3rd Annual NWP Student Research Conference

Student Research Conference 2022

“STEPPING FORWARD” A Selection of Student Research Projects

S

English-Language Resolution

Brian C Abstract

Primary Sources

On January 29, 1990, the Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, City Council passed a resolution declaring the only working language of the municipality to be English. On February 12, 1990, Thunder Bay approved a similar resolution in principle. By this time, 42 Ontario municipalities in total had passed English-only language resolutions.

Bilingual Today, French Tomorrow Jock Andrew’s Bilingual Today, French Tomorrow: Trudeau’s Master Plan and How It Can Be Stopped provides insight into why pro-English and anti-French groups such as APEC and SAPELR were lobbying against the French Language Services Act. A core belief from the book is that providing French services and government hiring of bilingual people is discriminatory against English speakers, as Jock Andrew believed that English speakers were more likely to be monolingual.

The paper explores the factors and claims preceding the passing of these English-only language resolutions. Newspaper articles from the time focus on how the resolutions were a direct reaction to Ontario’s French Language Services Act of 1986. Municipal politicians framed their support for the resolutions as cost-saving measures for municipalities. Section 1 of the French Language Services Act explicitly excludes municipalities from its scope however, proving that these resolutions were completely symbolic. Further investigation reveals that the most significant push for these resolutions came from francophobe organizations such as the Alliance for Preservation of English in Canada and the Sault Ste. Marie Alliance for the Preservation of English Language Rights. Both organizations were inspired by a conspiracy theory formulated by retired Lieutenant Commander of the Royal Canadian Navy and author Jock Andrew, who claimed that official bilingualism and the provision of French language services outside of Quebec were part of a plan to prepare English-speaking Canada for French colonization and takeover. These resolutions took place amidst the constitutional wrangling of the Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accords as well as the recognition of Quebec as a “distinct society.”

While these events were not directly linked to the passing of English-language only resolutions, there was a distinct antiFrench cultural climate in English-speaking Canada which the resolutions added to.

Objectives The primary objective of the paper was to understand the justifications used for passing of the English-language only resolutions in Ontario municipalities. Further attention was given to understanding the ideology behind the Alliance for the Preservation of English in Canada (APEC) and the Sault Ste. Marie Alliance for the Preservation of English Language Rights (SAPELR), particularly with respect to why specifically they were lobbying for English-Language resolutions on the municipal level.

RESEARCH POSTER PRESENTATION DESIGN © 2019

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The French Language Services Act, 1986 The text of the French Language Services Act of 1986 (FLSA) was important to examine in order to gain a better understanding of how impactful the English-language resolutions were, and what they were supposedly countering. Section 1 of the FLSA specifically excluded municipalities from its scope unless the municipality decided to opt in, ultimately making the English-language resolutions that passed symbolic.

Archived Newspaper Articles Newspaper articles from the time provided insight into the public political motivations behind the English-language resolutions, and how individual municipal politicians were justifying the English-language resolutions to their constituents. They also helped solidify the connection between APEC, SAPELR, and Jock Andrew.

Secondary Sources The Best Man for The Job Harvey Sim’s The Best Man for The Job: Joe Fratesi and the Politics of Sault Ste. Marie covers Joe Fratesi during his time as Mayor of Sault Ste. Marie. The first section of the book discusses the run-up and passing of the English-language resolution in Sault Ste. Marie. It also discusses the specific petitioning efforts of the Sault Ste. Marie Alliance for the Preservation of English Language Rights (SAPELR) as well as SAPELR presence throughout Sault Ste. Marie in the lead up to the passing of the English-language resolution.

“How Could This Happen To Us?” French Community and Sault Ste. Marie’s English Resolution Michael Graydon, Celia Ross and Joel Muto’s journal article expands on Harvey Sim’s The Best Man for The Job, bringing further to light information regarding the formation and connections between APEC, SAPELR, and Jock Andrew’s work.

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ns in Ontario Municipalities

Caicco Bibliography Andrew, Jock. Bilingual Today, French Tomorrow: Trudeau’s Master Plan and How It Can Be Stopped. Richmond Hill: BMG Publishing Limited, 1977.

Bergman, Brian. “Taking Sides on Language.” Maclean’s. Feb 19, 1990. https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1990/2/19/taking-sides-on-language.

Byrne, Kathleen. "Parlez-Vous? Niagara Falls, Thunder Bay Will Consider Motions to make English Official Language." The Globe and Mail, Feb 5, 1990. https://www.proquest.com/canadiannews/docview/385711598/FFFD4FD4F45B4EB9PQ/1 Byrne, Kathleen. "Soo English-Language Lobby Denies Link to 'Racist' Group." The Globe and Mail, Feb 12, 1990. https://www.proquest.com/docview/385692851/B83CFA74CFE64A8DPQ/ Caplan, Gerald. "A Stalking Horse for the Ultra-Right? Anti-French Alliance has Kept Ties with Extremist Organizations." Toronto Star, Mar 18, 1990. https://www.proquest.com/canadiannews/docview/436147514/F4773BE4523149D4PQ/ French Language Services Act. Statues of Ontario, 1986, c. 45. https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/ontario_statutes/vol1986/iss1/51/ Graydon, Michael, Celia Ross and Joel Muto. “‘How Could this happen to us?” French Community and Sault Ste. Marie’s English Resolution.” Upper Country: A Journal of the Lake Superior Region 3 (2017): 28-60. https://commons.nmu.edu/upper_country/vol5/iss1/3/ "I Won't Drop Support of French-Language Services: Peterson." The Gazette, Apr 22, 1989. https://www.proquest.com/docview/431778607/fulltext/6950705EA38946CFPQ/

Findings and Conclusion

the English-language resolutions were justified the claim that implementing the FLSA on a l level would be too expensive combined with a the FLSA would be expanded to include l services. The FLSA did not include a ent for municipal services to be covered, The English-language resolutions that passed mbolic, with no real effect or resultant change as f their passing on a municipal level. These claims nd the fears of FLSA expansion were part of the e lobbying strategy of various English language oups such as APEC and SAPELR, among others. oups believed that bilingualism and bilingual were an attack on anglophones by francophones. rew, one of the most extreme supporters and of these groups, believed that official sm in Canada was a means for a complete anadian takeover of Canada, and that French were simply the part of the French takeover. As en symbolically, the English-language resolutions ed were viewed as victories.

"Peterson Offers to Explain Language Law." The Globe and Mail, Aug 6, 1987. https://www.proquest.com/docview/386126207/6950705EA38946CFPQ/ Sepkowski, Karl. "Soo Language Vote Puts Mayor in Spotlight." The Globe and Mail, Feb 3, 1990. https://www.proquest.com/canadiannews/docview/385656964/55082546D3D74C65PQ/ Sims, Harvey. The Best Man For The Job: Joe Fratesi and the Politics of Sault Ste. Marie.

Toronto: ECW Press, 2001.

Walsh, Mary Williams. “COLUMN ONE: A Tongue Lashing in Canada: An English-only frenzy is sweeping the provinces, and some say it’s propelled by anti-French prejudice as well as economics.” Los Angeles Times. Feb 13, 1990. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-199002-13-mn-593-story.html Wood, Nancy. "French Furor: Racism Or Panic?" Toronto Star, Mar 17, 1990. https://www.proquest.com/docview/436154342/5191BD6C6DD479BPQ/

Acknowledgements and Contact Brian Caicco, author Contact: bcaicco99@gmail.com Dr. Daryl White, reader/reviewer Contact: dawhite@nwpolytech.ca

Google searching compared to education materials produced by the Canadia patients regarding the

Brennan Cincurak, PEAK Stud

Prior to undergoing a medical procedure requiring anesthesia, some patients find themselves faced with questions regarding the risks associated with anesthesia. Many of these patients will turn to online sources to receive information concerning the risks of anesthesia. Whereas some Canadians will resort to researching this topic using Google, other patients will turn to the Canadian Anesthesiology Society (CAS) for information on the potential risks of anesthesia. Patients hope that an association like the CAS provides comprehensive and precise information regarding the risks of anesthesia, in comparison to a composite list of google search results, however, a comparison of these labeled risks does not exist. For that reason, our primary aim was to compare the labelled risks between the CAS and the top search results, and amongst the top search results themselves.

