AD7631Investigative Design Dissertation (Master of Landscape Architecture)

Title: HOW DOES LANDSCAPE ENHANCEMENT OF GREEN SPACE AFFECT ONE’S LIFESTYLE AS THOUGHT AND ONE’S LIFETSYLE AS ACT. Author: CHAN WING LAM, GRCAE

Date: 31st August, 2020

ABSTRACT The landscape experience of green space has been studied and suggested that has restorative effect on mental health. “Salutogenic” landscape such as green space which supports health in mind and body. The design of Salutogenic landscape does not only offer aesthetic value and bring benefits to the environment but also causes a change in behavior.

This study aims to fill the knowledge gap by extending the study to the impacts of landscape experience of green space on one’s lifestyle in thought and lifestyle in act. Using landscape as a solution by proposed landscape enhancement to study the effectiveness of impacts on mood state achievement and the frequency of visit to green space. The outcome will be applied in MODE 2 application as one of the suggested design issues to be considered.

Other literature reviews have been studied to implement into my study result including landscape elements and three walking mode by Schultz 2014 for the proposed design concept.

My study is supported by literature reviews and other theories including “Mood theory” by the US Psychologist, Russell H Lazio (1952), “Mood-stimulated thought and action tendencies”

by Barbara Fredrickson and the “Attention Restoration Theory” by Kaplan & Kaplan, 1989, Kaplan 1995). (9322 words excluding student’s details, content and reference)

AD7631_Investigative Design Dissertation(Sem2-3/ 2019/20) Name: Chan Wing Lam, Grace Student number 1809365 Student name: s1809365 Course: (MA) Master of Landscape Architecture with

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Content: 1.0 Introduction

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2.0 Research Method/Methodology

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3.0 Definition of lifestyle 4.0 Mood state related theories used to support my thesis

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5.0 Interaction of human with landscape and Relaxation mood

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state achievement 6.0 Research Question

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7.0 Result of Data Analysis

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8.0 Landscape elements for landscape enhancement

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9.0 Sustainable development: Sustainable development

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as a driver for change as conclusion Reference

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Appendix A

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Appendix B

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Appendix C

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1.0 Introduction: Environmental design is an important issue for planners and policy makers as well as for landscape architecture because of its contribution to public health in both physical and mental health aspects. Nowadays, health issues such as high level of obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer and mental illness caused by the exposure to pollutants and the busy lifestyle. It depends largely on how people spend their time during their leisure time. Landscape architecture stand alone could not address global health problem. The design and planning of Salutogenic landscape environment in urban area as a supportive environment for one step further toward any behavior change in the direction of healthier lifestyle and it is likely to make any such change more sustainable (Sugiyama et al. 2013) “Salutogenic landscape (Salutogenic as defined by Antonovsky 1996) – landscapes that support health in mind and body, that support active lifestyle and mental wellbeings, while maintaining equitable and inclusive access to these benefits in creating attractive and healthy places for people’s day-to-day lives”. The idea of environmental design and good quality landscape such as public parks are essential for good health (Ward Thompson 2011).

2.0 Research Method/Methodology: The research method for this paper is “Qualitative Approach” by using Quasiexperimental strategy with a set of research questions to achieve feedbacks from the sample size for data analysis. Photograph are used as surrogates for direct experience of landscape and to measure landscape attributes based on upon the contend of the photographs. This paper is to study the interaction of people and people to the artifacts; how does the change of landscape experience would stimulate one’s relaxation mood state and cause impact on one’s lifestyles as thought and behavior. “A literature review of the collaboration between natural and social scientists (Fischer et al. 2011) identified two barriers relevant for interdisciplinary domains, such as landscape architecture, that we think are bets countered by means of a process approach.” “This may be overcome by collaboration” (Research in Landscape Architecture Methods and Methodology (Hilde Tobi and Adri van den Brink, (2017), Chapter 2, P.25)Hence, the study of my research is the result of collaboration of social science and landscape architecture.

3.0 Definition of lifestyle The concept of lifestyle defined in this paper based on two studies which are the sociology studies by Alfred Alder and defined it as “Lifestyle as thought” and “Lifestyle as act” and the studies by Johansson and Miegel (1992) by a differentiation 3

of social levels. It is defined in a “Three-level analysis” which are structural level, the positional level and the individual level. Individual level is classified by two alternative ways of looking at lifestyle on the individual level; a.) Lifestyle is the routinized manifestation of self-identity (not the broader sense of identity used by, e.g. Castells 1997) which is affected by friends, media and group pressure; b.) “A lifestyle is a pattern of repeated acts that are both dynamic and to some degree the individual is oblivious to, and which involves the use of artefacts. Lifestyle is a set of habits that are directed by the same main goal. (Mikael Jensen, (2017), Defining Lifestyle, P.4).

Lifestyle and mood state are closely related. “Quality of life”, “Green Lifestyle” and “Mental health” are the popular topics affecting our attitude towards our lifestyle nowadays. There are researches showing that the landscape experience at green space has a healing effect to mental health and increases mood state. The term “Relaxation” will be used to study the mood state achievement as relaxation helps to heal mental fatigue and improve mental health. As mentioned in previous part, this paper involved the collaboration of social science (Sociology) and landscape architecture. POMS model is widely used to study mood state. Previous paper used a Korean versions of a modified semantic differential (SD) methods and a profile of mood state (POMS) questionnaire (Appendix A) consisting of three categories with “relaxed to awakening” being included in the mood state studies and a 5-point likert scale is used for data collection and analysis. (Sin-Ae Park, 2017). Besides, the relaxation mood state is defined by the “Thought/ action Tendencies in Appendix B. This literature review is used to support relaxation mood state achievement as the major mood state studies in this paper.

4.0 Mood state related theories used to support my thesis 4.1 Mood state Studies and Act tendency to affect one’s lifestyle in thought and act: Mood theory by the US psychologist, Russell H Lazio (1952) proposed that “Motivation and opportunity as “determinants theory” which explains that the process by which attitudes influences the behaviors of an individual will differ dependent on the level of deliberation between 2 people or within oneself. One of the many explanations for human behavior, it says that the level which an attitude will affect our behaviors as human beings will differ depending on the level of deliberation as for an act is committed.”

This study aims to find out the impact on lifestyle of behavior and act caused by the enhancement in landscape design and planning of green space. Nature often has better restorative outcomes than built environments (Tyrvainen et al., 2014 Van Den Berg, jorgesen, & Wilson 2014). The potential restorative impact on environment can 4

be enhanced by individuals’ environmental preferences (Wilkie & Clemtns, 2017; Wilkie & Stavridou, 2013). Moreover, when people regard favorite places where they also have positive emotional attachment, these attached environments may provide restorative potential for these individuals (Korpela et al., 2001, 2009).

Lifestyle is a matter of habits and beliefs even we acknowledge there is conflict between them. However, there is studies show that a change in belief does not mean change in habit. (Mikael Jensen, 2007). A good example is that people possess the knowledge that greenhouse gases brings negative impacts on the environmental by releasing CO2, most people still go on with their current lifestyle. It is difficult to change one’s lifestyle by law against certain lifestyle. The change in habit is caused by the change in one’s willingness. It is believed that a change in one’s mindset will cause a change in one’s behavior. “The assumption of my thesis is using landscape as a solution by landscape enhancement on Salutogenic landscape would cause a positive effect on a change of lifestyle as thought and a change of lifestyle as behavior.”

