Inside Mining Focus in Africa 2022

FOCUS IN AFRICA

Piezocone Testing Tailored for African mines

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VOLUME 15 NO. 03

Africa’s LNG Industry Exploring new opportunities

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AUGUST 2022

Policy & Legislation Promoting junior mining and exploration

Risk management of petroleum and associated equipment

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FOCUS IN AFRICA ISSUE | 2022

CONTENTS FRONT MATTER Editor’s Comment...........................................................................................................................2 Foreword.............................................................................................................................................3 COVER STORY Efficiency, Confidence & Control: Anton Paar’s solutions in mining and tank terminals..................................................6 PROJECTS Maintaining sustainable wastewater infrastructure.....................................................8 Creating a thriving environment for exploration and junior miners.................9 Clean water for Guinea bauxite mine.............................................................................. 12 The advancement of Ghana’s integrated aluminium industry............................ 14 Gamsberg project progresses to Phase 2..................................................................... 17 Piezocone testing tailored for Africa’s mining needs............................................... 18 LEGAL, INVESTMENT & FINANCE Insights following Junior Indaba 2022................................................................................22 Zambia establishes Mining Appeals Tribunal................................................................25 Tanzania’s amendments to mining regulations............................................................26 EQUIPMENT Radar formula made better with 6X................................................................................29 Emission solutions for underground mining equipment........................................30 Smart solutions for water management in mining....................................................33 Bending machines.........................................................................................................................34 A SmartScale solution for wheel loaders.......................................................................36 AFRICAN ENERGY A growing interest in Africa’s wind energy industry................................................37 Sustainable Africa Scenario to achieve energy development goals................40 Russia-Ukraine conflict brings new opportunities for Africa’s LNG industry..................................................................................................................................43 A strong case for renewable energy in Africa............................................................48 WIM Women making their mark in mining..............................................................................50 FOCUS IN AFRICA

Piezocone Testing Tailored for African mines

|

VOLUME 15 NO. 03

Africa’s LNG Industry Exploring new opportunities

|

AUGUST 2022

Policy & Legislation Promoting junior mining and exploration

Risk management of petroleum and associated equipment

ISSN 1999-8872 • R55.00 (incl. VAT)

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Get in touch with Inside Mining’s sales team to sponsor the upcoming Chilomia.VanWijk@3smedia.co.za) or Amanda De Beer

Advancing Ghana’s aluminium industry

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ON THE COVER issue of the magazine. Contact Chilomia Van Wijk (+27 (0)11 233 2627/

GIADEC:

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(+27 (0)11 233 2612/Amanda.DeBeer@3smedia.co.za).

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EDITOR’S COMMENT

Africa STAND UP!

“We have to be impatient in moving Africa forward.” This powerful quote by Akinwumi Adesina, president of the African Development Bank, seems even more fitting for the African continent than ever before.

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ne of the speakers at Mining Indaba mentioned that when major events take place around the world, Africa is one of the first continents to experience the effects. Sadly this is true. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine provides a prime example.

Russia is a powerhouse when it comes to oil and gas. So, naturally, an impact on the global supply and demand of oil was to be expected, especially considering Russia’s position as a critical supplier to many countries in Europe. The world witnessed developments of the invasion that included Russia restricting its oil and gas supply to some European countries and sanctions that banned Russian oil imports.

An increase in global oil prices was inevitable, as the world scrambled to secure this precious commodity. This then led to an increase in fuel prices and, although this was to be expected, nobody could predict the extreme extent of the price increases. Another rather unanticipated impact of the Russo-Ukrainian War was the increase in the price of cooking oil.

Just like the rest of the world, Africa is feeling the impacts of the war. And, as a developing continent, these impacts hit Africa particularly hard.

Africa’s time to rise The conflict in Europe has highlighted the need for the African continent to become more self-sufficient – and it is indeed possible. A continent rich in many minerals and other critical

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EDITOR Dineo Phoshoko (dineo.phoshoko@3smedia.co.za) HEAD OF DESIGN Beren Bauermeister DESIGNER Janine Schacherl CHIEF SUB-EDITOR Tristan Snijders CONTRIBUTORS NJ Ayuk, Bwalya Chilufya-Musonda, Athi Jara, Wilbert Kapinga, Kelvin Mosha, Joshua Mwamulima, Paul Sinclair PRODUCTION & CLIENT LIAISON MANAGER Antois-Leigh Nepgen GROUP SALES MANAGER Chilomia Van Wijk PRODUCTION COORDINATOR Jacqueline Modise DISTRIBUTION MANAGER Nomsa Masina DISTRIBUTION COORDINATOR Asha Pursotham BOOKKEEPER Tonya Hebenton

SUBSCRIPTIONS subs@3smedia.co.za ADVERTISING SALES Amanda De Beer Tel: +27 (0)72 600 9323 / +27 (0)87 802 5466 Email: amanda.debeer@3smedia.co.za PUBLISHER Jacques Breytenbach 3S Media Production Park, 83 Heidelberg Road, City Deep, Johannesburg South, 2136 PO Box 92026, Norwood 2117 Tel: +27 (0)11 233 2600 www.3smedia.co.za

resources should not be at the mercy of the rest of the world to such a vast extent.

Countries such as Algeria, Nigeria, Libya, Egypt and others have both natural gas and oil reserves. As such, Africa should at the very least be exempt from extreme fuel price increases. In addition, there’s an opportunity for these countries to become major players in the global supply of oil and gas.

NJ Ayuk, executive chairman at the African Energy Chamber, believes that the war in Ukraine could open many doors for Africa’s oil and gas supply. He has shared strong beliefs that the world can rely on Africa to help with the oil and gas supply. In one of his opinion pieces, Ayuk writes, “African countries can help fill the gap. They can provide the ‘Freiheits Gas’ that will wrest Europe from its dependence on Russian pipelines.”

In addition to oil and gas, the continent is endowed with many mineral resources. There is no denying that the natural resources sector has positively contributed to Africa’s economic and social development; however, there is still room for improvement, especially when it comes to beneficiation. Mining Indaba 2022 proved once again that Africa continues to be an attractive investment for the mining industry.

Legislation, conflict and infrastructure development are among the main challenges standing in the way of Africa reaching its full potential. For example, the continent’s oil and gas sector is still in its infancy and requires massive investment to get it on par with global competitors. Another burning issue is that of the responsible sourcing of minerals and the mining of conflict minerals in Africa. If these and other issues are adequately addressed, all that will be left is for Africa to rise.

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FOCUS IN AFRICA ISSUE | 2022

FOREWORD

A NEW DAWN

FOR ZAMBIA’S MINING SECTOR President Hakainde Hichilema of Zambia delivered the presidential address at Mining Indaba 2022. The following is an adaptation of his speech.

Edited by Dineo Phoshoko

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t is my honour and privilege to be part of this year’s Investing in African Mining Indaba.

This year’s theme, ‘African Mining: Investing in the Energy Transition, Environmental, Social and Governance and Economies’, could not have come at a more opportune time.

As such, this calls for deliberate efforts on the part of African leaders and their partners to ensure sustainable development and management of

mineral resources. These efforts include building downstream linkages aimed at promoting value addition and manufacturing, as well as upstream linkages into mining capital goods, consumables and services industries.

The development of supporting infrastructure – including power, logistics and transport, and communications – as well as significant investment in research, technology and development remains

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FOREWORD

critical. Our continent is endowed with vast mineral resources that largely remain undiscovered and unexploited.

We also have immense potential in the artisanal and small-scale subsector. Aggressive investment into exploration will unlock the undiscovered mineral resources and create enormous socio-economic impact that will not only lift many of our people out of poverty but create new wealth and prosperity. We have an opportunity to actualise ‘Agenda 2063: the Africa we want’, which is anchored on harnessing the continent’s endowments embodied in people and natural resources.

We are, however, cognisant of the threats that stand in the way of us actualising our aspirations. Civil strife, conflict and instability have characterised a number of mineral-rich areas of our continent.

We must endeavour to foster peace and stability across the continent because conflict impedes investment and the prospect of social and economic growth, which we all desire. I therefore wish to underscore Zambia’s support of all efforts aimed at resolving the ongoing conflicts on our continent.

We often stress the point that instability, anywhere, is a threat to stability everywhere.

A new dawn for Zambia’s mining sector Your excellencies, distinguished delegates, ladies and gentlemen, I wish to share with you our vision of ‘a new dawn for Zambia’s mining sector’. Since coming into office in August 2021, our government has been determined and focused on efforts to revive the Zambian economy.

Our economy is anchored by the mining sector, which, historically, has been a major contributor to our development. We undoubtedly believe in its potential to be an even greater contributor to our economy, as we welcome active and pragmatic collaboration with mining industry players.

We are committed to building a resilient and sustainable mining industry anchored on environmental, social and governance standards, and best practice. Our determination towards industrialisation, job creation and an increased fiscal

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envelope sees the mining industry as a core factor to achieving these objectives.

We are open for business and we are open to engage and partner with you. As many of you aware, Zambia is a key player in the global copper mining industry and is home to vast reserves of copper and cobalt. We are addressing factors that constrain investment and putting in place factors that catalyse it.

Our investment environment will undoubtedly be: transparent, consistent, predictable, fair, and intolerant of corruption. Momentum is building towards increased mineral production as new mining operations are being established and existing mines are expanding and ramping up production. We are building strategic partnerships that will help position Zambia for future prosperity.

Just last month, we signed an MoU with the government of the Democratic Republic of Congo to facilitate the development of value chains in the electric battery and clean energy sector. Together, we will change the narrative that Africa is only a source of raw materials and establish our nations as leading players in the era of electric vehicles and other green innovations.

We are also welcoming exciting new initiatives from our private sector partners. I wish to take this opportunity to recognise recently announced plans by First Quantum Minerals to establish a US$500 million solar and wind energy installation that will be among the biggest wind and solar plants on the continent.

The role of copper in green energy Copper is critical in the green energy transition and there is an ever-increasing demand for it. We are determined to respond to the high demand for copper and have an audacious goal to take its annual production levels from the current 830 000 to 3 million metric tonnes in the next 10 years. This is indeed ambitious, but we are confident we can achieve it.

Our improving conducive operating environment, our willingness to work with investors and mining entities, our abundant mineral base and, indeed, other factors will make this goal a reality. In addition to copper, we are determined to ensure increased production of cobalt and nickel, which are key to the green energy transition and important elements in the production of electric vehicles.

In addition, we are promoting exploration and exploitation of tin, lithium, graphite, rare earth minerals, among others, to contribute to the success of the energy transition.

Allow me to reiterate the Zambian government’s commitment to supporting domestic economic empowerment and job creation without resource nationalism. We want our citizens to play a critical role in our mining value and supply chain, along with

FOCUS IN AFRICA ISSUE | 2022

FOREWORD

your investment. This will undoubtedly add to the sustainability of your investment in our country and secure social acceptance.

Transparency and accountability We are committed to ensuring transparency and accountability. Zambia is an Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) compliant country and efforts have been in place to ensure the promotion of transparency and accountability in the mining sector since 2012.

The EITI has created a platform for stakeholders to disclose information on revenues accruing from the mining sector. This information is crucial for decisionmaking and enhances transparency and accountability on the part of government, mining entities and the public. To build on this, the EITI is currently in the process of implementing beneficial ownership – an essential tool for promotion of transparency in the ownership of mining assets.

We believe that the disclosure of beneficial ownership information will lead to good business practice, build confidence and trust, and further signal to investors and other stakeholders that transparency and accountability are at the centre of mining in Zambia.

We appreciate the important role that the private sector plays in the development of the mining industry.

In response, our government policy will promote a private-sector-driven, competitive, thriving and sustainable mining industry. Private investment is essential and we will ensure stability, consistency and predictability of the policy and regulatory environment, taking into account the industry’s volatility, while at the same time serving the interests of Zambians.

Abiding by the rule of law Allow me to state categorically that Zambia is governed by the rule of law. It is for this reason that mechanisms are already in place to entrench and enhance tenets of good governance in the administration of mineral rights. We assure investors of security of tenure and security of their investments, while at the same time ensuring a fair share for Zambians.

As we continue to enhance investor confidence, we are implementing robust policy and legal reforms aimed at stimulating the growth of the sector in the medium to long term. We are building institutional

capacity to facilitate increased in-country processing for various mineral commodities, the development of supportive infrastructure including energy, roads, and railways, among others, and enhanced conflict resolution mechanisms in the sector.

To ensure transparency in the administration and issuance of mining rights, we imposed a moratorium on the issuance of mining rights to facilitate a comprehensive audit of mining rights administration systems. We are now working towards operationalisation of the online payment portal to promote efficiency and integrity in the administration system of mining rights.

I wish to take this opportunity to re-emphasise that Zambia is endowed with the critical minerals that are an essential part of the green energy transition.

Attractive investment destination Our country’s peace, stability and attractive investment environment are ideal for investment.

We invite you to invest in exploration, mining, mineral processing and, indeed, the production of value-added products for the green economy.

We see a future where electric vehicle (EV) components – which include batteries, copper pipes and cables – are produced in Zambia and consumed by leading global EV producers. We are ensuring the development of air, road, rail, energy and communication infrastructure that will improve the mining ecosystem and facilitate greater access to markets.

We are delighted with First Quantum Minerals’ announcement of two landmark investments in Zambia. A $1.25 billion investment to expand production and extend the life of the Kansanshi mine, and an additional $100 million investment in the new Enterprise nickel mine.

Together, these projects will help create and safeguard thousands of jobs, generate additional revenues, and stimulate wider economic activity. This is an example of our commitment to ease the process of doing business, while maximising the tangible benefits for citizens, through consultation and collaboration.

We hope these investments will be the first of many and invite those gathered here today to open up similar discussions with us and join us in delivering on this new dawn for mining in Zambia.

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COVER STORY

EFFICIENCY, CONFIDENCE & CONTROL:

Anton Paar has a broad portfolio of analysing instruments for mining and tank terminals

Anton Paar’s solutions in mining and tank terminals When Anton Paar founded his machine shop in 1922, no one imagined the one-man operation would go on to become a market leader. And yet from the start, the company pursued a bold, innovative approach.