Methods All documents discussing risk disclosure from the CAS website were identified and downloaded. A VPN was then utilized with a location of Toronto to complete a google search with the search term ‘risks of anesthesia”. A composite list of the risks of anesthesia were then extracted from the top 10 search results on Google. Disclosed risks were analyzed using network analysis. Agreement was evaluated using several metrics of overall network density, including positive agreement between the CAS and the composite list from the search results, and positive agreement between the top search results themselves. In order to access the contextualization of the information in the google search results, the stratification of the risks of the risks based on the factors was completed (health status, surgery type, and type of anesthesia). The compiled data was analyzed using UCInet and Microsoft Excel.

As shown in Figure 1, the CAS identified 12 unique risks of anesthe with a range of 2-33 risks. The composite Google search results pro first google search result would still provide a more comprehensive many times a single risk was disclosed by every website and, as sho by only one website. Positive Agreement was 19.6% between the C rating=agreement < chance) and 6.7% between all 11 websites (fig search results. Figure 4 demonstrates how the contextualized risk d becomes less comprehensive the further down into the search resu Composite CAS 1) Aegis anesth partners 2) American Society of Anesthesiologist 3) Mayo clinic

Website

Introduction

4) Medical news today 5) Cleveland clinic 6) U of Michigan health 7) National health service (UK) 8) Nemour's children health 9) WebMD 10) Patient.info

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Number of risks disclosed

Figure 1- Number of disclosed risk of anesthesia on the CAS website an 10 google search results

Figure 3- Positive agreement in risk disclosure between CAS and google search results

an Anesthesiologist’s Society- which has better potential to effectively inform e risks of anesthesia?

dent - Northwestern Polytechnic

Results esia, while the google search results identified a total of 45 risks of anesthesia ovide a more appreciable list of risks than the CAS does, and consulting only the e list of risks (Figure 1). Figure 2 is a plot showing all the risks disclosed and how own in figure 2, nearly half of the overall identified 61 risks risks were identified CAS and the composite of the google search results (kappa=-0.68, gure 3). Figure 4 is a contextualization of the disclosure levels in the google disclosure of the google search results is predominately mediocre, and generally ults one goes.

nd

50

Figure 2- Distribution of the risks disclosed across google search results

Conclusions The observation of poor agreement between the CAS website and the google search results regarding risk disclosure could confuse, overwhelm, and even frighten patients who attempt to research the risks of anesthesia using multiple and discrepant sources of information. Brief Google searching provides a more exhaustive list of the risks of anesthesia than the CAS website does. The more extensive list of risks that google searching produces does not guarantee the clinical relevance of the search results and could overwhelm patients who investigate multiple different websites.

On the other hand, the CAS provides prospective patients with a more curated list of the risks of anesthesia.

Consequently, we conclude that patients who choose to supplement the tailored list of risks provided by the CAS with the extensive list provided by the top google search results must proceed carefully, given the disparity between the each of the websites.

Acknowledgements

The primary author sincerely thanks Alexander Villafranca, PHD for his assistance in collecting and analyzing the data required for this research project’s completion.

References Barash, P. G. (Ed.). (2009). Clinical anesthesia. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Borgatti SP, et al. (2013), Analyzing Social Networks. Los Angeles, CA:Sage, locations 2011-2083 (Kindle edition).

Figure 4- Contextualized disclosure levels in google search results

Garson GD (2013), The Delphi Method in Quantitative Research. Statistical Associates Publishers, locations 368-438(Kindle edition ) Pew Research Center (2013), Health Online 2013 report,.4.

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&ĂƐĐŝƐŵ ŽŶ ĂŵĂnjŽƚnj͗ ŽŶĨŽƌŵŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ dƌĂĚŝƚŝŽŶ

ŚƚƚƉƐ͗ͬ​ͬǁǁǁ͘ŐŽŽŐůĞ͘ĐŽŵͬƐĞĂƌĐŚƋсĂнǁƌŝŶŬůĞнŝŶнƚŝŵĞнŝƚΘƚďŵсŝƐĐŚΘǀĞĚсϮĂŚh< ǁũŽϬď^ƌƚĞŶϭ ŚhƵ: Y/,ĂZnj Ŭ/YϮĐ ĞŐY/ ΘŽƋс нǁƌŝŶŬůĞнŝŶнƚŝŵĞнŝƚΘŐƐͺůĐƉс ŐEƉďtĐY ZŐ DŐh/ /& YŐ YLJ YŐ / DŐh/ /& YŐ YLJ ŐŐ ŐY,ũ/' Y ĞDŐz/ / ϰLJ Ő ŐLJ Ő Őϲ ǁŐũ Kϴ Đϲ Ő / > KŐŐ/ dž dž dŽ YYnjŽ> YŐ YYƐYDY Őǁ ϲ ǁŐ > Dϲ ŐŐ ŽY'& LJŐEzϰĞϰ z:dϰ ϮŐ Đ ϰ / ŝŐ</ ĞŽĐŬŐ 'D ϰdžE^ϰϯŵ Ž ƋŐ > ϯĚnj>yĚƉĞŝϭƉďtĨ Y ΘƐĐůŝĞŶƚсŝŵŐΘĞŝсͺϵͺĂũt Ăϳ/ϬW WƉKĞ Ŭ YΘďŝŚсϲϰϵΘďŝǁс ϭϯϲϲΘƌůnjсϭ Z:E:ͺĞŶ ϵϭϲηŝŵŐƌĐсĞ'/ͺƋd/DϴƵŵ'>D͘

ĂŵĂnjŽƚnj • /Ŷ ƚŚĞ ŶŽǀĞů͕ ǁŚĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƌĞĂĚĞƌ ĨŝƌƐƚ ĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌƐ ĂŵĂnjŽƚnj͕ ƚŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ ĂŶ ŝŵŵĞĚŝĂĐLJ ŽĨ ůŝŬĞŶĞƐƐ ĂŶĚ ƐƉĂƚŝĂů ĐŽŶĨŽƌŵŝƚLJ͗ “Below them the town was ůĂŝĚ ŽƵƚ ŝŶ Ă ŚĂƌƐŚ ĂŶŐƵůĂƌ ƉĂƚƚĞƌŶ͘ dŚĞ ŚŽƵƐĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŽƵƚƐŬŝƌƚƐ ǁĞƌĞ Ăůů ĞdžĂĐƚůLJ ĂůŝŬĞ͕ ƐŵĂůů ƐƋƵĂƌĞ ďŽdžĞƐ ƉĂŝŶƚĞĚ ŐƌĂLJ͘ ĂĐŚ ŚĂĚ Ă ƐŵĂůů͕ ƌĞĐƚĂŶŐƵůĂƌ ƉůŽƚ ŽĨ ůĂǁŶ ŝŶ ĨƌŽŶƚ͕ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ƐƚƌĂŝŐŚƚ ůŝŶĞ ŽĨ ĚƵůůͲůŽŽŬŝŶŐ ĨůŽǁĞƌƐ ĞĚŐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƚŚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĚŽŽƌ͘ DĞŐ ŚĂĚ Ă ĨĞĞůŝŶŐ ƚŚĂƚ ŝĨ ƐŚĞ ĐŽƵůĚ ĐŽƵŶƚ ƚŚĞ ĨůŽǁĞƌƐ ƚŚĞƌĞ ǁŽƵůĚ ďĞ ĞdžĂĐƚůLJ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ŶƵŵďĞƌ ĨŽƌ ĞĂĐŚ house” (>Ζ ŶŐůĞ ϭϭϱͿ͘ • KŶ ĂŵĂnjŽƚnj͕ /d ĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐ Ăůů ƚŚŽƵŐŚƚ ĂŶĚ ďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ͕ ŵĂŬŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶĞƚ ǀŽŝĚ ŽĨ ĂŶLJ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝƚLJ ; ŝƌĚ ϳϭϭͿ͖ ƚŚŝƐ ǀŽŝĚŶĞƐƐ ŝƐ ƉĂƌƚŝĐƵůĂƌůLJ ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ĚŽŵĞƐƚŝĐ ƐƉĂĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŚŽƵƐĞƐ͘ • KŶ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶĞƚ͕ DĞŐ ƵƚŝůŝnjĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƉŽǁĞƌ ŽĨ ŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚ ƚŚŽƵŐŚƚ ; ŝƌĚ ϳϭϭͿ ƚŽ ĞƐĐĂƉĞ ƚŚĞ ƌĂĚŝĐĂů ;ĨĂƐĐŝƐƚͿ ĐŽŶĨŽƌŵŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƚƌŽů ĞdžĞƌƚĞĚ ďLJ /d͘ dŚĞ ĚĞƉŝĐƚŝŽŶ ŽĨ ĂŵĂnjŽƚnj ĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ ĞŵƉŚĂƐŝnjĞƐ ƚŚĞ ǁĂƌŶŝŶŐ >Ζ ŶŐůĞ ĐŽŶǀĞLJƐ ŽĨ ĐŽůůĞĐƚŝǀŝƐƚ ƐŽĐŝĞƚŝĞƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ ŽĨ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝƐŵ͘

