxious weed in Washington, despite it’s classification in other states. The thing to remember when planting this plant is keep it in drier places with smaller pockets for growth (i.e. sidewalks, patios).
Growing on north slopes of river banks throughout the Pacific Northwest, this native vine exhibits the uniquely fused leaf and bright orange flowers. It is not a fan of dry areas, preferring itself to cooler locations. It also serves to attract hummingbirds and was once used by Native Americans as material for weaving
An evergreen variety of clematis, this species climbs up to 25 feet with white blooms early in the spring.
Clematis armandii
ARMAND CLEMATIS
NATIVE
| PLANTING
EXAMPLE GARDENS PLANTING
SHADE GARDEN Arisaema taiwanensis BSWJ 1879 Fuchsia ‘Big Mama’ Galega officinalis ‘Lady Wilson’ Geranium wallichianum ‘Buxtons Variety’ Helleborus corsicus Heuchera micrantha ‘Palace Purple’ Hosta ‘Fransis Williams’ Hydrangea Serrata ‘Bluebird’ Ligularia ‘Desdemona’ Ligularia ‘The Rocket’ Ligularia tussilaginia ‘Aureo-maculata’ Meconopsis Sarcococca ruscifola
PLANTING FOR SPECIAL SITUATIONS All of these examples are from Pacific Northwest gardens, so plants used in each are extremely suitable for our climate. Those printed in BOLD text are pictured in more detail. The main thing to remember when choosing plants for a specific garden is look for plants that thrive elsewhere under similar circumstances. For example, a simple hiking trip can yield an immense wealth of knowledge regarding plants suitable for drier places, as well as natural wetlands. All it takes is a little plant knowledge, a guide to native plants or something like it, and you can find yourself not only with a beautiful garden, but one that requires less resources to maintain. Native plants are not always the best route to follow and may not add that flair that you are looking for, but they do provide a good framework for more exotic plants as wells as an example for the environmental conditions on which plants should be chosen to match.
Carex elata ‘Knightseyes’ Gunnera chilensis Hakonechloa macra ‘Aureola’ Iris pseucocoris ‘Variegata’ Primula bulleyana Primula florindae Primula involucrata Primula japonica Primula pulverulenta Sarracenia spp.
Planting for Special Situations
XERIC GARDEN
Eric J H Berg
Abella x “Edward Goucher’ Buddleia nivea Cenothus vetichianus Citus albidus Citus laurifolius Citus x corariensis Coronilla vaira Cotoneaster parneyi Cotoneaster salicifolia Elymus arenariuser Fraxinus ornus Magnolia x loebneri ‘Leonard Messel’ Phalaris arundinacea ‘Picta’ Pyrus calleryana ‘Autumn Blaze’ Ribes sanguineum Rosa rugosa Sorbus hupehensis Stachys lanata
BOG GARDEN
| PLANTING
PARKING STRIP EXAMPLES
Planting for Special Situations
wild strawberry
Eric J H Berg
PLANT PALETTE FOR STORM-WATER STREETS
PLANTING
liriope
common rushgrass
bearberry
drooping sedge
Bradford pear
sword fern heavenly bamboo
Taken from examples of storm-water streets in both Portland and Seattle, the plants and examples provided here show some possibilities for plantings on future streets in Magnolia as well as some structural elements that might be possible.
Photos by Eric Berg | PLANTING
GROWING VINE STREET [BECKONING CISTERN]
[LOCATION] [YEAR]
BUSTER SIMPSON
BELLTOWN, SEATTLE, WA
2003
[DIMENSIONS] [MATERIALS]
6’ diameter x 10’ height (tank)
painted aluminum, stainless steel
phot
o: be l
ltown
’s ph
otos
-flick
r
[DESCRIPTION]
Growing Vine Street includes Beckoning Cistern, Vertical Garden, and Cistern Steps - elements that add not only visual character but improved hydrologic function to Vine Street between First and Elliot Avenues in Seattle. Beckoning Cistern collects rainwater from the roof of 81 Vine Street, a residential building. The collected water can be used for local landscaping needs, accessed via a spigot near the bottom. When the cistern fills, water spills over the thumb and runs down a series of rock-filled pools, which help to clean as well as detain the water from entering the city’s storm sewer system.
Rainwater Harvesting + Storage
[DESIGNER / ARTIST/ ENGINEER]
RAIN WATER Justin Martin
THE INDEX FINGER OF AN OUTSTRETCHED HAND COLLECTS RUNOFF FROM A ROOF DOWNSPOUT IN ‘BECKONING CISTERN’ BY BUSTER SIMPSON
‘Vertical Garden’ transforms a traditional downspout into a sculptural planter, helping to slow and decrease the amount of storm runoff. photo: J. Martin
[FOR MORE INFO] In the Field - http://www.inthefield.info/growing_vine_street.pdf Buster Simpson - http://www.bustersimpson.net/ photo: J. Martin
photo: J. Martin
| RAINWATER
source: City of Seattle
CARKEEK PARK [ENVIRONMENTAL LEARNING CENTER]
2003 3,500-gallon cistern; two 60-gallon rain barrels
[DIMENSIONS]
THE LARGE CISTERN AT THE NORTHEAST CORNER OF THE ELC BUILDING FEATURES A “ROOF SCRUBBER” TO CLEAN DEBRIS THAT MAY WASH DOWN FROM THE ROOF. IT ALSO INCLUDES AN INLET FOR FRESH CITY WATER (WHICH IS NOT PHYSICALLY CONNECTED, TO AVOID CONTAMINATION OF THE TREATED WATER SUPPLY) AND AN OVERFLOW OUTLET
photo: City of Seattle
plastic storage containers, plumbing hardware (piping, pumps, hose)
[MATERIALS]
[DESCRIPTION]
The Environmental Learning Center (ELC) building features two systems for rainwater catchment and storage, which helped to earn the building Seattle’s first Gold level LEED Green Building certification from the US Green Building Council. Rain water that is captured off of the roof is used for flushing toilets as well as irrigating the landscape. The 3.500-gallon cistern, which can be filled from the City’s water supply when rain water runs out, has enough capacity to store water well into drier periods of the year. The rain barrel system, which drains a smaller portion of the roof, illustrates a simpler and less costly option for rainwater harvesting. Together, these systems help to achieve an approximately 60% decrease in municipal water use on the site, as well as maintaining a more natural flow rate of runoff.
Rainwater Harvesting + Storage
[YEAR]
CARKEEK PARK, SEATTLE, WA
Justin Martin
[LOCATION]
RAIN WATER
Rainwater barrels provide an alternate catchment system at the back of the ELC building. photo: J. Martin
[FOR MORE INFO] Seattle Parks Dept. - http://www.seattle.gov/parks/parkspaces/carkeekpark/elc.htm Seattle P-I article: http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/125406_carkeek06.html Carkeek ELC Floor Plan source: City of Seattle
photo: J. Martin
| RAINWATER
The storage pond under the deck being build . photo: UW Landscape Arch. Dept.
The storage pond under the deck - note the pump intake + overflow outlet
CASCADE PEOPLE’S CENTER [CASCADE ADOPT-A-PARK]
• RAINWATER IS COLLECTED ON THE ROOF, PASSES THROUGH AN INITIAL SCREEN (ABOVE RIGHT) • FIRST FLUSH OF WATER COLLECTS IN A SEPARATE TUBE (ABOVE LEFT) • WATER IS DIRECTED TO LARGE METAL CISTERN (RIGHT, ABOVE CENTER) OR HOLDING POND BELOW DECK (BELOW RIGHT) • WATER CAN BE PUMPED FROM POND INTO SMALL TANK FOR GRAVITY-FEED IRRIGATION (BELOW CENTER)
[YEAR]
2000 (+ ongoing)
[DESCRIPTION]
The landscape around the Cascade People’s Center, just northeast of downtown Seattle, includes a number of elements to demonstrate sustainable urban water use practices. The garden on the south side of the building was originally constructed by the UW Landscape Architecture Department’s Design/Build Program. Rainwater captured from the roof is directed across a small pergola, and then flows into a storage pond (with synthetic liner) below the octagonal deck. This water can then be pumped out to use for irrigation.
