Green Roof Retrofit Design: UC College of Law Building

UC College of Law Retrofit Greenroof Plan

Julia Glenn | Summer 2019 HORT 3044 | Roofs & Facades Site Information Location: 2540 Clifton Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45221 Land Use: Institutional Total Roof Area: ~28,000 sq ft Roof Slope: ~0.03% Building Height (ground to roof): ~50 ft

Proposed Total Vegetated Area: ~16,755 sq ft

Proposed Total Unvegetated Area: ~11,245 sq ft Proposed Green Roof Type: Semi-Intensive Primary Purpose: Research & Education Potential Benefits: Stormwater Management, Energy Conservation & Production, Increased Biodiversity & Habitat, Improved Quality of Life Key Concepts: Retrofit Greenroof, Intersection Building, Campus Sustainability Initiative, Urban Biodiversity/Habitat, Live Classroom Opportunity

SITE ANALYSIS

Clifton Ave

environmental factors

College of Law

Calhoun Ave

southwest ohio climate

Referencing the USDA Hardiness Zone Map, Cincinnati is within the 6A zone and the Eastern Corn Belt Plains EPA Ecoregion. This means that the lowest temperature will reach 0 to -5 °F and there are about 40-60 days per year with temperatures over 86 °F. (14)(15)

local campus microclimate

With the College of Law building being located on the corner of campus at a major intersection of Calhoun & Clifton Ave, there are slightly different microclimate patterns. Two of these factors include increased solar exposure because of the lack of surrounding obstacles as well as increased wind due to constant passing vehicular traffic.

plant considerations

Noting the above climate conditions and the regional growing season (Last Week of April-Second Week of October, ~175 days), this design will aim to include perennials, grasses, and sedum native to the Ohio Valley region. (16)

0

(1 inch=40 feet)

40 ft

interior programming

SITE ANALYSIS

top floor rooms (49) building service area

circulation area

library

office facilities

drainage system *no gutters, interior plumbing

office

office service

existing conditions

custodial area

the highlights in this diagram show existing flat drains found scattered on the roof, in no distinguishable pattern. by aerial observation, one can notice the functionality of the existing system because of the rainwater stains from use over time.

mechanical area 0

(1 inch=72 feet)

72 ft

0

top floor departments (6) a&f building services

hallways

shaft spaces law library college of law a & f maintenance & operations 0

(1 inch=72 feet)

72 ft

visible drains

this diagram shows existing, interior structural columns. without an exact calculation of loading capacity, it can be assumed that the roof can hold an intensive roof (over 6� of media). some of the largest columns are, understandably, within the Law Library, a large multifloor chunk of the building.

(1 inch=55 feet)

55 ft

structural frame

interior columns 0

(1 inch=55 feet)

55 ft

SITE ANALYSIS

potential access points

0

(1 inch=44 feet)

44 ft

site biodiversity

viewscapes

the arrows indicating potential entrances/ exits are all located on mechanical shaft areas that raises up about 9’ above the 4th floor roof. the two smaller roofs are above stairways, and the larger square roof is above a core mechanical shaft, where it would be ideal to implement an elevator for ADA access, if budget allows.

existing conditions

the unique quality of this site is the high visibility of the rooftop from all perspectives. from all sidewalks and streets surrounding the building, the rooftop edges are visible. from the rooftop, visitors are treated to a panoramic view of the Clifton and campus neighborhood. on the diagram below, it should be noted that the selected views are from taller buildings nearby the site. from Deaconess Hospital

from Hughes High School

from Calhoun stores

there exists a relatively decent urban biodiversity surrounding the site including both coniferous and deciduous trees, young and mature, as well as shrubs and plantings. this condition will further support and enhance the goal of habitat creation on the green roof.