• KŶ ĂŵĂnjŽƚnj͕ ƚŚĞ ƚƌĂĚŝƚŝŽŶ ĨĂƐĐŝƐƚƐ ƉĂLJ ƚƌŝďƵƚĞ ƚŽ͕ ĂƐ ƐƚĂƚĞĚ ďLJ :ĂĐŽďƐŽŶ͕ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ ƌŝŐŽƌŽƵƐ ƐĐŚĞĚƵůĞƐ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚ ƵƉŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ͘ LJ ĐƌĞĂƚŝŶŐ ůŝŬĞ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ƐĐŚĞĚƵůĞƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚŝnjĞŶƐ ŽĨ ĂŵĂnjŽƚnj ďĞĐŽŵĞ ĞŶƚĂŶŐůĞĚ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ Ă ƌĞƉĞƚŝƚŝǀĞ ĐLJĐůĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƐĞƌǀĞƐ ĂƐ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƚƌĂĚŝƚŝŽŶ͗ “All in rhythm. All identical.

Like the houses. Like the paths. Like the flowers” (L’Engle ϭϭϱͿ͘ • dŚĞ ĚĂŶŐĞƌ ŽĨ ƚŚĞƐĞ ƚƌĂĚŝƚŝŽŶƐͬƐĐŚĞĚƵůĞƐ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽƐƉĞĐƚ ŽĨ ďƌĞĂŬŝŶŐ ƚŚĞŵ ĂŶĚ ďĞŝŶŐ ƐĞĞŶ ďLJ ŚŝŐŚĞƌ ĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƚŝĞƐ ;ŝ͘Ğ͕͘ /dͿ͘ • dŚĞ ƚĞƌƌŽƌ ŽĨ ďƌĞĂŬŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚ ƚƌĂĚŝƚŝŽŶƐ ŝƐ ĚĞƉŝĐƚĞĚ ďLJ Ăůů ĐŝƚŝnjĞŶƐ ŽĨ ĂŵĂnjŽƚnj͕ LJĞƚ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƐƚ ǀŝǀŝĚ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚŝŽŶ ŝƐ ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĞ ƚŚƌĞĞ ƉƌŽƚĂŐŽŶŝƐƚƐ ĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌ͗ “Oh, no! The children in our section never drop balls! They’re all perfectly trained. We haven't had an Aberration for three years” (L’Engle ϭϭϴͿ͘ • dŚŝƐ ĨĞĂƌ ŽĨ ĂďĞƌƌĂƚŝŽŶ ƉĞƌĨĞĐƚůLJ ĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƌĂĚŝĐĂů ĐŽŶĨŽƌŵŝƚLJ ŽĨ ĨĂƐĐŝƐƚ ƌĞŐŝŵĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĚĂŶŐĞƌ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝƚLJ ŚĂƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞŵ͘

ŶŐůĞΖƐ tƌŝŶŬůĞ /Ŷ dŝŵĞ

ǁĞƐƚĞƌŶ WŽůLJƚĞĐŚŶŝĐ ŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ ϮϬϮϮ

&ĂƐĐŝƐŵ ŽŶ ĂŵĂnjŽƚnj͗ ĂŶŐĞƌƐ ƚŽ ŽŶĨŽƌŵŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ dƌĂĚŝƚŝŽŶ

• Jacobson writes that “the fascist knows that sustaining tradition in the face of reason requires discipline and violence…. It requires keeping the strange, the different, the other at bay” (404).

• /Ŷ tƌŝŶŬůĞ /Ŷ dŝŵĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ΗŽƚŚĞƌΗ ƚŚĂƚ :ĂĐŽďƐŽŶ ƌĞĨĞƌƐ ƚŽ ŝƐ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ƚŚƌĞĞ ƉƌŽƚĂŐŽŶŝƐƚƐ͗ DĞŐ͕ ĂůǀŝŶ͕ ĂŶĚ ŚĂƌůĞƐ tĂůůĂĐĞ͘ ůů ƚŚƌĞĞ ŚĂǀĞ ĞdžĐĞƉƚŝŽŶĂů ĂďŝůŝƚŝĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƐŝŐŶŝĨLJ ƚŚĞŵ ĂƐ ƐƚƌĂŶŐĞ͕ ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚ͕ Žƌ ƵŶŝƋƵĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ƐĞƚ ƚŚĞŵ ĂƉĂƌƚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶĨŽƌŵĞĚ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐ ŽĨ ƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ͘ • DĞŐ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ďĞƐƚ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ ŽĨ ΗƚŚĞ ŽƚŚĞƌΗ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŚĞƌ ĞdžƚƌĞŵĞ ƐƚƵďďŽƌŶŶĞƐƐ ƚŽ ĐŽŶĨŽƌŵ ƚŽ ďŽƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ ŽĨ ŚĞƌ ŚŽŵĞ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ ŽĨ ĂŵĂnjŽƚnj͘ • dŚŝƐ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝƚLJ ŝƐ ĐŽŶĚĞŵŶĞĚ ďLJ /d͕ ƚŚŽƵŐŚ ŝƚ ďĞĐŽŵĞƐ DĞŐΖƐ ŐƌĞĂƚĞƐƚ ŐŝĨƚ ĂŐĂŝŶƐƚ ƚŚĞ ĚĂŶŐĞƌƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ƌĂĚŝĐĂů ĐŽŶĨŽƌŵŝƚLJ ŽĨ ĂŵĂnjŽƚnj ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐ͘

ƌĞĂŬŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ dƌĂĚŝƚŝŽŶ͗ /ŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ >ŽǀĞ • DĞŐ ŽǀĞƌĐŽŵĞƐ ƚŚĞ ĨĂƐĐŝƐƚ ƌĞŐŝŵĞ ŽĨ ĂŵĂnjŽƚnj ďLJ ƵƚŝůŝnjŝŶŐ ŚĞƌ ĨĂƵůƚ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝƐ ŚĞƌ ƌĞĨƵƐĂů ƚŽ ĐŽŶĨŽƌŵ͕ ĂƐ ŚĞƌ ŐƌĞĂƚĞƐƚ ƉŽǁĞƌ͘ ,Ğƌ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝƚLJ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĨĂĐĞ ŽĨ ƌĂĚŝĐĂů ĐŽŶĨŽƌŵŝƚLJ ŝƐ ǁŚĂƚ ƐĂǀĞƐ ŚĞƌ ĨĂŵŝůLJ͘ • /Ŷ ƌĞĨƵƐŝŶŐ ƚŽ ĐŽŶĨŽƌŵ ƚŽ /d͕ DĞŐ ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞƐ ĂŶ ĞŵŽƚŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ ƚŚĂƚ ĨĂƐĐŝƐƚ ƌĞŐŝŵĞƐ ŶĞŝƚŚĞƌ ƉƌĂĐƚŝĐĞ ŶŽƌ ĞŶĚŽƌƐĞ͗ ůŽǀĞ͘ • >Ζ ŶŐůĞ ĚĞƉŝĐƚƐ ƚŚĞ ƉŽǁĞƌ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ůŽǀĞ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ũƵƐƚ Ă ĨĞǁ ǁŽƌĚƐ͗ Η>ŽǀĞ͘ dŚĂƚ ǁĂƐ ǁŚĂƚ ƐŚĞ ŚĂĚ ƚŚĂƚ /d ĚŝĚ ŶŽƚ ŚĂǀĞΗ ;>Ζ ŶŐůĞ ϮϮϴͿ͘ • LJ ƵƐŝŶŐ ůŽǀĞ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ĨĂĐƚŽƌ ƚŚĂƚ ĨƌĞĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽƚĂŐŽŶŽƐƚƐ ĨƌŽŵ ƌĂĚŝĐĂů ĐŽŶĨŽƌŵŝƚLJ͕ >Ζ ŶŐůĞ ĚĞƉŝĐƚƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƌĞƉĞƚŝƚŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƚƌĂĚŝƚŝŽŶ ĂƐ ƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJ ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ ǀŝƚĂů ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĨĂƐĐŝƐƚ ƌĞŐŝŵĞ ĂƌĞ ƚŚƌĞĂƚĞŶĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ŝƌƌĞŐƵůĂƌŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ƐƉŽŶƚĂŶĞŽƵƐ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ ŽĨ ůŽǀĞ͘ • >ŽǀĞ͕ ŝŶ ďĞŝŶŐ ƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐ ĂŶ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ĨƌĞĞůLJ ĐŽŵŵŝƚƐ ƚŽ͕ ĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ ƐƚĂŶĚƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƌĞĂƐŽŶ ŽĨ ďĞŝŶŐ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƐ ĚĂŶŐĞƌŽƵƐ ƚŽ ĨĂƐĐŝƐƚ ƌĞŐŝŵĞƐ ĂƐ ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚ ďLJ :ĂĐŽďƐŽŶ͖ DĞŐ ĐŚŽŽƐĞƐ ƚŽ ůŽǀĞ͕ ƐŚĞ ĐŚŽŽƐĞƐ ŚŽǁ ƚŽ ůŽǀĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ŚŽǁ ƚŽ ĚŝƐƉůĂLJ ŚĞƌ ůŽǀĞ͘ • dŚŝƐ ĞŵƉŚĂƐŝnjĞƐ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝƚLJ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ůŽǀĞ ŝƐ ƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐ ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚ ĨŽƌ ĞǀĞƌLJŽŶĞ ǁŚŽ ĞŶŐĂŐĞƐ ŝŶ ŝƚ͘

dŚĞ ZĞĂů tŽƌůĚ͗ DŽĚĞƌŶ ^ŽĐŝĞƚLJ͕ ŽŶĨŽƌŵŝƚLJ͕ ĂŶĚ /ŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝƐŵ • ůƚŚŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ Ă ƌŝƐĞ ŽĨ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝƐŵ ĂƐ Ă ǀŝƚĂů ĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŵŽĚĞƌŶ ƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ͕ ĐŽŶĨŽƌŵŝƚLJ Ɛƚŝůů ƌĞŝŐŶƐ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ŵĞĚŝĂƚŽƌ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ĂŶĚ ƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ͘ dŚŝƐ ĐƌĞĂƚĞƐ ƚŚĞ ŶŽƚŝŽŶ ƚŚĂƚ ĐŽŶĨŽƌŵŝƚLJ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ƐĂĨĞƌ ĂŶĚ ĨĂǀŽƵƌĂďůĞ ĐŚŽŝĐĞ͘ • &Žƌ ŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞ͗ ϭ͘ ^ĐŚŽŽůƐ͗ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ĐůŝƋƵĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŶĞĞĚ ĨŽƌ ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ ƚŽ ĂƐƐŝŵŝůĂƚĞ ůĞƐƐ ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝǀĞ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ŵĂũŽƌŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐůĂƐƐ ƉŽƉƵůĂƚŝŽŶ͘ Ϯ͘ ^ŽĐŝĞƚLJ͗ ŽƐƚƌĂĐŝnjŝŶŐ ƚŚŽƐĞ ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƐĞůĨ Žƌ ƚŚĞ ŐƌŽƵƉ͘ ϯ͘ WŽůŝƚŝĐƐ͗ ĐŽŶĨŽƌŵŝŶŐ ƚŽ ŽŶĞ ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƚŝǀĞ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶĚĞŵŶŝŶŐ ƚŚŽƐĞ ǁŚŽƐĞ ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƚŝǀĞƐ ĚŽ ŶŽƚ ĂůŝŐŶ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƐĞůĨ͘ • 4…5…6…

• LJ ǀŝĞǁŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ĐŽŶĨŽƌŵ ŝŶ ƐŽŵĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ďƌŽĂĚĞƐƚ ĂƌĞĂƐ ŽĨ ŵŽĚĞƌŶ ƐŽĐŝĞƚŝĞƐ ͕ ŽŶĞ ƐĞĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ Ă ƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ĐŽŶĨŽƌŵŝƚLJ ƚŚĂƚ ŽǀĞƌƌŝĚĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽŵŽƚŝŽŶ ŽĨ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝƚLJ͘ • >Ζ ŶŐůĞ ĐŽŶƚŝŶƵĂůůLJ ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞƐ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ tƌŝŶŬůĞ /Ŷ dŝŵĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝƐŵ ŝƐ ŝŶ ĚĂŶŐĞƌ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ŽĨ ĐŽůůĞĐƚŝǀŝƐƚ ƐŽĐŝĞƚŝĞƐ͘ • ůƚŚŽƵŐŚ ŶŽƚ ƌĂĚŝĐĂů͕ ŵĂŶLJ ŵŽĚĞƌŶ ƐŽĐŝĞƚŝĞƐ ƉƌĂĐƚŝĐĞ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽŵŽƚŝŽŶ ŽĨ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝƐŵ ŝŶ ƌĞŐĂƌĚ ƚŽ ŐƌŽƵƉŝŶŐƐ ŽĨ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ŝƚ ŝƐ ĞĂƐŝĞƌ ƚŽ ĂƉƉĞĂů ƚŽ ŐƌŽƵƉƐ ƌĂƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ƚŽ ƐŝŶŐƵůĂƌ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐ͘

ŚƚƚƉƐ͗ͬ​ͬǁǁǁ͘ŐŽŽŐůĞ͘ĐŽŵͬƐĞĂƌĐŚƋсŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝƚLJнĂƌƚΘƚďŵсŝƐĐŚΘǀĞĚсϮĂŚh< ǁŝ^LJϰϲ ƋDǀϯ Śhǀ/dY/,zϮƐ dhYϮĐ ĞŐY/ ΘŽƋсŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝƚLJнĂ ƌƚΘŐƐͺůĐƉс ŐEƉďtĐY nj/& YŐ YLJ YŐ / DŐz/ & ϰLJ ŐŐ hY,ũ/' Y Z ĞDŐz/ / ϰLJ ŐŐ ŐY,ũ/' Y Ś zKŐĐ//dž ǀ dž ŶKŐŐ/ dž njŽ YYnjŽ, YƐYDYYnjŽ> YŐ YYƐYDYŐǁ ϲ Ő ŚY &ũƋ&t ͺ& ϮŐ Đ ϰ / nj '/ ĐYYŬŐ 'D^ϰdžE^ϰdžŵ Ž ƋŐ > ϯĚnj>yĚƉĞŝϭƉďtĨ Y ΘƐĐůŝĞŶƚсŝŵŐΘĞŝсď ϵϭzƉ>ů ϲͺ ϬW WũĚŵŵƋ DΘďŝŚсϲϭϳΘďŝǁсϭϯϲϲΘƌůnjсϭ Z:E:ͺĞŶ ϵϭϲΘŚůсĞŶηŝŵŐƌĐсEϬdž EE^WĂE/&Ɛ/D͘

