Urban Planning & Transportation Planning Portfolio | Yun-Hsuan Chen (Grace)

Yun-Hsuan Chen (Grace) City Planning | Transportation Planning Portfolio Master of City and Regional Planning/ MS in Civil Engineering Candidate ‘21 Georgia Institute of Technology

Contents

1 Resume 3 SHARED-BIKE TRIPS ANALYSIS | Shared-bike Use in San Francisco, CA 7 RIDESHARING TRIPS ANALYSIS | Equity Effect of Ridesharing Services in Chicago 9 TRAVEL BEHAVIOR SURVEY DESIGN & ANALYSIS | E-scooter Use and Safety in Atlanta, GA

11 NETWORK ANALYSIS & STORY MAP | Campus safety Map and Best Route Analysis 15 URBAN DESIGN AND NARRATIVE WRITING | Revitalizing the Neighborhood by Public Space 16 REGRESSION ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH PAPER WRITING | Determinants of Flight Delays in East Asia 17 FREEHAND DRAWING | Streetscape, Urban layout, Sketching & Diagram Design

Yun-Hsuan Chen (Grace) Professional Experience Sch. of Civil and Environ.

Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology Jan 2020 – present

Graduate Research Assistant Atlanta, GA

Department of Transportation, Taipei City Government Jan 2019 – Jul 2019

Technical Specialist Taipei, Taiwan

Formosa Transnational Attorneys at Law Apr 2016 – Feb 2017

Attorney Taipei, Taiwan

Tax Services, KPMG Mar 2015 – Apr 2016

Senior Specialist Taipei, Taiwan

• Perform data wrangling on survey data regarding travel behavior and attitude towards shared mobility and autonomous vehicles.

• Prepare report regarding data collection protocol and methodology.

• Arranged meetings and conducted research to provide transport regulation revision opinions to Taiwan DOT. • Communicated among city-owned companies, legislators and citizens to improve their services and enhance their relationships with the public.

• Met with clients for cases including land contamination damage, construction contract breach negotiations, and land ownership disputes.

• Developed convincing arguments in pleadings and successfully reversed courts’ decisions.

• Developed tax risk management strategies for multinational enterprise clients.

• Collaborated with marketing and IT teams to promote the Team’s service, and was identified as one of the top services provided by KPMG Taiwan.

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Skills

Certification

• Spatial analysis (ArcGIS, QGIS) • Visualization (Tableau, Adobe Indesign, Illustrator) • Programming (R, Python) • Data analysis (Limdep, SPSS, MS Excel, Access) • Survey design (Qualtrics)

Licensed Attorney in Taiwan CITI Human Research IRB Members Refresher, Cert. (Ref.# 33796452) CITI Human Research Conduct of Research Basic, Cert. (Ref.# 33748018)

Education Georgia Institute of Technology Anticipated May 2021

Master of City & Regional Planning/ MS in Civil Engineering Dual Degree, Atlanta, GA

National Taiwan University Jan 2019

Master of Science in Geography,Taipei, Taiwan

National Taiwan University Jun 2014

Bachelor of Law,Taipei, Taiwan

• Specializing in Transportation • GPA (Fall 2019): 4.0/4.0

• Thesis: Determinants of Flight Delays in East Asia: Airport, Route, and Network (Publication Pending) • GPA: 4.14/4.30

• GPA: 3.83/4.30 (last 60 semester credits); 3.52/4.30 (overall)

Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Bachelor of Law: Exchange, Amterdam, the Netherlands Spring 2013

Projects Jan 2020

2020 ULI Hines Student Competition, Atlanta, GA • Collaborated with developers and faculty to create a transit-oriented, public realm-based, and climate resilient real estate proposal in Miami.

Aug 2019 – Dec 2019

E-Scooter Use and Safety, Atlanta, GA • Designed 1st survey for travel behavior and attitude towards e-scooters in Atlanta.

• Recommended on bike lane networks and e-scooter regulations for Atlanta to improve road safety.

Sep 2018 – Jan 2019

Environ. Impact of Electric mopeds,Taipei, Taiwan Conducted survey and regression models to estimate environmental impact under government’s e-mopeds promoting policy.

