Ethnicity of ancient balkans and the sea

Ethnicity of Ancient Balkans and the Sea Peoples Iurii Mosenkis Names of Paleo-Balkan peoples and the Sea Peoples point to their origin and the ways of ancient peopling and migrations.

Paleo-Balkan peoples and languages Paleo-Balkan group of languages may be divided into four sub-groups: GreekMacedonian-Phrygian, Armenian, Thracian, and Illyrian-Albanian. The group possibly correlated with Baden-Kostolac-Coţofeni-Cernavodă III-Ezero level of the ‘Baden cultural circle’ (late 4th – early 3rd m. BCE), perhaps including Usatove. Among these cultures, Kostolac might be Illyrian-Albanian (Vučedol-related Remedello – Messapian), Coţofeni > Budzhak (an ancestor of Armenian Novotitorovka > Catacomb and Phrygian Multi-Rolled > Sabatynivka) – Armenian (similar to Tocharian in some features) or Armenian-Phrygian, Ezero (related to Troy I–II) – Greek or Greek-Macedonian.

M. Gimbutas identified Sitagroi IV and V, Troy I–II, Iortan, Alishar as akin to Ezero and variants of the Ezero culture as a part of Baden-Ezero 1. Beycesultan XIX–XVII was also related2. L. S. Klejn suggests the Baden invasion in Troy II; Troy IIg was destroyed and burnt, possibly by Luwians (Mellaart) Ezero, close to Baden and partially traced to previous Kodjadermen-GumelniţaKaranovo in pottery, preceded related Troy I–II and influenced MMIa Crete during XI – early XII Dynasties of Egypt and the First Babylonian dynasty 3. It might be a source of Thracian-like satem elements in Crete.

An absolute dating might be taken from linguistic-archeological comparison: s > h was in Greek, Phrygian, Armenian, Messapian (but not Illyrian), Iranian, and Lycian.

Indo-Iranian Fatyanovo-Balanovo and then Abashevo (of Corded Ware origin), with a participance of Middle Dnieper with clear Aryan symbolic, gave Indo-Aryan Sintashta-Petrovka-Arkaim-Andronovo (from XXII c. BCE) and Iranian Timber Grave (from early 2nd m. BCE). It was corded/warior stratum while Globular Amphora might represent priest stratum. Timber Grave couldn’t be a source of Greek-PhrygianArmenian shift because it is so late, but earlier Poltavka (R1a, from 2700 BCE), an ancestor of Timber Grave, is a good pretendent. Catacomb might be also the first Iranian (cord ornament, catacombs in Iran contemporaneous with Ukrainian ones, from early 3rd m. BCE) or Armenian.

Novotitorovka and Multi-Rolled, closely related to Catacomb, might be Armenian and Phrygian while the Lycian feature might be of Phrygian origin. Greek might also accept the feature from Phrygian Multi-Rolled in the 17 th c. BCE or even from its ancestor, Budzhak. Perhaps, s / h alternation in Gutian (Sarlagab/Iarlagab, from late XXIII 1 Гимбутас М. Цивилизация Великой Богини: мир Древней Европы (М. 2006), с. 417.

2 http://arheologija.ru/drevnie-kulturyi-vostochnogo-sredizemnomorya-i-maloy-azii/ 3 Катинчаров Р. В. Ранний бронзовый век Фракии.., Кавказ в системе палеометаллических культур Евразии (Тбилиси 1987), с. 168–178, http://annales.info/bronza/small/katin.htm , cf.: Мерперт Н. Я. Древнейшие каменные крепости Болгарии, Новое в археологии (Москва 1972), с. 46–55, http://annales.info/blacksea/small/bolgar.htm

c. BCE) reflected a time of the shift in Graeco-Phrygian-Armenian while SintashtaPetrovka-Arkaim-Andronovo (from XXII c. BCE) are non-shifted Indo-Aryan.

Phrygian component in Burushaski as well as Aegean-related Trialeti might be also related to the late 3rd m. BCE Paleo-Balkan wave from Anatolia to Armenia.

