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HAWLER (ERBIL) BOTANICAL GARDEN -- MASTERPLAN REPORT – May 2014
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SUMMARY HATA! YER ................... İŞARETİ A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. İ. J.
FIELD STUDIES AND INVESTIGATIONS
I. TANIMLANMAMIŞ.
IRAQ ....................................................................................................................................... 7 IRAQI KURDISTAN....................................................................................................................... 7 HAWLER CITY ............................................................................................................................ 8 GEOLOGICAL MAP OF IRAQ ........................................................................................................ 11 HYDROLOGY ........................................................................................................................... 13 CLİMATE ................................................................................................................................ 14 SOİL ...................................................................................................................................... 18 FLORA ................................................................................................................................... 24 FAUNA................................................................................................................................... 28 BİRDS: ................................................................................................................................... 32
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REFERENCES FİG(1) FİG(2) FİG (3)
FİG (4)
LOCATİON OF BOTANİCAL GARDEN
LOCATİON OF HAWLER BOTANİCAL GARDEN WİTHİN ERBİL
LOCATİON OF HAWLER BOTANİCAL GARDEN
FİG(5) GEOLOGY OF IRAQİ KURDİSTAN FİG (6)
GEOLOGİCAL MAP OF ERBİL AND MAHABAD QUADRANGLES
FİG(7) FİG(8) FİG(9) FİG(10) SOİL COMPOSİTİON FİG(11) PHYSİCAL SOİL PROPERTİES FİG(12) CHEMİCAL COMPOSİTİON OF SOİL SAMPLES FİG (13) SOME PROPERTİES OF SOİL SAMPLES FİG(14) CA & MG CONCENTRATİONS İN DİFFERENT SOİL SAMPLES İN HBG FİG(15) NA & K CONCENTRATİON İN DEFFERENT SOİL SAMPLES İN HBG
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I.
FIELD STUDIES AND INVESTIGATIONS A. Iraq
The Republic of Iraq is situated in southwest Asia between latitudes 29° 27' and 37° 23' N and longitudes 38° 42' and 48° 23' E; .With a total area of 444 500 km² of which well over half is desert. It covers a great area of arid lands, stretching from North Africa through the Near East, Iran to Blouchistan and Western Asia. The climate of Iraq is of the semi-arid type designated as continental sub- tropical and characterized by a wide diurnal and annual temperature range(Guest, 1966). There are considerable difference between the two main regions of this land (Kurdistan and other parts of Iraq) the different extended to people, culture, nation, language as will as topography, geology, climate, soils and water. Most of the country is in arid lands with low and erratic rainfall. In most parts crops suffers from high rates of evaporation that exceed rainfall. Temperature varies widely (-1 - 48 °C) . The estimated population in July 2011 was 30.399.572 persons with a growth rate of 2.399 percent. The capital city is Baghdad with a population of 5.751 million persons. Population distribution/density (based on 2002 figures and estimates).
B. Iraqi Kurdistan Kurdistan is the federal region of northern Iraq mostly mountains land. The region boarded Turkey in the north , Iran in the east, Syria in the west and central of Iraq in the south. It has chains of high mountains such as Toro’s and Zagros mountains, which forms a pair of great arch about 3000-4000 meters altitude. Boundaries of Iraqi Kurdistan extend from longitude 41.23- 45.15 E and from latitude 32 45 N to 37. 22 N and covers an area of approximately 165000km squares.
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The topography of the region varies from high mountain, wavy areas and finally the plains. The region land embrace different water sheds such as rivers, springs, and impoundments. Kurdistan known to have most fertile land of Mesopotamia and even the whole middle east.
Fig(1) Location of Kurdistan
C. Hawler City Hawler (Erbil) is the capital of Kurdistan Region, covers about 18170 km squares at an average elevation of 390m above sea level located between latitudes 35o 40’ and 37o 30’ N and longitudes 43o 20’ and 44o 20’ E. The province may be distinguished into two distinct regions with regard to geology and topography; one is the low folds regions of valleys and plains. The second region is the high folds and nappy zone of high mountains with narrow valleys. The city comprise the most famous chain of mountains in Kurdistan region ,the peak of Hassarost being the highest mountain peak in the area ( 3607 m a.s.l ).