4.2 Mood-stimulated thought and action tendencies There are studies about the mood-stimulated thought and action tendencies for usercenter design. There is about “Act tendency” proposed that the linkage of mood state with our behavior. Based on the idea that people pose different mood have different reactions. The term “action tendency” was popularized by Nico Frijda. “Barbara Fredrickson broadened the concept by expanding the term to “thought/ action tendency”, high-lighting that mood-and emotion-stimulated tendencies can also be mental, such as the tendency to be open to new experience, or the tendency to savor an experience.” The mood-stimulated tendencies are not thoughts or actions in themselves but means the inclination to certain types of thought and behavior. There is a question of how an artifact (landscape) to stimulate people’s mood and emotion causing certain reaction to the artifact (landscape). In part 2 and part 4 of the research question, the mood state of a visiting a certain landscape is studied for one’s tendency for re-visiting a certain kind of landscape.

“We shape out landscape and in term our landscape shaping us” (Michael Murphy D. 2005). It is applied to our daily life in which we put our idea and our perception on landscape planning and design and people gain inspiration by the landscape experience. The interaction between people and the artifact causes by the moodstimulated act tendency. Some studies stated that space and time are the elements 5

of landscape experience can be measured, however; it put the emphasis on the measure on landscape character rather than quality, landscape preference information need to be obtained to access the landscape quality. Individuals’ attachments to a place or landscape are usually founded on comparative experience and memory and can be developed through long-term interaction (Seamon, 2014).

People usually compare their previous experiences and memories when visiting places in terms of physical, environmental, and social/cultural qualities (Walker & Ryan, 2008). The correlation between the quality of landscape design affect the landscape experience and hence affecting one’s mood state and habit.

4.3 “Attention Restoration Theory (Kaplan & Kaplan, 1989; Kaplan, 1995) It is a bottom up approach for perceptional properties of restorative environments and assets that settings with four specific psychological characteristics: a) Being away from daily sources of stress and fatigue. b) Extent providing scope for physical or mental exploration c) Fascination d) Compatibilities. (Kaplan.1995) suggested that the spending time at green space helps to heal mental fatigue. Another proposed mechanism for restorative environments, as conceptualized under “Stress Reduction Theory” which states that “Contact with restorative environments can help people block out pessimistic thoughts & ruminations, arouse positive appraisals, improve mood,& reduce stress (Hartiy, Book, Garhill, Olsson & Garling, 1989, Kaplan, 1995).

Green space is chosen to be the major study in this paper compared to other kinds of landscape as there are many researches prove that the effectiveness of visiting green space on mental health. Kaplan’s attention restoration hypothesis, and Ulrich’s stress reduction hypothesis also support the benefits of viewing forests, plants, flowers, urban green spaces, green parks and natural wooden materials as human have instinctive longing to nature. There is a study conducted by the University of Washington/USDA Forest Service about Stress, Wellness and Physiology. The results show that “Exposure to nearby nature can effectively reduce stress particularly if initial stress levels are high. Simply having a view of nature produces recovery benefits. Individuals experience a greater degree of restorative experience and lower stress levels with greater duration and frequency of visits to green spaces.

Exercising in a green environment appears to enhance the restorative effects of urban greenery, and more restorative outdoor settings may boost exercise frequency.” We suffer stress from daily life such as work, relationships and personal affairs. Compared to dangerous situation, cumulative effect of chronic, low-grade stresses can have a greater impact on health and well-beings. Visiting green space is good for reducing stress and cumulative habit (Healthy lifestyle) is a solution to stress problem.

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5.0 Interaction of human with landscape and Relaxation mood state achievement The response from human to their mood state is a natural process to balance our emotion. Most people are having busy lifestyle and suffering from stress due to study, work, self-achievement and even self-actualization. “A stressful situation is considered a function of the uncertainty of the task multiplied by the importance of goal achievement to maintain self-worth” (Brehm, 1999). “A series of emotional episodes can combine to form a mood (Ekman, 1994; Lazarus, 1994)”. According to (Brehm, 1999), “an emotional reaction differs from the underlying mood, the extent to which mood changes depends on the significance of the emotional episode to the individual.” If a person is under great pressure at a stage that the underlying mood (tension) is more influential than the emotional episode, one will attempt to selfregulate the emotional response (relief) so it is consistent with the mood. It is to balance out one’s mood state and emotion. Hence, it is important to study what kind of landscape and activities to bring positive mood state to us in order to encourage the public to build up a healthy mind and positive lifestyle.

5.1 Four landscapes to be studies for relaxation achievement Four different landscapes are chosen to be studied and compared their impact on mood stimulated thought and act where all serve the relaxation achievement.

5.1.1 Green space There is a literature review shows that humans would be relaxed by foliage plants.

Viewing plants or working with plants decreased sympathetic nervous activity so that it led to physiological and psychological relaxation. (Sin-Ae Park, 2017) People go for a walk at the green park does not only improve their physical health but also achieve mental health by relaxation and release pressure. There is a comprehensive study to the characteristics of the places identity by Relph (1976). “Relph argued that identity of a place comprises three interrelated components (i) physical features and appearances, (ii) activities, and (iii) meaning and symbols.” (Relph 1976). “Physical features and appearances” and “activities” performed on the landscape are used to differentiate the four different landscapes stated in the research question. Green space is regarded as “Salutogenic landscape to serve as a restorative purpose.

Previous studies show the definition of “Restorative environments” which is mind relaxation (Sonntag-Ostram et al., 2014), stress reduction (Adevi & Martensson, 2013), boosted Self-esteem (Jo, Rodiek, Fujii, Miyazaki, & Park, 2013), mood improvement (Pretty, Peacock, Sellens & Griffin, 2005), and increased positive emotions. As a landscape architecture, we should use landscape as a solution to enhance the landscape experience of a place in order to encourage the public to increase their visit to the green space. “Green lifestyle” is a popular concept as it is 7

promoted as a healthy lifestyle to the public and the social community. With speedy economic development nowadays, there are more choices to release their pressure from different activities from other landscape development. Apart from green space, shopping street, sport venue and clubs are the selected areas for studies as all allow people to release pressure and obtain relaxation mood state. It aims to compare the relaxation mood state achievement by these four different landscapes and to find out the solution to encourage the increased use of green space as the it is believed that nature offers a better result for restorative purpose. “Nature usually has better restorative outcomes than built environments (Tyrvainen et al., 2014 Van Den Berg, jorgesen, & Wilson 2014).

Other activities also achieve relaxation mood state: To study the difference of relaxation mood state achievement and frequency of visit of green space and other three popular activities performed for relaxing. It aims to study if landscape enhancement of green space would encourage the public to increase their frequency of visit to green park compared with other landscape types.

As land is natural resource and always poses alternative uses. It is important to understand how to maximize the advantages brought to the public by a specific land use and avoid a waste of resource. The following part will explain how the other three popular activities help to stimulate relaxation mood state.