Moving of some Paleo-Balkan peoples in Anatolia might begin about 3000 BCE (Karanovo VII-Ezero-Troy I-II cultures) but main period of moving may be dated to about 1200 BCE. The name of Thracians (Θρᾳκός ‘the Thracian’ = Thrai-k < *Thrausi-k-, acc.

V. I. Georgiev, cf. the Thracian tribe of Τράυσοι)4 contains Armenian-like plural suffix-k, cf. the similar root and suffix in E-trus-c-i. Names of Trausoi, Thracians, Troy, and Tyrsenoi/Etruscans were compared by V. I. Georgiev.

The name of Greeks is morphologically similar to the name of Thracians: Γραικός ‘Greek (man)’ (possibly the root ger-, ‘old’ as in γέρων, ‘old man’ and Armenian-like plural suffix -k and graia, ‘old woman’ without the suffix, cf. the same meaning of the name of Pelasgians, see below, in the context of the Herodotus’ mention of early GreekPelasgian ethnic mixture).

The former name of the Strymon River (a border of Ancient Macedonia) was Palaistinos, ‘the most ancient’, superlat. < palaios, ‘old’. It might be a homeland of Pelasgians/Pelastians/Philistines; the Bible ascribed to the latter a Cretan origin while Homer described Cretan Pelasgians. If Linear A was found in Levant and Goliaf had Mycenaean weapon then Pelasgians might be initially users of Macedonian-like Linear A language and then they were ‘Mycenaeanized’.

Ossetian Allon ‘Alan (man)’ may be compared with Greek (the most archaic Aeolian and Dorian form) Ἕλλαν ‘Greek (man)’, cf. the Multi-Rolled Ware migration in preMycenaean Greece, signs similar to Linear A in the Timber Grave/Zrubna culture with the Multi-Rolled roots, Linear B Atana potnia ‘Athena the Lady’ as possible adaptation of Ossetic-like Satana ‘she-leader of the epic heroes of Narts’ (Greek s > h in the preMycenaean time like in Iranian) with a queen-title like West Caucasian guash ‘prince’, cf.

Kabardian Satanei-guasha; Linear B guasi-leus ‘king of people’ might be of the same origin. Cf. Greek artos, ‘bread’ from Iranian.

Assyrian Muški, Greek Μόσχοι (Colchians after Hecateus), Biblical Meshech (Assyrian Western Mushki), Meskhi (a southern subgroup of Georgians) might be Paleo-Balkan people which was incorporated in Armenians (Armenian plural suffix -k in the name) and Georgians; according to a hypothesis, Georgian Somekhi ‘Armenians’ might be related to the name of Meskhi. Pliny in the 1st century ACE mentioned the Moscheni in southern Armenia (‘Armenia’ at the time stretching south and west to the Mediterranean, bordering on Cappadocia). According to Strabo (7.3.2), not only 4 Cf.: ‘Trauos (Hdt., var. Strauos) – river in the littoral region of the tribe of Bistoni, to the east of the Mesta’s mouth. The name can be explained from the initial form *Trausos, the intervocal -s- having disappeared under a Greek influence. Then it is identical to the first component of the Lith. river name Traũš-upis, meaning ‘a breaking, crushing river’, from the Lith. traũšti ‘to break, to crumble’, traušus ‘brittle’, the Latv. traušs, trausls ‘brittle, fragile’. This interpretation is supported by the fact that the upper course of that river was inhabited by the tribe of Trausoi, who were probably named after the river. V. Tomaschek offered an alternative etymology - Strauos from the Latv. strava ‘current’, the Lith. sravà ‘the same’, the Old-Bulg. strouja ‘a stream’, etc. from the IE *sreu- *sr- ‘to flow’ ’, http://www.baltoslavica.com/forum/lofiversion/index.php/t231.html

Φρύγες descended from Northern Balkan Βρίγες/Βρύγοι but Μυσοί – from Eastern Balkan Μοισοί (cf. Kuti ‘Gutians’ and Koitoi in Colchis). The main Phrygian-Mysian moving from Balkans to Anatolia took place in early 12 th c. BCE while earlier migrations of the Phrygians (Phrix the sailor, late 14th BCE) and Armenians were not excluded. Μυγδονία < *Mus-gdon ‘land of the Mus (people)’ might be belonged to the same people. Μοσσύνοικοι related to Moschians (Herodotus) might be ‘the Mus people united’ (cf. Greek συνοικισμóς); traditional etymology of Mossynoikoi is from Georgian moshena, ‘building’. Alternatively, Mygdonia might be ‘small’ (‘core’) near Macedonia ‘great = colonized later’.