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century later and the company is now a global corporation with over 3 500 employees, 45 sister companies and subsidiaries with 50 sales partners. It also has operations in more than 110 countries around the world.

Small origins, big steps Upon founding the company, Paar gave his daughters key roles: Hermine handled bookkeeping while Margareta operated in the workshop. As he gradually withdrew from the business, Margareta – at that time the first female master machinist in the Austrian state of Styria – took the lead. Her expertise in precision mechanics and manufacturing was outstanding.

In 1963, Margareta’s son-in-law, Ulrich Santner, became overall manager, developing the company’s focus on measuring and analysis technology. He reached out to universities, and contributed to the transfer of new technologies from research to industry, which led to rapid expansion. A milestone was the cooperation with the Technical University of Graz in Austria, resulting in the development of the Kratky small-angle X-ray camera, the

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first scientific analytical instrument to be produced by Anton Paar.

This approach to developing innovative technologies continues to this day, with the company providing analytical instruments across sectors – of which the mining industry is a particular focus. With mining operations being as resource-intensive as they are, optimising fleet and machinery uptime is vital. A key aspect within this is ensuring that the fuels and lubricants used to power vital plant are up to standard.

Managing fuel and lubricant maintenance risks By monitoring diesel quality, maintenance management can ensure consistent and quality fuel supply for mine operations and diesel generators. Being able to detect out-of-specification or bad diesel will prevent unnecessary downtimes and costly repairs. Using the same testing equipment, it is possible to monitor used oil quality and to ensure that oil changes take place at the right time, preventing costly breakdowns and maximising machinery uptime. This also reduces costs by avoiding changing oils too early, thereby reducing maintenance expenses.

FOCUS IN AFRICA ISSUE | 2022

COVER STORY Anton Paar’s broad portfolio of analysing instruments for mining and tank terminals – ranging from portable devices for use in hazardous environments to highly accurate lab instruments and inline equipment for realtime results – helps customers implement their own 24/7 lab base and perform essential tests in just a few minutes.

Crude oil analysis The company helps customers to optimise the flow behaviour of traded crude oil, which ensures good pumpability for transport. When customers choose to conduct rheological tests and viscosity measurements directly in-house, they can fine-tune their product composition without having to wait for an external partner’s help. Anton Paar offers a range of choices for this environment. Customers can start with a simple lab analysis or use an online sensor, which delivers real-time results right from the pipe, and future-proofs a terminal.

Fuel analysis Anton Paar’s intrinsically safe portable density meters, along with its inline density and viscosity sensors, ensure faulty products are never accepted at delivery. This means customers can have peace of mind that they’re distributing excellent quality products to their end customers. Before and after transportation, Anton Paar devices can help customers assess the storage behaviour of their finished products so they can predict how they behave under certain ambient conditions. To name some analytical capabilities in this field, Anton Paar provides oxidation stability testers, which provide results 20 times faster than traditional test methods, flash point and fire point testers with integrated safety features, and an atmospheric distillation analyser with a high automation level.

Lubricant analysis With quick viscosity or density analysis, users can determine a product switch in their filling line, prevent mix-ups, fill or unload tank trucks effectively, and stop losing valuable product and money in the process. No matter if they need to monitor the exact mass of lubricants entering and leaving their terminal or ensure maximum safety during storage and transportation, Anton Paar has a range of instruments for every need (e.g. the SVM

viscometer, which provides a 150 % higher throughput than manual glass capillary viscometers).

Fifth-generation global market leader Current CEO Friedrich Santner joined the management team in 1997, and he has overseen the establishment of an array of new sales and service subsidiaries, as well as the acquisition of complementary measurement technology companies. Anton Paar is now the global market leader in the fields of density and concentration measurement, rheometry and CO2 measurement.

Many of the world’s leading companies – across beer, wine and soft drink production, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, and chocolate and cell phone display manufacture – rely on the technical know-how and instruments of the Anton Paar Group. In a 100-year seal of quality, Anton Paar produces all critical mechanical parts in-house, via highly integrated production infrastructure.

“Talent, commitment and inner cohesion, in both successful and difficult times, have always distinguished us and our company,” says Friedrich. “With these attributes, we are confidently entering the second century of our history.”

In January 2020, Friedrich’s sons, Jakob and Dominik, joined the company’s executive board, becoming the fifth generation to be part of the management team.

About Anton Paar Southern Africa Anton Paar Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd, established in 2013, is a subsidiary of Anton Paar GmbH. It comprises of three branches based in Johannesburg (headquarters), the Western Cape and KwaZulu-Natal. With a staff complement of 50, Anton Paar Southern Africa provides sales, application and technical support, as well as a certified service offering to South African and sub-Saharan African users.

Visit www.anton-paar.com/za-en for more information.

Consistent and quality fuel supply is important for mine operations and diesel generators

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PROJECTS

MAINTAINING SUSTAINABLE WASTEWATER INFRASTRUCTURE As South Africa continues to grapple with loadshedding, it becomes important for municipalities to start engaging energy-efficient mechanisms in their water and wastewater infrastructure.

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his infrastructure is one of the biggest consumers of energy within a municipality’s operations and it is critical to start looking at ways to implement energy-efficient measures within these operations.

According to the 2017 guide compiled by Sustainable Energy Africa, Sustainable energy solutions for South African local government: a practical guide, “The indications are that on average water and wastewater accounts for some 17% of energy consumption in a South African metro. In terms of electricity consumption alone (i.e. excluding liquid fuel use for vehicles), the proportion is far higher – often representing as much as 25% of the entire municipality’s electricity bill.”

Because this contributes so highly to the bill of municipalities, it also means it has the greatest potential to be the starting point of electricity saving measures. By engaging in energy-efficiency measures within the water and wastewater infrastructure cycle, municipalities also improve their fiscal efficiency.

Energy consuming aspects “We have found that the aeration stage is one of the stages that consumes a lot of energy, as it requires large pump systems; municipalities may not always pay attention to this aspect and may neglect to overhaul

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KSB wastewater solutions are efficient to operate in load-shedding periods

due to the expensive nature of more energy-efficient systems,” says Hugo du Plessis, senior project engineer, KSB Pumps and Valves. He further adds that it is important to remember that although the expense may be high at the start, the benefits of cost saving, in the long run, will be worth it.

Du Plessis mentions that the most energyhungry aspects of a water services system relate to the stages of water treatment and pumping. He reiterates the importance of how the implementation of energy-efficient systems will not only help municipalities obtain, retain and improve their Green Drop and Blue Drop certification but will also eventually allow customers to see the difference in their rates and taxes bill.

“Inefficient pump systems will not be able to keep up with the ‘backlog’ of water when load-shedding occurs. KSB Pumps and Valves is willing to assist with site energy-efficiency audits, as we are a fullspectrum solutions provider. We have the expertise and experience to assist municipalities to make the transition to more energy-efficient systems.”

Du Plessis highlights that reliable, energy-efficient pump systems will not only result in energy and cost savings, but will pass on other benefits for the municipality that include: no spillages, reliable uptime, reduced downtime, and better water quality.

FOCUS IN AFRICA ISSUE | 2022

PROJECTS

CREATING A THRIVING ENVIRONMENT FOR EXPLORATION AND JUNIOR MINERS South Africa’s mineral wealth potential is impressive; however, due to various challenges, South Africa’s mining industry has not been able to maximise its potential in terms of mineral exploitation.

By Dineo Phoshoko

P

olicy and regulation, the issuing of exploration licences and transparency are just a few of the many problems currently facing the exploration industry. Junior miners often have to bear the brunt of the shortcomings in exploration.

During the Junior Indaba, a panel discussing how government policy and legislation can be reformed to promote junior mining and exploration in South

Africa took place. Given the current state of exploration in the country, the topic was very fitting. Chairing the panel was Lili Nupen, director, NSDV. She was joined by: Errol Smart, MD and CEO of Orion Minerals; Mosa Mabuza, CEO at the Council for Geoscience; and Roger Baxter, CEO of Minerals Council South Africa.

Nupen encouraged and challenged the panellists to put forward some positive solutions. “I think we’ve had a decade

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PROJECTS of complaints and the narrative of being rather negative, which is understandable.”

Regulation and legislation Sharing her views on the current regulation and legislation, Nupen believes that, as a country, South Africa has first-world mining legislation with a sophisticated policy. She noted that it was a one-size-fits-all policy for both junior and major miners, and asked Smart whether there was a need to perhaps amend the regulations for the junior mining sector and encourage investment in the process.

In his response, Smart mentioned that the country’s national mineral reserves had been depleted over the past 20 years, which have not been supplemented. “Minerals are still in the ground. People have voted with their cheque books and left.” He further added that the issue was not a lack of minerals or an unwillingness to conduct exploration. Smart acknowledged that, to a certain extent, the MPRDA (Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act [No. 28 of 2002]) is a good piece of legislation; however, the issues lie within the way it is applied in the industry. Smart believes that if regulations were applied according to the MPRDA, then junior mining exploration companies would not experience peripheral issues such as getting environmental approvals in time, accessing land to conduct exploration, and dealing with municipalities.

Smart also mentioned that the time frame provided for exploration was another aspect of the legislation in need of reconsideration. He proposed that exploration be given at least 20 years, especially if massive deposits were found. “You are creating an asset for the national economy in the future. By not having the certainty that you can explore long enough to turn it into a meaningful mining operation, nobody starts. That is something that I believe has to change,” Smart said. He also touched on ambiguities surrounding the Mining Charter. “We have to take away the uncertainty.”

Transparency through the cadastral system Transparency around mineral rights and the status of some of the mineral rights issued is another challenge facing exploration in South Africa. A mining cadastre could potentially solve some of the problems relating to the transparency in mineral exploration. In the context of mining, a cadastral system would make crucial information publicly available, such as the ownership of mining rights, status of mining rights applications, and the geographical location of mineral reserves. There has

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been a lot of talk about implementing such a system for South Africa’s mining industry; however, nothing has come to fruition so far.

Nupen mentioned that the Council for Geoscience, industry and the Department of Mineral Resources and Energy are collaborating on the cadastral system to be implemented in the country’s mining industry. She asked Mabuza for a status update on the cadastral system and what was holding back the system from being implemented.

In his response, Mabuza said that he was encouraged by the fact that Minister Gwede Mantashe of the DMRE recognised the importance of having a cadastral system in place. He further noted the launch of the Geoscience Data Portal.

“The access to geological information remotely with that ease makes all the difference,” Mabuza said. “The one last step that needs to be taken as a country is making the information on the licensing status readily available. There is absolutely no reason why this information should not be available readily in the open,” he added.

Mabuza explained that this licensing status information entailed a demonstration of the time frames, what minerals are available or unavailable, lapsing period of issued licences, as well as the geoscientific information associated with the prospecting rights. “In my view, all of them are linking towards administrative efficiencies. We have long witnessed the delays in the environmental authorisation as well as water-use licences.”

Sharing similar views to Smart, Mabuza mentioned that the policies, mechanisms and legislative instruments exist, yet their implementation continues to be a challenge. “We’ve been meddling with policy for too long. I don’t agree that we have to go back and change policy again. What we need is implementation of this policy.”

Comparing like for like Alluding to Mabuza’s comments, Nupen concluded that the issue is clearly an administrative one. She further asked how other developing countries managed to get around administrative challenges when it comes to exploration. “We are not a firstworld country. We cannot compare ourselves to Canada and Australia. Let’s look at other African countries: how has Botswana done it, how has Namibia done it?” Nupen asked. She further suggested looking at the deeming provision some countries have included in their legislation. A deeming provision holds that after a certain period, if no objections are made to an application, it is deemed as an approval, regardless of whether or not a decision has been made.

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PROJECTS

She proceeded to ask Baxter how South Africa could draw from the experiences of other countries and their jurisdictions to address backlogs and delays. In his response, Baxter pointed out that the time frames stated in the legislation needed to be considered. “Whilst one has a legislative framework, which is the backbone of how the legislation should work, you do have a regulatory framework, which ties in the time it takes to get a prospecting right.

If you look at it, 352 days is the exact time frame in South Africa – and in Botswana, it takes 40 days,” Baxter lamented.

“We need to make sure that our timing horizons are brought in with global leading practices,” he added. He did acknowledge attempts to reduce time frames in other areas of licensing, such as the water-use license that has been reduced from 300 days to 90 days. Baxter echoed Mabuza’s sentiments regarding policy and regulation. “CEO Mabuza is absolutely right in that there is the

framework in place, but when we start getting into the application, we need to move away from red tape to smart tape.”

Baxter also highlighted that South Africa has the potential to compete on the same level as countries such as Australia. “Even a company like Orion Minerals is sourcing its capital from Australia, so we’re in competition and we can do these things at global best practice level if we set our minds to it.”

In essence, the panel discussion revealed that there is nothing inherently wrong with South Africa’s mining policies and regulations: the major problem lies in their application. The problems can be attributed to government’s administration and internal capacity constraints, so the sooner these get sorted out, the better for all junior miners and the mining industry at large. According to Baxter, proper engagement was one the most effective ways to find solutions that are practical for South Africans.

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PROJECTS ENERGY

CLEAN WATER

for Guinea bauxite mine WEC Projects has engineered and installed a desalination and wastewater treatment plant for a new bauxite mine and the bauxite export facility at the Port of Kamsar in Guinea.

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he two projects will produce potable, process and fire water, as well as handle wastewater flows from the port camp and operations.

The wastewater treatment plant utilises WEC’s standard modular Model B Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) plant as the basis for its customised design, which features combined activated sludge and clarification plants capable of handling flows up to 300 m³ per day. Its design allows for easy transport and rapid deployment on-site.

The US$1.4 billion (R23.3 billion) Guinea Alumina Corporation bauxite mine is a greenfield project located in the north-west region of Guinea. The mining company maintains a bauxite concession of 690 km² between the towns of Boké and Sangaredi, with reserves estimated at around 400 million tonnes.

Once extracted, the bauxite, used in the production of aluminium, is transported by rail to the Port of Kamsar, where barges are loaded for transshipment of the ore to freight ships located further out to sea.

Potable water for mine employees One of the challenges facing the mine was the ability to supply potable water for 1 000 permanent mining camp employees, water for processing, general

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utility and dust suppression, as well as fire control.

As the mine area is located close to the country’s coast, the borehole water has a high level of salinity.