0

from Siddall Hall Dormitory

(1 inch=43 feet)

43 ft

from Blegen Library

DESIGN PROPOSAL fully accessible 4,320 sq ft patio

circulation

program overview

maintenance access

existing skylights

public path photovoltaic energy production

0

(1 inch=47 feet)

47 ft

public v private

private access only

accessible public area intensive native grasses 0

(1 inch=34 feet)

extensive sedum

vegetation-free zone

34 ft

the central feature of the green roof layout is a publicly accessible patio with amenities to encourage stopping and staying. the design utilizes the existing sky lights as natural barriers creating two blocked off zones from the patio, one which will be utilized for solar energy production, and the other as an extension of the intensive grass edging visible to Calhoun & Clifton Ave intersection passer-byers. both of these private zones would be a well-controlled space for student testing & research. rooftops of the three mechanical penthouses will be vegetated and the central roof will have PV panels as well.

0

(1 inch=47 feet)

47 ft

DESIGN PROPOSAL detailed plan

intensive profile

detailed plan

vegetation 10� deep growing medium

storage compartments

filter fabric drainage board membrane protection waterproof membrane insulation

photovoltaic panels

existing skylights

roof deck

figure 1: diagram showing the profile of a typical green roof

elevator for construction & ADA accessibility

ground lighting

patio amenities: chairs, tables, benches, and umbrellas

extensive profile

vegetation

5� deep growing medium filter fabric drainage board membrane protection waterproof membrane insulation

railing for plant protection

roof deck

figure 2: diagram showing the profile of a typical green roof

0

(1 inch=30 feet)

30 ft

sectional

0

(1 inch=18 feet)

18 ft

eye-level perspective

BEFORE

AFTER

DESIGN PROPOSAL

meadow grasses & flowers

1

7

9

6

9

5

1

planting plan

3

meadow shrubs & flowers

10

6

2

Elymus canadensis (canadian wild rye)

Monarda fistulosa (wild bergamot)

Rhus aromatica (fragrant sumac)

5 8

2 (1 inch=27 feet)

10

Sedum ternatum (woodland stonecrop)

11

7

3 12

0

Panicum virgatum (switchgrass)

Rosa setigera (prairie rose)

11

4

Eragrostis spectabilis (purple lovegrass)

Asclepias tuberosa (butterfly-weed)

27 ft

flowers

the following plant palette was chosen for a variety of reasons touching on the goals of biodiversity, habitat, local sourcing, and aesthetics. the majority of selected plants are native to the Ohio Valley region and perennial. with a mix of sizes and textures, a space for feeding, breeding, nesting, and resting can form. with no strict color palette, the shrubs, grasses, and sedum produce a beautiful array of natural colors for visitors and passer-byers to enjoy.

4

12

8

Dodecatheon meadia (shooting star)

Sedum spurium ‘Fuldaglut’ (fulda glow)

Tephrosia virginiana (goat’s rue)

Sedum telephium (marina)

DESIGN PROPOSAL

potential programming every green roof is unique and valuable in its endless potential for use and enjoyment. in addition to the green roof benefits on the next page, the list below provides some ideation of what the UC College of Law green roof could offer.

users

STUDENTS FACULTY STAFF MAINTENANCE/CONTRACTOR PROSPECTIVE STUDENTS & ACCOMPANYING VISITORS EVENT GUESTS figure 3: image showing a yoga class held on the ASLA green roof patio.

figure 4: image showing a student studying on the Penn State green roof.

programming

CLASS LECTURES STUDY GROUPS STUDENT ORGANIZATION MEETINGS RESEARCH PROJECTS PRIVATE UC EVENTS UC CAMPUS TOURS

research

figure 5: image showing a lecture held on the Southern Illinois University green roof.

figure 6: image showing the dedication of the Penn State green roof.