Sparta might mean ‘diaspora’, cf. Greek spora, Armenian spur-k, Etruscan spur-, ‘city’.

Spartoi in Thebes and Colchis might reflect Greek migrations, cf. Ezero-related ‘ProtoColchian culture’ and Strabo’s Achai in Northwest Caucasus.

The Balkan name of Armenos/Ormenos may also mean *ar-men- ‘united’. Ἄρμενος or Ὅρμενος was a founder of the city of Ormenion, the northernmost place in modern Greece. Homer mentioned two Trojan warriors named Ormenos (Iliad 8.273, 2.181) and one Ormenos from Zacynthus; two Ormenos were known in mythical Rhodes (one of the Telchines and another of the Heliadae) 5. In addition to the Paleo-Balkan IndoEuropean component, the Armenian language also included Caucasian and HurrianUrartian components. Παιονία (‘small’, i.e. ‘core’ land) in the north of Μακεδονία (*Make-gdon ‘great land’, cf. Μακετία ‘Macedonia’ Hesych.) pointed to latter as a result of colonization by Paeonians. Paeonians who regarded themselves as Teucrians (Herodot. 5.13) might be proto-Armenians6 who were allies of Priamus in the Trojan War 7. Paeonian river name Ἐρίγων (modern Serbian Црна река ‘Black River’) is similar to Armenian erek ‘twilight, evening’8. Χαονία might be a variant of Παιονία (p>h in Armenian, cf. Etruscan p>f>h, acc. to D. I. Pereverzev, or/and Mongolian p>h, cf. North Mesopotamian Turukki with Hurrian names and Altaic parallels of Hurrian). Athenaeus suggests that the Mysian language was akin to the barely attested Paeonian language of Paeonia, north of Macedon9. So proto-Graeco-Armenians moved southward from Paeonia to Macedonia, cf. similar phonetic features of Armenian and Macedonian.

A land of Curetes in Acarnania and Aetolia might be a homeland of the same Cretan tribe. Titus Livius (31.29) said about Macedonians and two Greek tribes, Aetolians and Acarnans: they are ‘of the same language’ 10. Macedonian-like Linear A might be the language of Curetes.

5 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormenus 6 Gindin L.A. Keteioi (= Hittites) and Paiones (≈ Proto-Armenians) — allies of Troy, Orpheus 1990, p. 6971; Гиндин Л. А., Цымбурский В. Л. Троя и «Пра-Аххиява», Вестник древней истории 1995, № 3, http://annales.info/mal_az/small/praahh.htm 7 Iliad 21.124–384.

8 Цымбурский В. Л. Этно- и лингвогенез Трои как преломление индоевропейской проблемы, Вопросы языкознания, 2003, № 3.

9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysian_language 10 Blažek, V. Paleo-Balkanian languages I: Hellenic languages, Sbornik praci filozoficke fakulty Brnenske university / Studia minora facultatis philosophicae Universitatis Brunensis 10 (2005), p. 24, https://digilib.phil.muni.cz/bitstream/handle/11222.digilib/113980/N_GraecoLatina_10-2005-1_3.pdf? sequence=1

The name of Phrygians might be from Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ- ‘mountain’11 while the self-name (sic!) of Mushki – from a Mysian name of beech: μυσός, ‘Buche’ (Strab.

12.572), μυσόν· τὴν ὀξύην. Μυσοί (Hesychius; cf. Georgian muxa ‘oak’). Cf. the Greek tribe of Δρυόπες ‘of oaks’. The name might be alternatively interpreted or reinterpreted in Greek as ‘mice/mouses’. Mus- ‘mouse’ (see Batrachomyomachia) may be compared with Thessalian Μυρμῐδόνες ‘of the land of ants’ (μύρμηξ ‘ant’ and Macedonian *(g)don- = Greek khthon ‘earth’).