Η>ŝŬĞ ĂŶĚ ĞƋƵĂů ĂƌĞ ƚǁŽ ĞŶƚŝƌĞůLJ ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚ ƚŚŝŶŐƐΗ ;>Ζ ŶŐůĞ ϭϳϳͿ͘ ĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ / ǁŽƵůĚ ůŝŬĞ ƚŽ ĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ƌ͘ ŶŶĂ >ĂƉŽŝŶƚĞ ĨŽƌ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚŝŶŐ ŵLJ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ƐĞŵĞƐƚĞƌ ĂŶĚ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ^ƚƵĚĞŶƚ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ͘ ŚƚƚƉƐ͗ͬ​ͬǁǁǁ͘ŐŽŽŐůĞ͘ĐŽŵͬƐĞĂƌĐŚ͍ƋсŵĞŐнĐŚĂƌůĞƐнǁĂůůĂĐĞнĂŶĚнĐĂůǀŝŶΘƌůnjсϭ Z:E:ͺĞŶ ϵϭϲΘƐdžƐƌĨс WƋt ƐϲŶhϲz>dž>,^ ŚĚ<t< ϰϲͺ:h hƌŶY͗ϭϲϰϰϬϵϯϳϰϳϲϴϳΘƐŽƵƌ ĐĞсůŶŵƐΘƚďŵсŝƐĐŚΘƐĂсyΘƐƋŝсϮΘǀĞĚсϮĂŚh< ǁŝƌũ>ƵͲƚƵŶϭ Śh '<z<,s h ŐYͺ hŽ yŽ /Y ǁΘďŝǁсϭϯϲϲΘďŝŚсϲϰϵΘĚƉƌсϭηŝŵŐƌĐсWĞ>ϲdž zϳĨĨ^EϲD͘

dŚĞ ZĞĂů tŽƌůĚ͗ ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶ ŽĨ ĂŵĂnjŽƚnj ĂŶĚ EĂnjŝ 'ĞƌŵĂŶLJ ϭ͘ &ĂƐĐŝƐƚ ZĞŐŝŵĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ĐŽŶƚƌŽůůŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƉĞƌƐƵĂƐŝǀĞ ůĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉ͕ ƌĞƐƵůƚŝŶŐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶĨŽƌŵŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƉŽƉƵůĂƚŝŽŶƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĞdžƉĞĐƚĂƚŝŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŵĞ͘ Ϯ͘ dƌĂĚŝƚŝŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƌŽƵƚŝŶĞƐ ĂƌĞ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ĞĨĨŝĐŝĞŶĐLJ ĂŶĚ ƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŵĞ͘ ϯ͘ WĞŽƉůĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚƌĞĂƚĞŶ ƚŚĞ ĞĨĨŝĐŝĞŶĐLJ ĂŶĚ ƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐƚĂƚĞ ĂƌĞ ƌŝĚ ŽĨ͘ ϰ͘ zŽƵƚŚ ŝŶĚŽĐƚƌŝŶĂƚŝŽŶ ŝƐ Ă ƐŝŐŶŝĨŝĐĂŶƚ ĨĂĐƚŽƌ ĂŶĚ ĞŶƐƵƌĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƌĂĚŝĐĂů ĐŽŶĨŽƌŵŝƚLJ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ͘

tŽƌŬƐ ŝƚĞĚ Bird, Kathy. “The Value of Individualism.” Elementary ŶŐůŝƐŚ͕ ǀŽů͘ ϱϬ͕ ŶŽ͘ ϱ͕ EĂƚŝŽŶĂů ŽƵŶĐŝů ŽĨ dĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ ŽĨ ŶŐůŝƐŚ͕ DĂLJ ϭϵϳϯ͕ ƉƉ͘ ϳϬϳͲ ϳϭϰ͕ ŚƚƚƉƐ͗ͬ​ͬǁǁǁ͘ũƐƚŽƌ͘ŽƌŐͬƐƚĂďůĞͬϰϭϯϴϴϬϱϬ͘ Jacobson, Arthur. J. “What Fascism Teaches Us.” EŽŵŽƐ͕ ǀŽů͘ ϱϲ͕ ŵĞƌŝĐĂŶ ^ŽĐŝĞƚLJ ĨŽƌ WŽůŝƚŝĐĂů ĂŶĚ >ĞŐĂů WŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ͕ ϮϬϭϲ͕ ƉƉ͘ ϰϬϮͲϰϬϲ͕ ŚƚƚƉƐ͗ͬ​ͬǁǁǁ͘ũƐƚŽƌ͘ŽƌŐͬƐƚĂďůĞͬϮϲϯϴϳϴϵϬ͘ L’Engle͕ DĂĚĞůĞŝŶĞ͘ tƌŝŶŬůĞ /Ŷ dŝŵĞ͘ ^ƋƵĂƌĞ &ŝƐŚ͕ ϮϬϬϳ͘

Has Anyone Seen Our Vers

Emma P

Introduction Sociologist Max Weber noticed during his lifetime, a century ago, that with the rise of capitalism has come a societal and cultural shift from a collective mindset, to an individualistic mindset.This shift has led to people feeling less morally obligated to care about and/or have empathy for others. This is becoming increasingly concerning given the serious and complex nature of the many social justice issues the world is facing today.

Thesis: In order to progress and grow towards a more equitable and just society, people as a collective need to start considering verstehen/empathy to be a moral obligation they have to their fellow citizens of the world.

Research &

“Whose Hands Reach Out to the Homeless Communally Orie

Results of this study found that in response to the p communal orientation responded with a more posit orientation responded negatively.

This shows how the degree to which people are com interact with one another in society, especially with r

“Changes in Dispositional Empathy in A A Meta-A

This study examined how empathy in American colleg between 1980 and around 2010.

Purpose

This study used the valid and reliable Interpersona to measure aspects of empathy.

To review modern research studies to examine whether empathy truly in decreasing in our society, as Weber predicted.

Results showed that there were significant change EC (people’s affective reaction to the misfortune consider the perspectives of others) specifically.

EC and PT are the most foundational features o decline in empathy.

us makes y h t a “Emp , but human ts it sugges h c r a e rese e on th ). may b C, 2019 B C ( ” e declin

“From empathy to action: Can enhancing positive attitudes and prosoci

Researchers examined how inducing empathy in chi their attitude towards, refugee children entering the

Results: the children who were exposed to a “real-life” story ab empathy than did the children in the control group w This is hopeful because it shows that strategies can b empathy for others, and children are society’s future.

stehen?: A Call for Empathy

Petersen

& Results

s? Patterns of Helping Among High and Low ented Individuals.”

portrayal of homeless people as sad, people with high tive attitude, and people with low communal

mmunally oriented can directly impact the way people regards to those suffering in society.

American College Students Over Time: Analysis”

ge students has changed over the thirty year span

al Reactivity Index (IRI), which is a personality scale,

es in IRI scores in recent years, indicating a decline in e of others) and PT (people’s cognitive inclination to

of empathy, therefore this study points to a serious

g host‐society children's empathy promote ial behaviour toward refugees?”

ildren of a host society can impact how they treat, and eir community.

bout the experiences of immigrants demonstrated more who were just simply given information. be implemented in schools to help increase children’s .

Conclusion In the century since Weber first noted the negative impact capitalism had on society’s morals and loyalties, research done by others on empathy has agreed with Weber.

There has been a decrease in empathy/community oriented individuals in American society, and an increase in narcissism/individualistic individuals.

Future Research It would be beneficial for future research to look at the correlation between the prevalence of empathy in a society, and the amount and seriousness of social justice issues in said society.

In tackling society’s issues the understanding and respect of intersectionality is essential in today’s world.

Gut Microbiome and

Jacqueline Kirby an INTRODUCTION

METHODS

The gut microbiome or gut flora consists if a collection of

The original link between gut microbes and immunotherapy

bacteria, fungi and other microbes that live mainly in the large

cancer drugs began with methods of treating mice with a

intestine. The functions of the gut microbiome include control

certain chemotherapy drug called cyclophosphamide. The

of digestion and maintenance of overall health. A recent

mice that lacked gut bacteria and antibiotics did not display

breakthrough has led to the discovery of the gut microbiomes

anticancer effects. The methods used by researchers in finding

relationship with the immune system. Our research mainly

promising results directed to the human gut microbiome

focuses on the role of the gut microbiome in immune

included fecal transplants, which provided a positive result but,

responses to cancer.

also posed risks to patients. To overcome these risks, a pill

OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH

containing spore-forming bacteria can be safely administered to patients.