Rainwater Harvesting + Storage
THOMAS ST. & PONTIUS AVE. N SEATTLE, WA
[LOCATION]
RAIN WATER Justin Martin
UW LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN/BUILD & ECO-CASCADE
[DESIGNER / ARTIST/ ENGINEER]
Artwork encouraging rainwater storage and use, from the north wall of the People’s Center building. photo: J. Martin
On the north side of the building is a second, newer cistern that can also capture rainfall from the building’s roof.
[FOR MORE INFO] Cascade People’s Center - http://www.cascadepeoplescenter.org/index.htm Eco-Cascade - http://www.ecocascade.org/ UW Landscape Design/Build photos: J. Martin
http://www.caup.washington.edu/larch/Programs/design_build/cascade/cascade.php | RAINWATER
PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY [STEPHEN EPLER HALL - RAIN GARDEN]
[YEAR]
PORTLAND, OR
2003
[DESCRIPTION] photo: City of Portland
Epler Hall on the Portland State University Campus features a system to capture and re-use the runoff from approximately 12,000 ft2 of roof surface. Water is channeled from downspouts into stone-filled tubs, from where it flows out and crosses the walkway via a runnel paved loosely with stone. It then enters a series of vegetated beds, where it infiltrates through soil and gravel, and is piped to a large underground storage tank below the plaza. Stored water is used to flush toilets on the first floor of Epler, as well as to irrigate the surrounding landscape.
Rainwater Harvesting + Storage
[LOCATION]
Justin Martin
MITHUN, INTERFACE ENGINEERING, ATLAS LANDSCAPE ARCH.
DESIGNER / ARTIST/ ENGINEER]
RAIN WATER
A water infiltration cell fed by runoff from the building to the east of Epler photo: J. Martin
photo: J. Martin
It is estimated that this system saves over 100,000 gallons of municipal water a year.
[FOR MORE INFO] Portland State Sustainability: Water
photo: J. Martin
- http://www.pdx.edu/sustainability/cs_co_water.html
City of Portland, Office of Sustainable Dev.: Rainwater Harvesting -http://www.portlandonline.com/osd/index.cfm?a=bbehfa&c=ecbbd | RAINWATER
SEATTLE RAIN CATCHERS [SEATTLE PUBLIC UTILITIES PILOT PROJECT]
SEATTLE, WA
[YEAR]
2004 - ONGOING
photo: J. Martin
[DESCRIPTION]
SPU has initiated a pilot project to work on reducing the amount of storm runoff that goes directly from impervious surfaces into the combined sewer system. To do this, they have installed cisterns to collect roof runoff at the homes of a number of volunteer participants. The rainwater that is captured is prefiltered, then passes through a much finer filter as it exits the tank. During the rainy months, the tank outflows to the sewer system, but the flow is regulated by a 1/8� diameter orifice. In this way, the water from people’s property is detained before entering the sewer and storm drain systems, thus mimicking a more natural flow pattern for the watershed. Tanks generally range from 400-600 gallons, depending on the roof area that they collect. The rain storage unit (including the tank and associated plumbing, filters, etc) is estimated to cost around $1500 to install. SPU is paying for the systems that are part of its limited pilot project.
Rainwater Harvesting + Storage
[LOCATION]
photo: J. Martin
Justin Martin
SEATTLE PUBLIC UTILITIES (SPU)
DESIGNER / ARTIST/ ENGINEER]
RAIN WATER
A rain garden in a residential yard near Ballard. photo: J. Martin
[FOR MORE INFO] SPU - Residential Stormwater Control - http://www.seattle.gov/util/About_SPU/Drainage_&_Sewer_System/Projects/ Residential_Stormwater_Control/index.asp
SPU - Rain Barrels Program -http://www.seattle.gov/util/Services/Yard/Natural_Lawn_&_Garden_Care/Rain_ diagram: SPU
photo: SPU
Barrels/index.asp
| RAINWATER
WHY DO WE CARE ABOUT STORMWATER DETENTION & CLEANSING?
STORM WATER
Stormwater is of concern for two main issues - one related to the volume and timing of runoff water (flood control and water supplies) and the other related to potential contaminants that the water is carrying (water pollution). Because impervious surfaces (parking lots, roads, buildings) do not allow rain to infiltrate into the ground, more runoff is generated than in the undeveloped condition. This additional runoff can erode watercourses (streams and rivers) as well as cause flooding when the stormwater collection system is overwhelmed by the additional flow. Because the water is flushed out of the watershed during the storm event, little infiltrates the soil, replenishes groundwater, or supplies stream base flow in dry weather.
Stormwater Detention & Cleansing
David Minnery & George Loew
Stormwater that does not soak into the ground becomes surface runoff, which either flows into surface waterways or is channeled into storm sewers.
photo credit: www.cityofnapa.org
STRATEGIES
MITIGATION
Natural drainage has become a standard tool for managing stormwater in Seattle, reducing flooding and improving environmental stewardship. Natural drainage systems strive to meet many goals: slow the flow of stormwater, allow the water to soak into the ground, filter and reduce pollution using the natural processes of soil and plants, reduce impervious (hard) surfaces, increase greenery, and make neighborhoods better places to walk and play.
• Wetpond
• Vegetated Swale
• Sand Filters
• Constructed/Pocket Wetland
• Infiltration Trench
• Biofiltration Areas C | STORMWATER
STRATEGY: DESCRIPTION:
WET POND
Constructed stormwater retention basin that has a permanent pool (or micropool). Runoff from each rain event is detained and treated in the pool primarily through settling and biological uptake mechanisms.
• Typically 2 to 6 feet deep • Maximum contributing drainage area of 10 acres for surface sand filter; 2 acres for perimeter sand filter • Sand filter media with underdrain system
ADVANTAGES / BENEFITS: • Applicable to small drainage areas • Good for highly impervious areas • Good retrofit capability
DISADVANTAGES / LIMITATIONS: • High maintenance burden • Not recommended for areas with high sediment content in stormwater or clay/silt runoff areas • Relatively costly • Possible odor problems
Stormwater Detention & Cleansing
DESIGN CRITERIA:
David Minnery & George Loew
KEY CONSIDERATIONS
STORM WATER
photo credit: www.georgiastormwater.com www.wetland.org www.manchester.gov.uk
MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS: • Inspect for clogging – rake first inch of sand • Remove sediment from forebay/chamber • Replace sand filter media as needed
POLLUTANT REMOVAL 80% 50/30%
Total Suspended Solids Nutrients - Total Phosphorus / Total Nitrogen removal
50%
Metals - Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc removal
70%
Pathogens - Coliform, Streptococci, E.Coli removal C | STORMWATER
STRATEGY: DESCRIPTION:
CONSTRUCTED or POCKET WETLAND
Constructed wetlands are constructed basins that have a permanent pool of water throughout the year (or at least throughout the wet season) and differ from wet ponds primarily in being shallower and having greater vegetation coverage.