The mine had been supplying fresh water by tanker, resulting in excessive transport and logistical costs.

As the mining camp lacked the proper sewage treatment infrastructure, portable toilets were used as a temporary measure. However, a permanent solution for a constant supply of clean water and sewage treatment was required. The mine also stores two million litres of diesel on-site for its operations, creating a potential fire hazard. To ameliorate the risk, a reliable water supply was required.

Desalination and the problem of low tides The desalination plant features a customised modular and containerised design, which facilitated both transport to the remote site and installation.

The system’s various processing stages comprise clarification, media filtration, ultrafiltration, seawater reverse osmosis, chemical dosing and remineralisation.

As the plant utilises high pressures to process the seawater, an energy recovery system was installed to convert the pressure into power, reducing the overall energy requirements and costs of the system.

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PROJECTS

The completed desalination plant

Clarifier with lamellas used in the desalination plant

A major challenge for the desalination plant was its water source. Seawater is drawn from a nearby estuary. However, the mine’s engineers did not foresee the problem of the estuary’s highly variable tidal conditions, which adversely affected the water quality. The extremely low tides during the new and full moon periods of the month saw the pumps drawing in large amounts of sludge and suspended solids.

The plant was not originally designed to handle such high loads of solids, requiring the addition of a unique lamella clarifier, or inclined plate settler, to remove particulates upstream from the plant’s DMF and ultrafiltration systems. The filters protect the delicate reverse osmosis membranes used during the desalination process. By reducing the solids load, the operating lifespan of the filters was vastly increased, resulting in considerable operational savings for the mine.

Project completion amid challenges Both projects were successfully completed despite experiencing unique and difficult challenges. “The major challenge we faced with this project was the last-minute changes to the plant design that were required to cope with the unforeseen high solids content of the estuary seawater,” says Wayne Taljaard, managing director of WEC Projects.

He explains that the challenge was easily overcome due to the customisable nature of the plant design.

“We have extensive experience with projects throughout Africa, so we are used to dealing with often-unpredictable conditions,” he concludes.

Ultrafiltration vessels within the desalination plant container

Reverse osmosis filters within the desalination plant container

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PROJECTS

The advancement of

GHANA’S

integrated aluminium industry Ghana Integrated Aluminium Development Corporation (GIADEC) is a state-owned company responsible for the development of an integrated aluminium industry (IAI) in Ghana.

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he company’s portfolio of assets includes mining rights to all of Ghana’s 900 million tonnes of estimated bauxite reserves, 100% shares in Volta Aluminium Company (Valco) – Ghana’s smelting company – and interest in Ghana Bauxite Company (GBC).

Theophilus Acheampong and Kwabena Ata Mensah authored a paper, entitled ‘Towards an Integrated Aluminium Industry in Ghana: Some Policy Considerations’. This paper states that Ghana is home to the second largest reserves of bauxite after Guinea, with approximately 960 tonnes.

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Published by the Natural Resource Governance Institute, the paper further identifies Awaso, Nyinahin and Kyebi as the primary locations of bauxite reserves in Ghana.

The implementation of Ghana’s IAI includes the execution of four key projects, which involve the expansion of two existing operations and the development of two additional ones through joint venture partnerships.

GIADEC’s four key projects are: • Project 1 – Expansion of existing mine at Awaso and building of a refinery

FOCUS IN AFRICA ISSUE | 2022

PROJECTS • Project 2 – Development of a mine at NyinahinMpasaaso and a refinery solution • Project 3 – Development of a mine at Kyebi, a second mine at Nyinahin-Mpasaaso, and building of a refinery • Project 4 – The modernisation and expansion of the Valco smelter to improve efficiency and increase capacity.

Collaboration and strategic framework GIADEC is seeking to partner with strategic investors including local participation across the entire bauxite and aluminium value chain – mining, refinery, smelter, and downstream industries. GIADEC, together with a Ghanaian private partner, shall hold not less than a 30% stake in any new IAI venture involving a mine, refinery or smelter.

In 2021, Rocksure International was selected as a strategic partner to collaborate with GIADEC to develop Project 2 under the IAI value chain. The primary focus of this project is to modernise and expand the Valco smelter.

Through a series of engagements with Government of Ghana stakeholder organisations, GIADEC has developed a strategic outline master plan for Ghana’s IAI. The master plan underpins the execution of Ghana’s IAI and advises current and potential investors and stakeholders.

GIADEC, in line with its master plan, will develop four mining concessions: this will involve the expansion of the Awaso mine, which is already in operation, and the building of three additional ones (two in Nyinahin-Mpasaaso and one in Kyebi).

Ghana currently does not have a bauxite-toalumina refinery. All bauxite mined by the Ghana Bauxite Company is exported, with all alumina (refined bauxite) needed by Valco for its operations being imported. GIADEC, in collaboration with its partners, will develop at least two refineries with a combined capacity of 4-6 million tonnes per annum (Mtpa) of alumina.

IAI projects in detail Through strategic partnerships, GIADEC will hold equity stakes in new mines and refineries to be established, and drive integration of the bauxite/ aluminium value chain to create value.

Project 1: This project will focus on the expansion of the current Awaso mine, as well as the development of a refinery. The Awaso mine has been in existence since the 1940s and currently mines approximately 1 Mtpa of bauxite. In line with plans to build an integrated aluminium industry, the

Mining operations at the Awaso Mine started in 1940

Once modernised, the Valco smelter will increase its production capacity to 300 000 Mtpa

Aluminium sows from Valco’s smelter

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PROJECTS Awaso mine will be expanded to produce 5 Mtpa of bauxite.

The project will also include the construction and operation of a refinery with a capacity of approximately 1.6 Mtpa.

Project 2: The primary focus of this project is the development of a mine at Nyinahin-Mpasaaso, including a refinery solution.

Rocksure International Limited, the selected partner for Project 2, is currently on-site and has commenced drilling and mineral resource estimation works at Mpasaaso. Land survey (drone flyover), reconnaissance and mobilisation have been completed.

The Nyinahin bauxite resource stretches on a strike length of over 35 km and had been divided

into three individual blocks: A, B and C, with Block A near Nyinahin, Block C near Mpasaaso 1 and 2, and Block B in the middle.

Project 3: Project 3 will establish a mine in Kyebi, and a second mine in the Nyinahin-Mpasaaso area.

Each mine is expected to produce a minimum of 5 Mtpa of bauxite. The project will also include the construction of a refinery.

Project 4: GIADEC, as part of Valco’s recovery plan, will modernise the aluminium producing plant and increase its production capacity to 300 000 Mtpa. Equipment that has been used since the 1960s will be upgraded to new and more efficient technology. This retrofitting will drive the downstream sector that depends on aluminium as its raw material to produce aluminium products.

Drilling and mineral resource estimation works at Mpasaaso

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FOCUS IN AFRICA ISSUE | 2022

PROJECTS

Gamsberg progresses to Phase 2 Vedanta Zinc International (VZI) officially broke ground for the construction of Gamsberg Phase 2 in August 2022.

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his R7 billion investment expansion project of VZI’s open-pit zinc mine promises to create 2 000 to 2 500 jobs during the construction phase and a further 800 to 1 000 permanent jobs during peak operations.

On 25 October 2018, Vedanta Resources pledged a total investment of R21 billion in the Gamsberg mine and associated projects at President Cyril Ramaphosa’s Annual Investment Conference. Of the R21 billion, over R6 billion was allocated towards completing Gamsberg Phase 1, which tripled VZI’s production capacity from 75 000 tonnes per annum (tpa) to 300 000 tpa and increased its staff complement to 2 700.

“The Gamsberg Phase 2 investment will positively contribute to the realisation of VZI’s vision of being a digitally advanced, integrated operation that will safely produce 1 Mtpa while focusing on cost reduction. It will also create great opportunities for small business owners in the communities of Khâi-Ma and surrounding host communities from a business partnership point of view,” says Arun Misra, CEO of Vedanta Zinc Business.

The sod-turning ceremony – led by the Premier of the Northern Cape, Dr Zamani Saul; Pushpender Singla, executive director and CFO, VZI; Abraham Vosloo, MEC: Economic Development, Northern Cape Provincial Government; Misra; and local mayors – took

place where the construction of the 4 Mtpa plant will be commencing over the next 18 to 22 months. Once complete, the expansion will double Gamsberg’s ore capacity to 8 Mtpa and produce an additional 200 000 tpa of metal in concentrate.

Commitment to Africa The R7 billion investment signifies Vedanta’s commitment to Africa. In an interview with Inside Mining, Priya Agarwal Hebbar, non-executive director at Vedanta, highlights the significance of mining for developing continents like Africa. She mentions that a large part of Africa’s economic progress comes from mining and that mining activities are among the most effective ways to eradicate poverty. “We are fully committed to Africa.

We continue to share a fantastic relationship with Africa. We’d love to continue to do more – as much as we possibly can,” she says.

CFO Singla says, “We have made good progress since the investment announcement three months ago. We have appointed a plant construction partner and placed an order for major equipment. In addition, we recently issued a R2.5 billion tender for a mining contract we expect to close over the next month. We are ready to start the real groundwork; the plot plan, process flow chart and the basic design are complete.”

The sod-turning ceremony took place at the plant construction site

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PROJECTS

Piezocone testing tailored for Africa’s mining needs

During preparations, the CPTu equipment gets set up

In 1977, Eben Rust made history when he carried out the first piezocone tests in South Africa, which were also among the first piezocone tests in the world. This was done at Bafokeng mine in the North West province.

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t the time, researchers in Europe were busy developing similar instruments and the very first international publications appeared in 1982. This historical event paved the way for companies such as Osimo to become industry experts in piezocone testing in the following years. After joining the University of Pretoria in 1984 as a lecturer, Professor Rust did extensive research on the piezocone and the interpretation of this data. He proceeded to obtain his PhD and became a pioneer in the field of piezocone testing.

In 2000, Rust decided to use his skills and expertise to formally start Osimo. His timing was perfect

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because piezocone testing had taken off and gained a lot of traction globally. The company’s product portfolio includes piezocone testing and interpretation, piezometers with telemetry, seismic testing and Mostap sampling (subsurface soil sampling), among others.

Most mines have tailings storage facilities (TSFs) and, according to Rust, they can be challenging and expensive to maintain. He adds that TSFs are uniquely designed and need highly technical information and calculations to be built and maintained safely to avoid failures.

A piezocone test is carried out by pushing a piezocone from the surface down into the soil or

FOCUS IN AFRICA ISSUE | 2022

PROJECTS tailings using a hydraulic rig while monitoring the cone resistance, sleeve friction and pore pressure continuously. The data from the piezocone probe is captured in high resolution and this data is interpreted and passed on to the consulting geotechnical engineers, enabling them to carry out the necessary stability analyses and ensure accurate safety margins.

Piezocone tests provide insight into the soil profile and geotechnical properties of the tailings in the TSF. Most TSFs require regular piezocone testing to understand changes in the facilities due to depositing, TSF expansion and other construction, and changes in rainfall patterns.

When the testing and sampling are carried out, these are done in a non-invasive manner with a minimal footprint. This is crucial, given that testing is most often done on operationally active facilities.

Proudly South African with a growing continental footprint “Osimo has a unique level of in-house expertise.

We don’t buy in any hardware or software – we develop everything ourselves,” says Rust. All the hardware, electronics and rigs are developed inhouse. Having everything done internally is a huge advantage because downtime is automatically reduced if something needs to be fixed or replaced.

“If something goes wrong, we can strip them down to the bone and rebuild them completely. We know how to do that because it’s our own design,” Rust says. This makes Osimo exceptionally agile.

The Osimo team’s hard work is paying off and word is quickly spreading about the company being industry experts in the field of TSF probing.

Rust mentions that the company has probed most active TSFs in South Africa and has built a solid reputation of trust with mining companies and engineering firms. The efforts of its dedicated, hard-working team have produced many impressive testimonials by happy clients, which opened further doors for Osimo throughout Africa.

Osimo has extensive knowledge in geotechnical engineering and piezocone testing, and the combination enables Osimo to generate the testing data and help engineers interpret the data and its impact.

Over the past decade, Osimo has expanded its capacity from the original single rig and team to a total of nine cone penetration test (CPTu) rigs with teams operating across sub-Saharan Africa. Osimo recently successfully completed several projects in Kenya, the DRC, Mali, Guinea, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Namibia (among others), and several projects in South Africa.

Ongoing monitoring of pore water pressure Traditionally, the pore pressures in a TSF were monitored with standpipe piezometers that were read with handheld dip meters. These were very unreliable, providing suspect data, which was ignored by the engineers. Vibrating wire piezometers (VWPs) started to appear on the TSFs and these were read with a handheld read-out – a very manual process requiring great discipline and manpower. TSFs are significant structures, in many cases requiring a walk of over 8 km to measure all the piezometers. It was not commercially viable to monitor these devices in this way.

Over the years, the need grew among civil and mining engineers to continuously monitor piezometers throughout the entire mine.

Around the turn of the century, long-range, lowpower radio communication protocols were

A wireless data logger

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PROJECTS

A monitoring portal showing the tailings storage facilities that are being monitored

developed and enabled simple, low-cost, standalone communication.

After 2012, the automated monitoring of VWPs became more popular, with solutions available from Europe, Canada and the USA. During this time, Osimo expanded its services to include continuous pore pressure monitoring with the installation of VWPs and later monitoring telemetry. Modern setups now have the piezometers installed in the TSFs (sometimes at depths of >50 m below the surface) and each piezometer is connected to a wireless data logger.

These battery-powered loggers communicate the readings to a gateway that has backhaul connectivity options like 4G/LTE or to securely feed the data back to the mine and engineers.

“Rather than just doing a piezocone test every few years, you can install sensors to measure critical data on an ongoing basis,” says Rust. With Osimo’s piezocone testing skills, the company can advise engineers on the optimal installation depths and locations for VWPs to enable continuous monitoring.

There is a bit more to it than just correctly installing the VWPs, though, and that’s making optimal use of the data being recorded by the devices.

