Tools and Methods for Historical Research

TOOLS AND METHODS FOR HISTORICAL RESEARCH

SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROMA

MSC CONSERVATION (ARCHITECTURE)

2022-2023

Book by : Gizem Aliçay

Ipek Irem Akçay

Osman Emre Selvi

Prof. Antonio Russo

Arch. Alper Metin

On the first level of the church, the portico has Ionic order pilasters that support the continuous entablature.

The courtyard portico has AAAA rhythm.

On the second level of the church, we can see the composite pilasters on top of the Ionic pilasters of the lower level.

There is a Corinthian free-standing column on the axis that cuts the arches in the middle of the lower level.

We can see in the plan that pilasters are on the axis.

On the first level of the palace, the portico has Composite order.

Free-standing columns that support the round arches without an architrave, so it’s a arches on pillar type of construction.

The courtyard portico has AAA rhythm.

On the second level of the palace, we can see the windows which are looking like two arches.

Upper floor corresponds to the lower level.

The free-standing columns of the portico are not on the axis.

entablature

COMPRISON OF VIGNOLA ORDER PLATES AND PALLADIO ORDER PLATES

column

TUSCANIC ORDER BY VIGNOLA

TUSCANIC ORDER BY PALLADIO

pedestal

entablature

DORIC ORDER BY VIGNOLA

column

DORIC ORDER BY PALLADIO

pedestal

entablature

COMPRISON OF VIGNOLA ORDER PLATES AND PALLADIO ORDER PLATES

IONIC ORDER BY VIGNOLA

IONIC ORDER BY PALLADIO

CORINTHIAN ORDER BY VIGNOLA

CORINTHIAN ORDER BY PALLADIO

pedestal

pedestal

PALAZZO MEDICI IN FLORENCE

PALAZZO DUCALE IN URBINO

PALAZZO DELLA CANCELLERIA

PALAZZO FARNESE

PALAZZO CHIERICATI

LATERAL FACADE OF CHURCH

LAYER 1

Banded Order

LAYER 2 Banded Order

PALAZZO MACCARANI STATI

BANDED ORDER

BANDED ORDER

PALAZZO ALTEMPS

SIMPLIFIED ORDER

BANDED ORDER

SIMPLIFIED ORDER rustic manner

BANDED ORDER

BANDED ORDER

IONIC ORDER

TUSCANIC ORDER

BANDED ORDER

BANDED ORDER

SIMPLIFIED ORDER

BANDED ORDER

BANDED ORDER

SIMPLIFIED ORDER rustic manner

CORINTHIAN ORDER

BANDED ORDER

PALAZZO GRAZIOLI

IONIC ORDER

BANDED ORDER

SIMPLIFIED ORDER rustic manner

SIMPLIFIED ORDER

PORTICO FACADE

Basilica di San Lorenzo in Lucina

PALAZIALE FACADE

Chiesa dei Santi Luca e Martina

PROTIRO FACADE

Cathedral of San Ciriaco

HYBRID FACADE

Basilica di San Clemente

combination of aedicule and portico facade

SAN GREGORIO AL CELIO

hybrid facade that combination of palaziale and portico facade

the ground floor has a portico with three arch openingsof the same dimensions creating a regular A-A-A rhytm

A A A

the column order at the portico is Ionic order (pilaster) and the order on the upper part is Corinthian order (pilaster)

hybrid facade that combination of attic and aedicula facade the rhythm of the lower level is ABA, we can see two niches at the corner and the entrance door in the middle.

In two different column orders, four columns at the entrance with pronao give us the hint of the Aedicule facade, and also upper part which gives us hint of an Attic facade

also, the two scrolls at the top are one of the significant elements of the Aedicule facades there is a three layers of level which are, Column order, ribattitura, and wall level

A A B

SAN GAETANO, PADUA

the building has an attic facade

the rhythm of the façade is AABAA which is different than the triumphal arch ABA rhythm

there are two different types of column orders that the lower level has Corinthian order similar to the triumphal arch and the attic has a simplified order.

upper level has a Palladian window (Finestra Termale) in the middle

above the Corinthian capital, there is a cushion frieze that has puffier look than the normal frieze

hybrid facade that combination of aedicule, portico, and loggia facade

there are a four layers which are, Column order, a double layer of ribattitu ra, and a wall layer.

the help of the column order hierarchy and aedicules, we can understand that the rhythm is ABCBA. The upper part loggia have the rhythm of BCB.

there are two different column orders used at the facade that the column order at the portico is Iconic order and at the upper logia, the column order is Corinthian order

the portico has a modern approach and is interesting. At the first sight, it looks like all the openings have the same size but not.

the lower five arches form the portico and support the triple arch of the loggia. This play of open space lightens the heaviness of the columns and their decorative capitals, entablatures, cornices, garlands and cherubs.