STORM WATER
DESIGN CRITERIA: • Minimum contributing drainage area of 25 acres; 5 acres for pocket wetland • Minimum dry weather flow path of 2:1 (length:width) should be provided from inflow to outflow • Minimum of 35% of total surface area should have a depth of 6 inches or less; 10 to 20% of surface area should be deep pool (1.5- to 6-foot depth)
ADVANTAGES / BENEFITS: • Good nutrient removal • Provides natural wildlife habitat • Relatively low maintenance costs
DISADVANTAGES / LIMITATIONS:
Stormwater Detention & Cleansing
David Minnery & George Loew
KEY CONSIDERATIONS
photo credit: www.eng.cmu.ac.th www.ufz.de
• Requires large land area • Needs continuous baseflow for viable wetland • Sediment regulation is critical to sustain wetlands
MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS: • Replace wetland vegetation to maintain at least 50% surface area coverage • Remove invasive vegetation • Monitor sediment accumulation and remove periodically POLLUTANT REMOVAL 80% 40/30%
Total Suspended Solids Nutrients - Total Phosphorus / Total Nitrogen removal
50%
Metals - Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc removal
70%
Pathogens - Coliform, Streptococci, E.Coli removal C | STORMWATER
STRATEGY: DESCRIPTION:
VEGETATED SWALE or BIOSWALE
Bioswales are open, shallow channels that collect and slowly convey runoff to downstream discharge points. They are designed and constructed to capture and treat stormwater runoff within dry or wet cells formed by check dams or other means.
• Bottom width of 2 to 8 feet • Side slopes 2:1 or flatter; 4:1 recommended • Should be able to adequately convey a 25-year storm event
ADVANTAGES / BENEFITS: • Combines stormwater treatment with runoff conveyance system • Less expensive than curb and gutter • Reduces runoff velocity
DISADVANTAGES / LIMITATIONS: • Higher maintenance than curb and gutter systems • Cannot be used on steep slopes • Possible resuspension of sediment • Potential for odor / mosquitoes (wet swale)
Stormwater Detention & Cleansing
DESIGN CRITERIA: • Longitudinal slopes must be less than 4%
David Minnery & George Loew
KEY CONSIDERATIONS
STORM WATER
photo credit: www.georgiastormwater.com www.portlandonline.com www.thehighpoint.com George Loew
MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS: • Maintain grass heights of approximately 4 to 6 inches (dry swale) • Remove sediment from forebay and channel
POLLUTANT REMOVAL 80% 50/50%
Total Suspended Solids Nutrients - Total Phosphorus / Total Nitrogen removal
40%
Metals - Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc removal
no data
Pathogens - Coliform, Streptococci, E.Coli removal C | STORMWATER
STRATEGY: DESCRIPTION:
VEGETATED SWALE or BIOSWALE
Bioswales are open, shallow channels that collect and slowly convey runoff to downstream discharge points. They are designed and constructed to capture and treat stormwater runoff within dry or wet cells formed by check dams or other means.
STORM WATER
Stormwater Detention & Cleansing
David Minnery & George Loew
photo credit: www.georgiastormwater.com www.portlandonline.com Davifd Minnery
POLLUTANT REMOVAL 80% 50/50%
Total Suspended Solids Nutrients - Total Phosphorus / Total Nitrogen removal
40%
Metals - Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc removal
no data
Pathogens - Coliform, Streptococci, E.Coli removal C | STORMWATER
STRATEGY: DESCRIPTION:
INFILTRATION TRENCH
Excavated trench filled with stone aggregate used to capture and allow infiltration of stormwater runoff into the surrounding soils from the bottom and sides of the trench.
• Soil infiltration rate of 0.5 in/hr or greater required • Excavated trench (3 to 8 foot depth) filled with stone media (1.5- to 2.5-inch diameter); pea gravel and sand filter layers • A sediment forebay and grass channel, or equivalent upstream pretreatment, must be provided • Observation well to monitor percolation
ADVANTAGES / BENEFITS: • Provides for groundwater recharge • Good for small sites with porous soils
DISADVANTAGES / LIMITATIONS: • Potential for groundwater contamination • High clogging potential; should not be used on sites with fine-particled soils (clays or silts) in drainage area • Significant setback requirements • Restrictions in karst areas • Geotechnical testing required, two borings per facility
Stormwater Detention & Cleansing
DESIGN CRITERIA:
David Minnery & George Loew
KEY CONSIDERATIONS
STORM WATER
photo credit: www.stormwatercenter.net Davifd Minnery
MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS: • Inspect for clogging • Remove sediment from forebay • Replace pea gravel layer as needed POLLUTANT REMOVAL 80% 60/60%
Total Suspended Solids Nutrients - Total Phosphorus / Total Nitrogen removal
90%
Metals - Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc removal
90%
Pathogens - Coliform, Streptococci, E.Coli removal C | STORMWATER
STRATEGY: DESCRIPTION:
SAND FILTERS
Multi-chamber structure designed to treat stormwater runoff through filtration, using a sediment forebay, a sand bed as its primary filter media and, typically, an underdrain collection system.
• Typically 2 to 6 feet deep • Maximum contributing drainage area of 10 acres for surface sand filter; 2 acres for perimeter sand filter • Sand filter media with underdrain system
ADVANTAGES / BENEFITS: • Applicable to small drainage areas • Good for highly impervious areas • Good retrofit capability
DISADVANTAGES / LIMITATIONS: • High maintenance burden • Not recommended for areas with high sediment content in stormwater or clay/silt runoff areas • Relatively costly • Possible odor problems
Stormwater Detention & Cleansing
DESIGN CRITERIA:
David Minnery & George Loew
KEY CONSIDERATIONS
STORM WATER
photo credit: www.georgiastormwater.com www.limnoterra.com
MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS: • Inspect for clogging – rake first inch of sand • Remove sediment from forebay/chamber
POLLUTANT REMOVAL 80% 50/25%
Total Suspended Solids Nutrients - Total Phosphorus / Total Nitrogen removal
50%
Metals - Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc removal
40%
Pathogens - Coliform, Streptococci, E.Coli removal C | STORMWATER
STRATEGY: DESCRIPTION:
BIORETENTION AREA Shallow stormwater basin or landscaped area that utilizes engineered soils and vegetation to capture and treat runoff.
• Maximum contributing drainage area of 5 acres • Often located in landscaping islands or nature strips • Treatment area consists of grass filter, sand bed, ponding area, organic/mulch layer, planting soil, and vegetation • Typically requires 5 feet of head
ADVANTAGES / BENEFITS: • Applicable to small drainage areas • Good for highly impervious areas, particularly parking lots • Good retrofit capability • Relatively low maintenance requirements • Can be planned as an aesthetic feature
DISADVANTAGES / LIMITATIONS: • Requires extensive landscaping • Not recommended for areas with steep slopes
Stormwater Detention & Cleansing
DESIGN CRITERIA:
David Minnery & George Loew
KEY CONSIDERATIONS
STORM WATER
photo credit: www.georgiastormwater.com www.portlandonline.com www.thehighpoint.com Davifd Minnery
MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS: • Inspect and repair/replace treatment area components
POLLUTANT REMOVAL 80% 60/50%
Total Suspended Solids Nutrients - Total Phosphorus / Total Nitrogen removal
unknown Metals - Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc removal no data Pathogens - Coliform, Streptococci, E.Coli removal C | STORMWATER
OREGON CONVENTION CENTER RAINGARDEN photo credit: www.portlandonline.com
Downtown Portland, OR 2003
Downspout photo credit: meyer/reed.com
Raingarden photo credit: Portland OR tourism; www.pova.com
The raingarden at the Oregon Convention Center in Portland provides an aesthetic urban demonstration that integrates stormwater filtration gardens as a visitor attraction. The raingarden mimics nature’s processes of retaining and cleansing water before it is released back to the Willamette River.
The Oregon Convention Center features a “raingarden” which collects as much as 1,000 cubic feet of stormwater runoff (that’s just under 7,500 gallons) from the 5.5 acre roof area. The raingarden is a 318 ft. long channel that simulates a mountain stream with basalt columns, wetland plants, native vegetation and grasses. The raingarden consists of terraced cobbled sedimentation basins that act to slow the water, allowing sediments to filter out and increase time for water to infiltrate into the ground. The water course is lined with 12 tons of Iron Mountain flag-stone and 90 tons of river rock, and vegetated with Common rush, dwarf willow, red osier dogwood, sedges, Yellow Flag Iris, Siberian Iris and water Iris. These plants help to reduce the total volume of storm water runoff as well as help to filter out pollutants and to stabilize the soils. The garden is not only an attractive addition to the exterior of the Convention Center, but also returns water to the city sewers cleaner than it came in.
