8th Biology - Immune and Lymphatic Systems

St. George's College

Subject:8th BIOLOGY

Class: Immune and

Teacher's notes

Objectives

Lymphatic Systems Vocabulary

Date: August 24th

Link and Learn

Prepared by

2009

In‐Class Survey

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8th Milton A ‐ Immune and Lymphatic Systems Name

Oral Intervention

Sergio María Fernanda Alejandra Almendra Anna Paula Sandra E‐C Maia María Belén Cristina Alfredo Kinley Arianne Sandra M. Fiorella Giulia Jaime Stefano Bruno

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8th Milton Alpha ‐ Immune and Lymphatic Systems Name

Oral Intervention

Marcelo Antonella Paulo Alejandro Brenda Diego Gabriel Valeria Giuliana Joshua María Gracia Gonzalo N. Rodrigo N. Paolo Gonzalo R. Giorgio Nicolás María Claudia

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Let's remember previous learned concepts...

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• The Circulatory System transports oxygen, nutrients, and wastes through the body in the blood.

• The liquid part of the blood called Plasma (mostly water) contains dissolved nutrients and waste products (CO2).

• The solid part of the blood includes: red blood cells white blood cells

• Blood also contains platelets, tiny pieces of blood cells inside membranes. Platelets cause blood cells to clot when a blood vessel is cut.

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Blood Cells • Red blood cells absorb oxygen from air into the lungs and transport it into every cell in the body. They also transport carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs to be exhaled.

• White blood cells help the body fight infection.

They attack and destroy viruses and bacteria that enter the body.

Click image to see a Red Blood Cell

Click image to see a White Blood Cell

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Blood Types

Animation

• A blood type is determined by the presence or absence of markers on the surface of red blood cells.

• The blood types belong to the ABO system, which contains: A, B, AB, and O. • The letters A and B refer to carbohydrates on the surface of RBCs that act as antigens.

• Antigens are substances that can cause the immune system to react.

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New knowledge beginning...

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IMMUNE SYSTEM • The Immune System is a Network of Cells, Tissues and Organs that work together to defend the body against attacks by "foreign" invaders.

• These are primarily microbes (bacteria, parasites, and fungi) that can cause infections, as well as Viruses, but they are not living things.

• The human body provides an ideal environment for many microbes.

• It is the immune system’s job to keep them out or, failing that, to seek out and destroy them.

http://bit.ly/1aqEpD

• Microorganisms are everywhere, some are harmless, but others can cause illness by invading your body and infecting your cells.

• Disease causing microorganisms and viruses are called PATHOGENS.

http://bit.ly/4p8ufP

Your body protects against disease by preventing pathogens from entering the body, or by fighting pathogens if they do enter.

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Preventing Entry • Your skin is the first line of defense against pathogens.

• Skin oil makes the skin's surface acidic, which inhibits the growth of many pathogens.

• Sweat also contains enzymes that digest bacterial cell walls and kill the bacteria.

• Mucous Membranes form a second layer of defense.

http://bit.ly/2oNphd

MUCOUS MEMBRANES are layers of epithelial tissue that produces a sticky, viscous fluid called mucus.

• They cover many internal body surfaces, including the linings of the digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts.

• Mucus traps pathogens before they can cause infections.

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http://bit.ly/3EHKHF

http://bit.ly/SlK9p

Sometimes pathogens can cross the mucous membranes by: Cuts, abrasions, tears, respiratory system, contaminated food or water, reproductive tract, etc.

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IMMUNE SYSTEM

http://bit.ly/mlINw

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Non­Specific Immune Responses • Once the pathogens have entered your body breaking the physical barriers, your body quickly responds with second‐ line defenses.

• These defenses are: fever, inflammation and the complement system.

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Non­Specific Immune Responses INFLAMMATION • An injury or local infection stimulates inflammation.

• During this process, chemicals and cells that attack and destroy pathogens gather around the area of injury or infection.

1. When the skin is damaged, pathogens can enter the body.

2. Infected or injured cells recognize the "nonself" invaders and release chemicals such as histamine. Histamine causes local blood vessels to dilate, which increases blood flow to the area and causes swelling and redness.

3. White blood cells travel to the infection site to attack pathogens.

The whitish liquid, or pus, connected with many infections is filled with white blood cells, dead body cells, and dead pathogens.

• Three types of white blood cells play a role in this response: macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer cells.

http://bit.ly/AYZam

http://bit.ly/Al6ud

http://bit.ly/2ROmRk

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http://go.hrw.com

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Specific Immune Responses What happens if a pathogen overcomes the first and second‐line of defenses from the body?

• The third‐line of defense is the specific immune response, in which specific white blood cells target a particular invader.

• When a pathogen infects a cell, the body produces immune cells that specialize in detecting and destroying that specific pathogen.