SYMBIOSIS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC & VEGETATION SATURATION RATES IN VARYING DEPTHS & MEDIA MATERIAL STORMWATER RUNOFF FLOW RATE STORMWATER TEMPERATURE STORMWATER RUNOFF QUANTITY NATIVE PLANT SURVIVAL HABITAT STUDY

DESIGN PROPOSAL

impacts & benefits

provide/ restore habitat

filters pollutants out of rainwater cools temperature of runoff slows flow rate of runoff

improve air quality

ENVIRONMENTAL stormwater runoff management

absorbs stormwater to reduce quantity of runoff

increase biodiversity

GREEN ROOF

marketability for university potential tax incentives or grants

ECONOMIC energy conservation/ production savings

reduce urban heat island effect

satisfies biophilia

provision of safe space

SOCIAL raised property value

opportunity for research & learning

physical accessibility allowing inclusiveness

opportunity for outdoor class & gathering

ambiance for relaxation, studying, or socializing

DESIGN PROPOSAL

critical path timeline growing season

Fall & Safety Protection Measures Install railings & safety equipment Roofing Determine structural integrity Transport necessary materials Electric field vector mapping Repair existing roof Expand penthouse height Quality control of decking Install insulation Install waterproofing Install membrane protection layer Draining & Irrigation Systems Installation of drainage system Laying filter fabric Installation of irrigation system Install borders & edges Flood and function testing Patio Furnishing Transport necessary materials Install deck paving Install benches, tables, chairs, umbrellas Growing Media Blending on/off site Material transportation Material testing Material installation Solar Panels Transport necessary materials Install base structure & panels Plant Material & Vegetation Sourcing from nursery Plant material transportation Plant inspection Planting Wind & shade protection Demobilize & remove hoisting equipment Grow‐in & establishment Post‐Construction Maintenance (plants, media, membrane) Train maintenance staff Membrane inspection University research

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

DESIGN PROPOSAL

construction plan & project cost

installation & maintenance

construction staging there seems to be enough area on all sides of the building for hoisting equipment to access the rooftop, however the mature trees surrounding the building could pose an obstacle, as well as the various landscape slopes at certain corners of the building. due to the library and other rooms having larger interior columns, there will be room on the roof for spot loading materials before distribution.

freight elevator

total estimate $1,578,800 estimate breakdown

heavy-duty construction and installation will be done by contracted professionals. however, there could be opportunities for student volunteers and/or classes to help source nursery materials, plant, and maintain the vegetation. otherwise, maintenance of the green roof’s more complex systems will be handled by a contracted local professional or the University’s grounds/ landscaping crew. potential crane parking potential spot loading

*excluding ongoing maintenance

(based on section 4.2 in the book Design Guidelines for Green Roofs by Steven Peck and Monica Kuhn, B.E.S., B. Arch, O.A.A.) (13)

Design Process 5-10% of total roof cost ~$104,200 Project Administration & Review 2.5-5% of total roof cost ~$52,100 Roofing with Membrane $10-15 per sq ft ~$252,900 Guardrail $20-40 per lin ft ~$19,100 Elevator Installation (17) $75,000-150,000 ~$120,000 Green Roof Profile (membrane to media) $15-30 per sq ft ~$399,900 Irrigation System $2-4 per sq ft ~$63,200 Plants $15-30 per sq ft ~$251,300 Installation Labor $8-18 per sq ft ~$316,100 Ongoing Maintenance $1.25-2 per sq ft annually ~$31,600/yr

long-term storage compartments 0

(1 inch=70 feet)

70 ft

PRECEDENT STUDY

campus building green roof

Figure 8 showing the view from the green roof facing southwest.

Figure 9 showing the Pennsylvania Bluestone tile patio, craft Locust benches, and salvaged steel planters.

virginia commonwealth university - pollak building

Figure 7 showing the 1,200 sq ft patio and entrance to the VCU green roof.

Architects: VMDO Architects Siteworks Studio (Landscape Architect) Prestige Construction (General Contractor) Capitol Greenroofs (Installation)

Total Area: 4,020 sq ft Total Vegetated Area: 2,520 sq ft Cost: (Total unknown, University funded: $20,000) Completion Date: 2011

Key Concepts: • Campus Engagement & Education • Hybrid Greenroof Profile • Energy & Water Efficiency • Local Sourcing Project Benefits: • Living Classroom/Educational Opportunity • Social Gathering Space • Increased Biodiversity • Water Conservation