Urban + Residential Raingardens
landscape architect : MEYER/REED
Ashley Thorner
URBAN RAINGARDEN
RAIN GARDEN
for more information:
Raingarden photo credit: Portland OR tourism; www.pova.com
www.portlandonline.com, Portland Bureau of Environmental Services http://www.mayerreed.com/occl.html, Meyer/Reed Landscape Arch. profile http://www.mayerreed.com/occl.html http://www.pova.org
RAINGARDEN
SEA STREET: street-edge-alternative RAIN GARDEN
SEA Streets,bioswale photo credit: City of Seattle; www2.cityofseattle.net
NORTHWEST SEATTLE, WA 2003 Bioswales are along both sides of the road with grasses, sedges and rushes that filter the pollutants out of stormwater. Designers followed the concept of “right plant, right place,� selecting non-invasive species that can survive with little maintenance in our local climate. Trees with smaller root systems fit more easily within the right-of-way; plants that thrive in wetlands have been placed in the lower, moist areas of the stormwater swales and ponds. To slow down traffic and reduce impervious surfaces the roads were designed curvy and narrow, reducing impervious surfaces by 11%.
SEA Streets is a Seattle Public Utilities and natural drainage project located in northwest Seattle. it is a prototype project designed to provide drainage and infiltration that mimics the natural processes. SEA Street breaks the 150 year convention of standard street design, using narrow curbs, curved streets, open drainage swales and an abundance of diverse and native plants. Gardens front the street integrating home and neighborhood, uniting the community visually, environmentally and socially.
Urban + Residential Raingardens
SEATTLE PUBLIC UTILITIES
Ashley Thorner
SEA STREETS: NATURAL DRAINAGE
A concept drawing of the $800,000 SEA project shows 14-foot-wide curved street, swales, additional trees, vegetation and diagonal parking areas for cars. Credit: DJC Seattle Journal of Commerce: Environment
for more information: SEA Streets, curvy road photo credit: City of Seattle; www2.cityofseattle.net
http://www2.cityofseattle.net/util/tours/seastreet/ http://www.seattle.gov/util/About_SPU/Drainage_&_Sewer_System/ http://www.djc.com/news/co/11149502.html
RAINGARDEN
RESIDENTIAL RAINGARDENS RAIN GARDEN
DIG IT! RESIDENTIAL RAINGARDENS Raingardens are an easy and fun way to create beautiful landscape features that manage stormwater on site. They are planted depressions that are designed to take the excess rainwater run-off from a house and its surrounding landscape. The plants used are a selection of wetland edge vegetation, such as sedges, rushes, ferns, shrubs and trees that absorb the excess water, and through the process of transpiration return water vapor into the atmosphere. Local Pacific Northwest Raingarden
Raingardens are beneficial for many reasons: they lessen the effects of drought, remove pollutants from run-off, make paved areas more attractive, and provide interesting planting opportunities. They encourage wildlife and biodiversity, tie together buildings and their surrounding environments in attractive and environmentally advantageous ways, as well as making a significant contribution to environmental problems that affect us all.
Urban + Residential Raingardens
Ashley Thorner
Tasmaninan Raingarden photo credit: http://www.rtbg.tas.gov.au/
Raingardens provide a way to use and optimize any rain that does fall, by reducing or avoiding the need for irrigation. They allow a residence to deal with excessive rainwater runoff without burdening the public storm water networks.
for more information: A rain garden in Philadelphia, designed by Edgar David. Rainwater that flows from the house roof to the stone cistern is used to irrigate an intimate collection of woodland plants
Raingarden- residential bog garden photo/design credit: Mike Broili
http://www.raingardens.org/Index.php; raingardens of West Michigan http://www.bbg.org/gar2/topics/design/2004sp_raingardens; Brooklyn Botanical Gardens http://dnr.wi.gov/org/water/wm/nps/rg/littleone/small.htm
RAINGARDEN
RESIDENTIAL RAINGARDENS RAIN GARDEN
Western Mountains and Pacific Northwest Raingarden vertical layers http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/waterquality.html; Virginia tech
Choosing Plants
Planting a raingarden is the fun part. A variety of native wildflowers, ferns, grasses, shrubs, and trees thrive in moist soil. Your raingarden can be divided into three wetness zones. In the lowest zone, plant species that can tolerate short periods of standing water as well as fluctuating water levels, because a raingarden will dry out during droughts or at times of the year when precipitation is sparse. Species that can tolerate extremes of wet soils and dry periods are also appropriate for the middle zone, which is slightly drier. You can put plants that prefer drier conditions at the highest zone or outer edge of your raingarden. Plant as many species as you can to enhance your raingarden’s value as wildlife habitat. If your raingarden is shaded, plant smaller understory trees and shrubs such as river birch and sweet pepperbush, as well as ferns, sedges, and wildflowers. Re-creating the vertical layers found in a natural forest will provide a number of different habitat niches for a variety of birds and other creatures. If you are planting in a sunny area, a wet meadow full of colorful prairie wildflowers and grasses is an appropriate choice.
Raingarden design Brooklyn Botanical Garden web page
Raingarden vertical layers http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/waterquality.html; Virginia tech
Wildflowers, Ferns, Grasses, and Sedges: Aquilegia formosa, Columbine Aralia californica, Elk clover Aruncus dioicus, Goatsbeard Caltha leptosepala, Marsh marigold Camassia quamash, Camas Cimicifuga laciniata, Bugbane Darmera peltata, Umbrella plant Heracleum lanatum, Cow parsnip Mimulus guttatus, Monkeyflower Adiantum pedatum, Maidenhair fern Athyrium filix-femina, Lady fern Woodwardia fimbriata, Chain fern Carex obnupta, Sedge Carex testacea, Orange New Zealand Sedge Juncus patens, Grooved rush Liriope muscari. Big blue lily turf
Urban + Residential Raingardens
raingarden plant list
Ashley Thorner
DIG IN! PLANTING YOUR RAINGARDEN
Trees and Shrubs: Acer circinatum, Vine maple Clethra alnifolia, Sweet pepperbush Cornus alternifolia, Pagoda dogwood Cornus sericea, Creek dogwood Gaultheria shallon, Salal Ilex verticillata, Winterberry Physocarpus capitatus, Pacific ninebark Ribes sanguineum, Red-flowering currant Rubus spectabilis, Salmonberry Salix purpurea ‘Nana’, Dwarf blue willow Salix scouleri, Scouler’s willow
for more information: http://www.raingardens.org/Index.php; raingardens of West Michigan http://www.bbg.org/gar2/topics/design/2004sp_raingardens; Brooklyn Botanical Gardens http://dnr.wi.gov/org/water/wm/nps/rg/littleone/small.htm http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/waterquality.html; Virginia tech
RAINGARDEN
public school raingardens:
RAIN GARDEN
Raingarden photo credit: Portland Bureau of Environmental Services
Glencoe Elementary school is part of the Oregon Green Schools program which promotes raising awareness, resource conservation and reducing the impact of schools on the environment in creative and educational ways. The Glencoe elementary school raingarden is multifunctional. It collects runoff from adjacent streets, reduces storm water in the sewer system and helps prevent local basement flooding and combined sewer overflows. It mimics natural conditions by allowing storm water to filter through vegetation and soak into the ground as it moves slowly through the garden, infiltrating into the base flow. The raingarden also serves to beautify the campus with native foliage and is used as an outdoor educational resource.