5.1.2 Sport Venue: An online journal “Exercising to relax” from the Harvard Medical Scholl, updated 2020 explained how does exercising helps to reduce stress and achieve relaxation. It emphasizes that rest is relaxing but doing exercises can also achieve the same purpose as exercise helps to release mental stress. In this study which mention the aerobic exercise which does not boost up your body, metabolism rate and spirit but also has a unique capacity to exhilarate and relax, to provide calm and reduce stress. “Exercise is play and recreation; when your body is busy, your mind will be distracted from the worries of daily life and will be free to think creatively.”

5.1.3 Shopping Arcade: Studies show that shopping performs the psychology of retail therapy. “A study published in the journal Psychology and Marketing revealed that shopping can improve a sour mood.” Most people do not feel regret spending money during a retail therapy experience for improving own mood state.

5.1.4 Bars and Clubs: From the www.capitalaist.com, people go clubbing for escapism from everyday life while some treat it as enjoyment and socialization. People may feel relaxed through enjoyment, however; they may not be able to find out a solution or idea for problem during the visit.

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5.2 Importance of the impact of landscape enhancement of green space Green park is chosen to be the major studies in this paper of the impact on mood state stimulated thought and act after landscape enhancement. It aims to find out how significant of landscape enhancement affect the mood state and frequency of visit in order to understand what matters most to affect their lifestyle. “Because responses to short-term as well as long-term fatiguing stressors sometimes involve declines in cognitive functioning or performance, recovery may be evident in gains in performance” (Hockey, 1983; Hartig et al., 1987). Compared with other landscape types, more previous studies show that green park has restorative effect on mental health and even to a wider extent, to improve social cohesion and social sustainability. According to the result from the University of Washington/USDA Forest Service about Stress, Wellness and Physiology “Increase frequency of visit to green space helps to reduce stress”. “Pretty et l. (2005) have summarized a growing body of evidence that engagement with green spaces and nature affects health, categorized according to three level of engagement: viewing natural environment; being in the presence of nearby green space or nature; and active participation and involvement in nature.” There are large and popular public parks in Europe and those parks were universally acknowledged as a means of improving the health, social welfare and moral refinement of their citizens. (Ward Thompson, 1998) Green space as part of the green infrastructure strategy, an improved landscape environment does not provide a better amenity value but also brings positive impacts on the environmental and the community to achieve a sustainable development.

Besides, there are less negative impacts compared with other activities such as getting drunk when visiting bars and clubs; over-spent for shopping which just help to achieve short-term relaxation but do not really calm a person to generate a solution or idea during the landscape experience. Instead, people do not only release stress by viewing the plants for relaxation but also stimulates one’s creative thinking during the landscape experience at green space (Schultz, 2014a). It helps to find out a solution for daily life problem and achieve a rather long- term relaxation process which is more encouraging compared with other landscape activities.

Apart from the study of literature review, the National Planning Policy Framework also emphasis the importance of the allocated land for green space and the highquality design of green park in order to strengthen the social sustainability. For example, NPPF99 states that “The designation of land as local green space through local and neighborhood plans allows communities to identify and protect green areas of particular importance to them” and NPPF100 states that “ The Local Green Space designation should only be used where the green space is: a) in reasonably close 9

proximity to the community it serves; b) demonstrably special to a local community and holds a particular local significance, for example because of its beauty, historic significance, recreational value (including as a playing field), tranquility or richness of its wildlife; and c) local in charter and it not an extensive tract of land.

The findings from this kind of research aim to target the vision of national and local authority planning policy in the local plan of a community. In Mode 2 Application, “this kind of research may not tell the experienced landscape architects how to design differently (that is not the aim), but may offer valuable support to such professional in arguing the case for their contribution within the wider policy context (Catharine Ward Thompson. 2011. Chapter 14, Landscape and Healthy, P.236). Hence, landscape elements and theory of design concept will be discussed in 8.0 after the data analysis in order to offer a proposed design concept as part of the research outcome of this paper.

6.0 Research Question 6.1 Design concept of the research question

The design of the research questionnaire includes demographic information and the study of the correlation of different variables in the research question for data analysis. It is a qualitative approach as some questions are closed-ended questions with answer can be converted to numeric, while some questions are answered by given choices in feeling description which cannot be converted to numeric answer for data analysis.

The design of the research questionnaire stated below gives a brief idea of the correlation of the research questions and the rationale of the hypothesis stated in the data analysis part.

According to online journal, demographic factor affects one’s lifestyle. It is suggested that educational and economic background would affect one’s lifestyle, a person with higher educational background or wealthier are suggested to acknowledge that the visiting green space is good for physical and mental health. The study aims to find out how is the reaction of the sample size to the landscape they visit and how frequent they visit the place. If they would increase their frequency of visit if they could achieve relaxation mood state at the artifact. Lifestyle is a cumulated habit, a routine behavior. A change in lifestyle means a change in one’s mindset and one’s behavior. The research question aims to find out what are the elements to affect one’s perception and thought towards an artifact and in term affecting one’s lifestyle with a change of habit and behavior. For example. A person who does not have the habit to visit green space when suffering from stress but chose to go clubbing 10

instead. If the landscape enhancement with a better design and use of high-quality materials of the green space to attract people to go. As the first impression is important and people may visit the place again in the future if they got inspired, are impressed and feel relaxed spending time at the green space. It results in a change of lifestyle in behavior and encourage people to build up a positive and healthy lifestyle.

There are four hypotheses of my research: H1: If people with higher educational background would visit the green space more frequent.

H2: If we acknowledge that we can achieve relaxation mood state by visiting the green space, people would build up a habit to visit the green space more frequent.

H3: If people value more the importance of the location of a specific landscape, they Would be less willing to spend time on travelling to that specific landscape.

H4: If there is landscape enhancement including more decent design with the use of high quality soft and hard materials, there will be an improved mood state achievement and more frequent of visit.

The following part will present the data collection method and data analysis for the study.

6.2 Data collection method This research is conducted by studying the mood state achievement and frequency of visit of four different landscape types with different functionalities. Five photos will be used as research instruments in the research question for part 1 to part 5.

Two photos of landscape one, Green space to represent the before and after of the enhancement of landscape design of green space in part 4 of this research question.

According to the result of previous studies shown, one’s mood state changed when the landscape experience changed causing change on one’s lifestyle in thought and act. “When The physical characteristics of a place or landscape change and becomes different from one’s experience of memory, individuals’ attachments to that place or landscape may be disrupted (Manzo, 2003; Manzo, Kleit, & Couch, 2008).

The process of data collected for analysis purpose ceased on18th August, 2020 with 24 sample size from Google form and 5 research questionnaires collected in digital copy and I am the one to input the data of the 5 digital questionnaires in the Google 11

form format. Data received after 18th August, 2020 will not be used due to analysis process started already. The final sample size is 29. Data storage handled according to ethic standard to prevent the disclose of the personal information of the interviewees. Accidentally disclose of personal information will notify the interviewees. Data analysis is based on the 5-point scale ranging from point 0-4, point scale for calculation is based on the POMS, relaxation mood state defined by the “Thought/ action Tendencies and the cycle of emotions ((Sirgy and Cornwell, 202 Russell, 1980; Russell and Pratt, 1980; Russell et al., 1989) as evidence and support.