Tailor-made IoT solutions that benefit the mining industry After obtaining his industrial engineering degree (and later an MBA), Pieter Horne spent more than 15 years in the corporate environment. He explains that he always had a keen interest in software development and the internet of things (IoT). An opportunity opened up that enabled Horne to follow his passion. “As the internet of things exploded, I started exploring IoT software

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and hardware and saw an opportunity for this to be a significant value add for the mining sector,” Horne says. In 2021, he established InsightEdge as an IoT and consulting firm.

InsightEdge’s IoT offering focuses on the software that makes it easy for engineers and mines to receive their data in a single location for near-real-time monitoring.

Osimo installs the telemetry and InsightEdge collates all the data. The InsightEdge platform visualises the data for the engineers, providing trending capability and insight into changes in pore water pressure, standpipe levels and other critical parameters such as the phreatic surface. The platform is also configured to automatically alert engineers if any critical thresholds are exceeded.

“It is a world-class, database-driven cloud platform that enables you to see trends over time to monitor the critical measures on TSFs. Currently, we monitor 19 mines across Africa,” says Horne.

Together, InsightEdge and Osimo form a perfect partnership with a great service offering. “Osimo does the testing and installation of sensors and telemetry, and InsightEdge helps the engineers and mines to easily access and use their data,” says Rust. The partnership also enables other monitoring capabilities, including weather stations and radar-driven water level monitoring.

An unstoppable partnership Osimo and InsightEdge offer a comprehensive solution for mines where they can provide regular testing combined with proactive monitoring and servicing of telemetry. This has resulted in opportunities for mining companies to enter into a maintenance agreement with Osimo where maintenance is conducted on the mine’s entire system, proactively ensuring that every site has fully functional infrastructure providing accessible, reliable data. This ensures engineers can focus their time and efforts on managing and ensuring safe TSF operations in this key sector driving economic growth in Africa. info@insightedge.co.za +27 (0)82 332 1180 www.insightedge.co.za

CONTACT For more information, contact Osimo: Telephone: +27 (0)82 373 0822 Email: osimo@osimo.co.za Website: www.osimo.co.za

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LEGAL, INVESTMENT & FINANCE

Insights following

Junior Indaba 2022 The Junior Indaba took place on 1 and 2 June 2022 at the Johannesburg Country Club. Aimed at junior miners, the discussions this year included a focus on the global economic and geopolitical environment and its impact on junior mining, as well as the regulatory environment.

By Athi Jara* In 2019, Athi was featured as one of the Mail and Guardian’s 200 young thinkers to watch

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his conference follows the Investing in African Mining Indaba 2022 (Mining Indaba), which took place at the Cape Town ICC from 8 to 12 May 2022. At Mining Indaba, the Minister of Mineral Resources and Energy, Gwede Mantashe, stated that there is a renewed focus on sustainability by the investment community and the developed world, which is driving the development of ESG (environmental, social, governance) assets, which are estimated to exceed US$50 trillion (R833 trillion) by 2025, representing more than a third of the projected $140.5 trillion (R2.34 quadrillion) in global assets under management.

Environmental provisions Junior miners should be mindful of the current applicable legal framework – in particular, the National Environmental Management Act (No. 107 of 1998), which empowers the Minister of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment to publish listed activities

22

that may not commence without an environmental authorisation. Pursuant to these empowering provisions, the minister published the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations and three Listing Notices. These EIA Regulations list prospecting and mining projects as activities that may not commence without an environmental authorisation.

Certain specialist studies must be undertaken as part of the application process for an environmental authorisation. In a recent judgment of Earthlife Africa Johannesburg v Minister of Environmental Affairs and Others, the High Court held that the specialist studies to be undertaken may include climate change impact assessments in line with South Africa’s commitments under international treaties such as the Paris Agreement and Kyoto Protocol.

The president also signed the Carbon Tax Act (No. 15 of 2019) into law on 22 May 2019, which imposes a carbon tax on emitters of greenhouse gases, which may include certain mining operations.

FOCUS IN AFRICA ISSUE | 2022

LEGAL, INVESTMENT & FINANCE Illegal mining poses many challenges for junior miners

Finally, junior miners ought to be aware of the provisions of the National Water Act (No. 36 of 1998), which require a water use licence for the undertaking of water uses for mining activities that impact on water resources.

Social licence to operate ESG also requires mining companies to take cognisance of the importance of the ‘social licence to operate’, which requires mining projects to ensure that their activities are not undertaken to the detriment of the livelihoods of surrounding mining communities.

Mining communities are often the most affected by mining activities. It is these communities most impacted by the noise, vibrations and blasting activities that emanate from mining projects.

These communities are also the most impacted by any environmental pollution or degradation that originates at mines. The investment community is recognising that it is imperative for these communities to be included in any discussions pertaining to the development of the mining industry.

However, a lacuna (or gap) still exists in the legal framework regarding which communities should be consulted by mining companies. Mining communities may group themselves in a number of formal structures, which include: the registration of community trusts, community companies or communal property associations. There may also be traditional authorities, traditional leaders or traditional councils that have jurisdiction over a particular mining community. Lastly, there may be divisions or factions within the community itself – with part of the community supporting a mining project and another portion of the community opposing it. This often gives rise to the

question: to what extent should a mining company undertake consultation with a community and, most importantly, with whom?

This issue of community consultation should be considered in light of the developing jurisprudence around community consultations, with the courts in the Baleni and Others v Minister of Mineral Resources and Others and Maledu and Others v Itereleng Bakgatla Mineral Resources (Pty) Ltd and Another cases deciding that, in addition to consultation, the consent of the community must be obtained by mining title applicants where the community holds informal land rights under the Interim Protection of Informal Land Rights Act (No. 31 of 1996). A difficulty then arises regarding whose consents should be obtained for the purposes of complying with this requirement, in light of the diverse nature of mining communities.

The impact of illegal mining It remains to be seen how junior mining companies will be impacted by the recently published Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Policy 2022, which aims to address the critical challenge of illegal mining in the South African mining and minerals industry. This policy proposes amendments to the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act (No. 28 of 2002), with new mining titles aimed at small-scale and artisanal miners.

This may be an opportunity for some junior mining companies to obtain mining titles without being subjected to the current, onerous (and costly) permitting process.

The strength of the policy lies in its implementation in order for it to achieve its intended objectives. *Athi Jara is a director in the Mining and Environmental practice at Werksmans.

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LEAD SPONSOR

5 – 6 October 2022 The Joburg Indaba will be back in person this year at the Inanda Club, Johannesburg on 5th & 6th October. It is a highly influential mining industry platform, renowned for its straight talk, refreshing insights and collaborative atmosphere. Since its inception, the Joburg Indaba has developed a reputation as a highly regarded gathering that unpacks a wide range of critical issues affecting all stakeholders in the mining industry.

This year celebrating its 10th Anniversary edition, the Joburg Indaba brings together CEOs and senior representatives from the major mining houses, investors, Government, parastatals, organized labour and experts from legal and advisory firms.

Plus, the Gala Dinner returns on 4th October, where we will be inducting new members into the SA Mining Hall of Fame!

Follow us on the website for latest speakers and programme developments www.joburgindaba.com Joburg Indaba 2022 is proudly sponsored by: Lead Sponsor

Corporate Partner Sponsor

Premium Sponsors

Mining Industry Partners

Networking Sponsors

M&D

For sponsorship opportunities please contact us on: sponsorship@resources4africa.com REGISTER TODAY! +27 (0) 11 463 7799 // +27 (0) 61 421 9492 // registrations@resources4africa.com // www.joburgindaba.com

FOCUS IN AFRICA ISSUE | 2022

LEGAL, INVESTMENT & FINANCE

Zambia establishes

Mining Appeals Tribunal The Government of the Republic of Zambia has constituted a Mining Appeals Tribunal as provided for under the Mines and Minerals Development Act 11 of 2015.

By Bwalya Chilufya-Musonda & Joshua Mwamulima*

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he inaugural five-member Tribunal, appointed by the Minister of Mines and Minerals Development, comes nearly seven years after the enactment of the enabling legislation.

The Tribunal has jurisdiction to inquire into and make awards and decisions in any dispute relating to exploration, gold panning and mining, and to probe and make awards and decisions relating to any dispute over compensation payable under the Mines and Minerals Development Act (‘the Act’).

In addition, the Tribunal has jurisdiction to investigate and decide upon any matter affecting gold panning, mining or non-mining rights and obligations of any person or the government, except for matters relating to tax, which are to be heard and determined by the Tax Appeals Tribunal.

Steps towards effectively resolving mining disputes When the Act was passed establishing the Tribunal, stakeholders supported it as a significant and commendable step towards improving the effective resolution of mining disputes.

Bwalya is a member of the International Bar Association and the Law Association of Zambia

Joshua specialises in data protection, mergers and acquisitions, competition and AFCFTA, among others

However, positive sentiments waned over the years following the delay in operationalising the Tribunal and compounded by the decision of the Court of Appeal in the case of Katenge Resources Ltd v Avarma Mining Corporation Ltd and others Appeal No. 153 of 2017, where the Court held that a person aggrieved with any issue under the Act ought to follow the requisite procedure under the Act. That is, appeal to the Tribunal before commencing an action before any other court. This was irrespective of whether or not the Tribunal existed.

The consequence of the delay in establishing the Tribunal is that there is a backlog of appeals relating to disputes in the mining sector as the approach by aggrieved parties to directly appeal to the court of law was not legally tenable for want of jurisdiction.

By and large, the Tribunal is expected to improve the administrative resolution of disputes before parties resort to the formal courts of law. *Bwalya Chilufya-Musonda is a partner and Joshua Mwamulima a senior associate at Bowmans Zambia.

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LEGAL, INVESTMENT & FINANCE

Tanzania’s amendments to mining regulations On 8 July 2022, Tanzania’s Minister of Minerals published the Mining (Local Content) Regulations via Government Notice No. 479 of 2022 (Amendment Regulations), amending the 2018 Mining Regulations. These regulations were previously amended by the 2019 Mining Regulations.

By Kelvin Mosha & Wilbert Kapinga*

A Wilbert has over 20 years’ experience advising domestic and international financial institutions and corporations

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mendments to the Local Content Regulations Regulation 2 of the Amendment Regulations has introduced new definitions to the term ‘contractor’, ‘mining activities’ and ‘sub-contractor’, which are now defined as follows: Contractor – a person who has entered into a contract with a licensee within or outside Tanzania for the provisions of goods and services in mining operations.

Mining activities – any activity engaged in, within and outside Tanzania, related to the exploration for, development and production of minerals; the acquisition of data; the mining and extraction or mining of minerals; storage, transportation and decommissioning; and the planning, design, construction, installation, operation or provision of goods, services and use of any facility for the purpose of mining operations.

Sub-contractor – a third party with whom a corporation or contractor

FOCUS IN AFRICA ISSUE | 2022

LEGAL, INVESTMENT & FINANCE

has entered into a contract for the provision of goods and services for mining operations.

These definitions have generally widened the scope of the application of the Local Content Regulations.

Additional amendments Other amendments introduced by the Amendment Regulations include the following: Regulation 5, which establishes the Local Content Committee, is amended by replacing the Director of Labour and Employment with the Labour Commissioner. Further, there are two new members of the Local Content Committee, namely a representative from the Immigration Department and one from the Commissioner for Minerals responsible for local content.

Reference to regulation 7(3) in regulation 11 of the Local Content Regulations is deleted and substituted with reference to regulation 10(3) of the Local Content Regulations.

Regulation 15(5)(b) is amended by replacing the provision of services in association with an indigenous Tanzanian company and instead requiring a non-indigenous Tanzanian company to provide goods and services in joint venture with an indigenous Tanzanian company.

Regulation 16 is amended by the addition of subsection 5 introducing conditions in which contracts can be sole sourced including: (i) where there has been only one particular tenderer who is suitable for the provision of the goods and services, and (ii) situations of urgency that do not result from any dilatory conduct of the party.

Regulation 20 is amended by the addition of sub-section 3 introducing a prescribed format for filing quarterly performance reports, which is now set out in the Forth Schedule of the Local Content Regulations as amended by the Amendment Regulations. The amendment to regulation 20 of the Local Content Regulations also introduces the requirement to file quarterly performance reports no later than 14 days after the end of each quarter.

Regulation 25 is amended by replacing the words ‘commission’ appearing in the first and fourth lines of the regulation with ‘ministry’.

Regulation 37 is amended to extend the time for submitting the annual local content performance report from 45 to 60 days.

Regulation 49 has seen the largest overhaul,

revising the offences and penalties contained under sub-section 6 and adding two other subsections. The penalties for non-compliance now include the cancellation of a contract in respect of the mining activity and an administrative penalty of 5% of the value of the proceeds obtained from the mining activity in respect of which the breach is committed or TSh50 million (approximately US$21 450), whichever amount is greater, instead of the previous $5 million.

Regulation 49(7) is amended by introducing a penalty of TSh10 million (approximately $4 290) for failure to submit either the quarterly or annual performance report within the required period.

Regulation 49 is also amended by adding a new sub-section 9 that introduces additional penalties for a contractor, subcontractor, corporation or other allied entities other than mineral rights holders contravening the prohibition from bidding on the provision of goods and services, or for failing to pay the fine for non-submission of the quarterly or annual performance report as noted above, or for ongoing non-submission of the report.

Key issues with the Local Content Regulations While the Amendment Regulations introduce some notable amendments, such as reducing the hefty fines imposed for non-compliance with certain provisions of the Local Content Regulations, some of the key issues with the Local Content Regulations have still not been addressed by the Amendment Regulations. For example, the discrepancy between the description of the term ‘Indigenous Tanzanian Company’ in the Local Content Regulations and the contrasting interpretation of the term ‘local company’ in the Mining Act, Cap 123, R.E. 2019.

The Amendment Regulations have also introduced other stringent compliance aspects, such as the 14 days’ timeframe for submitting quarterly performance reports to the Mining Commission and the penalty imposed for failure to submit the quarterly and annual performance report within the required timeframe. * Kelvin Mosha is an associate at Bowmans’ Corporate Department at the Dar es Salaam office in Tanzania.

Wilbert Kapinga is the Kelvin has experience in corporate services, banking, financing and corporate managing partner at the restructuring, among others Bowmans Tanzania office.

27 27

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FOCUS IN AFRICA ISSUE | 2022

EQUIPMENT

Radar formula made better with The Vegapuls 6X is a new radar sensor that can be used in every conceivable level application.