Urban + Residential Raingardens
2003
Ashley Thorner
glencoe elementary school Portland Bureau of Environmental Services: designer: kevin perry Portland, OR
for more information: www.portlandonline.com, Portland Bureau of Environmental Services http://glencoe.pps.k12.or.us/schools/glencoe/staff/pletz/stormwater_ www.oregongreenschools.org https://mttabor.pps.k12.or.us
RAINGARDEN
URBAN FORESTRY
Marginalia:phrase, quote, photo, drawing, diagram (arial, 10pt, justify left)
SEEING THE FOREST FOR THE TREES
photo credit: http://www.djc.com/special/ landscape/c10008171.html
TREES
BENEFITS OF STREET TREES
The need for trees in the city has probably never been greater. In addition to visual appeal, street trees help replenish oxygen, filter particulate pollutants, prevent soil erosion, provide a buffer from sun, wind and rain and provide valuable habitat in our urban areas.
Urban Forestry + Street Trees
The Cooperative Forestry Act of 1978 defines urban forestry as “the planning, establishment, protection, and management of trees and associated plants, individually, in small groups, or under forest conditions within cities, their suburbs, and towns.” Urban forestry is also a way of looking at the trees in your community as part of a larger ecosystem that can both contribute to community health, economic vitality and ecological function.
H. Flint Chatto
URBAN FORESTRY - WHAT IS IT?
CONSIDERATIONS FOR CHOOSING STREET TREES
Species Selection - Choosing the right tree for the right place Siting of Trees - Placement & Function Special Considerations Tree Care & Maintenance Design Opportunities
FOR MORE INFO
Mature Street Trees Photo Credit: H. Flint Chatto 34th Avenue, Magnoliia Neighborhood, Seattle, WA
- “Trees for Green Streets: An Illustrated Guide,” Portland Metro, June 2002. - “Urban Forestry Notebook. University of Washington Center for Urban Horticulture, et al. January 1, 1990. - “The Downtown Street Tree Handbook,” The Oregon Downtown Development Association. Salem, OR, 2001 - City of Seattle Street Tree Planting Procedures, http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/treeplanting.htm -”Trees in the Urban Landscape: Principles & Practice”. Anthony Bradshaw, et al.E & FN Spon/Chapman & Hall, 1995.
photo credit: http://www.wburg. com/0104/context/editor.html
If you want to be happy for a year...plant a garden. If you want to be happy for a lifetime, plant a tree. - Author unknown, The Downtown Street Tree Handbook
| TREES
CHOOSING THE RIGHT TREE
TREES
2) Consider the desired function: - screening - shade - aesthetics & character - traffic calming - habitat improvement - stormwater management 3) Consider the basic care and needs of the prefered species: - sun, water and space needs - maintenance requirements (e.g. weeding, mulching, pruning, etc.) TREE INVENTORY Use an inventory of existing trees to help determine future plans for tree placement and care. The inventory should include location, species, approximate age and size, general health and notable problems.
Street Trees Provide Street Definition Photo Credit: H. Flint Chatto Downtown Portland, OR
“Trees provide shade and can keep homes and buidlings up to 20 degrees cooler in the summer.” - Trees for Green Streets: An Illustrated Guide,” Portland Metro, June
FOR MORE INFO - “Trees for Green Streets: An Illustrated Guide,” Portland Metro, June 2002. - “Urban Forestry Notebook. University of Washington Center for Urban Horticulture, et al. Janurary 1, 1990.
Traffic Calming
Urban Forestry + Street Trees
H. Flint Chatto
SPECIES SELECTION: RIGHT TREE RIGHT PLACE 1) Review existing trees using a tree inventory to develop goals and plans for future tree planting.
Screening
Shade & Enclosure
Stormwater Management
photo credit: (from top): H. Flint Chatto, except as noted - traffic circle at High Point Community, Seattle, WA; Parking lot screening, Whole Foods Market, Portland, OR; Street trees, http://mysite.wanadoo-members. co.uk/homecitrusgrowers/Athens-street-trees.jpg; Parking lot stormwater swale, Pollution Control Facility, Portland, OR.
| TREES
TREE PLACEMENT & FUNCTION
TREES
Canopy Features
Urban Forestry + Street Trees
H. Flint Chatto
Treelined Walkway
Visual & Spatial Perception
Treelined Walkway photo credit: H. Flint Chatto Portland, OR
SPATIAL CONSIDERATIONS:
Each sidewalk activity takes up at least his much width:
8 ft. 5 ft. 5 ft. 5 ft. 5 ft. 5 ft. 3 ft. 2 ft.
Transit shelter or ADA platform Transit stop with a bench Two way pedestrian traffic Wheel chair turnig area Planting strip or tree well Outdoor dining tables Bench Miscellaneous street furniture
FOR MORE INFO - “Trees for Green Streets: An Illustrated Guide,” Portland Metro, June 2002.
“I think that I shall never see a poem as lovely as a tree - Joyce Kilmer, American Poet
| TREES
DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES
TREES
Urban Forestry + Street Trees
H. Flint Chatto
Courtyard tree planter privedes shady summer seating - Downtown Portland, OR
Education & Demonstration - Downtown Portland, OR Green Streets Project developed by the Portland Bureau of Environmental Services. Tree Art - Magnolia Village, Seattle, WA
Decorative tree grate allows for drainage and ADA pedestrian access photo credit : H. Flint Chatto, Porland OR
Planters - Portland Residential Street
Tree Wells - Downtwon Portland
Informal Swales - High Point Residential Community
Formal Swales - Downtown Portland
| TREES
TREE PROTECTION & CARE
TREES
Photo credit: H. Flint Chatto (unless noted otherwise) - Street tree grate, Portland, OR; Magnolia 1/2 grate and planter, Seattle WA; Street tree grate, Portland, OR; Open tree well, Portland, OR; Decorative tree support,-”Trees in the Urban Landscape: Principles & Practice”. Anthony Bradshaw, et al.E & FN Spon/Chapman & Hall, 1995; Base fence, New York, 3. http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/trees_greenstreets/tree_care_tips/tree_tips_main.html
Urban Forestry + Street Trees
Tree Base Conditions
The City of Seattle encourages the planting of trees along public streets. A property owner may plant a tree in a street planting strip if he or she first obtains a permit from the City Arborist’s Office. There is no charge for the permit, but the procedure allows the City Arborist to review the type of tree and the planting location. After you receive the permit to plant, you will be responsible for properly planting and maintaining the tree. This includes watering during the drier seasons, mulching and pruning.
H. Flint Chatto
Street Tree Planting Procedures (excerpt from city guidelines)
PLANTING & INSTALLATION - Proper Planting & Drainage - Secure support - Approriate soil ammendment - Protective Base/Trunk Treatment MAINTENANCE & CARE - Irrigation - Mulching - Pruning - Treatment for disease & pests - Monitoring Underpinning to Secure tree Base. Municipal Tree Manual. Published by the International Society of Arboriculture Municipal Tree Manual. Published by the International Society of Arboriculture
“Keep a green tree in your heart and perhaps the singing bird will come.” - Chinese Proverb
| TREES
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
TREES
Overhead Wires
Sidewalk Curves to Protect Mature Trees photo credit: H. Flint Chatto Neighborhood Street, Portland, OR
Utility Poles
Heritage or Culturally Significant Trees
Call for Utility Locates before you dig!
Urban Forestry + Street Trees
Underground wires, pipes and other unknowns
H. Flint Chatto
?
Trees must be planted to the following standards: 3½ feet back from the face of the curb. 5 feet from underground utility lines 10 feet from power poles (15 feet recommended) 7½ feet from driveways (10 feet recommended) 20 feet from street lights or other existing trees. 30 feet from street intersections.