Mood State Classification “For mood state studies, the cycle of emotions stated in previous paper (Sirgy and Cornwell, 202 Russell, 1980; Russell and Pratt, 1980; Russell et al., 1989) 1.) Quiet. Sleepy. Lively. Noisy 2.) Relaxing. Boring. Interesting. Overwhelming 3.) Orderly. Monotonous. Varied. Chaotic 4.) Soothing. Soporific. Stimulating. Tiring 5.) Familiar. Common. Extraordinary. Alien 6.) Tones. Colourless. Colourful. Garish 7.) Simple. Simplistic. Stylish. Anonymous 8.) Cosy. Narrow. Spacious. Not cosy 9.) Clean. Sterile. Fancy. Dirty” The mood state classification of option 2 in above-stated mood state classification is used in the research question of this paper.

50 questionnaires were distributed with 30 reply and one has system error which cannot be used. Quasi- experimental research method with non-randomized participants for data analysis for demographic factor to classify non-randomized participants in order to study if different age group with different educational and occupational background would have different attitude towards lifestyle. Mixed research method is used for this research with the research questionnaire involves statistically analysis(quantitative) and text description (qualitative) to express mood state. The research question involved mood state studies with the reference from literature review of different mood states’ definition and description. Data analysis will be done by SPSS in Excel with T-test, Correlation coefficient and P-value.

The research question of this study can be found at Appendix C.

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6.3 Five parts in the research question (Aim for each part of the research question): Part1: The four types of landscapes (Photo1 to Photo4) selected from London for this research question are focused at the Central London with similar travelling time from surrounding Tube stations. Provided with similar accessibility and travelling time from the selected landscapes located at the Oxford Circus, Hyde Park and Piccadilly Circus (shown in blue-color shaded) in order to study if the landscape design and planning would affect the motivation and mood state of visiting the specific landscape. This research questions is composed by five parts for different specific research purpose related to the five hypothesis.

Photo1: UK’s Tube map

Part 2: Initial mood state and lifestyle at the initial stage: The following photos show four different landscape with different functionality and this set of research question based on this set of instruments to find out the research result. These four landscapes were chosen as all of them serve the same function as leisure and relaxation. Each landscape is the alternative choice for each other to achieve relaxation purpose. This set of research questionnaire is to study using landscape as a solution for landscape enhancement and its impact on lifestyle in thought and act.

Photo2: Four different landscape types shown in research question

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Part3: Impact of the Location and accessibility of a landscape for planning consideration.

It aims to study the impact of the location and accessibility of the landscape on motivation of visit. The longer the traveling time, the lower or higher the motivation to visit the place which is important for town planning guidance in real world.

Part4: To study to what extent does the enhancement of landscape design and planning affecting the mood state and motivation of visiting landscape1.

The two photos below are the research instruments used for the question 1-2 in order to study the impact of the change of landscape experience on the lifestyle in term of thought.

Photo3: Photos of green space before and after landscape enhancement shown in research question

Part5: Re-evaluation of frequency for visiting the four different landscapes after the enhancement of landscape 1.

After the landscape enhancement of green space shown in part 4 of the research question. This part of question aims to study the change of lifestyle in term of act (behavior) caused by the change in relaxation mood state achievement after the landscape enhancement of green space.

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7.0 Result of Data Analysis

Statistically analysis is used for data analysis by ”correlation coefficient , r value” and the “T-test assuming Two-samples unequal variances” from Excel to calculate the coefficient between the independent variable and the dependent variable and the Pvalue for hypothesis prove. The data analysis will be presented from 7.1-7.4 as follow: 7.1 Demographic factor affecting one’s lifestyle

H0: If people with higher educational background would visit the green space more According to the journal online, people with higher educational background would build up a healthy lifestyle due to the knowledge of the positive benefits of the healthy lifestyle.

A quasi-experimental study is carried out by two sets of sample size with the first group poses bachelor’s degree qualification and the second group poses Master’s degree qualification. The data analysis is shown as below as Table 1.

Photo4: T-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances for the Bachelor’s Degree and Master’s Degree

The data analysis is done by the “T-Test Two-sample assuming Unequal Variances” method is used for T-test hypothesis prove. If the T-statistic is larger than the Critical Two-tail value then rejects the HO. As there is negative T-statistic which means that the Mean 2 is larger than Mean1, the null hypothesis is rejected as the T-statistic means no bearing on significance on the difference of two sample groups. HO is rejected and conclude H1(Alternative Hypothesis). Hence, people with higher educational background does not mean they would have more frequent visit to the green space. There is one person from the sample size has secondary educational background who has frequent visit (More than 5times per week) to the green space. It means that even people with higher educational level and they know 15

that spending time at green space is good for them, they may not visit green space very frequent as they maybe busy for work choose other relaxing methods.

7.2Consistency of belief and habit Correlation coefficient between the Mood state achievement and frequency of visiting green space

H0: If we acknowledge that we can achieve relaxation mood state by visiting the green space, people would build up a habit to visit the green space more frequent.

The data collected from the sample size shows that the “Relaxation” occupies the highest (90%) percentage of mood state achievement from visiting green space and 46.7% of the sample size think that visiting green space is “very relaxing”.

6.9% 3.4%

Photo5: Mood state achieved from visiting Green Space

Photo6 : Significance of Relaxation achievement by visiting Green Space

The Pearson Coefficient r is -0.0.9654 from the sample size represents an opposite result which means a negative relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. Five-point likert scale is used, None= 0 score, Not very relaxing=1 score, Medium=2 score, Relax=3 score and Very 16

relaxing=4.

However, the correlation is very week as r value is close to zero. The result can be interpreted that there is no linear relationship between two variables.

The relaxation mood state achievement does not really motivate people to visit green space more. However, the correlation is very week as r value is close to zero. It can also the P- value is 0.618338953 which represents a strong significance of the negative correlation of the two variables. Hence, the null hypothesis is rejected and conclude H1(alternative hypothesis with other factors being considered.)

Photo7: Correlation coefficient and P-value of visiting green space

“5-point likert scale” is used for mood state calculation to reflect the significance at a scale from 0 to 4 with 4 means the most significance and 0means the least significance when put in the data calculation formula.

Frequency of visiting green space per week represents the average times of visit per week with the choices of none= 0score, 2times per week =1 score, 2 times per week = 3 score and more than five times per week = 4 score.

The negative correlation coefficient between two variables represents “other factors” play an important role in affecting one’s behavior and habit. It can be explained that people nowadays have a busy life for study and work. Hence even we acknowledged the positive benefits on mental health of visiting the green park and the relaxation, our daily life may not allow us to allocate enough time to “visit” and “relax” at the place. Besides, it can be explained by alternative choices. People choose to spend time on other landscapes with different functionalities which also make them feel relaxed. An enhancement of design of green park to increase an attractiveness could be a solution to encourage people to visit the green space.

7.3 Correlation coefficient between the importance of location of a specific landscape and the traveling time spent on visiting certain landscape

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HO: If the importance of the location of the landscape has higher significant impact on one’s visit, they would be less willing to spend time on travelling to that specific landscape.

Location is always an important issue which affects the accessibility of a place which in term affects the motivation of accessing the land use. It is also an important issue in town planning. With National Planning Policy Framework (NNPF) and the Guidance for Outdoor Sport and Play Beyond the Six Acre Standard state that the “Walking distance: meters from dwellings is 710m for parks and gardens, 480m for amenity and space and 720m for natural and semi-natural green space”. It emphasizes the importance of location and less travelling time should be spent on accessing the green space. If people are not willing to travel to the park due to long traveling time, the green space is located too far away from dwellings which would be a waste of resources.