Georgian name of Greeks, Berdzeni, might reflect the satem (Thracian or Iranian) form of *bʰerǵʰ-, cf. Iranian berez-ant-, ‘high’. Thracian-Phrygian contacts with ancient Georgia were very possible. If Novotitarovskaya culture/variant of Yamna (influenced

by Budzhak culture/variant of Yamna, suggested component of Paleo-Balkan) was the Phrygian component of Tocharian-Phrygian symbiosis then Gutians (possibly Tocharian-Phrygian, cf. their Phrygian-like names and the name of the Tukri king, Kikla-palli, in comparison with Phrygian kikla, ‘chariot’, and Tocharian wal-, PhrygianDacian bal-, ‘king’, and also Mitannian instructor of horse-breeding, Kikkuli) might include descendants of Novotitorovskaya. Gutian invasion in Mesopotamia coincided with the fall of Yamna and Catacomb while Novotitorovskaya may be interpreted as ‘Yamna-Catacomb’. Gordius’ vehicle might reflect an old Phrygian tradition traced to Budzhak-Novotitarovskaya-Catacomb. Γέται on the Lower Danube (Strabo 7.3.13), near Moesi (‘Moesi and Getae’, Cassius Dio 51.27), might be named after Armenian get ‘river’ (‘Danubians’, cf. Achaeans ‘of water/river’ related to Ἀχελῷος)12 while Dacians – after *dag- ‘earth’ (cf. Hittite tekan, gen. tagn ‘earth’) < Indo-European *dheghom. Macedonian old capital Ἔδεσσα13 and Phrygian βέδυ, ‘water’ may be related.

Bessi (Albanese bjeske ‘mountain’ < *bes-k- ‘mountains’?), Carpi (Armenian kar ‘stone’, -p plural suffix in Megrel and Elamite, Urartian qarbe ‘rock’), Όδρύσαι (Cretan othrus ‘mountain’), and Albanians (old name of Alps was Alb-, acc. to Strabo) were ‘mountainous’. Molossians (another name was Orestae ‘montainous’)14 might be ‘of 11 Cf.: ‘Bérgē (Strab.) - village in Bisaltia, today Tahino on the western bank of the lake Prasias (Tahino).

This name contains the Thracian word *berg(s) ‘a high place, bank, mountain’ from the IE *bhergho- in the Old-Bulg. bregə ‘bank, coast’, Old-Icel. berg, Old-HighGerman berg, German Berg ‘mountain’; Bergépolis (Steph. Byz.) - town in Thracia. The name has two components: the Thracian Berge- (see the previous entry) + the Greek pólis ‘town’; Bergison (Steph. Byz.) - fortress on the upper course of Hebros (Marica). It is derived from the Thracian *berga(s) with the suffix -is; Bergúlē (Prok.) - town in Turkish Thracia, today Ljule-Burgas. It is derived from the Thracian *berga(s) with the suffix -ula ’, http://www.balto-slavica.com/forum/lofiversion/index.php/t231.html 12 ‘Achelōos, Achelōn (Leo Gramm., Georg. Amartol., Georg. Mon.; AD 917) - small river near the town of Anchialo (Pomorie) on the Black Sea. The name is explained from the IE *əkel- ‘water’, preserved in the Lith. hydronym Akkẽlė (lake). It is also compared with the Lydian river name of Achéles, Akéles, the Phrygian akala ‘water’. As identical are given also the name of Achelōos of five rivers in Greece. The same Thracian name is hidden in the name of the small Black Sea town of Anchialo, attested by Strabo under the form of Anchiálē and by Apian as Anchíalos, which is in fact a Grecized form of the Thracian name, linked with the Greek word anchíalos ‘coastal’, http://www.baltoslavica.com/forum/lofiversion/index.php/t231.html 13 Kretschmer, P. Einleitung.., S. 286.