The objective of gut microbiome research is to learn more about how the bacteria in our intestines can affect cancer treatment and the immune system of cancer patients. The aim is to be able to use the gut microbiome as a biomarker, which means based on the present bacteria doctors and researchers could determine what treatments will be the most effective for the patient.

FURTHER RESEARCH Further research is required to develop a better understanding of how the gut microbiome works in relation to cancer treatment as well as which bacteria are beneficial. Proposed solutions for research in the future will be to standardize how all these different studies are conducted and to increase the amount of stool samples. A full review of the studies already done to determine which bacteria are safe to use is also needed in order to make new strides in the immunotherapy field.

RESEARCH POSTER PRESENTATION DESIGN © 2019

www.PosterPresentations.com

d Cancer Treatment

nd Lauren Konashuk RESULTS Results from the different studies done on the gut microbiome differ significantly as to which bacteria or group of bacteria can assist in boosting the immune system or improving treatment.

The exact mechanism of how gut bacteria boost the immune system’s reaction is unknown, however, it involves the use of chemical signals between the bacteria and the immune system

CONCLUSION o There are promising new trials. o Some researchers feel it is too soon for clinical trials. o Precautions are being taken in the clinical trials. o Gut microbiome treatment has already been seen to be useful for non cancer treatments.

that stimulate it. Studies and trials were kicked off in this field

o A pill instead of fecal transplant.

due to Bertrand Routy’s research where he collected stool

o How the gut microbiome works is still a mystery.

samples from cancer patients and his results confirmed a link

o Many concerns as well as solutions

between certain bacteria and an increased response to cancer

o Immunotherapy field is very promising in cancer research.

treatment. Laurence Zitvogel is a major researcher in this field.

• Zitvogel found in her 2013 study that there is a link between the drug cyclophosphamide and the movement of bacteria to the spleen and lymph.

• Her 2015 study confirmed the effect of the gut microbiome on checkpoint inhibitors.

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS o How can the gut microbiome be used to improve cancer therapy? o How can bacteria contribute to cancer progression? o What is the benefit of using a microbiome-based pill instead of a fecal transplant to modify gut bacteria?

REFERENCES Guglielmi G. (2018). How gut microbes are joining the fight against cancer.

Nasr, R., Shamseddine, A., Mukherji, D., Nassar, F., & Temraz, S. (2020).

The crosstalk between microbiome and immune response in gastric cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(18), 6586. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186586 Roviello, G., Iannone, LF., Bersanelli, M., Mini, E., Catalano, M. (2022) The gut microbiome and efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 231. https.//doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.1079 73 Carlomagno, N., Incollingo, P., Tammaro, V., Peluso, G., Rupealta, N., Chiacchio, G., Sandoval Sotelo, M. L., Minieri, G., Pisani, A., Riccio, E., Sabbatini, M., Bracale, U. M., Calogero, A., Dodaro, C. A., & Santangelo, M. (2017). Diagnostic, Predictive, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Molecular Biomarkers in Third Millennium: A Breakthrough in Gastric Cancer. BioMed research international, 2017, 7869802. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7869802 Strimbu K., Travel J., (2010) What are Biomarkers? National Library of Medicine, 5(6), 463-466. doi:1097/COH.0b013e32833ed177

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank Dr. Shauna Henley and Dr. Beatrice Amar for their assistance and approval of this research project.

Lunch Programs: The Partial Compensation of

Aleah Klein Northwestern Polytechnic, Stud

Introduction

Nutrition

• Class–based inequalities perpetuate the inequalities which the lower class continually face.

• The implementation of school lunch programs are beneficial for schools to partake in – especially for low socioeconomic (SES) background students.

• These programs will help low SES students get better access to healthy foods, aide in better academic achievement, and to achieve greater self-efficacy.

France

• Frequency criteria must be met to • Academic achieve maintain good standing with the affected with tho Group d’Etude des Marches socioeconomic st Restauration Collective et Nutrition their high socioec (GEM-RCN).

This is especially • This ensures French children will there is a lack of get a balanced and nutritious diet nutrition availabl during school hours. students.

• Health and nutri Canada have significant a • Canada has no national food school absenteei program in place (A National • Food insecurity w Nutritious School Meal, 2009). individual’s self-e

Theoretical Framework • I use Downey & Condron’s (2016) theories of compensatory mechanisms to better understand the compensations that schools provide. I also touch on their theory of seasonal comparisons to further understand the framework this project entails.

Findings • Absenteeism is a chronic problem within food insecure families. According to Tamiru & Belachew (2017), “Students from food secure households were 57% less likely to be absent from school compared to their food insecure peers.”

• This issue presents significant issues for the student as they score lower on exams and have lower overall grades. They also are behind in cognitive development (Tamiru & Belachew, 2017).

• There is a relationship between positive self-efficacy and mental wellbeing of the individual. Therefore, strategies must be implemented to ensure the lasting trajectory towards both [food insecure] and negative psychological outcomes [are] mitigated during childhood” (Godrich et al, 2019).

Photo by MD Duran on Unsplash

Academic Ac

French school lunch programs follow the guidelines set by the GEM-RCN to provide balanced and nutritious meals to students.

The 15 frequency criteria for school meal service in France [10,13] and the percentage of series fulfilling each criterion among the 40 observed series of 20 meals.

Criteria

Component(s) Concerned

Expected Frequenc y 4/20 max

% of Observed Series Fulfilling the Criterion 1 82.5%

Starters containing more than 15% fat

starter

Raw vegetable or fruit dishes containing at least 50% vegetables or fruits Dishes to fry or pre-fried dishes containing more than 15% fat Protein dishes with a ratio of P/F 1 ≤ 1

starter, side dish protein dish, side dish protein dish

4/20 max 2/20 max

55%

Fish or fish-based dishes containing at least 70% fish and having a ratio of P/F ≥ 2

protein dish

4/20 min

60%

Unground beef, veal or lamb, and offal

protein dish

4/20 min

77.5%

Preparations or ready-to-eat dishes containing less than 70% of the recommended weight for the portion of meat, fish or eggs Vegetables, other than pulses, alone or in a mixture containing at least 50% vegetables Pulses, starches or grains, alone or in a mixture containing at least 50% pulses, starches or grains Cheese containing at least 150 mg of calcium per portion Cheese with a calcium content of more than 100 mg and less than 150 mg per portion Dairy (fresh dairy products, dairy-based desserts) containing more than 100 mg of milk calcium and less than 5 g of fat per portion

protein dish

3/20 max

25%

side dish

=10/20

27.5%

side dish

=10/20

27.5%

starter, dairy product starter, dairy product dairy product, dessert

8/20 min

77.5%

4/20 min

57.5%

6/20 min

40%

dessert dairy product, dessert

3/20 max 4/20 max

95% 100%

dessert

8/20 min

77.5%

Desserts containing more than 15% fat Desserts or dairy products containing more than 20 g of total simple sugars per portion and less than 15% fat Raw fruit dessert 100% raw fruit without added sugars 1

Ratio P/F = protein (g/100 g)/fat (g/100 g).

10/20 min 70% 100%

Schools Towards Low Socioeconomic Students

n-Gebbinck dent Research Conference 2022

chievement

Self-Efficacy

ement is greatly • Self-efficacy, or the presence of ose of low non-disruptive behaviours is tatus compared to significantly reduced in children conomic peers. whose households were food prevalent when secure than those experiencing access to adequate food insecurity. le to these • “Students from moderate and severe food insecure households ition problems had significantly lower scores for association with global self-efficacy to make healthy ism. choices than students from food will also affect the secure households” (Godrich et al., efficacy.

2019).

Conclusion & Future Considerations • Children who are of low SES background have a greater risk of experiencing a lack of adequate nutrition due to the lack of nutritious food accessible to them compared to their high SES peers.

• Future considerations could be made within Canada to implement a national lunch program to remedy the inequalities low SES students experience.