Municipal Tree Manual. Published by the International Society of Arboriculture; City of Seattle Street Tree Planting Procedures, http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/treeplanting.htm
“Trees provide shade and can keep homes and buidlings up to 20 degrees cooler in the summer.” “Trees for Green Streets: An Illustrated Guide,” Portland Metro, June 2002.
| TREES
URBAN HABITAT As urban, built-up areas are increasingly important to the survival of wildlife and you can find a huge variety of animals and plants if you know what signs to look for. Already, high-rise buildings have become inland cliffs for roosting seabirds, wasteland has been transformed into wildflower meadows and railway embankments are home to families of badgers and foxes. HABITAT INFORMATION
What is “Environmental Art�? Artwork created by artists concerned with the state of our environment worldwide, and with their local situation. Environmental artists often work in these ways: - Artists interpret nature, creating artworks to inform us about nature and its processes, or about environmental problems we face - Artists interact with environmental forces, creating artworks affected or powered by wind, water, lightning, even earthquakes - Artists re-envision our relationship to nature, proposing through their work new ways for us to co-exist with our environment - Artists reclaim and remediate damaged environments, restoring nature in artistic and often aesthetic ways
Micro-habitat : Buildings / Dockland /Parks, gardens and allotments / Roads and pavements / Railway embankments Wasteland and rubbish tips Species : Mammals / Birds / Invertebrates / Reptiles / Amphibians / Plants
Urban habitat features Desired patterns
HABITAT URBAN HABITAT FEATURES
YUKO ONO /YA-CHI FU
ECO-ART
DESITED PATTERNS Environmental design -Combined nature and ecology with art & architecture Local ecology -Collaborative assemblage installation in community settings with indigenous materials (can create positive connections between us and our environment)
Eco-art
Marginalia:phrase, quote, photo, drawing, diagram (arial, 10pt, justify left)
Photo by Gary Hightshoe http://www.igsb.uiowa.edu/
TYPES OF CORRIDORS
browse/landscap/landscap.htm
A
B
E
Functions and Benefits
strips of narive habitat, such as hedgerows and greenways, that link habitat patches.
These corridors enable animals to move among habitat patches and are the essence of what many biologists mean when they use the term.
Elongated habitats that follow long, narrow landscape features such as rivers, ridgelines, or rights-of-way.
Although these “corridors” do not necessarily connect larger habitat pathches, they may protect important habitats.
A series of stepping stone refuges for migrating birds.
These may be a useful alternative to a true movement corridor for birds and other migratory animals.
Tunnel under highways (or bridges over them) that allow animals to move across the landscape.
These linkages help prevent roadkills and keep populations genetically connected.
Megacorridors, which are essentially large, oblong nature reserves.
Corridors that are wide enought to contain the average home range of large carnivores--up to 14 miles (22 km) wide --may help in large-scale conservation effots, such as the Y2Y initiative.
C CORRIDORS
D
Types of Corridor and Description
Several different types of landscape fuature have been referred to as “ corridors.” These include strips of native habitate (a), long narrow habitat types (b), series of stepping stone refuges (c), bridges over highways (d), and tunnels under them (e), and megacorridors, which are essentially large, elongated reserves (not shown.)
Urban habitat features Desired patterns
TYPES OF HABITAT CORRIDORS
YUKO ONO / YA-CHI FUH
ECO-ARTAT
Photo by Gary Hightshoe In the Field -http://www.igsb. uiowa.edu/browse/ landscap/landscap. htm
practical ecology photo credit: Conservation Planning P.149
[FOR MORE INFO]_ applications, conservation plannign in Practical Ecology, 2005, lincoln Instute of Land Policy, WA
Eco-art
Marginalia:phrase, quote, photo, drawing, diagram (arial, 10pt, justify left)
The Center for Land Use Interpretation included this work in its 2001 survey of the current status of Earthworks.
MILL CREEK CANYON EARTHWORKS
[DESIGNER / ARTIST/ ENGINEER]_ HERBERT [LOCATION]_ Kent,
BAYER
WA
[YEAR]_ 1979-82. [DIMENSIONS]_ 2.5
acres
[BRIEF DESCRIPTION]_
Herbert Bayer’s grass mound (1955), a 40 foot diameter mound at the Aspen Art Institute in Colorado, is considered the first example of contemporary environmental art. “It offered a balanced community where livelihood, sports, culture and art could be pursued amidst the beauty of nature.”16
Urban habitat features Desired patterns
Herbert Bayer, Mill Creek Canyon Earthworks, 1979-82. 2.5 acres. Kent, WA.
YUKO ONO / YA-CHI FU
ECO-ART
photo credit: http://greenmuseum. org/c/ecovention/grass.html
photo credit: http://www.asla.org/ lamag/lam03/march/feature3.html
photo credit: http://slaggarden.cfa.cmu.edu/ weblinks/FrostGIF/Frost01.gif
l Herbert Bayer, grass mound, 1955 Aspen Art Institute, Colorado (Photo Credit: Center for Land Use Interpretation, 2001)
SIDE BAR photos, phrase, quote, drawing, diagram, etc... (arial, 10pt, justify left) photo credit: http://greenmuseum.org/c/ecovention/grass.html
Eco-art
Marginalia:phrase, quote, photo, drawing, diagram (arial, 10pt, justify left)
After it has passed through the flow form it goes into ponds. At this point the water can sustain life and these ponds will contain fish and many plants.
[DESIGNER / ARTIST/ ENGINEER]_ BETSY [LOCATION]_ CHENGD,
DAMON
SICHUAN, CHINA
[YEAR]_ 1995-1998 [BRIEF DESCRIPTION]_
On a 1995 trip to Chengdu, Damon was introduced to the City GovernmentĂs five-year plan to clean up the Fu and Nan Rivers that merge there. Having founded Keepers of the Water, she was already devoted to communicating the significance of water. She suggested the city add a water garden to help clean the river and to educate people about water, conservation, and treatment. They asked her to coordinate this. Working with local specialists and Philadelphia-based landscape designer Margie Ruddick, she completed a conceptual design that included her innovative flow forms. The Living Water Garden has received several international design awards.
Urban habitat features Desired patterns
First, water is taken from the river into a settling pond. Around the settling pound is a large place to walk and learn. There is a 6’ (in diameter) living-water-drop in the center of the pond. Carved into stones is information about water and life. Then, in the settling pond the larger materials settle to the bottom, Microbiology will be injected into the pond to bring back the life that can eat pollution
ECO-ART YUKO ONO / YA-CHI FU
What is in the Living Water Garden?
THE LIVING WATER GARDEN
photo credit: http://www. wellnessgoods.com/garden.asp
keepers of waters photo credit: http://www.keepersofthewaters. org/
photo credit: http://greenmuseum.org/c/ecovention/flowforms.html
Eco-art
Fair Park Lagoon
[LOCATION]_ Dallas,
Johanson
Texas
[YEAR]_ 1995 [BRIEF DESCRIPTION]_
Funded by a generous grant from the Meadows Foundation, The Leonhardt Lagoon Nature Walk features twenty-five numbered markers and four descriptive panels highlighting the birds and insects, plants and trees, fish and other wildlife that make their home at the Leonhardt Lagoon in Fair Park. A printed walking-guide, keyed to the markers, helps visitors learn more about the flora, fauna and wildlife living around the area of each of the markers.
Urban habitat features Desired patterns
[DESIGNER / ARTIST/ ENGINEER]_ Patricia
YUKO ONO /YA-CHI FU
ECO-ART
[FOR MORE INFO]_ http://www.varoregistry.com/johanson/index.html
“My idea was to take things that are enfineered and built, and transform them into fountains and gardens” This thinking paved the way for an entirely new approach to integrationg nature and the urban infrastructure Ducks and turtles sun themselves on emergent parts of the sculpture
Her massive paths reference two native Texas plants; 1) a 225’ by 112’ by 12’ sprawiling causeway in the form of a “Pteris Multifada” fern and 2) a 235’by175’by 12’ entabgled amss of pathways reminiscent of the “Saggitaria Platyphylla” Eco-art
Endangered Garden
providing food and habitat for butterflies, shelfich, waterfowl, and small mammals, as well as human access to beaches, marshes, and the longshore barrier spit
[LOCATION]_ San
Johanson
Francisco Bay
[YEAR]_ 1987 [BRIEF DESCRIPTION]_
Her art creates conditions that permit endangered species to thrive in the middle of urban centers
a linear park along San Francisco Bay, the functional structure which is a pump station and holding tank for water and sewage was presented this as a work of art and a productive landscape. Other goals included increasing food and habitat for wildlife, and providing maximum public access to San Francisco Bay. Tidal sculpture, butterfly meadow, habitat restoration, seating, and overlook are all incorporated into the image of the endangered San Francisco Garter Snake, as is a public access baywalk, thirty feet wide and one-third of a mile long that coincides with the roof of the new transport/storage sewer.