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Geological formations range in age from Jurassic to recent. It include limestone, shale, sand and conglomerates. Cretaceous formation occur extensively in the high folds and nappy zone whereas younger sediments and recent alluvial deposits predominate the low fold region, in the high folds zone north-east of Pirmam mountain there is a predominance of cretaceous limestone (Anon, 1955; Guest, 1966; Rzoska, 1980; Maulood et al. 1980). The city is bordered by two major rivers, the Greater Zab river in the North West and the Leser Zab river in the South east side. The aquifer underneath Hawler City are recharged by excess of rain full. Precipitation, snow melting in winter and spring sources in summer season are the main sources of these two rivers. The two rivers flow at a much lower elevation than the general topographic level of the area, thus the ground water is the most important source for irrigation and drinking purposes in general. Recentely Hawler city is undergound havey ground water draft .
Hawler Botanical Garden
Hawler citadel City center
Fig(2) Location of Botanical Garden
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Fig (3) Location of Hawler Botanical Garden within Erbil
Fig (4) Location of Hawler Botanical Garden
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With a population of more than 1.7 million people, Erbil is a large and rapidly expanding city, although it remains relatively compact compared to other cities of similar size in Europe and North America. Erbil is laid out in a pattern of concentric rings surrounding the old citadel in the city’s center. The distance from the center to the outermost ring (120m Street) is approximately 3.5 miles.
D. Geological Map of Iraq The Iraqi plain is bounded on the north and east by the Zagros Mountains with maximum elevatin 3,700 m.a.s.l. The mountain foot hills lie to the southwest of Zagros-Torous serious mountain. Iraq is situated at the northeastern rim of the unstable shelf of the Arabian shield.
Fig(5) Geology of Iraqi Kurdistan
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The invaluable scientific researches of professor H.A. Wright on the mountain ranges of Kurdistan (Wright 1952, 1961,1964) have illustrated the fact that certain climatic and ecological transformations occurred in Kurdistan’s mountains more than 11.000 years ago, which ended that late Quaternary and created favorable conditions for rainfall, the emergence of forests, and the growth of wild wheat and barley. The Thrust zone occupies strips of the Kurdistan region of Iraq near the borders with Turkey and Iran. It is a zone of intensive mobility and differentiation. The thick layer are dominantly carbonate (limestones and dolomitized limestones).Lower and the middle part of Late Cretaceous rocks are also consisted of carbonates (Kometan, Dokan formations) or ‘impure’ carbonates (Shiranish formation) and clastic rocks (Tanjero formation).
Fig (6) Geological map of Erbil and Mahabad Quadrangles
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Hawler lies in the unstable platform of foothill zone, which characterized by narrow elongated anticlines at west and east with parallel axis. The rocks exposed in the core of these folds are lower middle Miocene Epoch. Studied area located within broad plains between anticlines such as Pirmam Mountain and Kirkuk structure at east and west respectively. Rocks of Hawler province are in part igneous, which is composed mainly of limestone CaCO 3, and mudstone, which come from cementation of sand or mud, metamorphic rocks of which originated from igneous rock or from crystallization of shells, limestone and sand stone. Which are resistance to weathering and contain a considerable amount of phosphate mixed with CaCO3. the mineral compound will be originated from dissolving and weathering of rock, which are main material of the earth crust, this are composed of no-silicate as rock salt sor halite Gravel, Gypsum (CaSO4), Calcite (CaCO3) and dolomite (MgCO3 and CaCO3).