Honors & Awards 2020 TGSG Outstanding Master’s Thesis Award, American Association of Geographers (AAG) 2019 GIS Day Transport Data Hackathon: 2nd Place, Georgia Intitute of Technology HIghest Subsidy in the Field for 2018 IGU Conference Presentation, Taiwan Ministry of Sci. & Tech.

Outstanding Master’s Thesis Award, Dept. of Geography, National Taiwan University

Languages • English • Mandarin Chinese

Contact Atlanta, GA +1 470.265.2345 grace.yhchen@gatech.edu

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SHARED-BIKE TRIPS ANALYSIS | SHARED-BIKE USE IN SAN FRANCISCO, CA Georgia Tech – Transport and GIS Course Final Project (Group Project) Software:

ArcGIS; QGIS; R

Date:

Fall 2019

The purpose of this project is to investigate the travel behavior of docked shared-bike (Bay Wheel) in San Francisco and their relationship with transit (BART) stations. We looked at how passengers used Bay Wheels as the last-mile connecting mode from BART station to their final destination. My role in this project is to help our team to discover and define the research question, map the likely Bay Wheel trip routes, as well as to find the purpose of Bay Wheel trips using land use information. We found that the top trip purpose is recreation, and the highly used paths may be different from the City’s current bikeway infrastructure.

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Using routing API and QGIS, the likely shared-bike trip paths can be generated without installing GPS devices on bikes.

This map demonstrates the likely paths of Bay Wheel trips departing from BART 16th St. Station. Darker color and thicker lines indicate that a path is heavily used. The current bikeway network is also shown in this map to help visualize the difference between the location of the infrastructures and the likely Bay Wheel paths.

Data Source: Wheel trip history dataset; OpenStreetMap

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By defining trip purposes using land use information, one can quickly look at how shared-bike may be used, without conducting a costly survey.

By grouping different land uses into several trip purposes, and spatial joined Bay Wheel destination with land use, we found that the most common trip purposes are recreation, residence. and business. This method provides a much cost-effective way to define trip purposes, compared to conducting a survey.

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Data Source: BART stations weekday exits; OpenStreetMap

The green points in the map show the destination of bay wheel trips, and the 400 ft buffer shows a reasonable walking distance people may be willing to take. After spatial join, we found recreation, residence, and business are the three most common trip purposes of Bay Wheel users (see histogram on the right). This can help the City to examine if Bay Wheel serves the transportation gap it wants to fill.

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RIDESHARING TRIPS ANALYSIS | EQUITY EFFECT OF RIDESHARING SERVICES IN CHICAGO 2019 GIS Day Transport Data Visualization Hackathon: 2nd Place Winner (Group Project) Software:

ArcGIS

Date:

November 2019

In this project, we want to answer the question whether share riding services provided by TNCs could be a solution for mobility inequity in Chicago. While a lot of low income neighborhoods are not served by the City’s subway system, can TNC car pool services fill that gap? By counting the pooled TNC trips generated in each census tract, we found that some low income neighborhoods were served, but these neighborhoods are mostly along the existing subway line. There are still a lot of neighborhoods that are underserved and remain lacking of mobility.

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Can Uber pool help alleviate mobility inequity?

Yes, but not enough.

Data Source: Rideshare data from the City of Chicago; OpenStreetMap

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TRAVEL BEHAVIOR SURVEY DESIGN & ANALYSIS | E-SCOOTER USE AND SAFETY IN ATLANTA, GA Georgia Tech - Intro to Transportation Course Final Project (Group Project) Software:

Qualtrics; MS Excel

Date:

Fall 2019

Finding that e-scooter has been an issue affecting people’s lives in Atlanta, while no comprehensive study and recommendation has been made, this project aims to take a holistic look at the use and impact of e-scooters in Atlanta. To understand people’s travel behavior and attitudes toward e-scooter, we conducted a survey and perform analyses on the survey results. We also performed scooter trip and location analysis, as well as a safety analysis by collaborating with Emory Hospital’s research team. We concluded that people tend to use scooters as an alternative to walking, and the investment in bike infrastructure and enhanced data collection protocol will help the City to improve e-scooter safety.

E-Scooter Use and Safety in Atlanta, Georgia Presented by: Grace Chen, Caroline Leonard, David Pedrick, and Bowen Yang

Survey Analysis Qualtrics Survey

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The top concern of riding e-scooters is safety, and people fell much safter when riding on bike lanes.