Urban habitat features Desired patterns
[DESIGNER / ARTIST/ ENGINEER]_ Patricia
YUKO ONO /YA-CHI FU
ECO-ART
[FOR MORE INFO]_
http://www.patriciajohanson.com/
For over twenty years Patricia Johanson has patiently insisted that art can help to heal the earth. For the last ten years she has been creating large-scale projects that posit a radical, yet utterly practical vision. She works with engineers, city planners, scientists and citizens’ groups to create her art as functioning infrastructure for modern cities. Johanson’s designs for sewers, parks, and other functional projects not only speak to deep human needs for beauty, culture, and historical memory. She also answers to the needs of birds, insects, fish, animals, and micro-organisms. Her art reclaims degraded ecologies and creates conditions that permit endangered species to thrive in the middle of urban centers.... Using the structures of nature as a way of thinking, she reconciles delicacy with strength, generosity with power, and creativity with consequence.
Eco-art
constructed entirely of used freeway materials and (mostly) native California plants
Mandela Artscape/ Garden to Go
[LOCATION]_ West [YEAR]_ 1998-9
Leibovitz Steinman
Oakland, CA
/ 2001
[BRIEF DESCRIPTION]_
Mandela Artscape
Artist Susan Leibovitz Steinman salvages materials directly from community waste streams to construct public art installations that connect common daily experiences to broader social issues. Projects include conceptual sculpture gardens that meld art, ecology and community action. [FOR MORE INFO]_
.
http://www.steinmanstudio.com/publicart/urban.html
Urban habitat features Desired patterns
[PERFORMANCE ARTIST]_ Susan
YUKO ONO /YA-CHI FU
ECO-ART
Garden to Go
Installed by neighborhood volunteers and youth participating in “learn and earn� summer eco-gardening program Eco-art
Turtle island
Hull
[LOCATION]_ Lincoln
Memorial Gardens Springfield, Illinois [YEAR]_ 1997 Her sculpture and installations provide shelter, food water or space for wildlife, as eco-atonement for their loss of habitat to human encroachment
[MATERIALS]_
tree branches
[BRIEF DESCRIPTION]_
As she learns about different eco-zones, she explores the needs of local wildlife in order to devise appropriate structures. Most of her works are designed with “biofeedback loops,” which is to say that the support of one species leads to the support of another species, and this leads to greater biodiversity
Urban habitat features Desired patterns
[ Environmental Sculptor/Trans-species Artist]_ Lynne
YUKO ONO /YA-CHI FU
ECO-ART
Although Trans-species art (art created for animals) doesn’t alter the environment, it must also fit in with the surrounding ecology. Some trans-species works withstand the elements to make lasting contributions to the lives of the animals they support. Some last only as long as it takes for restoration to begin and for nature to take over again. In the Field - http://www.eco-art.org/
“I believe that the creativity of artists can be applied to real world problems and can have an effect on urgent social and environmental issues” Once Hull’s works are installed, biologists monitor them to determine their effectiveness
“I prefer direct collaboration with wildlife specialists, environmental interpreters, landscape architects, and local people for design integration” Research and consultation are essential to project success.
Eco-art
Creating urban wildlife habitat in your yard does not mean you will be attracting bears....
URBAN WILDLIFE HABITAT WILDLIFE HABITAT
[why?]
photo credit: www.nwconx.net
Here are only some reasons for creating wildlife habitat in your own backyard: photo credit: www.home.comcast.net
photo credit: www.x7b.xanga.com
...what you call your yard is an inhospitable stretch of green death for many animals....
- Its an enjoyable experience to be able to watch wildlife in your own yard everyday. - Its a relaxing to be close to nature and its wildlife. - Creating wildlife habitat, makes your yard more attractive. - The habitat created lasts all year long, and is especially important to animals during the winter.
Urban Wildlife Habitat - Residential Scale
Most yards are not adequate living areas for many species. Large lawns and little foliage represent desert like landscapes for animals searching for food, water, shelter, and places to raise their young.
Aaron R. Luoma
Where do you live?
- By helping wildlife you also help the environment as a whole photo credit: www.nwf.org
- You can be recognized by the National Wildlife Federation with a certification process that is fun to do with neighborhood friends and the community. - Once your yard is certified as wildlife habitat through NWF, you will receive additional resources helpful for maintaining and expanding your habitat.
photo credit: www.jaimeandjoshseattle.tripod.com
Marginalia:phrase, quote, photo, drawing, diagram (arial, 10pt, justify left)
[FOR MORE INFO] http://www.nwf.org/backyard/ http://wdfw.wa.gov/
Creating urban wildlife habitat does not mean skunks will begin to be a calling your backyard home...
photo credit: www.protectwildlife.org
URBAN WILDLIFE HABITAT | 1
Belted Kingfisher
URBAN WILDLIFE HABITAT WILDLIFE HABITAT
[the birds]
- There are a variety of species in Western Washington that are quite attractive, displaying bold colors. - Many birds have a beautiful song to sing Yellow headed Blackbird
photo credit: www.bird-bath.com
photo credit: www.x7b.xanga.com
- They will eat a lot of annoying insects
Birds need important infrastructure if they are to call your backyard home. Providing clean fresh water for bathing, nesting boxes, and feeders year-round will attract many different species.
- The variety of birds in your yard can act as an ecological indicator for a healthier environment as a whole. Planting plants that provide food and shelter is a vital part in creating wildlife habitat for birds. (Examples shown are Oregon Grape, Miscanthus, and Crab-apple.)
Urban Wildlife Habitat - Residential Scale
- They will eat many of the berries and other fruit in your yard.
Aaron R. Luoma
Here are a few reasons to provide habitat for birds:
Yellowrumped Warbler
*See last page of plant list for wildlife
photo credit: www.blueskynursery.com
House Finch
photo credit: www.nestbox.co.uk.com
photo credit: www.parasolgarden.com
photo credit: www.windpoppy.com
photo credit: www.mukwonago.k12.wi.us
[FOR MORE INFO] http://www.nwf.org/backyard/ http://wdfw.wa.gov/
The American Robin prefers lush lawns only because of the tasty worms photo credit: www.protectwildlife.org
URBAN WILDLIFE HABITAT | 2
Fallen logs and other woody debris create excellent habitat for a variety of insects
URBAN WILDLIFE HABITAT
photo credit: www.gov.ns.ca
CENTIPEDE
- Eat insects (no pesticides)
- Healthier plants
- Less maintenance
- Pollinators
- Attractive
- Decomposers (compost)
Beneficial Insects: Minute Pirate Bug -- Leafhopper nymphs, Spider mites, Thrips Predatory Mite -- European Red Mites, Spider Mites photo credit: www.nestbox.com
photo credit: www.isledegrane.com
Praying Mantis -- Also predates beneficial
LACEWING
Rove Beetle -- Aphids, Cabbage Maggot, Flies, Mites, Springtails Soldier Beetle -- Aphids, Beetle larvae, Caterpillars, Corn Rootworm, Cucumber Beetle, Grasshopper eggs ; Attracted by Goldenrod, Milkweed, Hydrangea Spined Soldier Bug -- Caterpillars, Sawfly larvae
photo credit: www.nestbox.com
Tachinid Fly -- Caterpillars
WOOD PILE photo credit: www.asergeev.com
Urban Wildlife Habitat - Residential Scale
BUMBLEBEE BOX
Aaron R. Luoma
BUG HOUSE
WILDLIFE HABITAT
[Bees and bugs]
Tiger Beetle -- General predator Yellowjacket -- Flies, caterpillars
photo credit: www.mamba.bio.uci.edu
photo credit: www.allenbukoff.com
photo credit: www.annesgrovegardens.com
LADYBUG
BUMBLEBEE
GROUND BEETLE
photo credit: www.cirrusimage.com
photo credit: www.myfourthirds.com
photo credit: www.1000plus.com
Beneficial Insects: Assassin Bug -- Caterpillars, Flies
[FOR MORE INFO] http://www.nwf.org/backyard/
Big-Eyed Bug -- Aphids, Caterpillars, Leafhoppers, Mites; attracted by Clover, Goldenrod, Soybeans. Braconid Wasp -- Aphids, Armyworm, Cabbageworm, Cornborer, Codling Moth, Elm Bark Beetle, Horn Worm; Attracted by Dill, Parsley, Yarrow.