E. Hydrology In Hawler area , there are three major aquifers, first is Bakhteari formation ,witch is principal aquifers in the area . The flow of ground water appears as springs in various rates of discharge during rainy seasons when there is a notable increase in the discharge rate and decreasing rate of discharge during dry seasons . The second aquifer in Hawler area in Mesopotamian deposit alluvial where is the last aquifer is recent alluvial conglomerate deposit . Hawler distract is quit rich With under ground water sources , unfortunately surface wells as well as artesian well are widely distributed in the area that should be controlled in one way or another. The source of water in commonly applied for visions purposes such as irrigation , fish ponds domestic use e.t.c. The hydrology of Iraqi Kurdistan is characterized by the presence of many varieties ranges of surface waters such as rivers( Tigreis,
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lesser zab , upper zab, khaboor, sirwan ,alwand) tributaries and streams such as( Tanjero , Khazer , Robari koye . zallm e.t.c). Springs with various sizes big ones such as serchinar, serawisubhan Aga ,Hajiomeran ,and Khurmal or small once that is widely distributed through out the country . Kahrezes is another source of water in kurdistan which is a way of distribution of water from upland to lowland areas through under ground channels . This source of water or irrigation system almost certainly confine to Kurdistan . Many man made lakes or impoundment are present in the region and contribute to surface water resource such as Dukan , Derbanikhan , Duhok impoundment . All these water resources have different sizes , discharges , chemical and physical properties with various catchment areas . Ultimately they are different in quality such as Sulfur sprigs mineral water, hard and soft waters, hot springs, stenothermal and eurythermal water bodies. Can be found in Kurdistan. Rainwater and snow(precipitation) is also strongly contribute to water resources in the area .,Annual rainfall is more than 500mm and may exceed 100-0mm in upland region. The phenomena of flood present in rainy season where as only June __October is dry period in the region. Furthermore the main hydrological character of the area may be described by resembles of annual range and maximum daily range of rainfall (500----1000mm).,many springs are flowing from Aqra –Bekt and pilaspiformation . The main sources for these springs are related to aquifers ,Fissured ,Fissured-karsified rocks.
F.
Climate
The climate of Iraq is a sub-tropical, continental, arid climate with dry hot summers and cooler winters, with some rainfall in central and southern Iraq, and more rainfall in the northern part of the country. The winter is characterized by high pressure, the
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summer by low pressure. The rainfall in northern Iraq is sufficient to support winter crops without irrigation . Usually precipitation occurs from October to May, the mean annual rainfall in the Arbil plain for the period 1941-1970 was 425 mm. year-1, while observed yearly values were between 200 and 700 mm. year-1, while rainfall reduced during the winter and spring time of 1998-1999 to 2000-2001: the observed rainfall was three times lower than the average . The climate is characterized by a wide durirnal and annual ranges of temperature. The climate here considered to be most closely approaches to Irano Turanian type and characterized by mild growing period of the springs and hot summer.
Fig(7) Monhtly air temperatures
The average temperatures in Iraq range from higher than 48 degree C (120 Fahrenheit) in July and August to below freezing in January. A majority of the rainfall occurs from December through April and is more abundant in the mountainous region and often exceed 100 centimeters / year in some places. The summer months are marked by two kinds of wind phenomena: the southern and southeasterly sharqi, a dry, dusty wind with occasional gusts to eighty kilometers an hour, occurs from April to early June and again from late September through November; the shamal, a steady wind from the north and northwest, prevails from mid-June to mid-September.
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Fig(8) Max. Wind speed
Very dry air which accompanies the shamel permits intensive sun heating of the land surface but also provides some cooling effect. Dust storms accompany these winds and may rise to height of several thousand meters, causing hazardous flying conditions and closing airports for brief periods of time.Extremes of temperatures and humidity, coupled with the scarcity of water, will effect both men and equipment. During dry season, clouds of dust caused by vehicle movement will increase detection capabilities in desert regions. Flash flooding in wadis and across roads will hinder trafficability and resupply efforts during the rainy season.