6X

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he times when users had to choose the right level measuring instrument from a multitude of different ones are now history.

Traditionally, the search for a suitable radar level sensor begins by asking which frequency would be best for the specific application, or by determining the properties of the medium, the temperature ranges involved, and the process fittings required. Until now, choosing an instrument was a laborious task, but VEGA is completely transforming the process with its new VEGAPULS 6X. According to Florian Burgert, product manager, VEGA, it’s not the sensor that counts, but what the users can achieve with it in their individual processes.

“Just knowing that they’ve chosen the best possible measurement solution and that they’ll reach their goal faster with it makes a big difference in their everyday operations,” he explains.

Over a million instruments in use worldwide The success story of today’s world market leader in radar level measurement began 30 years ago; ever since, VEGA’s sensors have optimised millions of industrial processes. The story includes milestones such as the world’s first two-wire radar instrument and the first 80 GHz radar sensor for liquids on the market.

Behind this success are many people who share a common passion: “At VEGA, we don’t do a hundred different things – we concentrate on what we do best: radar,” says product manager Jürgen Skowaisa.

This takes the form of compliance with security standard IEC 62443-4-2, which specifies the strictest requirements for secure communication and access control.

All-round protection The new VEGAPULS 6X offers the best that is technically feasible today: a self-diagnosis system that immediately detects damage or interference to ensure significantly higher availability and safety. It includes new radar-chip technology, with expanded application possibilities and simpler operation.

In addition to SIL certification, the matter of cybersecurity has also been fully taken into account.

The value lies in the best application Level sensors should make it easier for users to monitor their industrial processes.

The ultimate purpose of VEGAPULS 6X is maximum simplification. It is the one sensor that can handle any application. In the future, the customer will no longer have to worry about the technology, frequency or instrument version. Even setup and commissioning have been reduced to a minimum, requiring just a few clicks and basic application parameters. In many cases, all application-specific settings can be made in the VEGAPULS 6X before it leaves the factory. Mount, connect, done: it couldn’t get any simpler.

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EQUIPMENT

Emissions solutions for mobile mining equipment There can be no compromise when it comes to air quality management, especially in the underground mining environment. Dispro Tech SA specialises in products and services to assist mines in ensuring they maintain underground operations that are safe for employees to work in.

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ommonly deployed underground mobile mining equipment – such as load, haul dump machines (LHDs) and utility vehicles – is often diesel-fuelled and critical for the production system. Unfortunately, such equipment subsequently compromises underground air quality. Air pollution is caused by solid and liquid particles and certain gases that are suspended in the air, with many of these stemming from underground mobile equipment and other moving machinery exhausts.

The underground mining environment is unquestionably harsh.

With confined

A particle mass analyser for modern diesel exhaust diagnosis

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spaces, minimal ventilation and underground vehicle emissions that compromise air quality underground, systems that monitor the surrounding air quality are critical for the health and safety of employees, as well as the environment.

FOCUS IN AFRICA ISSUE | 2022

EQUIPMENT

A smoke meter used to perform a smoke opacity test on diesel vehicles

How it all started According to Deon Du Preez, founder, co-owner and managing director at Dispro Tech SA, the Mpumalanga province and parts of Ekurhuleni have been identified as potential hotspots for poor air quality. These conditions – as well as noting the black smoke emitted from vehicles from time to time – motivated Du Preez to look into solutions to these concerns.

Starting up was not easy and there were many challenges, including deals falling through; however, Du Preez’s persistence and determination eventually led to identifying a business opportunity that would see him improving air quality and protecting the environment as well.

He proceeded to do research and found that, in addition to affecting the environment, diesel particulate matter (DPM) also had health-related consequences, affecting the lungs if inhaled. In addition, Du Preez’s findings showed it was these emissions that resulted in hefty costs during vehicle maintenance. He also identified the need for a service offering in the mining industry, among others.

Using all this information, Du Preez got to work and approached institutions and organisations to collaborate with developing a product that would assist mines in monitoring air quality at their operations, as well as the emissions of mobile equipment at the mines.

World-class technology “I asked myself, why is it not possible to measure diesel particular matter directly from exhaust in its

raw undiluted condition?” Du Preez ponders. This question was the motivation for him to find partners to collaborate with in establishing an answer.

Working together with the CSIR, Sasol, Deutz Diesel Power and Saxon Junkalor, among others, Dispro Tech SA introduced a world-first technology that measures directly from an exhaust stack. “We ran a programme to see how accurate the equipment was,” explains Du Preez.

A brief data sampling and evaluation can provide users with critical early-warning information pinpointing internal engine problems based on DPM, smoke density and opacity, and six-gas evaluation of the results, which also includes the correct diagnosis for diesel engines that are in a good and acceptable condition to receive such an exhaust aftermarket treatment system, such as a diesel particulate filter (DPF).

Solutions to address emissions in mining As a premier diesel engine emissions monitoring company, Dispro Tech SA has the required specialised expertise not only to address underground emissions but also monitor air quality. Following 15 years of research and analysis, the company’s service offering has expanded and includes diesel combustion analysis, predictive failure analysis, predictive maintenance, DPM verification and reporting, as well as DPM legal compliance services.

Dispro Tech SA will take a series of emissions measurements from the exhaust discharge and

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EQUIPMENT from installed measuring points, to gather samples – from raw gas (RG), pre-exhaust gas after treatment, conditioned gas (CG) and postexhaust gas after treatment of diesel-powered equipment – from both surface and underground machinery.

The company’s permanent technicians work closely with the mine’s engineers on-site. Between them, a test schedule is established whereby the tests are conducted full-time on a monthly basis (weekly service schedule). All tests will be performed in both the surface and underground workshops. RG & CG tests are undertaken on all LHDs, DRGs and utility vehicles at the mine.

Once all the tests are completed, the data is safely stored on an online portal, which can be accessed by relevant engineers, managers and foremen. A comparison graph and data sheet will also be available on the portal to guide engineers daily. All this information facilitates improved critical decision-making.

A step-by-step process for measuring and testing equipment For the best and most accurate test result, the measuring and testing of equipment follows a stringent step-by-step process: 1. Technicians make use of measuring and testing equipment to gather data and information as required by the customer.

2. The performance of aftermarket products on exhaust systems is verified.

3. C ustomers are provided with analysed data from the company’s internal data portal. This data details any issues and provides solutions, pinpointing combustion problems and providing suggestions to rectify concerns.

4. The data is then compared data with the data available on the supplier’s web-based portal.

5. C ondition monitoring is undertaken on diesel engines.

6. R esults are reported showing where gaseous emissions by diesel engines exceed prescribed and/or pre-agreed acceptable limits.

Industry experts delivering positive results Not only does Dispro Tech SA’s product and service offering reduce vehicle emissions, but it has also shown to have proven results. These include a 95% reduction in DPM – which translates to improved air quality at mine operations.

The company is an independent supplier of measuring and monitoring equipment that cannot be found anywhere else. Clients can be assured that the products are of OEM quality.

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According to Du Preez, the equipment complies with ISO 3930:2009 (instruments for measuring vehicle exhaust emissions; metrological and technical requirements; metrological control and performance tests).

In addition to providing industry-changing solutions to the mining industry, Dispro Tech SA has also made a meaningful contribution to the industry at large. The company was among the advisors on the Mine Health and Safety Council’s circular regarding DPM. Dispro Tech SA’s product and service offering has assisted mines in complying with underground air quality regulations, and has reduced maintenance costs of mobile mining equipment thanks to predictive failure analysis and predictive maintenance. The company’s service offering provides a bird’s-eye view of an operation’s fleet to authorised mine personnel. “They can pull the information at any given time,” Du Preez notes.

Dispro Tech SA’s customer base includes some of the biggest mines in South Africa’s gold, platinum and diamond sectors. The company has also done work outside of South Africa in Zimbabwe and Botswana. “I did some baselines with mines across our borders and we firmly believe it will take off next year,” Du Preez concludes.

CONTACT For more information, contact Dispro Tech SA: Telephone: + 27 (0)13 243 5753 / +27 (0)13 243 1851 Website: www.dispro.co.za

FOCUS IN AFRICA ISSUE | 2022

EQUIPMENT

SMART SOLUTIONS FOR WATER Population growth, industrialisation and climate change intensify water scarcity. Communities MANAGEMENT across the world have an urgent requirement for safe, reliable and affordable water and wastewater (W/WW) treatment.

IN MINING

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he demand for W/WW treatment is non-cyclical, as governments, municipalities, the private sector and mining industry will continue to invest in new and existing infrastructure to meet the increase in regulatory requirements.

Mine water treatment Mining is a water-intensive process, with water being used for mineral processing, dust suppression, slurry transport and employees’ needs. Some 10% of the mining industry’s capex is spent on water-related infrastructure, according to the International Council on Mining & Metals and the International Finance Corporation.

The primary challenge for mine operators is water treatment and ensuring they find a balance between guaranteeing compliant effluent quality and minimising costs. Mine water treatment plays a crucial role in operations, whether in guaranteeing a ready supply of fresh water for workforces, or in support of vital processes such as separation. However, the procurement and treatment of the needed volumes of water are not the only challenges; treating wastewater for safe discharge is equally complex. And all of these challenges are compounded when operating in a remote location.

The Endress+Hauser portfolio offers multiple solutions for mine water treatment. Endress+Hauser offers a broad range of sensor instrumentation to support optimal mine water processes – from the monitoring of desalination of extracted water, to industrial water preparation and the treatment of water for discharge.

Promag W800

Solutions to meet demand Endress+Hauser is a partner that understands the water-related needs and demands of the mining industry.

The company has made it a priority to

create practical solutions to meet industry needs while supporting optimal operation for end-users. One such solution is Netilion Water Network Insights, which is a certified and vendor-independent IIoT ecosystem.

This cloud-based solution helps users to continuously monitor and improve their processes and procedures – whether in the field or control centre.

Netilion Water Network Insights enables users to optimise processes across the entire water cycle while collecting all important measuring variables and displaying the data in a customisable visualisation. This allows for a faster response to incidents and saves on operating and energy costs.

Water’s journey is endless. It often travels long distances through huge pipelines in remote areas without any other infrastructure. To guarantee sufficient water quantity and quality, active management is needed.

Endress+Hauser’s battery-powered Promag W 800 makes life easier. It provides everything required to maintain full compliance with legal requirements while increasing operational efficiency. Whether in urban or remote areas, in a desert or in the tropics – the accurate measuring and billing of drinking and process water consumption is becoming increasingly important.

Endress+Hauser has developed the new Promag W 800 with battery power, precisely for such applications.

This electromagnetic flow meter allows versatile and autonomous use even at locations without power supply.

Water quality monitoring is also an important aspect for mining operators. It consists of several key parameters (pH, turbidity, etc.) to ensure treated wastewater meets environmental guidelines. These parameters are either measured online by process instrumentation or by manual grab sampling, which may examine a composite sample over a weekly period. Most modern installations will have automated online monitoring systems at the outlet of their treatment plant. With ad hoc or manualbased measurement, it’s easy to miss a pollution event that may cause environmental damage.

www.endress.com info.za.sc@endress.com

Analysis Panel

Netilion Water Network Insights enables users to optimise processes across the entire water cycle

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EQUIPMENT

BENDING MACHINES

Steinmüller Africa’s induction bending machine at work, bending thick-walled piping

Steinmüller Africa’s Cojafex PB 850 induction bending machine is one of only two induction bending machines on the African continent.

T

he Cojafex machine enables paper and pulp, power, petrochemical and mining plants to source custom bends locally, as well as large-radius, multiple or complex bends – all with quick turnaround times.

Induction bending is the process whereby a straight pipe is precision-bent by a specially engineered machine. The front of the pipe protrudes through an induction coil and is clamped into position. The induction coil is heated to a specified temperature and then the arm of the machine moves in a predetermined radius, pushing the pipe through the coil.

“This is programmed into the machine up front and is an automated process,” explains Lee Chapman, divisional manager: Piping, Steinmüller Africa. The automation and machine control renders a precise and top-quality pipe bend. “Our Cojafex machine is capable of bending pipes between 48.3 OD and 850 OD with a wall thickness up to 100 mm. It can create bends of up to 180 degrees,” adds Chapman.

Induction bending is ideal “when standard-size bends are not available and custom or large-radius bends are required”, states Chapman. Since it can create complex (multiple) bends without the need for welding, induction bending guarantees pipe system integrity and a reduced maintenance requirement, making it especially well suited to high-pressure piping, steam piping and industrial piping systems. This also means it delivers a relatively low cost of ownership. In addition, if multiple bends are done at once, then there is a cost-saving during

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the erection and ongoing maintenance phases of a plant’s operation.

Complementary service offering The benefit of partnering with Steinmüller is that it offers complementary services in addition to induction bending. “There is no need to move the component between different suppliers, as we are able to do all the necessary bending, welding and heat treatment in-house,” says Chapman. Using its Schlager gas furnace, Steinmüller conducts postbend heat treatment, which ensures the pipe’s mechanical properties are restored following the bending process. In addition, Steinmüller specialises in various welding processes, enabling custom welding on to pipes.

A commitment to safety and quality, backed by international expertise, has made Steinmüller Africa the fabricator of choice for some of South Africa’s largest power, paper and petrochemical companies.

“Steinmüller has been carrying out induction bending for over 10 years at its facility in Pretoria and has a number of qualified bending procedures to both EN and ASME standards for safety and quality. Our in-house quality management system ensures that our products meet all the necessary international standards,” adds Chapman.

Steinmüller Africa is a Bilfinger Power Africa and BBBEE Level 1 company. For almost six decades, Steinmüller has provided comprehensive solutions for steam-generating plants – from design through to commissioning and after-service maintenance.

We understand how it is important to e�ciently extract and process precious metals and minerals.

PROCESS + PROTECT You save valuable resources while keeping your employees and the environment safe.

Improve your processes with our comprehensive portfolio of measuring instruments:

Micropilot FMR57: Free space radar device with Heartbeat Technology saves costs and guarantees safe processes.

Contact us: Email: info.za.sc@endress.com Tel: +27 11 262 8000 Web: www.endress.com

Omnigrad TAF16: Robust thermometer with ceramic or metal thermowells offers exceptional durability in extreme temperatures.