INTRODUCTION The 2009-2010 Student Government Association (SGA) of Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) initiated and funded the green roof to be built atop the Pollak building, housing the VCU School of Art. This hybrid, intensive and extensive, green roof was the first in the state of Virginia to have a section dedicated to native plants. This green roof was awarded the ‘Best Green Institutional Project’ by the Virginia Sustainable Building Network’s 2018 Green Innovation Awards.(7) Being VCU’s second campus green roof (following the VCU Rice Center roof), this project was a success due to the level of collaboration across several entities. In addition to the general contractor, installer, architect, and landscape architect listed above, there was also a green roof consultant, Roofmeadow, a membrane installer, Carlisle Garden Roof, a material supplier, Conservation Technology, a plant supplier, Wayne’s Wholesale Nursery, and a VCU School of Arts professor liason with 15+ recruited student volunteers.(7)

The Pollak building, located on the Monroe Park campus of VCU was opened in 1971 and contains classrooms, laboratories, and offices for the departments of Fashion Design & Merchandising, Graphic Design, Interior Design, and Photography & Film.(11) On the southeast-facing roof, seedums and grasses and deep-rooted natives make this 5th floor patio a beautiful and biodiverse haven for students and faculty to relax, study, learn, and socialize.

POLICY & INCENTIVE PROGRAMS In the Code of Virginia (state legislation), under Title 15.2 and Chapter 9, General Powers of Local Governments, Section 15.2-977, Green Roof Incentive Programs, states: (2) “Any locality may establish a rate incentive program designed to encourage the use of green roofs in the construction and remodeling of

residential and commercial buildings. If established, the incentives shall be based on the percentage of stormwater runoff reduction the green roof provides.”

Under Title 58.1 and Chapter 38, Miscellaneous Taxes, Section 58.1-3852, Incentives for green roofing, states: (3)

“Any county, city, or town may, by ordinance, grant incentives or provide regulatory flexibility to encourage the use of green roofs in the construction, repair, or remodeling of residential and commercial buildings. Any such incentive or regulatory flexibility shall require that green roofs be used.

The incentives or regulatory flexibility may include, but shall not be limited, to (i) a reduction in permit fees when green roofs are used, (ii) a streamlined process for the approval of building permits when green roofs are used, or (iii) a reduction in any gross receipts tax on green roof contractors as defined by the local ordinance.”

Besides these state-wide statues, I was not able to find any university-specific policies or Richmond-specific incentives. The Virginia Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) provides a very comprehensive Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DSIRE) including policies and incentives to support renewables and energy efficiency. (1) However, the majority of these listings are specific to a certain utility provider or locality, none of which were Richmond, Virginia.

DESIGN INTENT In my analysis, I believe the top three intentions of this green roof were environmental benefits, educational opportunities, and campus gathering space.

Figure 10 showing the view from the green roof facing southwest.

The Office of Sustainability of VCU deems the green roof an ‘educational asset,’ (4) and an official project document says it was, “conceived by the owner and architect to showcase the school’s thorough commitment to a sustainable built environment.” (12) The greenroofs.com report says that the VCU SGA thinks it “serves as a living classroom to educate the campus community as well as a small gathering place for students.” (7) And on the main architect’s website, VMDO Architects, they say it “allows visitors to relax in a tranquil environment surrounded by the green roofscape,” and it is, “conceived and designed as a demonstration of three distinct green roof planting strategies.” (8) I also believe that, like any completed green roof project, it serves as a marketable amenity of the University. While it may not have been a priority intention, the University showcases the green roof on their website and has received a state-wide award for the project. The official project document also says, “Since opening, the Green Roof has become an iconic stop on VCU campus tours. The roof has also become a locus for new sustainability initiatives...” (12) This green roof is not used for testing or research purposes, but it certainly fulfills the above-mentioned intentions of being an educational gathering space. I cannot find information on which classes and/or what campus groups visit and study the green roof, but there are plenty pictures to prove this activity. Access to the green roof is for campus students, faculty, staff, visitors, and maintenance.

PRECEDENT STUDY

Figure 11 showing students beside the garden on the rooftop patio.

The rooftop is advertised as physically accessible.

However, I was not able to find information on how one gets to the 5th-floor rooftop door (elevator, stairs, etc).

