8th Biology - Energy in the Cell

St. George's College

Subject: BIOLOGY Teacher's notes

Class:

Objectives

Energy in the Cell Date: April 13th

2009

Vocabulary

Link and Learn

Prepared by

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8th Milton A ‐ Energy in the Cell Name

Oral Intervention

Coin

Chocolate

Sergio María Fernanda Alejandra Almendra Anna Paula Sandra E‐C Maia María Belén Alfredo Kinley Arianne Sandra M. Fiorella Rodrigo Giulia Jaime Stefano Bruno

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8th Milton Alpha ‐ Energy in the Cell Name

Oral Intervention

Coin

Chocolate

Marcelo Antonella Paulo Alejandro Brenda Diego Gabriel Valeria Cristina Giuliana Joshua María Gracia Gonzalo N. Paolo Gonzalo R. Giorgio Nicolás María Claudia

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ENERGY IN THE CELL

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Energy in Cells • Living things need energy in order to stay in good state, repair, or maintain their homeostasis, or the order and balance when the environment changes.

• Every organism must maintain homeostasis as long as it lives.

• Therefore, organisms require a constant source of energy.

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Chemical Energy • Organisms use and store energy in the chemical bonds of organic compounds.

• Almost all of the energy in organic compounds comes from the sun.

• Solar energy enters living systems when plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes (Cyanobacteria) use sunlight to make organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water through the process of photosynthesis.

• The organisms that perform photosynthesis, are called autotrophs.

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Metabolism and the Carbon Cycle • Metabolism involves either using energy to build or breaking down organic molecules in which energy is stored.

• Organic molecules contain carbon. Therefore, an organism's metabolism is part of Earth's carbon cycle.

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Carbon Cycle • The Carbon cycle not only makes carbon compounds continuously available in an ecosystem but also delivers chemical energy to organisms living within that ecosystem.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Energy enters an ecosystem when organisms use sunlight during photosynthesis to convert stable carbon dioxide into glucose, a less stable carbon compound.

CELLULAR RESPIRATION Organisms extract energy stored in glucose through the process of cellular respiration. Cells convert the carbon in glucose into stable carbon dioxide and produce energy.

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Transferring Energy • In chemical reactions, energy can be released or absorbed during the breaking and forming of bonds.

• In cells, chemical energy is gradually released in a series of chemical reactions that are assisted by enzymes.

• Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions.

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ATP

• When cells break down food molecules, some of the energy in the molecules is released as heat. Cells use much of the remaining energy to make ATP (Adenosyl TriPhosphate).

• When glucose is broken down during cellular respiration, energy is stored temporarily in molecules of ATP. • ATP can be used to power chemical reactions. ATP is a portable form of energy ("energy coin").

• The reaction in which ATP is converted to ADP requires a small input of energy, but much more energy is released than is used during the reaction.

ATP

ADP + P + energy

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ATP Synthase • ATP Synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP, recycles ADP by bonding a third phosphate group to the molecule.

• ATP Synthase acts as both an enzyme and a carrier protein for hydrogen (H+) ions.

• The flow of H+ ions through ATP Synthase powers the production of ATP. • Atp Synthase catalyzes a reaction in which a phosphate group is added to a molecule of ADP to make ATP.

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CELLULAR RESPIRATION

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GLYCOLYSIS • The primary fuel for cellular respiration is glucose, which is formed when carbohydrates are broken down, such as: starch and sucrose.

• If carbohydrates are scarce to meet an organism's energy needs, other molecules, such as fats, can be broken down to make ATP. • In fact, fat releases more energy than carbohydrates do.

• Glycolysis has 3 steps: Breaking down Glucose, NADH Production and Pyruvate Production.

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Aerobic Respiration

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Fermentation

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Resources Used Slide Resource (Group)

Description

Origin

G1 ‐ 2 Image

John Milton

http://bit.ly/QAYb

G1 ‐ 3 Image

Cells

http://bit.ly/2i2Klo

G1 ‐ 4 Image

Cell

http://bit.ly/13WSEu

G1 ‐ 5 Image

Mitochondrion

http://bit.ly/IfDLN

G1 ‐ 6 Image

Photosynthesis

http://bit.ly/I05to

G1 ‐ 7 Image

Carbon Cycle

http://bit.ly/pgwG

G1 ‐9 Animation Photosynthesis G1 ‐ 10 Images

Unknown

Mitoch. and Chloroplast http://bit.ly/zqQMq Photosynt. and Respirat. Unknown

G1 ‐ 11 Animation Cellular Respiration

Unknown

G1 ‐ 12 Image

Energy

http://bit.ly/145rL6

G1 ‐ 14 Image

ATP

http://bit.ly/ow5L5

G1 ‐ 15 Animation ATP formation

McGraw Hill

G1 ‐ 17 Video

http://tinyurl.com/cdgex6

ATP Synthase

G1 ‐ 17

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Teacher's Notes This class has been designed to cover the topics of Energy in the Cell: Mitochondria from Monday April 13th till Friday April 17th.

For further knowledge about this topic: 1. Conduct a thorough search under the topic: Energy in the Cell: Mitochondria on the Web, books and magazines.

2. If findings are not specific, ask your teacher for suggestions.

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Objectives • Identify and describe the processes that involve the production of energy in the cell.

• Describe the structure and functions of the Chloroplast and the Mitochondria.

Note: All, or most, of the objectives will be covered during class time, however the student must be responsible for those objectives not covered or concluded.

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Vocabulary • • • • • • • • •

Membrane: Mitochondria: ATP: Glycolisis: Enzymes Pumps: Protons: Fermentation: Glucose:

Note: Most of the vocabulary words will be covered during class time, however the student must be responsible for those words not covered or concluded.

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Link and Learn You can visit the following websites to improve your understanding on the present topic: • • • •

www.cellsalive.com http://learningandscience.blogspot.com http://bit.ly/hCg8Z http://bit.ly/15vd0q

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Prepared by

Gerardo LAZARO Science Lead Teacher Email: glazaro@sanjorge.edu.pe Wiki: http://science‐learning2009.wikispaces.com Blog: http://learningandscience.blogspot.com Twitter: http://twitter.com/glazaro

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