ANTIGEN DISPLAY Macrophages are white blood cells that destroy pathogens. These pathogens have unique proteins on their surfaces, called antigens, which identify the cell as foreign.

After a macrophage eats up a pathogen, its pieces with antigens are moved to the surface of the macrophage to be in "display", as cell surface markers. This display alerts the immune system, entering in action.

Every antigen has its own receptor, located in the surface of an immune cell.

TWO‐PART ASSAULT When a display antigen binds to its receptor on an immune cell, another response is triggered, more immune cells with the same receptor are produced. these cells carry out two processes at the same time: 1. One process destroys a person's body cell that are no longer normal, by a possible infection or altered cells (cancer).

2. The other process removes extracellular pathogens, those that have not entered body cells.

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Activating a Specific Immune Response A specialized white blood cell called helper T cell activates the immune system. These cells coordinate two responses: destroying cells infected by a pathogen, and cleaning up pathogens free in the body.

HELPER T CELL Helper T cells regulate the function of other cells in the immune system. They have specific antigen receptors on their surfaces that bind to specific antigens displayed on a macrophage's surface. this binding activates the helper T cell. they don't attack directly to infected cells or pathogens, instead they grow and divide to produce more T cells with identical receptors.

They activate two processes in the specific immune response: the destruction of infected cells by Cytotoxic T cells, and the removal of extracellular pathogens from the body by B cells.

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Destroying Infected Cells Helper T cells produce chemical signals that activate the second kind of T cell, the Cytotoxic T cell carry pathogen‐specific receptors on their surfaces.

Cytotoxic T cells destroy cells that have been infected by pathogens.

CYTOTOXIC T CELL When a virus infects a body cell, it displays specific antigens on its surface, that are matched with receptors on helper T cells.

The activated helper T cell, initiates the production of Cytotoxic T cells with the same antigen receptor, to bind the matching antigens on the surface of infected cells, releasing chemicals that punch holes in the membrane of the infected cells.

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Removing Pathogens at Large The B cell response removes extracellular pathogens from the body and prevents further infection.

ACTIVATING B CELLS The B cell response is triggered when B cells are activated by T helper cells.

Like T cells in the T cell response, B cells that have antigen receptors matching a specific antigen are activated, and produce Plasma cells, which are white blood cells that produce and release Antibodies, or Y‐shaped proteins that bind to the specific antigen that they match.

ANTIBODY BINDING Antibodies are released by plasma cells and circulate in the blood and lymph fluid, when they encounter extracellular pathogens that they match, they attach to the pathogens specifically.

Each Y‐shaped antibody has two binding sites, located at the tips of the Ys. The binding of multiple antibodies to an antigen forms an antigen‐antibody complex, which are then destroyed by defense mechanisms, such as macrophages or proteins that puncture the pathogen membranes.

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Long­Term Protection When a pathogen has been destroyed, the specific T cells, plasma cells, and antibodies involved are no longer needed. But if the same pathogen invades the body again, the immune system is prepared.

ACTIVATING MEMORY CELLS

• When the body meets a pathogen, the B cells make plasma cells that produce antibodies to that pathogen.

• At the same time, activated B cells also produce memory cells, which carry antigen receptors top the target antigen.

• After an immune response, memory cells continue to protect the body from pathogens the body had already encountered.

• An individual who recovers from an infectious disease becomes resistant to that particular pathogen.

VACCINATION

• A vaccine is a solution that contains a dead or weakened form of a pathogen.

• They are typically injected into the bloodstream so that the pathogens can get past the general defenses of the immune systems.

• A vaccine triggers an immune response against a pathogen without causing symptoms.

• Vaccines carry surface antigens from the pathogen that the body recognizes as harmful, this triggers the immune response and forms memory cells against the pathogen.

• However, the genetic material in a vaccine is weakened or destroyed so that the pathogen cannot cause illness.

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HERD IMMUNISATION

http://www.immunisation.nhs.uk/swf/herd_hi_32.swf

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http://ak22.iaminawe.com/2007/07/03/hiv足vaccine足animation/

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Wanna Play?

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THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM • The lymphatic system consists of organs, ducts, and nodes. It transports a watery clear fluid called lymph. This fluid distributes immune cells and other factors throughout the body. It also interacts with the blood circulatory system to drain fluid from cells and tissues.

The lymphatic system contains immune cells called lymphocytes, which protect the body against antigens (viruses, bacteria, etc.) that invade the body.

Main functions • To collect and return interstitial fluid, including plasma protein to the blood, and thus help maintain fluid balance • To defend the body against disease by producing lymphocytes, • To absorb lipids from the intestine and transport them to the blood.

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http://bit.ly/1HmQ47

http://bit.ly/mlTUR

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LYMPHATIC ORGANS • Lymph organs include the bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus.

• Precursor cells in the bone marrow produce lymphocytes.