The roof design was unique from the start because of the retrofitting of an existing 40-year-old building, so I think the architects and designers intentionally chose to go above-and-beyond by making the garden a demonstration of 3 different types of green roof (will be explained in the PROFILE section) to further serve the goals of being an educational landscape.

As for the environmental benefits intention of the green roof, the architects, designers, and material suppliers certainly addressed this with care and detail.

• The plant palette promotes biodiversity and native growth because of the variety of species, including Virginia-natives which VMDO Architects said “can be found on mountaintop balds in the Blue Ridge Mountains.” (8) • The plant maintenance regime includes a moisture sensor that irrigates when needed to avoid potable water waste, an integrated pest management plan (IPM) to avoid chemical applications, and a plan to utilize natural soil amendments and organic fertilizers. (8) • Materials sourced from within 500 miles of the area include the patio being paved with Pennsylvania Bluestone, the wood benches crafted with Black Locust, a native and rot-resistant substitute for Teak, and the steel planters cut from salvaged pipe from S.B. Cox Demolition in the city’s east end. A steel cable railing system also helped to minimize construction materials and costs. (8) • External low-energy LED fixtures promote the

campus building green roof

Figure 12 showing a group of students having discussion on the green roof’s patio.

Figure 13 showing students planting the vegetation layer in 2011.

energy efficiency of the green roof patio. (8) Both on VMDO Architects’ and the VCU Office of Sustainability’s websites, they list more specific environmental benefits aimed for and achieved including: • “Reduced heat island effect • Reduced stormwater volume • Reduced stormwater flow rates • Reduced energy use • New wildlife habitat (primarily birds and insects) • New passive recreational space” (8)

SITE ANALYSIS & CONTEXT The Pollak building is on VCU’s Monroe Park campus and is located at 325 N Harrison St, Richmond, VA 23284. The use of the building’s interior is for administrative offices, classrooms, and laboratories.

As for history of the building, it was opened in 1971 and named after Theresa Pollak, then 29-year-old founder of VCUarts. (11) The 55-ft-high side of the building that houses the green roof faces inward towards campus, away from busy streets. This facing allows for an almost-panoramic view of the campus and distant city. From the rooftop, you can see a small courtyard below, nearby plain rooftops, the campus center circle, and distant architectural gems. There is a very large HVAC system one-story higher than the green roof so I assume this creates a loud white-noise effect on the patio. Also, installed in 2012, there is a 16ft tall Eddy GT, vertical axis wind turbine that can produce 1750 kWh/yr at wind speeds averaging 5.5 m/s. (7) Visible from the green roof, this is a nearly-silent, chic feature addition to the site.

Figure 14 showing the view of the green roof facing east.

A VCU official project document describes this as, “The terrace is nestled among mature tree canopies bordering the eastern edge of the building and situated to capitalize on views of iconic VCU landmarks while minimizing unsightly views of nearby power lines and rooftop equipment. The rooftop terrace allows building occupants and visitors to relax in a tranquil and healthful environment, surrounded by a natural oasis in the midst of an otherwise bustling urban corridor. Already, this miniature wildlife habitat is frequented by numerous species of birds, butterflies, and other pollinators.” (12) The VCU Monroe Park campus is within the Rolling Coastal Plain (er65m) EPA Ecoregion, the 7a USDA zone, and the 7 AHS zone. This means lowest extreme temperatures reach 0-5°F, and there are about 60-90 days per year over 86°F. To bring it into more understandable terms, the July high is usually 90°F and the January low is usually 28°F. The area of Richmond, Virginia gets about 44 inches of rain in a year (compared to US average of 38 inches), 11 inches of snow in a year (compared to US average of 28 inches), 210 sunny days in a year (compared to US average of 205 days), and precipitation 112 days in a year (compared to US average of 106). (5) My analysis of these statistics is that the area of Richmond, Virginia is a coastal, urban city that experiences slightly higher annual temperatures, slightly more rainfall, and not a severe urban heat island effect. Also important to note is the dramatic difference between Richmond’s elevation above sea level of 210 ft and the US average of 2,443 ft (5), meaning this area may experience coastal storms, flooding, and/or more dire need for green infrastructure implementation.