The following data analysis would represent the correlation coefficient of the “Importance of location of a specific landscape affecting one’s willingness to travel to the place” and “The time willing to be spent on travelling to a specific landscape.

Photo 8: Correlation Coefficient of the Important of location and the time spent on traveling of Green Space

There is positive correlation coefficient r=0.036272984. However, there is a very weak correlation coefficient between two variables. It can be explained that there is insufficient data to conclude there is a significant linear relationship between variable x and y because the correlation coefficient is not significantly different from zero. The data result can be explained that even the interviewees think that the location is an important issue affecting them to visit the green space or not, there is no strong negative correlation coefficient to show that they are willing to spend less time on travelling to the landscape. Instead, they do not bother the time spent on travelling. The importance of convenience and time saving are less considered for carrying out the landscape experience as 18

data shown. The result shows that there is no significant linear relationship between two variables which can be explained by “Other factors” such as gathering with friend, family even on weekend, leisure and relaxation purpose as people are aware that the positive benefit of visiting the green space with evidence shown at bar chart below. Hence, we can conclude that if other factors contribute a weighting override the importance of location, then people would still visit the place disregard the longer travelling time.

Photo 9: Other factors for visiting green space

As for town planning purpose, the correlation coefficient between the “importance of location” and “the time spent on travelling” to other landscape types including sport venue, shopping district and clubs and bars are considered in order to compare the results of different artifacts as planning guidance.

Photo 10: Correlation Coefficient of the Important of location and the time spent on traveling of Sport Venue

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Photo 11: Correlation Coefficient of the Important of location and the time spent on traveling of Shopping District

Photo 12: Correlation Coefficient of the Important of location and the time spent on traveling of Bars and Clubs

All three data analysis represent positive correlation coefficient r value. However, the r value for the “sport venue” and “bars and clubs” have a “very weak” correlation coefficient with 0.077188 and 0.12064 respectively. Similar result as Green space with insufficient data to conclude there is a significant linear relationship between variable x and y because the correlation coefficient is not significantly different from zero. People go to the place mostly due to other factors instead of considering mostly of the traveling time. The positive correlation coefficient of shopping district is r=0.218787 which is the strongest among those four studied landscape types. It can be interpreted that even people think that the location of the shopping district is an important issue in affecting his or her visit, the interviewees are still willing to take a travelling time spent on visiting the shopping arcade. People go for shopping of buying necessities, having relaxation purpose and other factors. But it raises a problem that people play less attention and awareness of the benefits of both physical and mental health from visiting green park. As we could not enjoy the fresh air and greenery view by shopping greenery. Using landscape as a solution to be proposed in the MODE 2 application by landscape design and activities to be planned to attract the public to use the salutogenic landscape. For achieving relaxation purpose and other purposes, they are still willing to spend time on Traveling.

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Although the finding shows that the interviewees are still willing to take longer traveling time for going to a place even they think the location is an important issue to affect if they would visit the place. However, the frequency of visit is relatively low as shown in Photo13 with 44.8% to visit once per week of the green space and only 10.3% of the same sample size to visit the green space more than 5 times per week. To develop a long-term habit in life, convenience is important elements to be considered. High accessibility is emphasised in local planning. Although there is very weak correlation coefficient (not significantly different from zero), their visits are largely driven by physical activities with specific purpose instead of improving mood state alone. People may not realise their frequency of visit is low. High accessibility would have higher motivation to visit the green space more frequently. To encourage their visit to green space to improve their physical and mental health in order to develop a sustainable healthy lifestyle.

Photo 13: Frequency of visit to Green Space

7.4Correlation coefficient for the Relaxation mood state achievement and the frequency of visiting green space after landscape enhancement

HO: If there is improved relaxation mood state achievement after landscape Enhancement of Green Space would stimulate one’s frequency of visit

Photo10: Correlation coefficient for the relaxation mood state and the frequency of visiting green space after the landscape Enhancement.

The correlation coefficient, r value is 0.233283 between these two variables after landscape enhancement compared with the previous result shown in 7.2, photo7 with coefficient value is -0.09654. As the correlation coefficient r value is 0.233283 and the P-value is 0.223263, the hypothesis is fail to be rejected. Hence, with improved landscape experience, people feel more relaxed during the visit and would like to visit the green park more frequently.

As stated in the forward part of the study, Kaplan suggested that people visiting green space has the restorative effect for one’s mental health. The 21

relaxation mood state achievement means the restorative effect. The “Moodstimulated thought/ action tendency is the act tendency links the mood state with one’s behavior for user center design. Better landscape design helps to encourage a more frequent visit to green space as the relaxation mood state achievement improved. The data collected presented in bar chart below, Photo 11 and Photo12 show that the mood state improvement in relaxation.

44.8% of the sample size mentioned that they feel “Very relaxing” for the environment after landscape enhancement of the green space compared with only 20.7% of the sample size feel “Very relaxing” before landscape enhancement. A large piece of lawn with green corridor offers a harmonious atmosphere and people can enjoy a relaxing walk. However, with a decent design in form, material, color and landscape details such as use of the steps, stairs and ramps to increase the aesthetic value and stimulate the mood state by adding different elements. There is a significant improvement in “very relaxing” and “relax” mood state and no one from the sample size shows that they do not feel relaxed after the landscape enhancement in green space.

Photo11:Relaxation mood state achievement before landscape Photo12:Relaxation mood state achievement after landscape Enhancement Enhancement

The following photo, photo 13-15 represent the mood stimulated act tendency which is represented by the change in frequency of visit to green space before and after the landscape enhancement. It is a change of lifestyle in thoughts and behavior which brings positive impacts to social sustainability. Social sustainability includes improving social cohesion, well-being of the public, creating a place for people to stay, work, live and relax. It can be defined by “Social life”, a UK-based social enterprise specializing in place-based innovation. (Design for Social Sustainability. A Framework for creating thriving new communities) They define social sustainability as “a process for creating sustainable, successful places that promote wellbeing, by understanding what people need from the places they live and work. Social sustainability combines design of the physical realms with design of the social world- infrastructure to support social and cultural life, social amenities, systems for citizens engagement and space for people and places to evolve.” Social life is one of the vital components to affect the social sustainability.

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6.9%

Photo13: Increase in frequency of visit To Green space

Photo14: Frequency of visit to Green Photo15: Frequency of visit to Green space before landscape enhancement space after landscape enhancement

Photo13 shows that 86.7% of the sample size would increase the their frequency of visit to the green space with 17.2% stated that the increasement is “very significant”. The result reflected at the next table, Photo14, an increase of 3.4% of the increasement of the sample size would not visit green space before but are willing to visit the green space with improved landscape design (Photo14 and 15). 10.3% of the sample size stated that they do not go to the green space before which are probably attracted by the aesthetic value and visit the green space.

It is an important initial step to attract people who did not visit this landscape type as this raises the interest of them to build up a habit in long term in order to develop a green and healthier lifestyle.

The Photo 16 and table17 below show the data collected from the research questions which represent the frequency of visit to four different landscapes before and after the landscape enhancement of green space respectively.