• B‐lymphocytes (B‐cells) mature in the bone marrow.

• T‐lymphocytes (T‐cells) mature in the thymus gland.

• Besides providing a home for lymphocytes (B‐cells and T‐ cells), the ducts of the lymphatic system provide transportation for proteins, fats, and other substances in a medium called lymph.

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http://bit.ly/eEZlK

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http://bit.ly/2a0rYs

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ELEPHANTIASIS • Is the obstruction of the lymph flow and possible circulation, caused by parasitic worms, such as: Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, B. timori.

http://bit.ly/1x3ZAn

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IMMUNE SYSTEM

Work in Class ‐ Milton Gather up with your group, read the material and books available to prepare an Infography about: 1. ALLERGIES ‐ ASTHMA: Major characteristics, symptoms and line of treatment.

Bascones, Navarro, Espinoza‐Cullere.

2. ALLERGIES ‐ OTHERS: Describe the most frequent allergies, their symptoms, consequences, and lines of treatment.

Muñoz, Etchart, Stromsdorfer.

3. AUTOIMMUNITY ‐ LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS: Describe the main symptoms, characteristics and lines of treatment.

Mass, Gomez, Seminario.

4. AUTOIMMUNITY ‐ RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: Describe the main symptoms, characteristics and lines of treatment.

Solari, Olivari, Caceres.

5. IMMUNODEFICIENCY ‐ SCID: Describe the main symptoms, characteristics and lines of treatment.

Lovaton, Coronado, Alarcon.

6. IMMUNODEFICIENCY ‐ HIV: Describe the main symptoms, characteristics, lines of treatment and world impact.

Figueroa, Arbe, Angulo, Fung.

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IMMUNE SYSTEM

Work in Class ‐ Milton Gather up with your group, read the material and books available to prepare an Infography about: 1. ALLERGIES ‐ ASTHMA: Major characteristics, symptoms and lines of treatment.

Aguilar, Vergara, Mispireta.

2. ALLERGIES ‐ OTHERS: Describe the most frequent allergies, their symptoms, consequences, and lines of treatment.

Acosta, Sampietro, Orrego.

3. AUTOIMMUNITY ‐ LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS: Describe the main symptoms, characteristics and lines of treatment.

Valle, De La Torre, Ranilla.

4. AUTOIMMUNITY ‐ RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: Describe the main symptoms, characteristics and lines of treatment.

Navarro R., Green, Belevan.

5. IMMUNODEFICIENCY ‐ SCID: Describe the main symptoms, characteristics and lines of treatment.

Gonzales , Arriaran, Navarro G. 6. IMMUNODEFICIENCY ‐ HIV: Describe the main symptoms, characteristics, lines of treatment and world impact.

Alarco, Chinchay, Fernandez.

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ASSIGNMENT

Oral Presentation 1. Complement the Class by investigating and preparing an oral presentation about:

Vessels of Death or Life Scientific American ‐ 2001

Heart Attack Scientific American ‐ 2005

Atherosclerosis ‐ The New View Scientific American ‐ 2004

An endangered species Scientific American ‐ 2007

Xenotransplantation Scientific American ‐ 1997

Phantom Limbs Scientific American ‐ 2006

2. Deadline: • Group A: Thursday, September 3rd.

• Group Alpha: Thursday, September 3rd.

3. Criteria of Evaluation: • (5 p) Quality of Visual Support • (5 p) Quality of Oral Presentation • (5 p) Quality of Answer to Proposed Question • (5 p) Contribution to class knowledge with interesting and newest information found on its corresponding topic, with no more than 7 days old.

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Resources Used Slide (Group)