The area’s frost-free growing season is approximately May 1st-October 30th, lasting 182 days. (9) The green roof’s site receives plenty of sun throughout the year due to its intentional southeast facing.

Other than the provided locational, physical, and seasonal information above, I could not find information about or access to the building’s architectural/structural or utility plans.

INSTALLATION ISSUES By contacting the VCU Director of Sustainability and searching through the contractors’ websites, I did not find any information detailing the actual installation of the green roof and accompanying structures.

It was documented that 15 students from the VCUarts Department of Interior Design volunteered to plant the green roof garden on October 7, 2011 in collaboration with Capitol Greenroofs and Prestige Construction. (10) I assume that there were originally safety concerns about students going out on the roof during construction, but I can tell from the pictures that they worked around this by requiring hard hats and by constructing the outer railing first.

I assume that a crane or some sort of lifting machinery was needed for the heavier, larger materials such as the patio paving tiles and benches because there is only one regular-sized door out to the roof. So I think this could’ve been a challenge because there is not a full-function road that lines the back of the building where the green roof is, there are only two small service roads on either side of the building that they would’ve

PRECEDENT STUDY

campus building green roof

Figure 17 showing the view from the green roof facing south.

Figure 15 showing students planting the vegetation layer in 2011.

Figure 16 showing an aerial view of the Pennsylvania Bluestone tile patio and galvanized grate walkway.

had to use for any machinery.

MAINTENANCE PLAN By contacting the VCU Director of Sustainability and searching through the university and contractors’ websites, I could not find any information about a shortterm or long-term maintenance plan, or even who is in charge of the weekly upkeep and programming. My assumption is that the VCU Office of Sustainability or VCU Grounds and Landscaping Crew maintains the greenroof, or VCU contracts with a professional for maintenance.

PROJECT COST By contacting the VCU Director of Sustainability and searching through the contractors’ websites, I could not find any information about the final/total project cost, let alone the breakdown of project component costs.

It is documented that the VCU SGA funded $20,000 of the project in 2009 when the idea came about. (4) However, this is certainly only a portion of the final cost.

PROFILE None of the websites of Capitol Greenroofs, the installer, Roofmeadows, the consultant, nor Prestige Construction, the general contractor, had this VCU Pollack Building project listed. VMDO Architects did display minimal details of this project. Therefore, I do not have an image or description of the exact profile used on this green roof.

Instead, the information that is documented is the division of the roof into three sections and their respective themes, media depth, and plantings.

There are also notes about the irrigation and storage locations, as well as the fact that all drainage material is Optigreen product. (7) The first section of the green roof is a ‘conventional’ theme located in the center of the garden. This section features a variety of low-growing sedum species (nonnative to the region) planted in growing medium 3-4 inches deep, classifying it as an extensive green roof.

(7)

The second section of the green roof is ‘meadow’ themed and located along the outer edge of the roof.

This section features a mix of native and non-native species that are taller plants and therefore root deeper into 6 inches of growing medium, still classified as an extensive green roof. (7) The third section of the green roof is ‘native’ themed and located along the brick wall of the building edge.

This section features only Virginia-native species with the deepest roots and most moisture-held in the 12-inch-deep growing medium, classifying this portion of the roof as intensive. (This green roof is the first in the state to have a section dedicated to only native plants.) The different sections of this green roof make the project a hybrid, both intensive and extensive. (7)

Another feature of the green roof is the sensor irrigation system. There are two soil moisture sensors placed in the garden for monitoring irrigation needs, to in turn reduce water consumption. The irrigation valve box is placed under the bench and the control system inside a janitor’s closet. Gravel is used to cover the light wiring and irrigation pipes. The 1,500 sq ft patio on the roof is over an Inverted Roof Membrane Assembly (IRMA). (7)

Figure 18 showing the intentional plant palette of the rooftop garden.