SANTA CROCE IN GERUSALEMME

hybrid facade that combination of the portico and palaziale facade

the rhythm of the facade is ABA, with two rectangular openings and one Serliana in the middle

there is a five different layers of levels which are, column order, double ribattitura, banded order, and wall level

the column orders are composite

there is a hierarchy between the giant column order and smaller column order at the entrance similar to the St. Peter’s Basilica

the more modern interpretation of the portico, and also facade has a curve surface

A A B

hybrid facade which is combination of portico and palaziale facade the portico has a rhythm of AABAA

B A A A A

intersected facade

the rhythm of the facade is ABA, like the scheme of a triumphal arch

it has a minor column order with Tuscanic style in the sides

with a giant column order for the central nave in the Doric style that finished with a pediment on top

there is a four different layers of levels which are, column order, ribattitura, banded order, and wall level

the giant column order that covers two levels and the pronaos gives us the hint of intersected facade

HORIZONTAL SECTION OF THE FACADES

Santo Spirito in Sassia

Church of Gesu design by Vignola

Santa Susanna

Ss. Vincenzo and Anastasio

Sant’Andrea Della Valle

GESU CHURCH DESIGN BY VIGNOLA

SS. VINCENZO E ANASTASIO

PROFILE OF THE MAIN NAVE OF THE CHURHES

Santo Spirito in Sassia

Gesu Church

Sant’Andrea Della Valle

Sant’Ignazio di Loyola

SANT’IGNAZIO DI LOYOLA

PLAN CHURCH EXCERCISE

The church has an attic facade and a plain language for the orders. Doric column order is visible on the first level which is with A-B-A-C-A-B-A rhythm. On the second level, there is a banded order with a Palladian window in the middle. Lastly, on the third level, there is the drum of the dome which has characteristics of a typical Raphael architecture.

The plan of the church is a Greek cross plan with an apse at the main altar. The dome is placed in the middle of the plan. The central plan is made with arches on pillars and has a continuous entablature. Interior is one single space that has simplified order pilasters. The church is influenced from Sant'Eligio degli Orefici.

The church has longitudinal plan with a portico. This leads us to that the church has a basilica plan with a main nave. The rhythm of the lateral nave is A-A-B-A-C-A-B-A-A. It has pilasters on pedastal with entablature and ribattitura. It has composite column orders as alveolata columns. The church has a diocletian window and a lantern above the altar. The church is influenced from Chisa di San Fedele in Milano.

Santa Spirito is a Roman Catholic church in Pistoia. It was built in the 17th century designed by the Jesuit architect Tommaso Ramignani. In 1668 Lorenzo Bernini designed the main altar. There are Corinthian pilasters and continuous entablature in the interior of the church. At the transept, arches sit on the pillars. The main nave of the church has A-B-C-B-A-B rhythm.

SANTO SPIRITO CHURCH IN PISTOIA

Sant' Andrea al Quirinale in Rome by Bernini is the reference point for this church.

The similarities of the facade are, the use of giant column order and smaller order which creates hierarchy. Santa Maria della Visitazione has the oval shape with longitudinal direction but in Sant' Andrea al Quirinale, Bernini used a transversal solution for the oval shaped plan. While in Santa Maria della Visitazione, architect repeated trilitic solution; in Sant' Andrea al Quirinale this solution was used only for the main altar. The rhythm inside is the same which is A-B-A-B-A. In the plan, while the entrance of Sant' Andrea al Quirinale located in shorter axis; in Santa Maria della Visitazione's entrance situated on the longer axis.

About the structure, the oval dome is similar but the dome is higher than the front facade of the Santa Maria della Visitazione, but in Sant' Andrea al Quirinale, the dome is shorter than the front facade.