Survey Analysis - Primary Reason Non-Users Don’t Ride N = 36 ●

Other reasons listed: ○

Prefer to walk or physical activity

○

Have a bike

○

Traffic speed too high

○

Have an electric skateboard

○

Confusion over app/scooter pairings.

Usually in a hurry when they would be helpful 18

Survey Analysis - E-Scooter User Preference N = 34 Where Respondents PREFER TO Ride ●

●

●

Most respondents prefer to ride on a path/trail Most respondents prefer not to ride in a car travel lane No respondents list car travel lane as first choice

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Referring to the e-scooter survey conducted by Portland DOT, I created the survey using Qualtrics, an online survey design tool. The questions include trips and travel behavior, crash experience, and the respondent’s socioeconomic information. We found that most of the people who don’t ride e-scooters are due to safety. For those who ride scooters, they prefer riding on bike lanes or sidewalks, and the top trip purpose is recreation. Also, most of them don’t wear a helmet when riding scooters.

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NETWORK ANALYSIS & STORY MAP | CAMPUS SAFETY MAP AND BEST ROUTE ANALYSIS National Taiwan University - Intro to GIS Course Final Project (Group Project) Software:

ArcGIS (optimal route analysis; closest facility analysis); ArcGIS Online

Date:

January 2019

This project is a prototype for a campus safety cell phone app.

Aiming to navigate safe routes for students on campus during late night, we developed a methodology to consider safety factors into network analysis. We also utilized the closest facility analysis to decide which police station should send people to help the user if the user sends out an SOS message.

ArcGIS Online Story Map is used to help visualize and convey our design concept.

Click here for the full story map.

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Combining safety information into each link as the impedance, we can provide navigation services considers not only travel distance but also safety.

This map shows a heatmap based on various safety factors on campus, and the safe path that is not the nearest but the safest for the user’s O-D pair. Different from normal routing in ArcGIS, instead of using the length of each link only, we developed a methodology that uses both safety and distance as the impedance. In this way, the safety factor can be considered when providing navigation services.

Closest facility analysis can help decide which police station should provide emergency assistance. As shown in the figure, there are three police stations in the area. The lines show the path between the stations and the user, and after the analysis, it can be found that the red one is the shortest. The visualization also helps the user to know where the assistance is coming from and how far it is from him/her.

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the commons

TEAM #2019-288

The Commons creates essential open space for the community to live and thrive in the Wynwood, Edgewater, and Midtown neighborhoods.

This development, emphasizing the public realm, embraces the culture of Miami, restores ecological elements of the neighborhood, and realizes the connections that are sought by the local residents.

Date:

built fabric

Metrorail

absorption

apartments

1.4%

2,677 units

for-sale condos

0%*

1,340 units

retail

4.3%

25.6k sf

office

1.4%

121k sf

]

Miami currently ranks among the worst U.S. cities for amount of green space allocated per resident

where the area’s

greater wynwoodedgewater-midtown existing

vacancy

employees visitors

are coming from

Miami Beach

Edgewater

Downtown Brickell

bus route train line arterial street bike lane dead end

[

]

99% of the people that currently work in the area live outside of it

and 98% of the people that live in the area work outside of it

Rain Garden + Native Plants *delivered inventory sold out

Rain gardens capture and retain excess stormwater. Bay-friendly, native plants increase the rain garden’s beauty and support local wildlife.

Bioswale

Bioswales allow stormwater to collect and percolate into the soil. They also remove pollutants as water flows through them.

12.89 ft

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housing

[

January 2020

This is a TOD development project located in Miami, Florida, which dealt with various issues, including the new commuter railway station, the sea level rise issue, and the financial viability of the plan. Realizing that the site lack public places, we developed this plan called “the Commons.� Eight green spaces with different purposes and functions were developed, with different functions and programs to help to revitalize the community, providing connectivity, and enhancing resilience.