By contacting the VCU Director of Sustainability, Erin Stanforth responded with a documented profile of a different green roof also located on VCU’s campus.

While she said that it is a very similar green roof, the contractor and architect are different, and the provided documents show modular-laid roofing, which I read nothing about in relation to the Pollak Building greenroof.

Figure 23 showing the native plants list for the Pollak Building green roof.

Figure 22 showing the aerial plan of the Pollak Building green roof.

REFERENCES CASE STUDY

DESIGN PROPOSAL

1. “Incentives for Virginians.” Virginia Department of Environmental Quality. Accessed June 10, 2019. https://www. deq.virginia.gov/Programs/PollutionPrevention/VirginiaInformationSourceForEnergy/FinancialIncentives.aspx.

2. 15.2. Counties, Cities and Towns, Virginia’s Legislative Information System § 15.2-977 (2009).

3. 58.1. Incentives for Green Roofing, Virginia’s Legislative Information System § 58.1-3852 (2009).

4. “Green Roofs.” Office of Sustainability. September 04, 2015. Accessed June 10, 2019. https://sustainability.vcu.edu/ gardens/green-roofs/.

5. “Climate in Richmond, Virginia.” Richmond, Virginia Climate. Accessed June 10, 2019. https://www.bestplaces.net/ climate/city/virginia/richmond.

6. “UGE – Wind Turbine EddyGT 1kW.” EcoPlanet Energy. Accessed June 10, 2019. http://www.ecoplanetenergy. com/products/uge-wind-turbine-eddygt-1kw/.

7. “Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Pollak Building.” Greenroofs.com. Accessed June 10, 2019. https://www. greenroofs.com/projects/virginia-commonwealth-university-vcu-pollak-building/.

8. “Virginia Commonwealth University Pollak Building Green Roof.” VMDO Architects. Accessed June 10, 2019. https://www.vmdo.com/vcu-pollak-building-green-roof.html.

9. “When to Plant Vegetables in Richmond, Virginia.” Garden.org. Accessed June 10, 2019. https://garden.org/apps/ calendar/?q=23225.

10. Porter, Mike. “VCU Students Plant a Vegetated Garden on Pollak Building.” October 11, 2011. Accessed June 10, 2019. https://www.news.vcu.edu/article/VCU_students_plant_a_vegetated_garden_on_Pollak_Building.

11. “Then-and-Now: The Pollak Building.” VCUarts. September 21, 2018. Accessed June 10, 2019. https://arts.vcu.edu/ then-and-now-the-pollak-building/.

12. 11-109 VCU West Grace HousingSubmittalRoof Plan Model. PDF. Richmond, VA: Autumn Contracting Inc, 2012.

13. Peck, Steven W., and Monica Kuhn. Design Guidelines for Green Roofs. Ontario Assn of Architects, 2003.

14. Cli-MATE: MRCC Application Tools Environment. Accessed June 25, 2019. https://mrcc.illinois.edu/CLIMATE/.

15. SunCalc. Accessed June 25, 2019. https://www.suncalc.org/.

16. Old Farmer’s Almanac. “First and Last Frost Dates.” The Old Farmer’s Almanac. Accessed June 25, 2019. https://www.almanac.com/gardening/frostdates.

17. “How Much Does An Elevator Or Stair Lift Cost To Install?” HomeAdvisor. Accessed July 01, 2019. https:// www.homeadvisor.com/cost/disability-accommodation/install-an-elevator-or-chairlift/#commercial.

Figure 7, 10, 11, 14: Pollak Building Greenroof. Digital image. VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY (VCU) POLLAK BUILDING. Accessed June 09, 2019. https://www.greenroofs.com/projects/virginia-commonwealth-university-vcu-pollak-building/.

Figure 12: L, Jennifer. Class on Pollak Building Greenroof. Digital image. Foursquare City Guide. August 27, 2012. Accessed June 09, 2019. https://foursquare.com/v/vcu-poll ak-building/4b7ca7d6f964a520b39f2fe3?openPhotoId=503c06abe4b0f56ed5efd990.