The result shows that there is not significant impact on the frequency of visit on the other three landscape types.

Photo16: Frequency of visit on four different landscape types before landscape enhancement of green space

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Photo 17: Frequency of visit on four different landscape types after landscape enhancement of green space

8.0 Landscape elements for landscape enhancement

After the data analysis of the data collect from the 29 sample size from the set of research question, the new knowledge generated will be applied in the concept of urban green park. According to the data analysis’s result in 7.0, the increase in frequency of visit to green space is not significant enough to improve the change in lifestyle. The photograph used in questionnaire represents the “Princess Diana Memorial Fountain, London” with its focus on the aesthetic value with a sense of elegant with the design’s aim is to reflect Diana’s life. Hence, the design’s theme and landscape elements are important to be considered and used in the landscape enhancement in order to stimulate an obvious increasement in the relaxation mood state and frequency of visit.

Six landscape elements are studied in the literature review “Empirical study of landscape types, landscape elements and landscape components of the urban park promoting physiological and psychological restoration”. The results show that water, topography and plants are the three major landscape elements achieved the relaxation mood state in a landscape experience. Other landscape elements which have lower weighting in affecting Relaxation mood state are landscape constructions, paving and garden facilities.

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Photo 18: Data from “Empirical studies of landscape types, landscape elements and landscape components of the urban parks Promoting physiological and psychological, P.9-P.10”

The statistic from the literature review are stated as below as reference to support the “Concept of Urban Green Park Design” in the next part.

According to the data shown in the previous studies, elements will be considered in the design concept are aquatic plants, bamboo, lake, corridor, bridge and pavilion.

The meandering form will be included in the design to create the natural and harmonious pedestrian path and slow down the pace of walk. It helps to calm the people emotion and enhance the relaxation mood state.

When we refer to sense of place which is always linked to heritage, culture and rural tranquility. Carmona et al. (2010) propounded people need to experience of identity through their living environment. Hence it is important to implement design concept and create a sense of place in public urban spaces. In the following proposed design concept of urban green park would consider the importance of the chosen landscape elements and the “three walking modes” by (Schultz, 2014a) to be implemented in the design in order to create the harmonious flow of walking experience at green space. ” The values of landscape architecture fall into three broad categories: aesthetic, ecological and social “(Thompson 2000:7). The use of Laburnum Waterreri Vossi walk is a popular concept in planting design to represent the clam and peaceful atmosphere by the natural form of the Laburnum Waterreri Vossi. Frederic Gros (2014, p.5) describes why going for a walk is the “best way to free your mind”.

It also links with what are proposed at the earlier part that visiting at green space 25

helps to reduce stress and stimulate relaxation mood state. The landscape experience in green space encourages people to think and generate a solution which allows themselves to release themselves from the problem facing in daily lives to achieve the relaxation. “The process of walking helps to get an idea of the solution.

Ideas cannot be produced only by referring to rational strategies. Intuitional and bodily strategies are needed as well. Walking is a bodily activity and the creative processes described by so many different people and based on intuition (Schultz 2014b, P129).

Photo19: Interplays of three walking modes (sources: Schultz 2014a)

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Photo20: Proposed Urban Green Park Design

The photo20 represents my own design concept of urban green park with the theory of three walking modes by Schultz as support. The theory by Schultz proposed three stages of the walking modes which are discovery mode, flow mode and reflection mode.

At the discovery mode, there is a focal point to draw the attention of the visitor. It is the stage where the visitors orientating themselves and being curious without the specific object. The atmosphere leads the visitors’ mindset at the stage. My design is to implement the famous laburnum walk by using Laburnum Watereri Vossii and Allium to create a calm and relaxing atmosphere. People walk and connect with the environment and the view, places and new perspective. Evergreen trees and shrubs with perennials followed by the “Laburnum walk” in order to prepare the visitors to the flow mode by using different species of plants and color change.

Flow mode: At this stage, ”Walking and awareness merge” by Csikzentmihalyi,1996.

And “Open for holistic experiences” by Csikszentmihalyi 1985, P.58). Visitors can 27

enjoy a broad view of the urban park when walking to this part with the ornamental grass and shrubs along sides in order to allow the visitors to enjoy the view at the further part of the park where has the Bluebelt carpet and the Solidago. The blue and yellow color stimulate the relaxation mood in order to calm the visitors for releasing stress. A large piece of lawn is located next to the Bluebell and Solidago as the third layer of view with different species of trees and shrub for aesthetic value. There is a blue space at the left-hand side as a mixture of green and blue space to emphasis the relaxing atmosphere.

Reflective mode: Walkers distinguish between themselves and object of research.

They transfer implicit and embodied knowledge into word and images. Refer to Photo19 which shows the “Interplays of three walking modes”, walkers would start to generate idea and solution again. A Bamboo area with aquatic pond is proposed at this stage as bamboo and aquatic plants are recommended to be the important landscape elements with high score of relaxation achievement shown in Photo18.

The knowledge generated from this study is that landscape enhancement is important in encouraging people to visit green space. The data analysis reflects that even people realize visiting green parks can reduce stress and stimulate relaxation mood state, they may not visit the landscape frequently. It can be explained by busy life. However, the analysis shows that the landscape enhancement did attract people to visit the greenery more often. The descent design is important. Other literature is included as evidence to suggest what kind of landscape elements are important for designing the urban park with relaxation as the main purpose. It can be a reference as the design guide or suggestion for future design use. Besides, accessibility is also an important matter when carrying out town planning. Although the result shows that the correlation between the importance of location of the landscape and the time willing to spent on travelling is” very weak”, almost close to zero. The attendance seems to be more purpose-driven. Activities are proposed to be organized at the green park to attract people to well-spent their weekend such as the outdoor musical show and cultural events. Although the study cannot prove that location has an essential impact on the frequency of visit. Convenience is still believed to be important especially when we consider sustainable development during the design and planning stages.

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9.0 Sustainable development: Sustainable development as a driver for change

Photo21: Sustainable Development

Sustainable development is gaining its importance awareness nowadays with the Sustainable development Agenda 2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals emphasis a few points to be achieved and as a driver for change to be considered at this paper: Goal 3: “Ensure healthy lives and prevent well-being for all at all ages.

Goal 11: “Make cities and human settlements inclusive, resilient and sustainable.”

-Goal 11.7: By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces in particular for woman and children, older persons and persons with disabilities.

Goal 13: “Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.”

Goal 15: “Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification and halt and reserve land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.”

This study contributes its research result in avoiding the ‘Extinction of experience’ (Masashi soga, Munemitsu Akasaka, 2019). Avoiding extinction of experience is a way of achieving successful sustainable development. As a proper planning and design of urban greenspace directly interact with nature in their everyday lives (Miller, 2005; Soga & Gaston, 2016), there are three major factors affecting people’s exposure to the nature which are “degree of greenspace coverage” (Neuvonen, Sievanen, Tonnes, & Koskela, 2007; Soga et al., 2015) ; “people’s accessibility to that environment” (Soga et al., 2015); “the quality of greenspace with high quality landscape design and ecological value to offer the public a great aesthetic quality and wellbeing advantages” (Carrus et al., 2015; Fuller, Irvine, Devine-Wright, Warren, & Gaston, 2007 ). To improve the coverage, accessibility and quality design of green space would encourage people to spend time there and achieve sustainable development.