Fig(9) Humidity
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Clear, cloudless skies make air superiority a prerequisite to successful offensive operations throughout Iraq. Air operations may be reduced during windy season. In accordance to Hawler metrological data, the mean annual rainfall, humidity, wind speed and air temperature in Erbil illustrated in table (1). Usually precipitation occur during the months from Octo until May. The annual rainfall average value was 353.44mm/year for the period 2000---2010 while the range was between ( 227.8-514 mm .year .-1) (Table 2 ) despite that of the summer months where precipitation become very rate and often absent According to Guest (1966) and Rzoska (1950) rainfall and humidity play a great role on the climate . all together with temperature . However the mean rainfall value for the studied area during the entire period of the present investigation obtained from Hawler metrological station and General Directorate agricultural was (32.3 mm ). Wile the relative humidity was ( 45.8%) . Air temperature is a basic factor for evaporation and rversely proportionate with precipitation and relative Humidity(Nabi,2005 ). The average annual value of air temperature recorded during the period from 1992 – 2005 ( obtained from Ministry of Agricultural and irrigation ) was 21.72 c: while the monthly average value of air temperature for the area during the period of the investigation are person led in Table (1) .
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Generally the climate of study location are similar to some extended to the other parts of Kurdistan region . with has been classified are semi-arid type of climate. Which is characterized by cold and wet in the in the winter season and dry hot in the summer season . while the spring and autumn season are short with both winter summer season . The wet season extends from December to February , but the long hot and rainless months of late spring and summer season are extended from May to October . Temperature is regarded as one the basic factor from evaporation is also reversely proportionate with both participation and relative humidity . The preva iling wind in these months is Northwest ,while during wet seasons wind direction will be eastward. Generaly the range of wind speed varies from1.51 to(4.8 m/s, )however in summer wind blows cause a drought dusty weather and erosion.
G. Soil The composition and quality of soil are the result of geology, morphology and the climate. To this must be added that the effect of irrigation on soil characters.
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As a whole, the soils in Hawler province are calcareous and originated from limestone and dolomite of different formation. There are also scattered spots of blue Marle, red mud and chalky soils that are belong to Kolosh, Gercus and shiranish formations, but parent material, slope, runoff, soil depth and maturity affect soils variability.
Table (2) Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Soil texture of different samples in HBG %Sand %Loam %Ciay 16 55.8 28.2 15.5 55.6 28.9 16.1 54.9 29 15.6 55 29.4 16 56.2 27.8 17 60.1 22.9 14.9 55.7 29.4 16.2 55.1 28.7 15.8 58.4 25.8 16.4 55.5 28.1
Fig(10) Soil composition
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The parent material of the soils in the uplands and mountains has been derived mainly from various types of limestone.
Fig(11) Physical Soil Properties
The chemical and biological soil forming processes are more important, where physical processes predominate. Real soils with distinct soil horizons have been formed in Northern Iraq. The soils of Northern Iraq have a brown to dark brown colour due to the main characteristics below: 1. The absence of processes of salinization, except in a few small areas. 2. The presence of some soil horizons, as a result of soil forming processes. 3. A slight process of leaching in the surface soil, accompanied by accumulation of lime (in gypsiferous areas, also gf gypsum) at a certain depth below the surface. The horizon of lime accumulation occurs at a greater depth with increasing rainfall. 4. The presence of some organic matter, up to a few percent, in the surface soils.
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Table (3) Some physical& Chemical properties of soil samples in H.B.G % Field capacity 19,50 19,30 18,90 19,80 19,20 18,80 19,90 19,10 20,40 18,90
%Saturati on point 36,22 37,40 34,50 37,70 36,45 35,90 36,34 35,89 36,77 35,87
Soil PH 7,63 7,71 7,60 7,99 7,50 7,61 7,55 7,64 7,29 7,77
%Total nitrrogen 2,24 2,24 2,28 3,36 2,24 4,48 0,28 3,92 2,20 2,30
%Total phosphate 0,33 0,44 0,39 0,28 0,36 0,41 0,32 0,36 0,33 0,31
%Organic matter 2,45 2,45 2,56 2,34 3,10 2,34 2,44 2,56 2,45 2,22
Fig(12) Chemical Composition Of Soil Samples
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Fig (13) Some Properties Of Soil Samples
Furthermore, the soils of Kurdistan Mountains are very variable a consequence of differences in soil climate (exposure, run off), relief (sloping soils), parent material (folding and erosional processes; colluviation), soil depth and maturity. Soils belonging to the following great soil groups have been found: Lithosols, Rendzina and Brown Rendzina soils, Chestnut soils, Reddish Chestnut soils, Brown soils, and Chernozem soils.