open space

Wynwood

area’s existing transit

11.58 ft

Software: Adobe Indesign & Illustrator; freehand drawing

TRI-RAIL Northeast Corridor

Midtown

2020 ULI Hines Student Competition (Group Project)

PROPOSED

URBAN DESIGN AND NARRATIVE WRITING | REVITALIZING THE NEIGHBORHOOD BY PUBLIC SPACE

EXISTING

North Miami

9.95 ft

1

11

8

5

Public Subsidies

1

0.25% Historic Tax Credits

5

apartment

147,648

retail

49,216

6

2

train station 61,553 sf

sf

2

Equity

2% Opportunity Zone Tax Credits 12.75% LIHTC

office

231,624 sf

retail

57,906 sf

hotel

9% EB-5 Funding

74,370 sf

12 9

6

7%

24%

10

condo

modular affordable 23,040 sf

10

8

2

69%

9

adaptive reuse

3

4

office

A

B

14

11

adaptive reuse

condo 169,530 sf B apartment 169,530 sf A

100’

office

7,739 sf

95,944 sf 23,986 sf

end of year 10

uses

14

54,430 sf

Total Development

apartment

by sf

Construction

254,334 sf

53%

7.9%

18.6%

affordable

North Plaza 28,000 sq ft

market

14.2%

20.3%

13.8%

7.1%

13.3%

for-sale condo

office

retail

parking

greenspace

0.62%

rental apartment

3.5%

affordable modular rental

22% of total housing is affordable

4% Land

0.72%

hotel train station

Tri Rail Linear Park 9,500 sq ft

PHASE I BRIDGE

PHASE II ESTABLISH

the Edgewater & Wynwood neighborhoods

Dog Park 38,800 sq ft

38% Financing

200’

28th St Plaza

South Plaza 35,000 sq ft

projected site value

Public Realm

office parking

retail

Cathedral Soccer 32,200 sq ft

$673,361,846

13

95,960 sf

10

58,758 sf

4

0’

Loan

77,160 sf

5% condo

11

6,472 sf

7

13 4

office

2% Developer Contribution

sources

12 7

3

5% Owner Land Contribution

unleveraged IRR before taxes

19%

leveraged IRR before taxes

28%

loan to value ratio (LVR)

65%

PHASE III EXTEND

the cohesive fabric

a connected sphere

The Commons 36,600 sq ft

The Terrace West Terrace 35,000 sq ft

East Terrace 35,000 sq ft

sq ft units

PROGRAMMING 5a

6a

7a

28th St Plaza

8a

9a

10a

walk to work

(north and south)

exercise

let dog off leash

Dog Friendly Park Cathedral Soccer run

1p

2p

3p

people watching food trucks

business lunches

(west and east)

sit with a coffee

picnic

4p

5p

6p

7p

8p

fairs and markets on the weekend*

9p

10p

11p

12a

1a

2a

3a

4a

meet up with friends

$8,289,814

pick up*

incremental revenue generated by activated greenspace

walk dog happy hour

423,864

489

apartment

0

condo

169,530

141

condo

135,918

113

modular rental

0

modular rental

6,682

36

office

95,944

office

retail

81,967

retail

0

hotel

acoustic music organized tournament*

stroll through the neighborhood

The Terrace

direct sunlight hrs

12p

lessons*

Tri Rail Linear Park

The Commons

11a

networking and social functions*

sq ft units

apartment

train station

15,623

parking

152,837

greenspace

234,365 total square feet total development cost

sq ft units 147,648

apartment condo

0

modular rental

6,682

103,699

office

238,096

108,858

retail

107,122

hotel

0

hotel

74,370

train station

0

train station

parking

0

parking

0

greenspace

31,004

greenspace

21,127

509

1,174,130 $322,554,848

190

460,531

total square feet total development cost

$124,121,494

0’

25’

122 36

0

520,675

total square feet total construction cost

$230,204,441

late night bar and food

projected movie evenings

10%

* = revenue producing program

rent premiums attributable to activated greenspace

integrate space with civic buildings

moveable, multi-functional furniture allows for spontaneous activity and breathing room for varied programs

Subsurface Storage + Pervious Pavements Pervious pavements reduce surface runoff.

Subsurface chambers store stormwater and help reduce local flooding.

50’

furniture can be stowed away for disaster preparedness

soft areas are provided for full-sun exposure, while native species provide shade

In-Progress Pipeline Projects Miami-Dade County has been installing new pipelines on NE 2nd Ave and N Miami Ave, which provide reliable infrastructure for stormwater management.

live 0’

25’

50’

work play

leveraging green space as amenity

designed for individuals, these smaller spaces allow for privacy, and seating along edges of buildings maintains views of active areas

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The Commons creates essential open space for the community to live and thrive in the Wynwood, Edgewater, and Midtown neighborhoods.

