8th Chemistry - Inorganic Compounds

St. George's College Subject: 8th CHEMISTRY

Teacher's notes

Objectives

Class: Inorganic Compounds

Vocabulary Link and Learn

Date:

In‐Class Survey

November 2nd

Prepared by

2009 1

___ C5H10 + ___ O2 ___ CO2 + ___ H2O

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8th Milton A ‐ Inorganic Compounds Name

Oral Intervention

Blackmark

Sergio María Fernanda Alejandra Almendra Anna Paula Sandra E‐C Maia María Belén Alfredo Kinley Arianne Sandra M. Fiorella Cristina Giulia Jaime Stefano Bruno

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8th Milton Alpha ‐ Inorganic Compounds Name

Oral Intervention

Blackmark

Marcelo Antonella Paulo Alejandro Brenda Diego Gabriel Valeria Giuliana Joshua María Gracia Gonzalo N. Rodrigo Paolo Gonzalo R. Giorgio Nicolás María Claudia

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Let's remember previous learned concepts...

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What are two main types of Chemistry?

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New knowledge beginning......

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Classification I • Inorganic compounds can be classified in different ways.

• A common method is based on the constant presence of certain specific elements. For example: • Oxides, always contain one or more Oxygen atoms.

• Hydrides, contain one or more atoms of Hydrogen.

• Halogens, contain one or more Halogen atoms (group VIIA).

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Classification II • Another way to classify inorganic compounds is based on the types of chemical bonds that are present in the compound.

• Ionic compounds contain ions are bonded by the electrostatic forces of opposite charges in the compound's ions. For example: Table Salt (Na+Cl‐).

• Molecular compounds, contain elements formed by sharing electrons. For example: Water (H20).

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Classification III • A third type of classification considers the possible specific reactivity of inorganic compounds depending on the type of chemical reactions they can go through.

• Acids are compounds that produce H+ ions (protons) when dissolved in aqueous solutions. Example: HCl (Chlorhydric Acid), H2SO4 (Sulphuric Acid).

• Bases, on the other side, are proton acceptors. Example: NaOH (Sodium hydroxide).

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Chemical Functions • This type of classification referring to an atom, or group of atoms called functional group. They're common for a group of chemical compounds.

• The functional group determines the chemical properties common to the group of compounds.

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INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

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Inorganic Compounds • Inorganic compounds can be: Binary, when they're made up of two different elements: CuO, NaO; Ternary, if they're formed by three different elements: Ba(OH)2; Cuaternary, if they're formed by four different elements: NaHSO4.

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NOMENCLATURE

SYSTEMATIC NOMENCLATURE • To name chemical compounds using this technique, you must use number prefixes: MONO_ (1), DI_ (2), TRI_ (3), TETRA_ (4), PENTA_ (5), HEXA_ (6), HEPTA_ (7), OCTA‐ (8), NONA_ (9), DECA_ (10), etc...

Examples: Cl2O3 Dichloric trioxide I2O Diiodine monoxide CO2 Carbon dioxide

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NOMENCLATURE

STOCK NOMENCLATURE • In this type of nomenclature, when the element forming the compound has more than one valence, it is indicated at the end of the name with roman numbers in parenthesis.

Examples: Fe(OH)2 Iron hydroxide (II) Fe(OH)3 Iron hydroxide (III)

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NOMENCLATURE

TRADITIONAL NOMENCLATURE • In this nomenclature, prefixes and suffixes must be used to distinguish the valence the chemical compound is using: Examples:

ENGLISH

SPANISH

3 Valences 4 Valences hypo‐ ‐ous hipo‐ ‐oso 2 Valences

1 Valence

‐ous ‐oso ‐ic ‐ico (hy)per‐ ‐ic (hi)per‐ ‐ico

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OXIDES

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OXIDES • These are the compounds where Oxygen is combined with other element.

• Almost all elements form oxides (except noble gases and halogens), and their properties vary from the place in the periodic table of the element combined with Oxygen.

• Oxides are classified in: Basic or Metallic Oxides, and Acid Oxides.

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http://bit.ly/AOCta

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OXIDES • These are the compounds where Oxygen is combined with other element.

• Almost all elements form oxides (except noble gases and halogens), and their properties vary from the place in the periodic table of the element combined with Oxygen.

• Oxides are classified in: Basic or Metallic Oxides, and Acid Oxides.