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Social sustainability

The impact on lifestyle from the enhancement of the landscape design of green space is studied in order to encourage the visit of green place compared to other alternative landscapes which also achieve relaxation purpose. Green space can be also serve as a buffer zone between different land uses. People spending time at the urban park does not only interact with the landscape, relax and gain inspiration but also interact with each other. It helps to encourage social cohesion and to develop a better community. It is mentioned a situation in New York and Shanghai, “Pocket parks, street tree protection and urban allotment in New York illustrate the societal benefits that access to neighbourhood-scale green infrastructure can deliver. People stated that the interaction with urban nature improves communal interaction, leads to decrease incidence of ill health and provides a stronger set of social bonds between people and their local environment” (Ian Mell, 2019, Green Infrastructure Planning, P.47) Environmental sustainability

Climate change is a serious topic nowadays. Urban trees, shrubs and perennials help to absorb carbon dioxide and improve air quality. According to woodland trust UK, average UK person is responsible for 5.5 tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per year. Each year an estimated 20 million tonnes of CO2 are absorbed and locked away by the UK’s existing trees and woods. According to a study by Dave Nowak, a researcher at the U.S. Forest Service’s Northern Research Station in Syracuse, New York, co-authored lists the following species as tress that are especially good at storing and absorbing CO2: “the common horse-chestnut, black walnut, American sweetgum, ponderosa pine, red pine, white pine, London plane, Hispaniolan pine, Douglas fir, scarlet oak, red Oak, Virginia live oak and bald Cypress.

Economic sustainability

Urban green park is a useful mean to protect the micro-climate by planting tress to offer shadow, to serve as wind barrier and to reduce the heat island effect. To a wider extent, it helps to reduce the negative impacts on economic costs from climate change and global warming such as increased cooling costs for buildings. According to the US Environmental Protection Agency estimates that for a 1C rise in temperature, 5-20% more energy for cooling and 3-15% less energy for heating resulting a slight increase in energy consumption due to increased use of airconditioning. That is a cycle of producing more carbon dioxide released by the energy consumption. The planting of trees, shrubs and perennial at the urban green 30

park helps to reduces carbon dioxide to reduce the negative impact on climate change.

Sustainable development is an important concept nowadays in order to ensure us and our next generation to have the same right to access the valuable resources and to save our planet. To conclude, the landscape enhancement at green space does not only stimulate relaxation mood state and frequency of visit but also helps to achieve a sustainable development in social, environmental and economic aspects.

Wish the design concept of the proposed urban green park would be useful in future landscape design and brings benefits to the globe.

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https://www.researchgate.net/post/How_to_report_a_negative_t-value_in_your_paper https://www.texasoft.com/tutorial-statistics-compare-2-groups.htm https://www.polyu.edu.hk/mm/effectsizefaqs/effect_size_equations2.html https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1360992/ https://instr.iastate.libguides.com/c.php?g=49332&p=318076 https://statisticsbyjim.com/regression/interpret-coefficients-p-values-regression/ https://www.statstutor.ac.uk/resources/uploaded/pearsons.pdf https://www.statisticshowto.com/p-value/ https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/p-value.asp https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Bjf8LKnSOA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5-Hxm4o1HTA 21_August,2020 Explanation of significance of correlation coefficient https://www.texasgateway.org/resource/124-testing-significance-correlation-coefficientoptional https://www.statstutor.ac.uk/resources/uploaded/pearsons.pdf S, Woodcraft et al (2011) Design for Social Sustainability, Social Life, London “Design for Social Sustainability| Social Life. www.social-life.co.Retrieved 2019-6-19. http://www.social-life.co/ https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/exercising-to-relax Online journal https://pss.uvm.edu/ppp/pubs/oh82stress.htm https://www.topendsports.com/psychology/poms.htm https://www.topendsports.com/psychology/poms.htm https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld S, Woodcraft et al (2011) Design for Social Sustainability, Social Life, London “Design for Social Sustainability| Social Life. www.social-life.co.Retrieved 2019-6-19. http://www.social-life.co/ https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/exercising-to-relax https://pss.uvm.edu/ppp/pubs/oh82stress.htm https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/null-hypothesis/ Google form research question data Collection: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1GMFMiwniB0m6bZFjw9Twcydwwkq41uoXyWfbAyG5Kgc /edit

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Photo for Research Question use: Hyde Park Map: http://ontheworldmap.com/uk/city/london/hyde-park-map.jpg http://www.sidetrackedtravelblog.com/blog/discovering-londons-hyde-park http://www.sidetrackedtravelblog.com/blog/discovering-londons-hyde-park Hyde park https://www.timeout.com/london/attractions/princess-diana-memorial-fountain Tennis court hyde park https://www.flickr.com/photos/diversey/12297634063 Oxford street_shopping Clubbing Club at Piccadilly, London. https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ALeKk02c57ShDuALe2B7kEuIhZAxiFxgw:1593501435616&ei=Q9b6XoHC9j4hwP80rXgCg&q=clubbing%20piccadilly%20circus&oq=clubbing+piccadilly+circus&gs_lcp =CgZwc3ktYWIQAzIGCAAQFhAeMgYIABAWEB4yBggAEBYQHjIGCAAQFhAeMgYIABAWEB4yC AgAEBYQChAeMgYIABAWEB4yBggAEBYQHjIICAAQFhAKEB46BwgjEOoCECc6BAgjECc6BAgAEE M6BQgAEJECOgUIABCxAzoCCAA6BAgAEAo6BwgjELECECc6BwgAEBQQhwI6BAgAEA06BggAE A0QHlCRtYQCWIOShQJgnpSFAmgGcAB4AIABc4gB9RGSAQQyOC4xmAEAoAEBqgEHZ3dzLXdp erABCg&sclient=psyab&ved=2ahUKEwin8JK4_6jqAhXKFogKHSJwDeUQvS4wAnoECAwQQA&uact=5&npsic=0&rfl fq=1&rlha=0&rllag=51510336,134108,107&tbm=lcl&rldimm=17993540221401143911&lqi=ChpjbHViYmluZyBwaWNjYWRp bGx5IGNpcmN1c0ip9tH8lK2AgAhaLAoIY2x1YmJpbmcQABgAGAEiGmNsdWJiaW5nIHBpY2Nh ZGlsbHkgY2lyY3Vz&phdesc=Fu6meKRqkU&rldoc=1&tbs=lrf:!1m4!1u3!2m2!3m1!1e1!1m4!1u2!2m2!2m1!1e1!1m4!1u16!2m2!16m 1!1e1!1m4!1u16!2m2!16m1!1e2!2m1!1e2!2m1!1e16!2m1!1e3!3sIAE,lf:1,lf_ui:1&rlst=f#rld oc=1&rlfi=hd:;si:17993540221401143911;mv:[[51.5174057,0.125877],[51.506824099999996,0.1403229]];tbs:lrf:!1m4!1u3!2m2!3m1!1e1!1m4!1u2!2m2!2m1!1e1!1m4!1u16!2m2!16m1 !1e1!1m4!1u16!2m2!16m1!1e2!2m1!1e2!2m1!1e16!2m1!1e3!3sIAE,lf:1,lf_ui:1 Hyde park https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/85216617920366726/

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APPENDIX A: POMS Questionnaire

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APPENDIX B:

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APPENDIX C: Part1: Demographic data Personal Information: Gender: Age: Educational background: Occupation:

Selected Study Area along the UK Tube map:

The four types of landscapes (Photo1 to Photo4) selected from London for this research question are focused at the Central London with similar travelling time from surrounding Tube stations. Provided with similar accessibility and travelling time from the selected landscapes located at the Oxford Circus, Hyde Park and Piccadilly Circus (shown in blue-colour shaded) in order to study if the landscape design and planning would affect the motivation and mood state of visiting the specific landscape.