Damselbug -- Aphids, Caterpillars, Leafhoppers, Thrips; Attracted by Alfalfa.
Hover Fly (Syrphid Fly) -- Aphids Ichneumon Wasp -- Beetle larvae, Caterpillars, Sawfly,
Ground Beetle -- Caterpillars, Cabbage Maggot, Colorado Potato Beetle Larvae, Cutworms, Slugs, Snails; Attracted by Clover. Honeybee -- Pollinator
Lacewing -- Aphids, Corn Earworms, Mites, Thrips Lady Beetle -- Aphids
http://wdfw.wa.gov/ URBAN WILDLIFE HABITAT | 3
Fallen logs and other woody debris create excellent habitat for a variety of insects
URBAN WILDLIFE HABITAT WILDLIFE HABITAT
[Butterflies]
photo credit: www.carolinanature.com
Ediths Checkered Spot
Some examples of flowers that attract butterflies:
photo credit: www.prairiestarflowers.com
photo credit: www.nestbox.com
Globe Amaranth
Butterfly Weed
Calendula
Aster
Chrysanthemum
Cigar Plant
Purple Coneflower
Cosmos, Daylily
Geranium
Goldenrod
Impatiens
Marigold
Pansy
Pentas
Plumbago
Mexican Bush Sage
Speedwell
Mexican Sunflower
Zinnia
Blackfoot Daisy
Bluebonnet
Brown-eyed Susan
Cardinal Flower
Columbine
Frostweed
Indian Blanket
Gayfeather
Mexican Hat
Indian Paintbrush
Salvia
Coreopsis
Phlox
Purple Horsemint
Red Admiral
Urban Wildlife Habitat - Residential Scale
Aaron R. Luoma
Butterflies act as pollinators and bring a bright array of color to your yard. It is important to provide nesting boxes for shelter as well as the appropriate plants for food. Plants could be selected to attract butterflies as well as to attract the caterpillars. Additional feeding troughs can be placed for increased nectar.
Mormon Fritillary
Hydaspe Fritallary
photo credit: www.greathousebutterfliesinc.com
photo credit: www.meredith.com
Blanket Flower attracts butterflies with is bold red and yellow bloom [FOR MORE INFO] http://www.nwf.org/backyard/ http://wdfw.wa.gov/
photo credit: www.msu.edu
URBAN WILDLIFE HABITAT | 4
Shade created by vine maples and other plants help shelter wildlife
URBAN WILDLIFE HABITAT WILDLIFE HABITAT
[Other wildlife]
photo credit: www.nwf.org
photo credit: www.corante.com
photo credit: www.rocket.box.plan.com
photo credit: www.mattheweathers.com
Urban Wildlife Habitat - Residential Scale
photo credit: www.nestbox.co.uk
Aaron R. Luoma
By creating wildlife habitat, you open your yard to a lots of different animals. Some of these potential neighbors could include frogs, toads, bats, squirrels, and mice. Again it is important to provide food, water, shelter, and places to raise young for these species. Bat houses can be built, to attract these winged creatures of the night. Frogs will welcome any site of open water and will also patrol your yard for pesky bugs.
photo credit: www.content.answers.com
This frog has found a home in a vacant bird bath [FOR MORE INFO] http://www.nwf.org/backyard/ http://wdfw.wa.gov/
photo credit: www.mcfitz.com
URBAN WILDLIFE HABITAT | 5
URBAN WILDLIFE HABITAT WILDLIFE HABITAT
[Tukwila, WA]
photo credit: City of Tukwila, WA
Tukwila hosts their annual Backyard Wildlife Festival which celebrates and promotes urban wildlife habitat at the residential scale. Much of the support is driven by local citizens and different organizations present within the community. The backyard to the left showcases the diverse amount of planting, woody debris, built structures and food available to wildlife. It also highlights the importance of having several levels of vegetation.
photo credit: Backyard Wildlife Festival
Urban Wildlife Habitat - Residential Scale
In 2002 Tukwila, WA was the first community to be certified as a Community Wildlife Habitat by the National Wildlife Federation. Other communities such as Alki and Bellingham have also recently completed the certification process. The Pacific Northwest could also become one of the first internationally recognized eco-regions certified by the NWF.
Aaron R. Luoma
Tukwila Wildlife Habitat Project
photo credit: Backyard Wildlife, Tukwila, WA
A local stream passes through the community of Tukwila, WA [FOR MORE INFO] http://www.nwf.org/backyard/ http://wdfw.wa.gov/
photo credit: City of Tukwila, WA
URBAN WILDLIFE HABITAT | 6
URBAN WILDLIFE HABITAT [Tukwila, WA]
photo credit: City of Tukwila, WA
The graphic below shows the different types of birds that like to nest in different levels of vegetation.
HABITAT AREAS
Urban Wildlife Habitat - Residential Scale
Here is a sample of a residence in the planning stages of creating wildlife habitat. Notice how sections of the yard are planned based upon the existing micro-climates of the area, and what vegetation is needed to support different habitats.
Aaron R. Luoma
SAMPLE CONCEPT LAN FOR WILDLIFE HABITAT
WILDLIFE HABITAT
photo credit: http://wdfw.wa.gov/
[FOR MORE INFO] http://www.nwf.org/backyard/ http://wdfw.wa.gov/ URBAN WILDLIFE HABITAT | 7
URBAN WILDLIFE HABITAT WILDLIFE HABITAT
[Tukwila, WA]
photo credit: City of Tukwila, WA
The final planting plan shows the variety of plants used to support different species for their food and shelter. The plants used represent mostly native species that birds and other wildlife are attracted too. The placement of built structures, such as feeders are also important.
Required Criteria For Community Certification • 500 certified individual residence sites. • 75 certified sites at apartment buildings. • 5 schoolyard sites.
Urban Wildlife Habitat - Residential Scale
Aaron R. Luoma
SAMPLE PLANTING PLAN FOR WILDLIFE HABITAT
• 100 business participants. • 2 or more public demonstration sites. • Scrapbook documenting the project. • At least ten elective projects.
photo credit: http://wdfw.wa.gov/
[FOR MORE INFO] http://www.nwf.org/backyard/
Blue Elderberry
Cascara
Bitter Cherry
Pacific Dogwood
Oregon Grape
Blue Elderberry
Hawthorn
Serviceberry
Wild Rose
Mountain Ash
Hooker’s Evening-primrose
Kinnickinick
Cottonwood
Oregon Ash
Willow
Red-Osier Dogwood
Douglas Fir
Oregon White Oak
Western Service Berry
Salal
Salmonberry
Red Columbine
Beach Strawberry
http://wdfw.wa.gov/ URBAN WILDLIFE HABITAT | 8