Acknowledgements I thank the research conference committee for making this conference possible, especially in such uncertain times. I also thank Katalin Ormay for assisting me in creating this poster, and Dr. Michael Holland for his advice and reviews.

Ideally, Canadian schools would implement the Canadian Food Guide in its meal planning for school lunches to ensure proper nutrition is met and healthy foods are paramount in student’s diets.

Photo by Antor Paul on Unsplash

References

“A National Nutritious School Meal Program for Canadian Children.” (2009).

Retrieved November 13, 2021, from https://tfss.ca/wpcontent/uploads/2017/11/child-nutrition-backgrounder-jan2009budget.pdf Downey, B. Douglas & Condron, J. Dennis. (2016). “Fifty Years Since the Coleman Report: Rethinking the Relationships Between Schools and Inequality.” SAGE Journals. 89(3), pp. 207-220. doi: 10.1177/0038040716651676 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0038040716651676 Godrich, L. Stephanie, et al. (2019). “Canadian Children from Food Insecure Households Experience Low Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy for Healthy Lifestyle Choices. Nutrients. 11(675), pp. 1-12. doi:10.3390/nu11030675 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6472195/pdf/nutrients11-00675.pdf Tamiru, Dessalegn & Belachew Tefera. (2017). “The Association of Food Insecurity and School Absenteeism: Systematic Review.” Agriculture & Food Security. 6(5), pp. 1-4. doi:10.1186/s40066-016-0083-3 https://agricultureandfoodsecurity.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.118 6/s40066-016-0083-3.pdf

DETERMINING THE MINIMUM INHIBITO

Authors

ANTIBIOTICS FOR PAENIBACILLUS LAR

Maryam Khandani

FOULBROOD IN

Antibiotic resistance and Hone

03. Methodology

A total of 10 P. larvae isolates from across Alberta, as well

streak plated onto MYPGP petri plates and incubated for 7

was diluted in 170 mL of nano pure water to make a stock

was incorporated. The final medium was poured into 25m

0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 mg/L. For control, MYPGP without lin

each bacterial strain and suspended in nuclease-free wat standard 0.5 was made in nuclease-free water. That light

onto the Lincomycin plates in triplicates for each concent

plates were incubated at 35 C for 72 hours and CFUs were

04. Results

01. Introduction Paenibacillus larvae (P. larvae) is a spore-forming bacteria able to infect honeybee larvae causing the honeybee disease

The MIC was 0.25 mg/L for all 11 AFB isolates as no

American Foulbrood (AFB). Larva exposed to the bacteria through contaminated food become infected. The bacteria will

difference in CFUs on the plates without antibiotic

eventually fully consume and decompose the larva, leaving a brown “ropy” mass containing millions of P. larvae spores

was completely inhibited was consistently 0.25 mg

(Genersch, 2010). These spores can remain pathogenic for over 35 years through an array of temperature and environment changes (Ebeling, 2016).

tetracycline antibiotic disc test, indicated antibioti

these strains was equal to that of all the other stra

As of December 2018, 3 antibiotics oxytetracycline, tylosin, and lincomycin have been approved for veterinary use by

for the control of tetracycline resistant strains of P

prescription only to treat AFB in Canada. Oxytetracycline has been used the longest by beekeepers for AFB control though

consistently less than or equal to the concentratio

there has been an increase in resistant strains of P. larvae over the past two decades (Thompson et al., 2003). Though P. larvae is not pathogenic to humans, antibiotic resistance in hives can lead to antibiotic overuse, potentially leading to trace amounts of the antibiotics being found in honey.

By controlling the ways which consumers can obtain antimicrobials, the potential development of resistance in pathogens and other organisms may be limited, and treatments will remain effective when necessary. However, this option is only a temporary fix, allowing more time to develop and research other possible antibiotics (Ebeling, 2016).

The concentration needed to inhibit 100% of bacte

this study; that lincomycin is effective at controllin

congruent with previous studies done on susceptib

MIC values suggesting the bacteria is susceptible t

Table 1. Preliminary antimicrobial discs diffusion zones

02. Objective Determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Lincomycin for P. larvae

(diameter) of P. larvae strains (mm). Ssusceptibility to oxytetracycline represented by inhibition zone larger than or equal to 20 mm and resistance represented by inhibition zone less than 20 mm.

AFB isolate

Oxytetracycline

Lincomycin

1

AB 001

0

31

2

AB 002

34

42

3

AB 046

44

11

4

AB 048

0

10

5

AB 052

0

22

updated screening practice to detect resistance.

6

AB 060

0

11

The objective of this project was to determine the MIC of

7

AB 086

0

38

8

AB 134

0

25

9

AB 138

38

39

10

AB 145

0

41

Since lincomycin hydrochloride is the most recently approved antibiotic in Canada for treatment of AFB, there is a lack of knowledge regarding its use, specifically the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The MIC is defined as the lowest concentration of an antibiotic needed to inhibit growth of a microorganism after incubation (Andrews, 2002).

Determining MICs helps optimize the efficacy of the antibiotics we use and this research would help provide insight into novel ways we can treat foulbrood in our hives nationally. This research would also help other labs and research facilities in screening for AFB; establishing the MIC would help develop

lincomycin for the control of AFB, specifically in the treatment of 10 wild strains isolated from Alberta and one reference P. larvae strain. Beyond the minimum inhibitory concentration, the concentrations required to inhibit 50%, and 90% of growth were also determined for each individual strain that was tested.

Figure 1. Inhibition effect of increasing lincomycin concentrations growth. P. larvae strains were plated in triplicates onto MYPGP m containing varying concentrations of lincomycin (0, 0.0156, 0.0313 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 mg/L). Plates were then incubated at 35 oC and CFUs were counted. The concentration able to fully inhibit gr strain was noted as the MIC.

07. Reference

Andrews, J. M. (2002). Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations. Journal of Antimicrobial C

Ebeling, J., Knispel, H., Hertlein, G., Fünfhaus, A., Genersch, E. (2016). Biology of Paenibacillus larvae, a d

Genersch E. (2010). American Foulbrood in honeybees and its causative agent, Paenibacillus larvae. Jo

Thompson, T. S., Noot, D. K., Calvert, J., & Pernal, S. F. (2003). Determination of lincomycin and tylosin r chromatography A, 1020(2), 241-250.

ORY CONCENTRATION OF LINCOMYCIN

RVAE AND THE CONTROL OF AMERICAN

Special thanks to NWP's School of Applied Research, the NBDC, Patricia Wolf Veiga, Dr. Kouadio Bedie, Dr.

N HONEYBEES

Shauna Henley, and Alison Oostra for your ongoing support

eybees, what we can do to help.

l as one reference P. larvae strain, were used in this study (Table 1) Each isolate was

72 hours at 35 ℃. 2000 mg of lincomycin hydrochloride with a potency of 850 mg/mg

k solution of 10000 mg/L.. MYPGP medium was maintained at 60 ℃ until the antibiotic

mL petri dishes with final lincomycin concentrations of 0.0156, 0.0313, 0.0625, 0.125,

ncomycin was also prepared. Isolated colonies were picked from streak plates of

ter to make a heavy suspension. A diluted suspension equivalent to the McFarland suspension was serially diluted to 10-2 in water and 25 uL of it was spread-plated

tration of lincomycin (including MYPGP + 0 mg/L lincomycin). After spread plating, the

e counted.

o growth was present past 0.125 mg/L lincomycin. Despite the great

cs between different P. larvae isolates, the concentration at which growth

g/L. Strains that displayed zones of inhibition less than 20 mm for the

ic resistance. However, the MIC of lincomycin for the inhibition of growth of

ains used in this study. Thus, these findings support the use of lincomycin

P. larvae. The concentration required to inhibit 50% of growth was

ons needed to inhibit 90%, which was expected.

erial growth was consistently 0.25 μg/mL, which supports the other data in

ng growth for tetracycline resistant strains of P. larvae. These results are

bility of P. larvae to novel antibiotics, where researchers also reported low

to antibiotics other than oxytetracycline

s on P. larvae media 3, 0.0625, 0.125, C for 72 hours rowth for each

06. Conclusion The MIC of lincomycin for the control of P. larvae was found to be 0.25 μg/mL. The low value indicated that the chosen P. larvae strains analyzed were highly susceptible to the antibiotic lincomycin. Based on the results of this study, out of the strains tested there are no resistant or intermediate strains of P. larvae to lincomycin at 0.25 mg/L. Through this study, we have determined the minimum inhibitory concentration of lincomycin for the control of American Foulbrood. And we have shown that lincomycin is effective alternative in controlling oxytetracycline resistant AFB

Figure 2. Concentration of lincomycin to inhibit 50, 90 and 100% (MIC) of growth of P. larvae strains.