The four photos chosen are the areas at Central London to represent the area with high level of Urbanization and intense land use. Interviewees at the research do not need to visit London before but to answer the questions by referring the photos below. The purpose of the study aims to obtain data of people's mood state and perception toward a specific landscape.

The research is conducted for my dissertation of the Master of Landscape Architecture course at the University of Gloucestershire. All data collected will be kept confidential and only for academic purpose only.

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Part 2: Initial mood state and lifestyle at the initial stage: The following photos show four different landscape with different functionality and this set of research question based on this set of instruments to find out the research result. These four landscapes were chosen as all of them serve the same function as leisure and relaxation. Each landscape is the alternative choice for relaxation. This set of research questionnaire is to study using landscape as a solution for landscape enhancement and its impact on lifestyle in thought and act.

Photo1 Landscape 1, Green Space,

Photo2

Landscape 2, Sport Venue

Hyde Park, London

Hyde Park, Tennis Court, London

Photo3 Landscape 3, Shopping District

Photo4 Landscape4, Club at the

Shopping at Oxford street

Piccadilly Circus, London

1.) How frequent do you visit the landscape 1, Green space?

More than 5 times per week.

2times per week.

3-4 times per week.

Once per week.

None

2.) How frequent do you visit the landscape2, Sport venue?

More than 5 times per week.

3-4 times per week.

2times per week.

Once per week.

3.) How frequent do you visit the landscape3, Shopping district?

2times per week.

More than 5 times per week.

Once per week.

3-4 times per week.

None

None

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4.) How frequent do you visit the landscape4, Clubs and bars?

More than 5 times per week.

2times per week.

3-4 times per week.

Once per week.

None

Mood State of landscape experience: 5.) How do you feel when visiting at landscape 1, Green space?

Overwhelming Interesting

Boring Relaxing

6.) How do you feel when visiting at landscape 2, Sport venue?

Overwhelming

Interesting

Boring Relaxing

7.) How do you feel when visiting at landscape 3, Shopping district?

Overwhelming Interesting

Boring Relaxing

8.) How do you feel when visiting at landscape4, Club and bars?

Overwhelming Interesting

Boring Relaxing

9.) To what extent do you feel relaxing when visiting landscape 1, Green space?

5 Very relaxing 2 Not very relaxing

4 Relax 1 None

3 Medium

10.) To what extent do you feel relaxing when visiting landscape2, Sport venue?

5 Very relaxing 2 Not very relaxing

4 Relax 1 None

3 Medium

11.) To what extent do you feel relaxing when visiting landscape3, Shopping district?

5 Very relaxing 2 Not very relaxing

4 Relax 1 None

3 Medium

12.) To what extent do you feel relaxing when visiting landscape4, Club and bars?

5 Very relaxing 2 Not very relaxing

4 Relax 1 None

3 Medium

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13.) What is the main purpose for you to visit landscape 1, Green space?

Leisure Gathering with friends

Family event on weekend

Relaxation

14.) What is the main purpose for you to visit landscape 2, Sport venue?

Leisure

Family event on weekend

Relaxation

Gathering with friends 15.) What is the main purpose for you to visit landscape 3, Shopping district?

Leisure

Family event on weekend

Relaxation

Gathering with friends 16.) What is the main purpose for you to visit landscape4, Club and bars?

Leisure Gathering with friends

Family event on weekend

Relaxation

Part3: Impact of the Location and accessibility of a landscape for planning consideration Impact of the location and accessibility of the landscape on motivation of visit: 1.) To what extent if the location of landscape1, Green space would be your consideration of your visit?

1 Very Significant

2 Significant

4 Less Significant

5 Non-Significant

3 Medium

2.) To what extent if the location of landscape2, Sport venue would be your consideration of your visit?

1 Very Significant

2 Significant

4 Less Significant

5 Non-Significant

3 Medium

3.) To what extent if the location of landscape3, Shopping district would be your consideration of your visit?

1 Very Significant

2 Significant

4 Less Significant

5 Non-Significant

3 Medium

4.) To what extent if the location of landscape4, Club and bars would be your consideration of your visit?

1 Very Significant

2 Significant

4 Less Significant

5 Non-Significant

3 Medium 42

5.) The maximum traveling time are you willing to take for accessing landscape1, Green space?

1 5-10mins

2 15-20mins

4 45mins

5 60mins

3 30mins

6.) The maximum traveling time are you willing to take for accessing landscape2, Sport venue?

1 5-10mins

2 15-20mins

4 45mins

5

3 30mins

60mins

7.) The maximum traveling time are you willing to take for accessing landscape3, Shopping district?

1 5-10mins

2 15-20mins

4

5

45mins

3 30mins

60mins

8.) The maximum traveling time are you willing to take for accessing landscape4, Club and bars?

1

5-10mins

2 15-20mins

4

45mins

5

3 30mins

60mins

Part4: To study to what extent does the enhancement of landscape design and planning affecting the mood state and motivation of visiting landscape1. The two photos below are the research instruments used for the question 1-2 in order to study the impact of the change of landscape experience on the lifestyle in term of thought.

Photo1

Green space, Hyde Park, London

Photo2 (Enhancement on landscape design and planning) Princess Diana Memorial Fountain, Hyde Park, London

1.) To what extent do you feel relaxing when visiting the landscape 1, Green space after the landscape enhancement shown in photo2?

5 Very relaxing 2 Not very relaxing

4 Relax 1 None

3 Medium

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2.) Would you increase the frequency of your visit after the enhancement of the landscape design and planning of landscape 1, Green space shown in photo2?

1 Very Significant

2 Significant

4 Less Significant

5 Non-Significant

3 Medium

Part5: Re-evaluation of frequency for visiting the four different landscapes after the enhancement of landscape 1. To study the change of lifestyle in term of act (behaviour) caused by the change of lifestyle in thought in Part4. Photo1 and Photo2 are the research instruments used for the question 1-4.

1.) How frequent would you visit landscape 1, Green space after the enhancement of landscape design of green space?

More than 5 times per week.

3-4 times per week.

2times per week.

Once per week.

None

2.) How frequent would you visit landscape 2, Sport venue after the enhancement of design and planning of landscape 1(Photo2)?

More than 5 times per week.

3-4 times per week.

2times per week.

Once per week.

None

3.) How frequent would you visit landscape3, Shopping district after the enhancement of design and planning of landscape 1 (Photo2)?

More than 5 times per week.

3-4 times per week.

2times per week.

Once per week.

None

4.) How frequent would you visit landscape4, Club and bars after the enhancement of design and planning of landscape 1 (Photo2)?

More than 5 times per week.

3-4 times per week.

2times per week.

Once per week.

None

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