Field Xpert SMT70: Tablet PC allows mobile device configuration and plant asset management, even in hazardous areas.

EQUIPMENT

A SmartScale solution for wheel loaders Every tonne counts when it comes to ore loading and hauling in mining. Precision is essential to avoid over- and underloading, and this requires the right weighing equipment and accessories.

L

oadtech’s Loadrite L3180 SmartScale for wheel loaders offers greater accuracy, precision and speed, as well as tracks performance during the loading process. The SmartScale also has built-in GNSS and Wi-Fi connectivity.

The two 3D Internal Measurement Unit angle sensors are used to continuously monitor boom positioning – taking into account the ground slope angle while the machine is in motion. Thanks to the compensation for lift speed and ground angle, it is possible to get the most accurate weighing data possible.

L3180 SmartScale features The L3180 SmartScale has various unique features that make it ideal for loading efficiency and accuracy.

Weighing intelligence offers more precise weighing in a wide range of conditions, adjusting for ground slope, rough terrain, operator technique and machine movement. Another interesting feature includes the in-cab KPIs (tonnes/hour, tonnes, truck count). This feature helps operators achieve daily targets.

Operators can utilise the weight at the start of a lift, which enables fast bucket adjustments. Loading a truck to an optimal point is also made quick and easy. For a safe and efficient digital workflow, the L3180 SmartScale has contactless ticketing and ticketing at the gate. This feature enables the sending of information by email or, alternatively, collecting a hard copy. The tickets are available for 90 days, thanks to the built-in memory that stores previous tickets from the loader for reprint.

InsightHQ With built-in Wi-Fi and GPS, the L3180 SmartScale is InsightHQ ready. This enables operators to receive production and performance metrics that are clearly presented in a simple dashboard. With customisable transaction reports, it is possible to access summaries as well as detailed transactions for each customer. In

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addition, it is possible to access real-time stockpile inventory from the smart device at any time.

InsightHQ can be used in various applications – for example, as a quarry management system for either a web browser or mobile device. It shows near-realtime productivity, availability and performance dashboards, and reports for extraction, processing and load-out.

It provides greater visibility to quarries, as well as optimises productivity, availability and performance. In addition, InsightHQ provides access to live reports, with totals for each customer, product and machine. Viewing changes over time is easy as reports can be adjusted according to the shift, day, week, month or year.

The L3180 SmartScale for wheel loaders offers greater accuracy, precision and speed

FOCUS IN AFRICA ISSUE | 2022

AFRICAN ENERGY

A growing interest in Africa’s

wind energy industry

Paul has over 20 years’ experience working on large-scale B2B events

More recently, natural resources and extractive industries have provided an additional driver of wind energy adoption in Africa. By Paul Sinclair*

O

utside of a limited number of countries, wind turbines have remained a rare sight in Africa. But this is not for lack of potential. In 2020, a study by the International Finance Corporation found that continental Africa possesses an onshore wind potential of almost 180 000 TWh/annum – enough to satisfy the entire continent’s electricity needs 250 times over. As the continent continues to seek ways to expand energy access, the adoption of wind as a source of energy is expected to accelerate.

Where the wind blows So far, only Morocco, Egypt and South Africa have been truly successful in harnessing their wind potential and attracting private capital to set up wind parks. Through the widely acclaimed Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REIPPPP), South Africa has already commissioned 34 wind farms with an installed capacity of over 3.3 GW, according to the country’s IPP Office.

And this is far from over. In 2021, the South African Department of Mineral Resources and

Energy announced 25 successful bidders under its REIPPPP Bid Window 5, including 12 wind farms with a total capacity of 1 600 MW. Project agreements for these facilities are expected to be signed before the end of 2022. The country also opened the REIPPPP Bid Window 6 in April 2022, which will allocate a maximum capacity of 1 600 MW of wind, with projects ranging from 50 MW to 240 MW. Up north, Morocco and Egypt continue to drive wind energy developments. The latter has an installed wind generation capacity of almost 1.5 GW across 13 wind farms, according to its Ministry of Energy. It now expects to commission another 2 GW by 2025 with an additional 14 wind farms.

On the other side, Egypt has seen fewer but bigger projects. Its four wind farms have a current installed capacity of 1.6 GW. The most recent one, West Bakr, was commissioned by Lekela Power in November 2021.

The role of development and multilateral finance Across the rest of the continent, multilateral and development finance institutions (DFIs) have

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AFRICAN ENERGY

played a key role in supporting the emergence of the wind sector.

West Africa has increasingly harnessed its wind potential with facilities commissioned in Cabo Verde (Cabeólica, 2011), Senegal (Taiba Ndiaye, 2019) and Mauritania (Boulenouar, 2020). The projects received significant backing from the likes of the Africa Finance Corporation (AFC), the US International Development Finance Corporation (DFC), and the Arab Fund for Economic & Social Development.

They have successfully laid the groundwork for more projects to follow. In December 2021, the US DFC notably provided funding for a feasibility study to expand Senegal’s 158.7 MW Taiba Ndiaye Wind Farm by another 100 MW. East Africa is also joining the game, led by Kenya.

After the expansion of the Ngong facility in 2014, the country commissioned the 310 MW Lake Turkana Wind Farm in 2017 and the 100 MW Kipeto Wind Farm in 2021. The African Development Bank (AfDB) was the mandated lead arranger on Lake Turkana’s debt package and managed to attract several leading European DFIs to finance the project. On its side, Kipeto was mostly funded by the US DFC. After its success in Cabo Verde, the AFC has

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moved east, where it is the lead developer on Djibouti’s Red Sea Wind Power Project in Ghoubet.

The 60 MW facility is now nearing completion and is the country’s very first independent power producer (IPP).

An ideal choice to cut carbon emissions More recently, natural resources and extractive industries have provided an additional driver of wind energy adoption in Africa. Publicly listed oil and gas, as well as mining, companies seeking to decarbonise their portfolios and cut carbon emissions across operations are indeed looking at wind.

In March 2022, Savannah Energy executed an agreement with the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy and Renewable Energies of the Republic of Niger to develop the country’s first wind farm. Savannah Energy, operator of some of the most prolific oil blocks in Niger, is planning to construct and operate the 250 MW facility in the Tahoua Region. The wind farm will be structured as an IPP and is currently in the feasibility study phase. It is expected to be sanctioned in 2023 for potential commissioning in 2025.

In Zambia, First Quantum Minerals entered into a new partnership with Chariot and Total Eren earlier

FOCUS IN AFRICA ISSUE | 2022

AFRICAN ENERGY

The emergence of Africa’s hydrogen industry will also be supporting the growth of its wind sector

this year to develop 430 MW of solar and wind power for its mining operations. The company notably operates Africa’s biggest copper mine by production in Zambia and seeks to reduce its carbon footprint by 30% by 2025.

In South Africa, Anglo American is embarking on an even bigger project with EDF Renewables. Both companies signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) in March this year to work together on the development of a new regional renewable energy ecosystem (RREE). The scheme is expected to be designed to meet Anglo American’s operational electricity requirements in South Africa through the supply of 100% renewable electricity by 2030. It notably seeks to develop a network of on- and offsite solar and wind farms, with storage totalling up to 5 GW to power Anglo American’s operations.

The hydrogen opportunity Equally important, the emergence of Africa’s hydrogen industry will also be supporting the growth of its wind sector.

Last year, the Chariot Energy Group signed an MoU with the Mauritanian Ministry of Petroleum, Mines & Energy to progress Project Nour, a potential green

hydrogen development of up to 10 GW. Under the MoU, Project Nour has been given exclusivity over 14 400 km² of on- and offshore area in Mauritania where pre-feasibility and feasibility studies will be conducted to generate solar and wind power used in electrolysis to split water and produce green hydrogen and oxygen.

In Namibia, during late 2021, the government issued a notice of award to Hyphen Hydrogen Energy, the joint venture of Nicholas Holdings and Enertrag South Africa, to develop Southern Africa’s first gigawatt-scale green hydrogen project.

The US$9.4 billion (R152 billion) scheme will be located within the Tsau//Khaeb National Park, which is among the top five resource-rich locations in the world for co-located onshore wind and solar, according to Hyphen. The project’s full development targets 300 000 metric tonnes per annum of green hydrogen production from 5 GW of renewable generation capacity and 3 GW electrolysis. *Paul Sinclair is the vice president: Energy and director: Government Relations at Africa Oil Week and Green Energy Summit Africa.

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AFRICAN ENERGY

SUSTAINABLE AFRICA SCENARIO to achieve energy development goals The Africa Energy Outlook 2022 explores a Sustainable Africa Scenario in which all African energy-related development goals are achieved on time and in full. This includes universal access to modern energy services by 2030 and the full implementation of all African climate pledges.

W

ith demand for energy services in Africa set to grow rapidly, ensuring affordability is an urgent priority.

Increased energy efficiency is essential for this, since it reduces fuel imports, eases strains on existing infrastructure, and keeps consumer bills affordable.

Renewables: the backbone of Africa’s new energy systems Expanded and improved electricity grids provide the backbone of Africa’s new energy systems in this scenario, and are increasingly powered by renewables. Africa is home to 60% of the best solar resources worldwide, but it currently holds only 1% of solar PV capacity. Already the cheapest source of power in many parts of Africa, solar is set to outcompete all other sources continentwide by 2030. Renewables – including solar, wind, hydropower and geothermal – account for over 80% of new power generation capacity added by 2030 in the Sustainable Africa Scenario.

While renewables are the driving force for Africa’s electricity sector this decade, the continent’s industrialisation relies in part on expanding natural gas use. More than 5 000 billion cubic metres (bcm) of natural gas resources have been discovered to date in Africa that have not yet been approved for development. These resources could provide an additional 90 bcm of gas a year by 2030, which may well be vital for Africa’s domestic fertiliser, steel, cement and water desalination industries.

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Cumulative CO₂ emissions from the use of these gas resources over the next 30 years would be around 10 billion tonnes. If these emissions were added to Africa’s cumulative total today, they would bring its share of global emissions to a mere 3.5%.

Africa’s vast resources of minerals that are critical for multiple clean energy technologies are set to create new export markets but need to be managed well, with Africa’s revenues from critical mineral exports set to more than double by 2030.

A number of low-carbon hydrogen projects are under way, focused primarily on producing ammonia for fertilisers, which would strengthen Africa’s food security. Africa has huge potential to produce hydrogen using its rich renewable resources. As much as today’s energy demand could be produced at internationally competitive price points by 2030.

Achieving Africa’s energy and climate goals means more than doubling energy investment this decade.

This would take it over US$190 billion (R3.16 trillion) each year from 2026 to 2030, with two-thirds going to clean energy.

According to Birol, multilateral development banks must take urgent action to increase financial flows to Africa for both developing its energy sector and adapting to climate change. “The continent’s energy future requires stronger efforts on the ground that are backed by global support. The COP 27 Climate Change Conference in Egypt in late 2022 provides a crucial platform for African leaders to set the agenda for the coming years. This decade is critical not only for global climate action but also for the foundational

FOCUS IN AFRICA ISSUE | 2022

AFRICAN ENERGY

It is morally unacceptable that the ongoing injustice of energy poverty in Africa isn’t being resolved when it is so clearly well within our means to do so.”

investments that will allow Africa – home to the world’s youngest population – to flourish in the decades to come.”

Challenges affecting Africa’s energy development According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), crippling spikes in energy prices underscore the urgency and the benefits for African countries of accelerating the scale up of cheaper and cleaner sources of energy.

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has sent food, energy and other commodity prices soaring, increasing the strain on African economies already hard hit by the Covid-19 pandemic. The overlapping crises are affecting many parts of Africa’s energy systems, including reversing positive trends in improving access to modern energy, with 25 million more people in Africa living without electricity today compared with before the pandemic, according to the Africa Energy Outlook 2022.

At the same time, Africa is also already facing more severe effects from climate change than most other parts of the world – including massive droughts – despite bearing the least responsibility for the problem. Africa accounts for less than 3% of the world’s energy-related CO₂ emissions to date and has the lowest emissions per capita of any region.

Despite these challenges, the report finds that the global clean energy transition holds new promise for Africa’s economic and social development, with solar, other renewables and emerging areas such as critical minerals and green hydrogen offering strong growth potential if managed well. Increased international

ambitions for cutting emissions are helping to set a new course for the global energy sector amid declining clean technology costs and shifting global investment patterns. African countries are poised to benefit from these trends and attract increasing flows of climate finance.

“Africa has had the raw end of the deal from the fossil-fuel-based economy, receiving the smallest benefits and the biggest drawbacks, as underlined by the current energy crisis,” says Fatih Birol, executive director, IEA. “The new global energy economy that is emerging offers a more hopeful future for Africa, with huge potential for solar and other renewables to power its development – and new industrial opportunities in critical minerals and green hydrogen.

“The immediate and absolute priority for Africa and the international community is to bring modern and affordable energy to all Africans – and our new report shows this can be achieved by the end of this decade through annual investment of $25 billion (R416.5 billion) – the same amount needed to build just one new LNG terminal a year,” Birol added. “It is morally unacceptable that the ongoing injustice of energy poverty in Africa isn’t being resolved when it is so clearly well within our means to do so,” he concluded.

Follow the link to access the Africa Energy Outlook 2022 report: tinyurl.com/AEO2022

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Lead Sponsor

6 September 2022 In person at: Country Club Johannesburg and Online

Resources for Africa is pleased to announce the 2022 Hydrogen Economy Discussion taking place on 6 September at the Country Club Johannesburg, Auckland Park.

Hydrogen’s unique properties make it potentially a powerful enabler for the global energy transition as we seek to diversify energy sources, fast track the route to net zero and benefit the energy system, consumers and hard-to-abate sectors such as transportation and heavy industry. In South Africa the discussion has centred around the opportunities for the country to become a leading player in the global hydrogen economy, given its unique position as the world’s largest producer of PGMs and its huge potential for renewable energy production.

Brought to you by Resources for Africa, the organisers of the Joburg Indaba, this comprehensive full-day discussion will bring together all the key players, including hydrogen project developers, mining companies, investors, industry associations, hydrogen equipment suppliers, infrastructure providers and independent advisors, to debate the implications and opportunities of the hydrogen economy globally and particularly for South Africa and the mining industry.