Chemotherapy, 49(6), 1049-1049.

deadly pathogen of honey bee larvae. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 100(17), 7387–7395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-016-7716-0

ournal of invertebrate pathology, 103 Suppl 1, S10–S19.

residues in honey using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Journal of

Charts 40

50

40

30

30 20

20 10

0

10

Item 1

Item 2

Item 3

Item 4

Item 5

0

Item 1

Item 2

Item 3

Item 4

Item 5

125

Item 1 100

Item 2

75

50

Item 3

25

Item 4 0

20

40

60

0

10

20

30

0

Item 1

Item 2

Item 1

Item 2

Item 3

Item 4

67%

Item 3

Item 4

Item 5

25

50

20

40

15

30

10

20

5

10

0

Item 1

Item 2

Item 3

Item 4

Item 5

250

0

Item 1

Item 2

Item 3

Item 4

Item 5

2

200

1.5

150 1

100 0.5

50

0

0

10

20

30

0

5

11

17

23

67%

29

Bridging the Gap: Registered N

Evidence Supports

Denis Jodoin, Northw BACKGROUND & INTRODUCTION • Recurrent barrier for homeless persons in Canada is inequitable access to health services(1).

• Homeless persons in the City of Grande Prairie, Alberta, have access to Wapiti House (WH), a shelter that uses a graduated program for lodging clients(2).

• Graduated program(2): o Mat Intox Program – Limited number of mats available each night on first come first served basis for individuals at risk of substance abuse and overdose. First step for many clients in accessing shelter. No access to healthcare team.

OBJECTIVE • To develop a proposal for the addition of a RN who will provide onsite healthcare to clients in the mat and cot programs.

• To demonstrate that much of the expense of a RN position would be recuperated by the reduction in cost of ambulance calls to WH.

o Shelter Cot Program – Common second step for clients.

Beds available from check-in to check-out (multi night stay). No access to healthcare team. o Supportive Housing – Located on 2nd and 3rd floor of the shelter. Clients are accepted by referral only and can now access the onsite healthcare team.

MATERIALS & METHODS

• No access to the healthcare team (registered nurse & nurse practitioner) means clients in mat and cot programs must manage their own mental health, addictions and health concerns while adhering to the rules and expectations of WH. • Counterintuitive to the nature of mental illness and addiction.

• Result is ambulances are called repeatedly (~ once daily) to provide care for clients.

• Registered nurses (RN) have a large scope of practice,(3) the professional autonomy,(5) and the training in harm reduction(4) to deal with the diverse health concerns of WH clients.

RESEARCH POSTER PRESENTATION DESIGN © 2019

www.PosterPresentations.com

• A freedom of information and protection of privacy (FOIP) request was submitted to Alberta Health Services (AHS) for data on the frequency of ambulance (EMS) calls to WH, the number of clients requiring transportation to the hospital, the cost of paid and outstanding invoices related to the calls, and the number of calls related to overdoses.

• Determine the cost of each ambulance ride being requested • Determine AHS budget cost of RN position

Nurse Needed at Wapiti House

s Financial Viability

western Polytechnic RESULTS

CONCLUSIONS

EMS Events that Resulted in a Response to WH(6)

• RN proposal would save EMS a minimum of $40,688/year with potential for much greater savings than available information was able to illustrate.

• Barrier to information created by high cost of FOIP requests.

• RN encompasses many areas related to medication administration, intravenous infusions, sexually transmitted infection screening, wound management, and responding to an opioid crisis.

Year

Total Ambulance Calls

Card 23 *

Transport to Hospital

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 (Jan, Feb, Mar)

357 417 293 359 83

117 137 89 132 16

196 241 149 190 41

• *Card 23 indicates calls coded as poisoning/overdose(6) • Based on information from 911 caller. May be assessed differently on scene.

• Transport count reflects any event that resulted in an EMS transport from the address of interest.

• Total ambulance calls – transport to hospital = number of calls dealt with on scene • FOIP cost to obtain other needed information = $2362.50(7)

• RN scope of practice can bridge gaps for clients at WH. • Harm reduction has potential to prevent overdoses from occurring in the first place, further reducing need for EMS • Further research is needed to prove maximum savings.

REFERENCES 1.

EMS Cost Breakdown

Year

Cost per Year

Cost per Month

Minimum RN Savings (Yearly)

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 (Jan, Feb, Mar)

$115 710 $136 785 $93 365 $115 400 $26 285

$9 642.50 $11 398.75 $7 780.42 $9 616.67 $8 761.67

$40 250 (35%) $44 000 (32%) $36 000 (39%) $42 250 (37%) $10 500 (40%)

• Calculations based on current provincial charges of $385 if patient is transported or $250 if patient is not transported (8) • There is a $200 surcharge if patient is a non-resident of Alberta (8) • The surcharge is not used in these calculations due to cost of FOIP request information. However, it is possible that the surcharge is used often(7).

• The minimum savings to AHS if a RN were employed at WH is based on the patients not needing transportation ($250/event), where it can be assumed that the RN could provide non-transportation care to the patient.

• The average is $40,688/year from 2018 to 2021 • This is a minimum number that potentially would increase with specific information(7) AHS RN Budget Results(9) • Average RN wage with the cost of benefits included is $57.63 • Baseline hours for a full time RN is 1920 annually • RN budget cost per year = $110, 649

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Raphael, D, et al. (2020). Social Determinants of Health: The Canadian Facts. https://thecanadianfacts.org/The_Canadian_Facts-2nd_ed.pdf Wapiti House. (2022). Our Programs. Wapiti House https://wapitihouse.ca/#:~:text=Wapiti%20House%20provides%20shelter%20and College of Registered Nurses of Alberta. (2021). Scope of Practice for Registered Nurses. https://nurses.ab.ca/media/ruwb0xql/scope-of-practice-for-registered-nurses-mar-2021.pdf College of Registered Nurses of Alberta. (2018). Integrating a Harm Reduction Approach in Nursing. https://nurses.ab.ca/media/w20owzab/integrating-a-harm-reduction-approach-tonursing-practice-advice-2018.pdf Canadian Nurses Association. (2017). Code of Ethics for Registered Nurses. https://www.cna-aiic.ca/~/media/cna/page-content/pdf-en/code-of-ethics-2017-editionsecure-interactive.pdf?la=en Alberta Health Services. (April 13, 2022). [Unpublished raw data on FOIP 2022-G-101: Unit Response Months: 2018/Jan - 2022/Mar]. Edmonton, AB. Alberta Health Services. (April 11, 2022). [Unpublished raw data on FOIP Request # 2022G-113: Fee Estimate Notice]. Edmonton, AB. Government of Alberta. (2019). Bulletin: Alberta Health. https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/ab28f50c-3fae-42c4-946086cd547f1043/resource/70f91271-615c-4441-a8ad-a5d2643eff84/download/ahcip-bulletingen-91a-2015.pdf P. Kelln. (personal communication, May 5, 2022). Data on RN Cost for Alberta Health Services.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS • Special thanks to Alison Forest RN, MN for being an incredible ally, mentor, and nursing legend, as she has helped me in every step of this research project, created this poster, and provided profound insight. Her passion and dedication to her profession are truly inspiring, and I could not have done this without her.

• To Katalin Ormay for assistance in making this poster the best it could be, to Marissa Rocca for abstract assistance and the Student Research Conference Committee for the opportunity to present important information about the homeless and mental health access in our community.

• To the staff, administration and clients of WH for allowing me a peek into your work and world.