Fig(14) Ca & Mg concentrations in different Soil samples in HBG
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The mountain valleys, which are generally synclinal, are filled up with different kinds of material. The bottom is often filled with gravel of the Bakhtiari formation, which is covered by several meters of fine tectured sediment, forming fertile deep soils. During the Pleistocene there have been some periods with intensive erosion in all valleys. Along the rivers there are small strips of young fluviatile sediments. There are only a few large calleys;
Table( 4 )
major cationes , Aniones and total conductivity form different soil samples of( H.B.G)
Ca/mmol/L 4,60 5,10 4,40 3,90 4,50 4,70 4,70 3,60 4,90 3,80
Mg/mmo l/L 2,40 3,10 2,90 2,60 2,70 2,40 2,30 2,20 2,80 1,90
So4/mmol/L
Cl/lmmol/L
K/mmol/L
Na/mmo/L
8,40 8,80 8,10 7,70 7,90 8,50 8,40 8,60 7,20 9,10
1,30 1,60 1,60 1,60 1,20 1,30 1,40 1,30 1,10 1,50
12,40 13,40 11,70 12,50 12,40 12,70 12,10 11,90 13,20 12,30
7,40 7,30 7,60 7,90 7,80 8,00 7,90 7,70 7,60 7,60
E.C/mmo ze/cm 0,67 1,96 0,53 1,14 0,58 1,27 0,22 0,58 0,20 1,67
most are small and irregularly filled up, often only with small areas of deep soils.
Fig(15) Na & K concentration in defferent soil samples in HBG
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H. Flora The Flora of Iraq, with its wealth of over 4830 species, was planned to be published in 9 volumes. Volumes 1,2,3,4(1&2),8&9 were published between 1965 and 1985 (for details see Volume 2) with contributors from all over the World, edited and published at Kew. After the publication of Volume 8 (Monocotyledons, excl. Gramineae ) in 1985, the change of government in Iraq led to the discontinuation of funding, and it was therefore, not possible to publish any more volumes. During 2011, facilitated by the new Iraq government, it has been possible to restart the Flora of Iraq, in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture, Baghdad. The remaining three volumes that exist in part, as typescripts and hand written manuscripts are at various stages of completion. Much work is needed, including the training of botanists in skills for flora writing, creating natty descriptions, vigorous editing and updating, before any of the remaining volumes are in a form which will be ready for publication. Work on Volume 5(2) is now underway under the editorship of Dr Shahina Ghazanfar. This project will contribute substantially towards the completion of a major, collaborative Kew initiative. It will fill a gap in our present knowledge of the biodiversity of this important floristic region. In 2009 the Royal Botanic Garden in Edinburgh conducted a review of the flora of Iraq, so the developed preliminary check list of Iraqi flora that consisted of over 4500 plant spp.
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The Flora of Iraq project is entirely herbarium based, working in collaboration with local botanists for mutual benefit, as this partnership streamlines the process of updating distribution records and describing new species. The attempt is started since last few years. Field surveys is going on to collect, preserve and identify fresh samples through out Kurdistan part of Iraq. More than 2000 samples have been already collected and preserved in hawler and sulimania botanical garden committees. Its worth to mention that more than 85% of Iraqe flora is confined to Kurdistan according to Alshahbaz. Field collection is carried on through a team of young botanist from Hawler and sulimania under the supervision Kurdistan Botanical Garden – Erbil Governorate project. Flora wise Kurdistan can be divided in to three regions:Steppe vegetation: its practically continues desert vegetation but is favored with better meteorological conditions (i) more rainfull and higher humidity.(ii) higher altitude and lower temperature and consequently has a higher density of plant population. Plants found in such areas include (A) early summer annual and Biennials e.g. Trigonella spp. , Echium, Verbascum . etc. (B) small spring annuals such as plantago spp., Papaver , Adonis , Spergularia etc. (C) summer perennial plants and perennial evergreen plants such as Achillea , Aristida , Prunus , Allium , Gagea , Poa , Carex and Hypercum etc. 1. Forest vegetation : Forest vegetation is confined at higher altitudes between 700m and 1800m are . The common forest trees Quercus aegilops , Q. infectoria, Pistacia , pinus and junipers etc. 2. Alpine vegetation: This region lies above 1800m beyond the timber line , the highest peak being 3450m , it covers an area of about 2500 square kilometers. In this belt grow plants like Daphne spp. , Astragalus , Medicago,etc.