Key subjects that will be focused on include: • What is the potential role of hydrogen in the energy transition and achieving net zero?

• What is South Africa’s plan to take advantage of the hydrogen economy’s potential?

• What is the real potential for PGMs in the hydrogen economy?

What production, storage and distribution infrastructure is needed to enable the hydrogen economy?

• What opportunities exist for local and international funders to invest in the green hydrogen economy?

• What regulation, policy and standardisation initiatives are needed to enable the hydrogen economy?

• Who is developing green hydrogen projects in Africa and elsewhere and for which applications?

• And so much more…

Hydrogen Economy Discussion 2022 is proudly sponsored by:

Lead Sponsor

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FOCUS IN AFRICA ISSUE | 2022

AFRICAN ENERGY

RUSSIA-UKRAINE CONFLICT brings new opportunities for Africa’s LNG industry In the months since the EU declared it would reduce its reliance on Russian oil and gas following the invasion of Ukraine, there’s been a lot of talk about the new opportunities this creates for Africa’s natural gas industry. I have been part of that conversation, and I stand by my past statements. By NJ Ayuk*

A

frica’s capabilities are considerable, as the African Energy Chamber makes clear in our State of African Energy Q2 2022 Report.

What’s more, certain developments within Europe are putting African natural gas producers in a stronger position than they have been in before with respect to being able to fight for – and win – a larger market share. Quite simply, there are gaps in the European gas market that weren’t there in the past – gaps that urgently need to be filled.

The existence of those gaps means that there’s more room for African gas now than there used to be, particularly liquified natural gas (LNG), which is easy to store and transport. As our report notes, 50% of the 2022-25 cumulative gas flows from Africa’s top 10 producers are expected to be exported as LNG. And, the interest in African LNG is not likely to be a

NJ is a thought leader in the African energy sector

momentary blip. Going forward, new technologies and shifting geopolitical conditions should make it easier for African producers to maintain market share in Europe. In short, things are changing.

More room in the market right now For decades, Russia was the EU’s single largest provider of gas, delivering at least a quarter to a third of its total consumption. According to International Energy Agency data, the figure was even higher in 2021, when it supplied 155 billion cubic metres (bcm) of gas, equivalent to 45% of total imports and 40% of total consumption.

The numbers for 2022 are bound to be different. The volume of Russian gas flowing into European markets started going down significantly not long after the start of the war in Ukraine. In April 2022, the share of Russian

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AFRICAN ENERGY

gas in total EU imports was reported to be 31%, down from 45% in April 2021. There’s no reason to believe the number has gone back up since then, since April was the last month that Russia was willing to accept payment from most EU customers in US dollars or euros instead of using special ruble-denominated accounts that are subject to sanctions.

Indeed, ever since Russia’s new payment requirement has taken effect, European customers have had to learn to live with abrupt cut-offs or reductions in pipeline gas deliveries, with their Russian supplier Gazprom citing payment difficulties or failure to resolve technical problems as reasons for the disruptions.

Since the end of April, these kinds of cut-offs have happened to Poland and Bulgaria, they’ve happened to Finland, and they’ve happened to Germany and all the other countries served by the Nord Stream I network.

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More cut-offs are likely before the end of the year, and no one knows exactly how much they’re going to affect the total volume of Russian gas shipments to Europe. The upshot, though, is that in 2022 the volume of delivered gas is sure to be quite a bit lower than the 2021 figure of 155 bcm.

And that’s where African gas starts to come into the picture.

If the EU doesn’t have enough Russian gas this year, it will have to make up the deficit somewhere else in order to endure the next heating season. And in part, it’s been trying to do so by importing more LNG from established large-scale producers such as the US and Qatar. The EU has also been buying more LNG from smaller-scale producers such as Peru. But it’s also reached out to gas-producing states in Africa. Italy, for instance, has negotiated the purchase of additional gas

FOCUS IN AFRICA ISSUE | 2022

AFRICAN ENERGY

For decades, Russia was the EU’s single largest provider of gas, delivering at least a quarter to a third of its total consumption

from Algeria in 2022 and is also looking to buy more gas from Egypt and Angola in the short term.

More room in the market for years to come And European buyers aren’t just treating African gas as a quick fix – as something to cover the gap for the time being. Italy expects Algeria to keep supplying extra volumes beyond 2022, and it’s also talking to Angola, Egypt and the Republic of Congo about more extensive deals. Germany is looking to cement ties with Senegal in light of that country’s future gas production, which is on track to start next year. The EU has signed a trilateral memorandum of understanding with Israel and Egypt in the hope of boosting future gas imports from the eastern Mediterranean region.

What’s more, the EU has sent Matthew Baldwin, the European Commission’s deputy director-general: Energy,

to Nigeria to discuss the possibility of increased gas supplies. Baldwin, who leads the EU’s Energy Platform Task Force (EPTF) – set up in May 2022 to help cut Europe’s dependence on Russian oil and gas – waxed lyrical about Nigeria’s contribution to the EU’s gas supply in an exclusive interview with Premium Times.

He noted that the West African country already accounted for 14% of the EU’s LNG imports, suggested that the figure might rise to 30% or more in the long term, and described Nigeria as a supplier that European gas buyers could count on.

“We need more gas from Nigeria as a result of the terrible war of aggression Russia has mounted on Ukraine,” Baldwin declared. “We can no longer count on gas coming from the Russian Federation, and we want to build a new partnership with countries like Nigeria with whom we have an already well-established

45

AFRICAN ENERGY partnership to obtain more gas and LNG from you on good commercial terms.”

The window of opportunity will remain open It is somewhat tempting to meet these statements with scepticism, given that the EU has talked about gas supply diversification for more than 20 years and has done relatively little to make that diversification a reality. Yes, Brussels has supported initiatives such as the Southern Gas Corridor, which began delivering gas from Azerbaijan to Italy in 2020. However, in the time it took to bring that project to fruition, Gazprom managed to plan one larger pipeline across the Black Sea (South Stream), scrap that plan, draw up a plan for another larger pipeline (TurkStream), and then execute that plan, all while working on an even bigger subsea pipeline to Germany, Nord Stream 2.

I believe, however, that such scepticism would be misplaced at this time. The EU is no longer working in a context where the benefits of supply diversification are theoretical and abstract; it’s now a concrete and immediate matter. For policy reasons, the EU wants to deny Russia access to revenue from gas sales and strip its status as a normal commercial partner. For practical reasons, European gas buyers need to find a way to make up for the supplies missing from Russia. And for both policy and practical reasons, Brussels wants to deny Moscow the opportunity to continue using gas supplies as a blunt instrument with which to threaten Europe in the future.

46

The change isn’t going to be immediate. It will take time to reduce Russia’s profile in the EU’s energy mix. But the process of supply reduction is under way, and it has already opened up new opportunities for African gas producers to acquire market share in Europe. I expect those opportunities to last beyond the near term, as the EU attempts to establish a new combination of gas suppliers to replace Russia over the next few years.

I also hope Africa’s emerging gas producers take advantage of new LNG technologies such as the modular Fast LNG solutions offered by New Fortress Energy, a US-based company, to meet European demand for gas. With these technologies, they won’t have to wait as long or spend as much money to begin producing the LNG that European consumers are clamouring to buy. They can start in two years or less, rather than waiting five years or more, as is common with more conventional onshore projects.

Between these new technologies and the EU’s new policy stance, the African gas sector is likely to look very different within just a few years. I encourage you to read the State of African Energy Q2 2022 Report and find out more for yourself. *NJ Ayuk is the executive chairman of the African Energy Chamber.

Follow this link to access The State of African Energy Q2 2022 report: energychamber.org/ report/aec-q2-2022-oil-and-gas-outlook

African Energy Week 2022

Africa is transitioning to a new energy landscape.

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Cape Town South Africa 18 - 21 October 2022

A strong case for renewable energy in Africa WORLD ENERGY TRANSITIONS OUTLOOK

According to the Africa Energy Outlook 2022, renewable energy is Towards the 2050 goal the backbone of Africa’s new energy systems.

T

IRENA’s 1.5°C pathway positions electrification and efficiency as key drivers of the energy transition, enabled by renewables, hydrogen, and sustainable biomass. This pathway, which requires a massive change in how societies produce and consume energy, would result in a cut of nearly 37 gigatonnes of annual CO 2 emissions by 2050. These reductions can be achieved through he report further states that Africa is increases intechnology unlock the continent’s 1) significant generation andrequired direct uses ofto renewables-based electricity; 2) substantial efficiency; 3) the electrification of end-use sectors (e.g. electric vehicles and home to 60% of the best solarimprovements resources in energysolar potential. heat only pumps); 4) clean hydrogen and its derivatives; 5) bioenergy coupled with carbon worldwide, but it currently holds Despite the challenges, Africa – like the restcapture and storage; and 6) last-mile use of carbon capture and storage (see Figure ES.1).

1% of solar PV capacity. This could be attributed to the lack of infrastructure and

of the world – stands to benefit from adopting renewable energy sources.

WORLD ENERGY TRANSITIONS OUTLOOK

A holistic policyFIGURE framework for the energy transition 3.1 A holistic policy framework for the energy transition DEPLOYMENT POLICIES

INTEGRATING POLICIES

ENABLING POLICIES

STRUCTURAL CHANGE AND JUST TRANSITION POLICIES

Reducing emissions by 2050 through six technological avenues FIGURE ES.1 Reducing emissions by 2050 through six technological avenues RE based CO2 removals (BECCS)

HOLISTIC GLOBAL POLICY FRAMEWORK

FF based CO2 capture and storage (CCS)

WORLD ENERGY TRANSITIONS OUTLOOK

Hydrogen

14%

2018 SOCIETY

30 20

WORLD ENERGY Sources: IRENA (2021a) 10TRANSITIONS OUTLOOK

30

2018

10

with the economy at large and and planetary systems

30 20 10 0 -10

48

increase to 65% by 2030.

116 • An additional 8 000 GW of renewable capacity in this decade.

Installed capacity of onshore • wind of 3 000 GW, four times that of 2020.

• Offshore wind to scale up to 380 GW, 11 times more than in 2020.

• Installed capacity of solar PV to reach 5 200 GW, more than seven times that of 2020.

• Hydropower capacity to increase to 1 500 GW, 30% more than in 2020.

• Other renewable technologies to reach 750 GW, up six-fold from 2020.

Electrification

The share of direct electricity in total final energy consumption (TFEC) must rise from 21% to 30%; deployment of energy efficiency Rapid out measures mustphase increase 2.5of times.

power A drop in TFECand fromexpansion ca. 390 EJ • coal of to renewable power today 370 EJ. electrification of • Expanded 2018 - especially 2030 in energy services, transport sector.

• Improved energy efficiency standards and retrofitting of existing buildings.

• Process changes in industry, relocation of industries, and circular economy practices.

20%

20

2018 - 2030

0

societal Emissions (GtCO2) Renewable energy share in 40 electricity generation must

Energy efficiency

Gt CO2

40

Note: Abatement estimates include energy and process-related CO2 emissions along with emissions from non-energy use. Renewables include renewable electricity generation sources and direct use of renewableCHAPTER heat and1 biomass.

Energy efficiency includes measures related to reduced demand and efficiency improvements. Structural changes (e.g. relocation of steel production with direct reduced iron) and circular economy practices are part of energy Share of new electricity capacity, 2001-2021 efficiency. Electrification includes direct use of clean electricity in transport and heat applications. Hydrogen and its derivatives include synthetic fuels and feedstocks. CCS describes carbon capture and storage from point-source fossil fuel-based andShare other of emitting processes,capacity, mainly in2001–2021 industry. BECCS and other carbon removal measures include FIGURE 1.6 new electricity bioenergy coupled with CCS in electricity, heat generation, and industry.

0

Policy makers need to understand Emission reductions 2018-2030 FIGURE ES.2 Emission howreductions the energy2018-2030 transition interacts

-10

25%

36.9

10%

2030 PLANET ECONOMY ENERGY Rapid phase out of coal power and expansion of renewable power

Renewables

6%

FIGURE ES.2 Emission reductions 2018-2030 Emissions (GtCO2) 40

25%

-10

2030 Direct renewables in end use 40 sectors must grow from 12% in 2019 to 19% by 2030.

• Hydrogen consumption to reach a minimum of 19 EJ by 2030. 30 • Total consumption of bioenergy and feedstock in industry to increase to 25 EJ, 2.5 times 20 more than in 2019.

• Solar thermal, geothermal and district heating solutions to be scaled up to 60 EJ, 1.3 times 10 the 2019 levels.

• Biofuel's share for energy consumption in transport to 0 increase from 3% in 2019 to 13%.

• Increase ambition on biojet to reach 20% of total fuel -10 consumption by 2030.

Energy conservation Hydrogen and its Renewable energy share in The share of direct electricity in Direct renewables in end use Process and andfinal efficiency derivatives electricity generation must total energy consumption sectors must grow from 12% in non-energy increase to 65% by 2030.

(TFEC) must rise from 21% to 30%; 2019 to 19% by 2030.

Renewables Natural gas deployment of energy efficiency Hydrogen consumption to reach in industry • An additional 8 000 GW of • CCS (power must and direct uses) measures increase 2.5 times. renewable capacity in this decade. a minimum of 19 EJ by 2030.

Oil A drop in TFEC of from ca. 390 EJ Total consumption bioenergy • Installed capacity of onshore • Electrification • BECCS end and other of carbon wind of 3 000 GW, four times today(direct) to 370 EJ. and feedstock in industry to Coal uses removal measures that of 2020. increase to 25 EJ, 2.5 times • Expanded electrification of more than in 2019. energy services, especially in • Offshore wind to scale up to 380 GW, 11 times more than transport sector.

• Solar thermal, geothermal and district heating solutions to be in 2020.

• Improved energy efficiency scaled up to 60 EJ, 1.3 times Installed capacity of solar PV to standards and retrofitting of • GW Note: = gigawatt; Gt = gigatonne; CCS = carbon capture and storage; BECCS = bioenergythe combined with carbon 2019 levels. reach 5 200 GW, more than seven existing buildings. capture and that storage. times of 2020.