SANTA MARIA DELLA VISITAZIONE S.ANDREA AL QUIRINALE

HORIZONTAL SECTION OF THE DRUMS

Sant’Eligio Degli Orefici

Sistine Chapel in Santa Maria Maggiore

Sant’Andrea Della Valle

Santi Ambrogio e Carlo al Corso

SANT’ELIGIO DEGLI OREFICI

hand drawing

hand drawing

hand drawing

HORIZONTAL SECTION OF THE BELL

TOWERS

Caravaggio, Ss. Fermo and Rustico Church Bell Tower

Maceracta, Civic Tower

Copertino, Main Church Bell Tower

Lequile, Main Church Bell Tower

Lecce, Cathedral Bell Tower

S. Andrea delle Fratte, Bell Tower

The medival bell tower belongs to the Santi Fermo and Rustico Church. The plan shape is square and the facades change on every level. There is four giant simplified order on each level. First three floor plans are the same. The last level has an octagonal-shaped plan.

MACERACTA, CIVIC TOWER I II III

The tower is an ideal type of bell tower, located in Macerata. The tower has square-shaped plan on every level except last one. On the last level, the plan becomes an octagonal-shaped plan with A-B-A rhythm. On the first level there is a clock which is very famous, on the second level has openings as well as pediment with a banded solution.

COPERTINO, MAIN CHURCH BELL TOWER

The tower is an ideal type of bell tower and it has a square-shaped plan on every level. Four columns on the facade are symmetrically consructed on circle pedestals.

LEQUILE, MAIN CHURCH BELL TOWER

I II III

The tower is an ideal type of bell tower and it has a square-shaped plan on every level. There are double plasters with different orders on each level.

LECCE, CATHEDRAL BELL TOWER

The hybrid-type bell tower belongs to the Duomo of Lecce. The plan shape is square but the last level of the tower appears as an octagonal plan. Every level has banded solution except last one.

S. ANDREA DELLE FRATTE, BELL TOWER

The tower is an ideal type of bell tower which is constructed with corinthian order.

PAPERS

Mola project for S. Giovanni in Laterano

Santa Maria Maggiore

MOLA PROJECT FOR S. GIOVANNI IN LATERANO

Sistine Chapel & other spaces Paoline Chapel and Baptistery

Facade and lateral building by Fuga

SCIENTIFIC PAPERS

Palazzo Farnese

Santa Croce in Gerusalemme

Church of Gesu

Sant’Andrea al Quirinale

SANT’ANDREA AL QUIRINALE

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Palazzo Farnese

Santa Croce in Gerusalemme

Church of Gesu

Sant’Andrea al Quirinale

SULEYMANIYE MOSQUE

SHAPE

Hemispherical dome

Square plan, polygonal drum in the center

STRUCTURE

Single dome

No lantern

Masonry

Lead cladding

1550-1557 Sinan the Architect

S.PETER’S BASILICA

SHAPE

Raised dome

Square plan, drum in the intersection of nave and transpet

STRUCTURE

Double dome Lantern

Masonry

Lead cladding in the exterior

Mosaic and stucco ornaments in the interior

Dome height from base to outer shell, without lantern, is 28.2m and the inner diameter measures 42.7m

Four pendentives for the rise of the dome

Ribbed dome

SANTA MARIA DELLA SALUTE

SHAPE

Raised dome

Octogonal drum in the center

STRUCTURE

Double dome

Wooden structure for the cladding

Lantern

Lead cladding

Istrian stone & Marmorino (brick covered with marble dust)

Central octagonal plan with an ambulatory and an adjacent sanctuary and a Venetian dome (that is, with a large outer shell) on a drum

Ribbed dome

SHAPE

Hemispherical dome Drum in the center

STRUCTURE

Single dome

Brick structure

No lantern

Lead cladding

The dome has an octagonal base and is seated on eight supports, four free and four recessed

Four pendentives for the rise of the dome

Smooth dome

RUSTEM PASHA MOSQUE Sinan the Architect

HAND DRAWINGS

Horizontal section of Settimio Severo triumphal arch and Carlo Rainaldi triumphal arch design

The Mola’s solution for the San Giovanni in Laterano naves

The horizontal section of the drum of Santi Ambrogio e Carlo al Corso Church dome

The horizontal section of the two livels of the Santa Maria dell’Anima and Santa Agnese in Agone belltowers

SAN GIOVANNI IN LATERANO NAVES

SANTI AMBROGIO E CARLO AL CORSO CHURCH DOME

SANT’AGNESE IN AGONE