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BASIC OXIDES • Also called Metallic Oxides, they are binary ionic compounds that result from combining a metal and Oxygen.

• They're crystalline solids formed by a metallic cation and an oxide anion (O2‐).

• These oxides typically react with water to form Bases or Hydroxides.

• When the metal combined is farther to the left in the periodic table, the oxide will have a stronger ionic bond.

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EXERCISES Pb + O2 → PbO2 Name: Na + O2 → Na2O Name: 2Fe + O2 → 2FeO Name: Fe + O2 → Fe2O3 Name:

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ACID OXIDES • Also called Nonmetal Oxides.

• Are binary covalent compounds resulting from the combination of Oxygen and Non‐Metals.

• These oxides are from elements located at the right side of the periodic table, and with more covalent character for those elements located in the upper part of the groups.

• Their aqueous solutions form acids.

C + O2 → CO2 Name:

S + O2 → SO3 Name: 25

HYDROXIDES

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HYDROXIDES • Are compounds that result from the combination of a basic oxide and water.

• The hydroxides from alkaline metals (Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Radius and Cesium) are the stronger and more stable ones.

• The hydroxides from metals such as: Magnesium, Iron, Bismuth, Nickel and Copper, are less soluble in water, but can still neutralize acids.

CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 Name: Na2O + H2O → Na(OH) Name: Fe2O3 + H2O → Fe(OH)3 Name: 27

ACIDS

• Their characteristics are opposed to those of hydroxides.

• According to Arrhenius, an acid is a substance that releases protons in an aqueous solution (H+); and a base releases hydroxide ions (OH‐).

• According to Bronsted‐Lowry, an acid is a substance that releases protons (H+), and a base is an acceptor of protons.

ARRHENIUS: H2O(l) + H2O(l) is in equilibrium with H3O+(aq) + OH‐(aq)

BRONSTED‐LOWRY:

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OXOACIDS • Are the substances that result from the combination of an acid oxide and water.

• It's a type of acid that contains Oxygen, hence the name.

SO2 + H2O → H2SO3 Name: N2O5 + H2O → HNO3 Name:

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HYDRACIDS • Are binary compounds that result from the combination of Hydrogen with a Halogen from group VIIA or from group VIA.

HF HCl HI

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SALTS

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SALTS • Salts are ionic compounds, which result from the combination of an acid and a base.

• They're formed by cations from bases or anions from acids, in these reactions water is always produced.

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OXOACID SALTS • Are the compounds that result from the combination of an oxoacid with a base, where the substitution can be total as in neutral oxosalts; or partial as acid and basic oxosalts.

• Are ionic compounds, that have ionic bond between cations and radicals.

• Their important property es conducting electricity in solutions.

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HYDRIDES

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HYDRIDES • They're binary compounds that result from combining Hydrogen with other element.

• Almost all elements are capable of forming hydrides.

• Metals have a positive valence (+), and Hydrogen works with a negative valence (‐1).

• The combinations of hydrogen with no metals have a predominantly covalent bond, therefore are covalent bonds.

• The combinations of alkaline metals and alkaline earth metals have predominantly an ionic bond.

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METALES

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NON足METALS

HYDROGEN 37

Objectives • Identify the types of Inorganic Compounds.

• Identify metal and non‐metal oxides.

• Remember and apply the Valences of Elements.

• Perform chemical reactions involving: Hydrogen, Oxygen, Water, Metals, Non‐Metals, Acids and Bases.

Note: All, or most, of the objectives will be covered during class time, however the student must be responsible for those objectives not covered or concluded.

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Vocabulary • • • • • •

Reactant Product Reversible Decomposition Synthesis Balancing

Note: Most of the vocabulary words will be covered during class time, however the student must be responsible for those words not covered or concluded.

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Prepared by

Gerardo LAZARO Science Lead Teacher Email: glazaro@sanjorge.edu.pe Wiki: http://science‐learning2009.wikispaces.com Blog: http://learningandscience.blogspot.com Twitter: http://twitter.com/glazaro

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Link and Learn You can visit the following websites to improve your understanding on the present topic: • • • • • • •

http://bit.ly/rGJuh http://bit.ly/1FkjYu http://goldbook.iupac.org/index.html http://bit.ly/SJXue http://science‐learning2009.wikispaces.com http://learningandscience.blogspot.com http://libraryatstgeorge.blogspot.com

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