• Biofuel's share for energy • Process changes in industry, consumption in transport to relocation of industries, and • Hydropower capacity to increase increase from 3% in 2019 to 13%. to 1 500 GW, 30% more than in circular economy practices.

Annual capacity (GW/yr) Sharecapture of new electricity generating (%) = gigatonnes of CCS = carbon captureinstallations and storage; BECCS = bioenergy with carbon and storage; GtCO2capacity 90 carbon270 dioxide; RE = renewable energy; FF = fossil fuel.

225

75

180

60

135

45

90

30

45

15

16

0

0 2001

2003

2005

New capacity non-renewables (GW)

2007

2009

2011

New capacity renewables (GW)

2013

2015

2017

2019

2021

Renewable share (%)

FOCUS IN AFRICA ISSUE | 2022

AFRICAN ENERGY

WORLD ENERGY TRANSITIONS OUTLOOK

3.4.1 Energy sector jobs results in 2030 at the global level The number of people working in the global energy sector by 2030 could rise from 106 million under CHAPTER 2

PES to 139 million under the 1.5°C Scenario (Figure 3.10). Job losses in conventional energy jobs (i.e. fossil fuels and nuclear) are more than offset by gains in renewables and other energy transitionrelated technologies (i.e. energy efficiency, power grids and flexibility, hydrogen). By 2030, the total number of renewable energy jobs more than doubles from 17.4 million in PES to 38.2 million in the 1.5°C Scenario, while other energy transition-related sectors rise from 45.8 million to 74.2 million.

TABLE 2.1 Key indicators of performance on renewables in the power sector (continued)

Key indicators of performance on renewables in the power sector

Global energy sector jobs (2019) and under the 1.5°C Scenario and FIGURE 3.10 Global energy sector jobs (2019) and under the 1.5°C Scenario PES (2030) and PES (2030)

Historical 2017-2019

Where we need to be (1.5°C Scenario) 2021-2030

Jobs (in Million) 2031-2050

140

INVESTMENTS Renewable power generation capacity

RENEWABLES (POWER)

Power grids WORLD ENERGY and energy flexibility TRANSITIONS OUTLOOK

120

253 USD billion/yr

1 045 USD billion/yr

Conventional energy Other transition-related sectors

897 USD billion/yr 100

275 USD billion/yr

648 USD billion/yr

775 USD billion/yr

Renewable energy

80 60

Avoided CO2 emissions in the 1.5°C Scenario compared to the PES in 2050:

Contribution to total energy sector avoided CO2 emissions in the 1.5°C Scenario compared to the PES in 2050:

The increased adoption of larger, multi-light systems worldwide is supported by pay-as-you32 COfinancing.

2 EMISSION ABATEMENT go (PAYG) product Cash sales accounted for 65% of all sales between January and June 2021, a notable drop from 75% during the same period in 2019 (GOGLA, 2021a). Access to Renewables could decarbonise 90% Renewables of the power sector by 2050. (power) affordable financing for end users and enterprises, alongside public financing support, remains

6 Gthigher CO2/yr tiers of service key for the further scale-up of standalone systems that deliver 16 % aligned with users’ objectives and aspirations 33 (discussed further in section 4.2). This is particularly the case for the millions of households and enterprises that are likely to continue facing an “affordability gap” despite positive developments in technology costs and applications of innovative product financing schemes.

Population served by decentralised renewable energy solutions globally, 2010-2019 (million)

FIGURE 4.2 Population served by decentralised renewable energy solutions globally, 2010–2019 (million)

Renewables could decarbonise 90% of the power sector by 2050, with solar PV providing Biogas the largest share mini-grids

Population (million) 200

WORLD ENERGY 40 TRANSITIONS OUTLOOK 20 0

Accelerating decentralised renewable energy deployment requires an enabling environment that 2019 Planned Energy 1.5°C Scenario comprises integrated planning; dedicated policies and regulations; tailored institutional, delivery and Scenario financing models; capacity building; technological innovation and cross-sector linkages (Figure 4.3).

2030 2030 Gender mainstreaming and multi-stakeholder partnerships are common elements across all the components. These are further discussed in section 4.2 on priority actions to scale up adoption.

Components of an enabling environment for decentralised FIGURE 4.3 Components of an enabling environment for decentralised renewable renewable energy solutions energy solutions Policies

144 and regulations

Capacity building

Solar mini-grids Solar home 71 systems

150

Technology

Solar lights 100

Planning

Hydro mini-grids

50

0

Accelerating decentralised renewable energy

Delivery and financing models

Cross-sector linkages

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

Source: IRENA, 2021d.

Gender mainstreaming Multi-stakeholder partnerships

Source: IRENA (2022), World Energy Transition Outlook at www.irena.org 32 A typical PAYG structure involves the purchase of a system through an initial down payment followed by periodic payments. The arrangement can take the form of a perpetual lease or lead to ownership after a defined period.

33 While there is no universally accepted definition of access, there is ongoing discussion of defining a modern energy minimum of 1 000 kilowatt hours (kWh) per person per year, inclusive of both 300 kWh household and 700 kWh non-household electricity consumption (Moss et al., 2021).

Linking energy supply with incomegenerating activities is important to maximise socio-economic benefits

49

WOMEN IN MINING

Women making their mark in mining The Women and Leadership Conference takes place on 30 and 31 August 2022 in Johannesburg at the Indaba Hotel, Fourways. Inside Mining magazine features some of the women on the panel of female speakers participating in the event.

In 2014, Tebogo was included in the Forbes Africa 20 Young Most Powerful Women in Africa

Annamaré is passionate about the coaching, mentoring and development of women in mining and leadership

O

rganised by Pinpoint Stewards, the event forms part of the Women and Leadership Series with the motto ‘It’s DUE – Develop, Unite, Empower’. The panel of female speakers who are to address attendees at the event were all selected within the borders of South Africa to showcase local talent and leadership. Inside Mining editor Dineo Phoshoko interviews some of these remarkable women.

“Two things I wear best are my confidence and my smile.” – Tebogo Mosito As the CEO of Ditsogo Engineering & Mining, Mosito does business development and strategic stakeholder engagements with suppliers and clients. “I currently have a team of 46 employees,” she says. In addition, she is also the director for Wimbiz South Africa – a non-profit organisation advocating for inclusive procurement and access to markets for women in mining.

Coming from an environment where she was surrounded by mining companies resulted in a passion for the mining and engineering sector. “I never saw many women tapping into the space of supplying industrial services [in the industry],” she adds.

Statistics of female participation in the mining industry are slowly increasing; however, there is still room for a

50

Thabile is registered as a professional natural scientist through the South African Council for Natural Scientific Professions

lot of improvement. “There’s a small growth in females taking up executive leadership roles and many women are given training and empowered, yet they lack support and are afraid to take up roles in mining.”

Mosito believes that one of the methods to improve female participation in the industry is changing mindsets and stereotypes, specifically around women being incapable on capex projects. She adds that removing the red tape will further encourage more women to be involved in the mining industry. For upand-coming entrepreneurs, Mosito’s advice to them is to do research and understand the industry requirements to be well prepared for the job.

Mosito’s key message for the Pinpoint Stewards Women & Leadership in Mining conference: “A woman is so much more than just a human being. She has the power to create a life, cope with so much pain, and somehow always end up being the strongest one in the room. The two things I wear best are my confidence and my smile. That’s what I’d recommend to all the women: be authentic and never be afraid to voice out your mind.”

FOCUS IN AFRICA ISSUE | 2022

WOMEN IN MINING “Build your skills, not your résumé.”

– Dr Annamaré Wolmarans Dr Annamaré Wolmarans works at one of the biggest coal mines in South Africa: Exxaro’s Grootegeluk Complex (GGC). As a manager for information management, she manages day-to-day IT operations and provides strategic direction, overall leadership, and guidance to the GGC information management team.

According to Wolmarans, she got into the mining industry by chance but maintains she hasn’t looked back since. Thanks to the diverse job opportunities, she believes that the industry has evolved and made huge strides through innovation towards automation and digitalisation. “The mining industry afforded me the opportunity to focus and excel my career in IT, specialising in operational technology that supports mining operations,” she says.

What do women bring to the table?

Wolmarans highlights the advantages that come with hiring female employees in the mining industry. “Women

in general bring the following qualities to organisations: a differentiated leadership style that is better suited to the modern organisation, lateral thinking and a more realistic approach to problems; they create a safer work environment in general and are highly effective agents of change. The longer mining companies delay the representation of females, the longer they miss out on benefiting from these qualities.”

She also notes although female participation in the mining industry is increasing, the process can be a bit quicker. “According to the Department of Mineral Resources and Energy, female representation has grown from 6% in 2008 to 12% in 2022. It has taken 14 years for the representation to double to a mere 12%. Mining companies cannot afford for the growth in female representation to take another 14 years to increase to 24%; we need to take bold and collaborative action to address gender inequality and promote the representation and advancement of women in this sector,” she says.

According to Wolmarans, a change in culture and mindset is the answer to increasing female participation.

51

WOMEN IN MINING While promoting gender diversity in mining is a worthy goal, and one that needs to be addressed, it needs to be done in the right way. She points out that mining companies are introducing several approaches and programmes for the development and upliftment of women, but barriers are still not addressed effectively.

“These include barriers such as the glass ceiling, institutional mindsets such as biases, individual mindsets and lifestyle choices.” Wolmarans explains that the technological innovation and automation of processes will level the playing field and make the mining industry more attractive and accessible for women.

Wise words Her advice for someone wanting to pursue a career in mining is simple: “Look for opportunities; look for growth; look for impact; look for mission.” In addition, Wolmarans encourages people not to be afraid of moving around in their careers. With discussions about careers and job opportunities, a lot of attention is given to résumés.

As important as a résumé is, Wolmarans cautions against neglecting other critical aspects to think about when it comes to considerations about one’s career.

“Build your skills, not your résumé. Evaluate what you can do, not the title they’re going to give you. Do real work,” she says. One of the ways to achieve that is through volunteering for projects, a specialist role and an operational job.

In addition, Wolmarans cautions against too much planning and expectations of climbing the corporate ladder fast. “If I had mapped it all out when I was sitting where you are, I would have missed my career,” she concludes.

Wolmarans’ key message for the Pinpoint Stewards Women & Leadership in Mining conference: “Women in any business environment, including the mining industry, should gather in sisterhood.

We as women need to support and encourage each other. We should embrace an attitude that her victory is your victory. Celebrate with her. Your victory is the sisterhood’s victory. Point to her.

Each woman should claim her power, but also clear the way for other women to do the same.”

“Women in mining is no longer just a dream.” – Thabile Kulundu Thabile Kulundu has worked in the mining industry for over 14 years. Her extensive experience spans everything from exploration, operational mining and

52

environmental management to corporate roles within the mining environment.

Currently she fulfils the role of head of the Mining Department at Vergenoeg Mining Company (Minersa Group) where she is legally appointed as the mining manager. Her responsibilities include long-term to short- forecasting, resourcing and scheduling, while overseeing both the operational and technical services team. In addition, she is responsible for ensuring the sustainable exploitation of the mine’s mineral reserves.

The seed of pursuing a career in the mining industry was planted by Kulundu’s brother, who first exposed her to the fascinating subject of geology. “I later attended high school in a mining town – Middelburg in Mpumalanga – where I was exposed to mining and attended a few career expos at BHP Billiton. My mom and dad then assisted me with getting all the necessary information I needed to get to university despite the fact that I knew very little about my chosen career,” she says.

Fourteen years later, Kulundu has assumed different roles in mining that have contributed to her successful career. Despite her personal success and longevity in the industry, she believes that there is room for improvement when it comes to female representation, especially in critical mining roles. “On a bigger scale, women’s representation in core mining roles is still lagging; however, it is encouraging to notice the growing number of women who are taking on key positions in this dominantly male industry.”

To create more opportunities for women to participate in core roles in the industry, Kulundu suggest two important solutions: first, more women who are up to the challenge of being hands on in the industry are needed. Her second suggestion touches on the availability of social support for women, especially where remote mining areas are concerned. “We need mining companies that make an effort towards providing the social support necessary for women to thrive in their careers because mines tend to be located in remote areas.”

Kulundu believes that a positive perspective in life and a willingness to not only learn but also serve others combine to create a winning formula for success. Her advice to future female miners: “Take every opportunity to work on yourself because there is always room to grow, especially in mining.”

Kulundu’s key message at the Pinpoint Stewards Women & Leadership in Mining conference: “It is possible. Women in mining is no longer just a dream but it is a fulfilling opportunity we can all seize.”

Confirmed in-person speakers

DINEO PHALADIMAGWAZA Mine Modernisation Specialist, Group Mining ANGLO AMERICAN

REYNA SINGH Director NG GLOBAL

NEO KOKOME DR ANNELIE Section Engineer GILDENHUYS President: Director WIM MMS AEQUITAS SERITI CONSULTING PTY LTD.

Awaiting DMRE representative

NANDI SIBANYONI Executive Head, S&SD ANGLO AMERICANKUMBA IRON ORE

NOSI MZAMO Executive Manager HR MINTEK

THABILE KULUNDU Head of Mining Department VERGENOEG MINING COMPANY (VMC)

MOSHIBUDI MOKGASHI Manager, Mining Development,P&O EXXARO

TEBOGO MOSITO CEO DITSOGO ENGINEERING & MINING PTY LTD & Director WIMBIZ SA

Dr ANNAMARÉ WOLMARANS Manager: Information Management EXXARO RESOURCES

BRIONY LIBER COACHING & CONSULTING Committee Member & Lead: Mentoring Programme WIMSA

CAROLINE SHIRINDZA Head Supply Chain SASOL MINING

Industry talking points Women’s contribution to a sustainable mining industry Having more women occupy critical leadership positions Modernization of mining how woman and machine can work side-by-side Complying with the new Codes of Harassment and GBV in the workplace Aligning project decisions in the interest of women and determining the gender impact assessment

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Current statistics and how to achieve double the percentage of women by 2025 Entrepreneur or Intrapreneur how to keep developing yourself and your environment Mentorship and career coaching tips to step up and lead Reforming government policies to promote opportunities for women in junior mining and exploration 8 New leadership rules for women

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