14 Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond, Epirus: the Geography, the Ancient Remains, the History and Topography of Epirus and Adjacent Areas, Clarendon Press, 1967, p. 703: "The Orestae were

mountain’ (mal), cf. Moldova < *mal-dava ‘the fortress on he hill/mountain’ (S. Paliga), Malea ‘a cape in South Greece’, ancient Greek tribe of Malians, Μαλιεῖς; the second component might be compared with the name of the Thessalian mountain Όσσα15. Θεσπρωτοί might be simply ‘Thessalian men’ (thes- and m(b)rotos ‘mortal man’).

Thessalian Λαπίθαι means ‘of stone’ (Greek laas, Latin lapis, lapid- ‘stone’). Urartian qarbe, ‘rock’ and Karpathos Island eastward of Crete might point to Hurrian influence on Crete from Levantine Khirbet-Kerak culture. Λέλεγες were prehistoric sailors in mainland Greece, Aegean islands, and western Anatolia, possibly successors of Cycladic culture and M. Korfmann’s ‘maritime culture’ of Troy I–III (but the latter may be Tyrsenian because of Lemnian language). E. g., Leleg was the first king in Sparta (Paus. 3.1.1). V. V. Shevoroshkin links the name with HittiteLuwian lulahi ‘foreign men’; cf. Hurr. lula-χ:ǝ ‘foreigner’, Ur. lul-ue ‘foreigner, enemy’.

The word contains Hurrian suffix but it did not mean ‘Hurrian’. It may be related to Lullubi, enemies of Hurrians (Georgian -ebi, Megrel -p, Elamite -p), and ultimately to Sumerian lu-lu ‘men’. Telchines were another candidate to link with the Cycladic culture.

Illyrius was the youngest son of Cadmus (possibly related to the Hurrian watersnake of Hedammu) and Harmonia; Cadmus was the king of the Illyrian tribe of Ἐγχελεῖς, ‘eel-men’, and then turned into snake. The name of Ἰλλυριοί ‘*snakes’ possibly related not only to Βελλεροφῶν or Ἐλλεροφόντης (Eustathius of Thessalonica), ἔλλερος ‘bad’ (Hesych.), Hittite Illuyankas and ellu-essar-, ‘snake pit’16 but also to ἐλύω, ‘roll round’, εἰλύω, ‘enfold, enwrap’, ἐλώρη· πελώρη. The myth of the combat between thundergod and a snake might reflect a Corded Ware-Baden conflict.

Sardeates or Sardiotai, Siculotae or Sikoulotai were also mentioned among Pannonian tribes, and their names pointed to Paleo-Balkan peoples in Sardinia and Sicily.

Dardanians in Italy17 might be related to Messapians (Illyrians in Italy) while Pelasgians in Italy, especially in Crotone,18 might point to the Macedonian-like language: the name Molossian (as we know from a fourth-century inscription)." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orestis_(region) Alternatively, Μολοσσοί were shepherds (cf. Molossian dogs), and their name might be related to Greek melgo, cf. Homer’s and Herodot’s ῾Ιππημολγοί.

15 Cf.: ‘Ossogovo - a mountain, also known as Ossogov, Ossogova, and Osogovska planina. The earliest examples are in Slavic sources (XIII-XIV-th c.). The name can be easily interpreted as a Thracian one from the IE *Ok’o-ghəā (-os) or *Ok’o-ghəom, which led to the Thracian *Asagav- ‘stony country, stony mountain’: Asa- ‘stony’, also found in the river name Asamus and gav- ‘country, district’, related to the Goth. gawi ‘country, countryside’, the Old-HighGerman gawi, the German Gau, the Armen. gavar ‘country, district’, the pre-Greek ‘gaia’. In Slavic the name was adopted relatively earlier and the Thracian a produced o, as in the earliest borrowings in Slavic. Therefore, the Thracian *Asagav > the Slavic Ossogovə, resp. Ossogovo. Its interpretation as ‘stony mountain’ fits well to the geographic features of the mountain, especially of its eastern part. It is known that the rivers, which have their sources in Ossogovo, and flow through the region of Kamenica (!) (kamen = ‘stone’ in Slavic) carry many large stones’, http://www.balto-slavica.com/forum/lofiversion/index.php/t231.html 16 Katz, J. (1998). "How to be a Dragon in Indo-European: Hittite illuyankas and its Linguistic and Cultural Congeners in Latin, Greek, and Germanic". In Jasanoff; Melchert; Oliver. Mír Curad. Studies in Honor of Calvert Watkins. Innsbruck. pp. 317–334. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellerophon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eel 17 Verg. Aen. vii 205-211.