Team #2019-288

the commons DESIGN NARRATIVE The Commons creates essential open space for the community to live and thrive in the Wynwood, Edgewater, and Midtown neighborhoods. This development, emphasizing the public realm, embraces the culture of Miami, restores ecological elements of the neighborhood, and realizes the connections that are sought by the local residents.

Public Realm The Commons provides highly demanded greenspace for Miami and creates a system of transit-oriented parks. Six privately-owned public spaces serve as valuable amenities and create attractive residential and office options. Retail and restaurants benefit from the niche location of the Commons which is nestled among the global art center of Wynwood, as well as the Midtown, Downtown and Edgewater neighborhoods.

Passengers brought by the new Tri-Rail train station might be office workers, families or gallery patrons.

Community

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Greenspace in the site satisfies the needs of the surrounding neighborhoods and enhances the social life for the community while boosting resiliency.

The Commons Plaza, adjacent to transit, retail, residential, and office space, serves as a programmed park with markets and projected screens which provide entertainment for those who live, work, and play in the area. Tri-Rail Linear Park activates the space along the railway for walking, running, and biking, and has the opportunity to extend north and south from the site to other neighborhoods. The Dog Park serves the need of pet owners and brings in food trucks as well as acoustic music to encourage greater community interaction. Relocating Cathedral Soccer from surface-level to roof-top provides active greenspace for a wide variety of ages while efficiently using land. Adaptive reuse of buildings preserves the unique street art of the site and the character of the Wynwood neighborhood.

The proportion of affordable housing in the

FINANCIAL NARRATIVE development is 22%, satisfying local demand as well as increasing housing access to vulnerable Miami residents. The average elevation of 11 feet shields the site from the immediate threat of flooding, while bioswales and rain gardens with Florida native plants capture stormwater and preserve local species. Pervious pavement and subsurface storage chambers reduce surface runoff.

Connectivity The new Tri-Rail Station serves as a community hub in the Northeast corridor, making the Commons a destination for many. It provides workers and residents new travel mode options and reduces carbon emissions. Its location between 26th and 27th streets provides connectivity throughout the entire site and beyond. The rooftop of the transit station, East and West Terraces, links Wynwood and Edgewater while serving as a food and beverage destination for passengers, residents, and employees of the area. The boutique hotel on 27th Street benefits from its adjacency to the station, as well as access to shops and recreation. Beneath the Cathedral Soccer field, a parking garage connects to the station through greenspace and retail shops.

The 28th St Plaza provides greenspace for dwellers, visitors and workers and ties 29th Street to the station.

The Commons bridges Miami’s culture of publically accessible space with its evolving character and needs for resiliency in the twenty-first century.

The Commons provides greenspace to create a new public realm that fuels the quality of life and economic growth of the Wynwood and Edgewater community.

Market There is a shortage of both new, high-end product of all types as well as affordable housing. The neighborhood also lacks communal space. Demand for a diverse mix of product types is strong, with vacancies of retail, multifamily, condominium, and office properties below 5%.

Phasing The Commons is strategically divided into three phases comprised of uses that answer the market demand. Given the condition of most of the buildings onsite, all except for the buildings on Edgewater Parcel 16, Wynwood Parcel 25, and Wynwood Parcel 37 will be reconstructed. More than 280,000 square feet of new public greenspace will be leveraged as amenities and specialty leasing sites for outside seating, events, markets, food trucks, dog parks, and more.

Phase I: Bridge the Edgewater and Wynwood Neighborhoods Wynwood Parcel 16 will be repurposed as a train station with a retail component connecting to its southbound counterpart across the railroad tracks on Wynwood Parcel 45. After acquiring the remainder of the parcels within North Miami and 2nd Avenue along 26th Street, office, condos, multifamily, and mixed-use retail will be constructed fronting 26th Street. Five green public plazas are planned as part of this stage.

Additional parking will bring more visitors.

Phase II: Establish a Communal Sphere After acquiring all additional Edgewater parcels between 27th and 28th Streets and 2nd Avenue, this phase will further connect the two neighborhoods.