Figure 13, 15: Porter, Mike. Students Planting Pollak Building Greenroof. Digital image. October 11, 2011. Accessed June 09, 2019. https://www.news.vcu.edu/article/VCU_students_plant_a_vegetated_garden_on_Pollak_Building.

Figure 18: Plant Species. Digital image. Green Roofs. September 04, 2015. Accessed June 09, 2019. https://sustainability.vcu.edu/ gardens/green-roofs/.’

Figure 8, 9, 16, 17: Digital image. Virginia Commonwealth University Pollak Building Green Roof. Accessed June 09, 2019. https://www. vmdo.com/vcu-pollak-building-green-roof.html.

Figure 22, 23: VCU Pollak Green Roof. PDF. Richmond, VA: Virginia Commonwealth University.

Plant Images: fragrant sumac: “Fragrant-Sumac@2x.” Digital image. Phipps. Accessed June 25, 2019. https://www.phipps. conservatory.org/visit-and-explore/explore/plant-collections/. butterfly weed: “Asclepias-tuberosa-08-1.” Digital image. Minnesota Wildflowers. Accessed June 25, 2019. https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/butterfly-weed. shooting star: “F003-11.” Digital image. Glen Echo Nurseries Inc. Accessed June 25, 2019. http://plants.glenecho.com/11100002/Plant/2304/White_Shooting_Star. wild bergamot: “Monarda-fistulosa.merv_0955.” Digital image. Grow Native! Accessed June 25, 2019. http:// grownative.org/pollinator-buffet/. switchgrass: “Ornimental_switchgrass.” Digital image. Auntie Dogma’s Garden Spot. Accessed June 25, 2019. https://auntiedogmasgardenspot.wordpress.com/2013/07/01/switchgrass-panicum-virgatum/. purple lovegrass: “eragrostis-spectabilis-08095-1.” Digital image. Minnesota Wildflowers. Accessed June 25, 2019. https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/grass-sedge-rush/purple-lovegrass. goats rue: “Goats-rue-tephrosia-virginiana-2.” Digital image. Arkansas Native Plant Society. Accessed June 25, 2019. https://anps.org/2015/04/29/know-your-natives-goats-rue/. canadian rye: “DETA-2163.” Digital image. Midwest Groundcovers LLC. Accessed June 25, 2019. https://www. midwestgroundcovers.com/plant/Elymus-canadensis-NGN. sedum ternatum: “Sedum-ternatum-Woodland-Stonecrop.” Digital image. World of Succulents. Accessed June 25, 2019. https://worldofsucculents.com/sedum-ternatum-woodland-stonecrop/. sedum fulda glow: SEDUM spurium ‘Fuldaglut’. Digital image. Plantes-shopping.fr. Accessed June 25, 2019. https://www.plantes-shopping.fr/articles/sedum-spurium-fuldaglut-2780.html. sedum marina: “Sedum-Marina-10.” Digital image. Terra Nova Nurseries Inc. Accessed June 25, 2019. http:// www.terranovanurseries.com/product/sedum-marina/.

Figure 1, 2: “GreenRoofProfile-WEB.” Digital image. Lindum Green Roofs. Accessed June 25, 2019. http://beta.lindumgreenroofs.co.uk.preview.sqgd.net/designing-and-specifying/.

Figure 3: “RoofActivities.” Digital image. ASLA Green Roof. Accessed June 25, 2019. https://www.asla.org/ greenroof/index.html.

Figure 4, 6: Hallett, Geoff. “HUB_Green_Roof_dedication_4-21-17.” Digital image. April 21, 2017. Accessed June 25, 2019. https://news.psu.edu/story/464152/2017/04/21/campus-life/penn-state-dedicates-hubgreen-roof-terrace-2014-class-gift.

Figure 5: Newton, Paul. “4f95fb8431b38.image.” Digital image. The Southern Illinoisan. April 24, 2012. Accessed June 25, 2019. https://thesouthern.com/news/local/siu-shows-off-green-roof-during-earth-dayevents/article_9cc9fe12-8dc2-11e1-9b96-001a4bcf887a.html.