18 Dion. Halic.

of Crotone reflected the consonant shift similar to that in Macedonian and Etruscan, cf.

Phrygian Gordion; Pelasgians lived in Epirus19 while the Epirotic language was similar to Macedonian. Strabo cited Euripidus about the re-naming of Pelasgians by Danaus, 20 and the fact pointed to the last Linear A time of Pelasgians: Danaus’ sailing was dated to the first half of the 16th c. BCE while Linear A had Macedonian features.

Shqyptar, ‘Albanian’ may be related to Albanian shqipe, ‘eagle’ from Latin accipiter;21 cf.

Dalmatae (Albanian delmë, ‘sheep’), Χελιδόνες, ‘swallows’ among Pannonian tribes.

According to an old hypothesis, Tosks of southern Albania (a territory which is located closely to Italy) may be related to Latin Tusci, ‘Etruscans’, and Toscana. However, Albanian is not close to Etruscan. Ιάπυγες of Cretan origin (Herodot. 7.170) might be named in relation with Romanian iapă, ‘mare’ while their closest relatives, Μεσσάπιοι, might be related to the Mediterranean name of bull, cf. the Illyrian god Medaurus the horseman, or to μεταπόντιος, ‘in the midst of the sea’ (Hesych.).

So Paleo-Balkan peoples named themselves systematically: ‘of earth’ (Dacians), ‘of river’ (Gets), ‘of mountains’ (Albanians, Bryges/Phrygians, Bessi, Carpi, Caucones), ‘of beech’ (Moesi/Mysians), ‘of oak’ (Dyopes, cf. the oracle of Dodona), ‘snakes’ (Illyrians); these names migh point to totems. Some names mean ‘old = aboriginal’ (Greeks, Pelasgians) and ‘united’ (Mossynoeci, Armenians).

Sea Peoples If the move of the Sea Peoples was caused by the pressing of post-Únětice cultures (in the transitional period between the Tumulus culture and the Urnfield culture coincided with the beginning of the Sea Peoples activity about 1300 BCE) then Celtic peoples pressed post-Baden Paleo-Balkan peoples of the Adriatic coast who moved in the East Mediterrannean; cf. the myth of the Hyperborean gifts. 22 Many of the Sea Peoples were Paleo-Balkan: Jkwš, Jqjwš, Jkws = ἈχαιϜοί, Dnjn, Tnj, Djn = ΔαναϜοί, Drdny = Δαρδάνιοι, Mšwš as Hittite allies in the Kadesh battle = Moesians (Μοισοί, Μοισία) / Mysians / Mushk / Armenians, Plst, Pršt = Mycenaean-like Philistines / Pelasgians possibly related to former Luwians and contemporary Lycians (cf. Cretan Philistines and Lycians), Šrdn = Sardinians, cf. the Paleo-Balkan substrate in Sardinia.23 19 Strab. V 2.

20 Strab. V 2.

21 Other hypotheses: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shqiptar 22 If Tumuli and Urnfield caused the Sea People migrations then the Hyporborean gifts in Greek mythology and the cult of Apollo derived from Celtic Belenus might be attributed to the events.

23 ‘Первоначальную родину шардана Г. Леман помещает на севере Балкан, приводя в качестве параллели этноним Sardeates/Σαρδιῶται, зафиксированный на далматинском побережье еще в римское время (Lehmann, 1985, S. 45). Кроме того, на территории Фракии (верхнее течение р. Стримон) существовало племя Σαρδοί/Σερδοί и область Σαρδική/Serdica (Lehmann, 1985, S. 45:88; Detshew, 1957, S. 430–432) <…> найденные на Сардинии бронзовые фигурки по защитному и наступательному вооружению идентичны изображениям воинов шардана на египетских рельефах 13–12 вв. до н.э.

(Vagnetti, 2000, P. 319)’, Сафронов А. В. с.

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