Description

Resource

Origin

G1 ‐ 2

Image

Milton

http://bit.ly/XQqEw

G1 ‐ 3

Image

Milton

http://bit.ly/XQqEw

G1 ‐ 4 Animation Idea

Notebook Gallery

Levels of Organization

Unknown

G1 ‐ 6 Images

Levels of Organization Tissues

http://bit.ly/4A73ic http://bit.ly/6b0KT

G1 ‐ 7 Image

Circulatory System

http://bit.ly/2Yq8Fz

Image

Circulatory System

http://bit.ly/4yd45g

G1 ‐ 10 Image

Circulation

http://bit.ly/4yd45g

G1 ‐ 11 Video

Circulatory System

YouTube

G1 ‐ 5

G1 ‐ 8

Image

G1 ‐ 12 Animation Circulatory System

Notebook Gallery

G1 ‐ 13 Image

Blood

Unknown

G1 ‐ 14 Image

Blood parts

http://bit.ly/3K3slQ

G1 ‐ 15 Image

Blood Vessels

http://bit.ly/3K3slQ

G1 ‐ 17 Image

Red Blood Cells

Unknown

G1 ‐ 18 Image

White Blood Cells

Unknown

G1 ‐ 19 Image

Types of White Blood Cells

Unknown

G1 ‐ 20 Animation Blood G1 ‐ 21 Image

Blood Types

Unknown http://bit.ly/fS7Ov

G1 ‐ 23 Animation The Heart

Unknown

G1 ‐ 24 Animation Heart beat

http://bit.ly/DwJUj

Circulation

Unknown

G1 ‐ 27 Animation Circulation

Unknown

G1 ‐ 26 Image

G1 ‐ 28 Image

Respiratory System

http://bit.ly/O98gK

G1 ‐ 30 Image

Respiratory System

Notebook Gallery

G1 ‐ 31 Animation Breathing

Unknown

G1 ‐ 33 Animation Respiratory System

http://bit.ly/13vI2i

G1 ‐ 34 Video

Breathing

YouTube

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Teacher's Notes This class has been designed to cover the topics of Immune and Lymphatic Systems from Monday, September 14th till Friday, September 18th.

For further knowledge about this topic: 1. Conduct a thorough search under the topic: Immune and Lymphatic Systems on the Web, books and magazines.

2. If findings are not specific, ask your teacher for suggestions.

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Objectives • Understand and describe the processes involved in the immune response.

• Identify and describe the functions of the lymphatic system.

• Link both systems.

Note: All, or most, of the objectives will be covered during class time, however the student must be responsible for those objectives not covered or concluded.

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Vocabulary • • • • • • • • •

Immune: Pathogen: Mucous membrane: Inflammation: Histamine: Antigen: Macrophage: Phagocytosis: Humoral:

Note: Most of the vocabulary words will be covered during class time, however the student must be responsible for those words not covered or concluded.

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Link and Learn You can visit the following websites to improve your understanding on the present topic: • • • • • • • •

http://bit.ly/Dsuqa http://bit.ly/1tUpDp http://bit.ly/vVfMn http://bit.ly/7eGdM http://bit.ly/QaCwk http://science‐learning2009.wikispaces.com http://learningandscience.blogspot.com http://libraryatstgeorge.blogspot.com

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Prepared by

Gerardo LAZARO Science Lead Teacher Email: glazaro@sanjorge.edu.pe Wiki: http://science‐learning2009.wikispaces.com Blog: http://learningandscience.blogspot.com Twitter: http://twitter.com/glazaro

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SURVEY If you want to contribute in improving your Chemistry class, click in the survey link:

Term III ‐ 8th A ‐ Class 3 Term III ‐ 8th Alpha ‐ Class 3

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Immune and Lymphatic Systems

Grade: Subject: Date:

8th Grade A Biology 14­September­2009

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What was your UNDERSTANDING from the class "Immune and Lymphatic Systems"?

1

A

My effort level was 25%

B

My effort level was 50%

C

My effort level was 75%

D

My effort level was 100%

E

I didn't understand the class.

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2

What was your level of EFFORT to understand the topic?

A

My effort level was 25%

B

My effort level was 50%

C

My effort level was 75%

D

My effort level was 100%

E

I didn't put any effort

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3

What RESOURCES helped you understand the topic?

A

Text

B

Images

C

Animations

D

Videos

E

Teacher's Speech

F

None

G

Other

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4

How does the SMART Board help you understand the topic?

A

It helps me visualize concepts

B

It helps understand difficult concepts

C

Touching things helps me learn

D

Interacting with the information makes it easier to understand

E

I prefer less effects or audiovisual resources

F

It doesn't really help much

G

I don't like it

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Immune and Lymphatic Systems

Grade: Subject: Date:

8th Grade Alpha Biology 14­September­2009

62

What was your UNDERSTANDING of the class "Immune and Lymphatic Systems"?

1

A

My effort level was 25%

B

My effort level was 50%

C

My effort level was 75%

D

My effort level was 100%

E

I didn't understand the class.

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2

What was your level of EFFORT to understand the topic?

A

My effort level was 25%

B

My effort level was 50%

C

My effort level was 75%

D

My effort level was 100%

E

I didn't put any effort

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3

What RESOURCES helped you understand the topic?

A

Text

B

Images

C

Animations

D

Videos

E

Teacher's Speech

F

None

G

Other

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4

How does the SMART Board help you understand the topic?

A

It helps me visualize concepts

B

It helps understand difficult concepts

C

Touching things helps me learn

D

Interacting with the information makes it easier to understand

E

I prefer less effects or audiovisual resources

F

It doesn't really help much

G

I don't like it

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Attachments

The Brain's Immune System­SciAm­1995.pdf Vessels of Death or Life­SciAm­2001.pdf Atherosclerosis­The new View­SciAm­2004.pdf Head Attack­SciAm­2005.pdf Organs ­ Xenotransplantation­SciAm­July, 1997.pdf Sense ­ Phantom Limbs­SciAm­2006.pdf