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In the lower regions of Euphrates and Tigris and in the alluvial plains, papyrus, lotus and tall reeds form a thick underbrush; willow, poplar and alder trees abound. On the upper and middle Euphrates, the licorice bush yields a juice that is extracted for commercial purpose; another bush growing wild in the semiarid steppe or desert yields gum tragacanth for pharmaceutical use. In the higher Zagros Mountains grows the valonia oak, the bark of which is used for tanning leather. Among about 190 vascular plant species unique to Iraq are:
Fig(16)
Iris heylandiana, Tulipa kurdica, Bellevalia parva,
Fig(17) Vitex iraquensis, Thymus neurophyllus, a bugle Ajuga zakhoensis,
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Fig(18)
Alyssum penjwinense, Nepeta autraniana, Eremurus rechingeri, Stachys nephrophylla, Ornithogalum kurdicum, Heliotropium lasianthum, Peucedanum rechingeri, a dog's tooth grass Cynodon iraquensis, and a milk-vetch Astragalus gillettii. Choriantha popoviana is an endemic genus.
Fig(19)
Onosma qandilicum Terebinth: Sometimes called the turpentine tree, terebinth (Pistacia terebinthus) is a small deciduous tree reaching 30 feet in height. It has small, glossy oval-shaped leaves and reddish-purple flowers in early spring. All parts of the tree have a strong resinous scent and are used as a source of turpentine, which is a common
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and useful solvent. It occurs in semi-desert areas of Iraq and in cultivation. The chemical constituents or active principles of medicinal and poisonous plants vary greatly in different species of plants. But the principles responsible for the effect on human beings or upon animals have been classified broadly under the following heads: Alkaloids and amines , Glycosides , Essential or volatile oils , Fixed oils , Fats and waxes , Carbohydrates , Enzymes , Toxicalbumins , Resins , Tannins , Vitamins , Hormones , Bitter principles , Antibiotics. The study of medicinal plants of a developing country like Iraq, which possesses enough potential drugs resources spread over its extensive tract should be undertaken with all seriousness. The cultivated plants in Iraq exceed 690 type and so it constitute around 20% of Iraqi flora.
Ä°. Fauna Generally, wild animals in Iraq include the hyena, jackal, fox, gazelle, antelope, jerboa, mole, porcupine, desert hare and bat. Beaver, wild ass and ostrich are rare. Wild ducks, geese and partridge are the game birds. Vultures, owls and ravens live near the Euphrates. Falcons are trained for hunting. In Kurdistan part on the other hand wild animals are quite different because of climatic, topographical and geological variation. In general wild animals include:-M0untain Goats, Wolfs ,pigs, Iconic , stags ,Squirrels and even Bears. Beside most of other mammals that found in middle and south of Iraq ,such as Jackals ,fox ,hyena dears antelopen, porcupine and moles. In general there are more than36 species and contains mainly small burrowing animals of step character, gerbils and Merinos, Diplodillus; 8 bats, 2 hedgehogs, a porcupine and others. There are some larger carnivores, 2 Felidae, 2 Canidae, a hyaena, 1 mongoose, 1 marten; of ungulates 2 species of gazelles, the wild sheep and wild goat and boar.
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Fig(20) Donky
1. Onager: Sometimes called the Asiatic wild ass, onagers (Equus hemionus) are extremely rare in Iraq due to habitat destruction and poaching. They spend the summer in mountainous areas with grass and other forage, moving to lower ground in winter. As social animals, onagers live in groups of up to 14 females and young with a dominant male leading the herd. The small family groups congregate in autumn to migrate, sometimes creating herds of more than 200 animals. They are slightly larger than domestic donkeys, typically are 7 feet long and weigh 650 lbs. onaverage 2. Reptiles and amphibia: More than 18 species of snakes, 20 species of geckos, agamid and varanids, lacerates and snicks, one species of Amphisbaena. are known in Iraq .Toroise,Scorpions and Lizards are the most common ones.