Parcel 37 will be preserved and repurposed as

high-end creative office space. New retail, condos, and affordable prefab housing made from repurposed ship will benefit from the new urban spac Phase 1 as well as the collective gree

Phase III: Extend the Cohesive Fabric The Commons will connect to 29th St construction of 23,040 sf prefabricat modular housing along with creative use retail, and multifamily buildings. connect this Phase to the existing gr Returns

The proposed development achieve social, and ecological goals of the de community to establish The Commo sustainable hub for new urban life, b economy for years to come. With 22 housing as affordable units, Low Inco Credits (LIHTC) will subsidize their co construction. Historic Tax Credits (H subsidize the train station on Wynwo which is 73 years old. Opportunity Z will further subsidize the constructio II, EB-5 Funding will add additional s project is financed by a combination financing, 7% developer and land eq Midedgewyn Group (29% and 71%, and 24% public subsidies. Over a 10 Commons produces an unleveraged a leveraged IRR of 28%, providing a s return for investors and longevity of realm for the community’s stakehold

Exploring the determinants of flight delays at East Asia airports from the perspectives of airport, route and network Yun-Hsuan Chen1 and Jen-Jia Lin2 Abstract Previous studies on determinants of flight delays have been limited to the attributes of origin–destination (o–d) airports and routes and the experiences in North America and Europe. This research extended the discussions to a network perspective and East Asia airports. A total of 4,611 routes among 318 airports in the second half of 2017 were analyzed using panel data regressions. Results show that the attributes of connecting airports and routes of a flight’s o–d airports are essential determinants of flight delays in East Asia; the congestion internalization and hubness effect of o–d airports suggested in previous research did not occur in East Asia. Moreover, the associations of slot control levels and route attributes with delays varied among airports inside and outside China and between domestic and international routes. This research not only supplemented a new perspective to understand the determinants of flight delays in literature but also provided

REGRESSION ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH PAPER WRITING | DETERMINANTS OF FLIGHT DELAYS IN EAST ASIA National Taiwan University - Master’s Thesis for MS Degree in Geography Software: R; panel data regression (Limdep) Date:

July 2017 to December 2018

Curious about why East Asia suffers from serious flight delays, I conducted individual research to investigate the determinants of flight delays in East Asia. Through literature review and stakeholder interviews, data collection and regression models, I found that network variables are important determinants of flight delays, and the effects of determinants, including hubness, selfinternalization, and competition-quality effects found in the US and Europe may not be applicable to the delays in East Asia.

a rarely observed knowledge to East Asia airport operators and carriers to help them develop management strategies to minimize flight delays.

Keywords: flight delay, airport, route, network, panel data analysis 1. Introduction Consistent flight punctuality is an essential issue among passengers, airport operators, and carriers. Flight delays may result in not only passengers’ losses but also decrease in revenues of airport operators and carriers given the reluctance of passengers to travel to, from, or transfer at a particular airport. Clarifications of determinants of flight delays help airport operators and carriers develop management strategies, especially for airports in East Asia. In the past few decades, the size and scope of commercial air transport in Asia and the Pacific have increased rapidly (Duval, 2014). The number of passengers carried by flights in Asia and the Pacific has reached 816 million in 2011 and has increased to 1,485 million in 2017, thereby making Asia and the Pacific the leading regions in terms of air traffic, followed by Europe and North America (ICAO, 2011; 2017).

However, the on-time performance of airports in East Asia may be considered the worst in the world. According to the data of FlightStats (2015),18 of the world’s 20 most delayed airports in 2015 were located in East Asia, and their on-time rates have ranged from 32.15% to 53.22%.

Previous studies have not provided comprehensive knowledge on the determinants of flight delays in terms of perspective and geography. Regarding comprehensive

1 2

Research assistant, Department of Geography, National Taiwan University.

Corresponding author; Professor, Department of Geography, National Taiwan University; No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; jenjia@ntu.edu.tw 1

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FREEHAND DRAWING | STREETSCAPE, URBAN LAYOUT, SKETCHING & DIAGRAM DESIGN Purpose: Skills:

Georgia Tech – Drawing for Planners Course Practices Freehand drawing

Team:

Individual

During Fall 2019, I polished my freehand drawing skills through the drawing for Planners Course, including one and two point perspective drawing, the use of shade and colors, as well as the design of diagrams to convey information.

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