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Fig(21) Snake
3. Amphisbaena Alba also known as the red warm lizard or less commonly as the white-bellied warmlezard,is aspecies of amphisbaena in the genus amphisbaena. It occur in Iraq.
Fig(21) Galleze
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Fig(22) Bear
Fig (23) Lizard
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Fig (24) Fish
J. Birds: About 330 species of birds are listed and an interesting table arranges the species according to their stay in Iraq: Residents 78, Visitors; Winter 123, Summer 18 Migrants; Passing 55, Stragglers 12, Not known 43 The ecologically best represented group are species affiliated with watery habitats; these form one third of the total 330 listed. Steppe-desert birds are also prominent. The outstanding feature is the great migration route from north-eastern Europe; ‘countless myriads of water fowl’ migrate to the waters of southern Iraq at present.
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Generally common Birds in Kurdistan are:- Stork, Flamingo, Heron, Hoopoe, moorhen Grebe Eagle ,Francolin, Sand grouse. In contrast wild birds also include:- Griffon vulture, Chucker , Falcon form, Black bird, Swallow, Owl, Collared Dove, Hooded crow, and Sparrow.
Fig (25) Important bird areas for Iraq
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Fig(26) Sparrow
Fig(27) Stork
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Fig (28) Goose
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Fig(29&30)
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Fig (31) Mouse
Bunn's Short-tailed Bandicoot Rat (Nesokia bunnii) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is found only in Iraq.
Fig(32) Beetle
Opsilia irakensis is a species of beetle from a Cerambycidae family, which are native to Iraq.
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Fig (33) Squirrel
The pita skate (Okamejei pita) is a medium-sized skate in the genus Okamejei. The holotype and only known specimen was found in the northern Persian Gulf, in Iraqi waters. It was collected at a depth of less than 15 metres (49 ft).
K. Topography and description of Hawler Botanical Garden (H.B.G) Hawler Botanical Garden {H.B.G} is situated about 12km to the eastern part of Erbil (Hawler) city centre, along the west side of the main road to Koya & Sulaimaniyah facing the main building of Kurdistan monument building. The geographical coordinates of (H.B.G) is as follows: latitude 36.219 and longitude 44.169 with an average of elevation of 736.28m above sea level.
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Fig (34)General topography of H .B .G
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H.B.G (Hawler Botanical Garden) occupies an area of 200 Denim which is equivalent to (500 000 m2) half a million meter squares of arid land that was cared of by the forestay department in Kurdistan. The topography of land may be described as a form as four or five alternative parallel valleys along the area from east to word west direction, each of the valleys has its Owen open space land along it’s both sides . The trend is generally moving from east to west direction. Such topography make the land to be quite suitable for establishing different bridges, waterfalls , channels in quite different shape manners, in other word natural existing topography in various parts of the world may be easily established within this land that suppose to be built for Botanical Garden, in other word its quite fit for creating Hawler Botanical Garden (H.B.G) topography wise. The elevation difference between the deepest point in the middle of the valley to the highest point along the side of the valley may exceed 90m. Which means quite wide range of manipulation is available of altering and establishing different ecosystems in one hand also such topography allows various landscape design for creating different paths, gardens, yards,.…etc within the proposed spot . The minimum elevation found within this area is about 670m above sea level, that means the area is more than 200m higher than Hawler city in contrast, the maximum elevation of Hawler Botanical Garden do exceed 750m above sea level. The spot of (H.B.G) is placed in one of the most attractive truism side of Erbil (Hawler) , the hills around the area ,the plantation make people to face this area for picnics and side views particularly in summer & spring .The flourish of flowers , green covered land, and the climate in spring side be side with the elevation of the land may be regard as additional factors for tourism attraction to the area of Kasnazan and dlopa in Hawler district .
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