Tennessee Report on the Status of Boys and Men

A Global Initiative for Boys & Men State Report

On the Status of Boys and Men in Tennessee Supporting boys and men and the women who love them (gibm.us) The Tennessee Report on the Status of Boys and Men was supported by The Men Collaborative (themencollaborative.org)

Table of Contents Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………. Page III Critical Issues Facing Boys and Men Fact Sheet………………………………………………….. Page IV Education………………………………………………………………………………………………. Pages 6-19 Introduction to Education……………………………………………………………………. Page 7 Suppression of Student Scores in Tennessee……………………………………………….. Page 7 Third to Eighth Grade Pro ciency in English Language Arts……………………………. Pages 8 High School English Pro ciency in English I & II…………………………………………. Page 9 Third to fth Grade Pro ciency in English/Language Arts by Race & Sex…………….. Page 10 Sixth to Eighth Grade Pro ciency in English/Language Arts by Race & Sex…………… Page 11 Ninth to Tenth Grade Pro ciency in English I & II by Race & Sex…………………….…. Page 12 Third to Eighth Grade Pro ciency in Math…………………..…………………………….. Pages 13 High School Math Pro ciency in Algebra I & II and Geometry………………………….. Page 14 Third to fth Grade Pro ciency in Math by Race & Sex…………………………………… Page 15 Sixth to Eighth Grade Pro ciency in Math by Race & Sex………………………………… Page 16 Ninth to Tenth Grade Pro ciency in Math by Race & Sex………………………………… Page 17 Percent of Tennessee Residents Enrolled in Four Year College by Race & Sex…………. Page 18 Percent of Tennessee Residents Enrolled in Two-Year College by Race & Sex………….. Page 19 Percent of Tennessee Residents Enrolled in Post Baccalaureate Degrees by Race & Sex.. Page 20 Physical & Mental Health……………………………………………………………………………. Pages 21-28 Deaths of Despair in Tennessee………………………………………………………………. Page 22 Overall Deaths of Despair (Suicide, Overdose, and Alcohol Deaths) by Race & Sex.….. Page 23 Number and Rate of Tennessee Suicide Deaths by Race & Sex…………………………… Page 23 Suicide Deaths in TN by Sex within Race from 2018-2023………………………………… Page 25 Number and Rate of Tennessee Suicide Deaths of 15-34 Year-Old by Race & Sex……… Page 24 Number and Rate of Tennessee Overdose Deaths by Race & Sex………………………… Page 25 Overdose Deaths in TN by Sex within Race from 2018-2023……………………………… Page 25 Number and Rate of Tennessee Overdoes Deaths of 15-34 Year-Old by Race & Sex…… Page 26 Number and Rate of Tennessee Alcohol Deaths by Race & Sex………………………….. Page 26 Males and Females without Health Insurance in Tennessee …………………………….. Page 27 Homelessness in Tennessee Overall, by Unaccompanied Youth, and Veterans………… Page 28 Jobs, Careers, & Financial Health………………………………………………………………… Pages 29-32 Percent and Number of Tennessee Males Not in Labor Force………………………….. Page 30 Percent and Number of Tennessee Male Unemployment………………………………. Page 31 Percent of Tennessee Males in K-12 Education…………..………………………………. Page 32 Percent of Tennessee Males in Nursing…………………..………………………………. Page 32 Percent of Tennessee Males as Physician Assistants…………..………………………… Page 32

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Table of Contents Continued Criminal Justice & Court Systems………………………………………………………………… Pages 34-35 School to Prison Pipeline for Tennessee Males……………….…………………………… Page 33 School Suspensions in Tennessee by Sex…………………………………………………… Page 33 Youth Detentions in Tennessee by Sex……………………………………………………… Page 33 Prison Populations in Tennessee by Sex……………………………………………………. Page 33 Homicide Deaths by Race & Sex in Tennessee…………………………………………….. Page 34 Infant and Child Homicide Deaths in Tennessee………………………………………….. Page 34 Missing Persons in Tennessee by Age, Race, and Sex…………..…………………………. Page 35 Children and Families in Tennessee………………………………………………………………… Page 39 Number and Percent of Single Parent Homes in Tennessee by Race ……………………. Page 39 Number and Percent of Births to Unmarried Families in Tennessee by Race…………… Page 39 Father Share of Parenting Time in Tennessee……………………………………………….. Page 39 Solutions……………………………………………………………………………………………… Pages 40-42 Resources and Notes………………………………………………………………………………… Pages 43-51

Special Acknowledgments - The Men Collaborative for their support of this project.

- Michael Kullman, Research Assistant for Global Initiative for Boys and Men - Paige Elliott, Senior Director of Research and Strategy | Tennessee Department of Higher Education - Tennessee Department of Education Data Management Team | Of ce of the Chief Program Of cer

The Tennessee Report on the Status of Boys and Men was supported by The Men Collaborative.

To learn more, go to: https://www.themencollaborative.org/

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An introduction from Sean Kullman, coauthor of Boys, A Rescue Plan: Moving Beyond the Politics of Masculinity to Healthy Male Development and President of the Global Initiative for Boys and Men An analysis of data regarding the outcomes of boys and the outcomes of men in Tennessee has revealed that males continue to experience poorer outcomes in education, physical & mental health, careers, homelessness, and the court systems. This speci c report on the Status of Boys and Men in Tennessee will use data as the primary starting point to help us better see where our boys and men stand when it comes to outcomes before identifying solutions that will help our boys, men, families, and communities thrive.

At times, this report will make male and female comparisons—not as a way to underscore Tennessee’s girls and women—but as a way to recognize disparities where they exist and not be afraid to address them as issues where male disparity is greater. For instance, acknowledging that Tennessee males 15-24 years of age account for 75-80% of overdose deaths in their age group does not negate female overdose deaths. It does, however, require us to look at the reasons for these disparities, which are a combination of sexdifferences and cultural practices.

By acknowledging sex-differnces (XX and XY), which I refer to as the rst principle, we can begin to recognize that nurturing the nature of boys and understanding the nature of men is an essential component when it comes to getting at the root causes of male outcomes.

Attempts to acknowledge racial disparities, for instance, have failed because that approach does not acknowledge sex-difference. By focusing solely on race while not disaggregating data by both race and sex, those in media, academia, and government easily fall into the Data Con ation Trap (DCT). Data that does not disaggregate by both race and sex will almost always be

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misleading and something you will see as you look through the data in this report.

The purpose of this report is to provide the data and solutions policymakers can use to motivate and empower citizens, policymakers, and institutions to create change by: (1) Becoming a conscientious citizen scientist with friends in your parent groups, schools, and communities.

(2) Becoming conscious of the way media, government, and academia lack asymmetry in its presentation of male and female news, data, and policies.

(3) Exploring data that disaggregates by race and sex when appropriate to see how much the research reveals.

(4) Differentiate sex-differences (male/female) from cultural constructs of masculinity.

There are actions and policies necessary in our homes, schools, communities, public and private institutions, and essential culture conversations that must take place if we hope to see our boys become men who succeed. GIBM hopes this report helps you better understand the needs of our boys, adolescents, and men so that you too can help them grow, learn, thrive, and contribute to our communities.

The Tennessee Report on the Status of Boys and Men was supported by The Men Collaborative.

To learn more, go to: https://www.themencollaborative.org/

Critical Issues Facing Boys and Men in Tennessee Fact Sheet

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Education - An analysis of data from over 8.4 million TN test scores in English Language Arts from 2014 to 2024 reveals that boys are behind girls at all grade levels.

- An analysis of data from over 8.4 million TN test scores in Math from 2014 to 2024 reveals that boys and girls scores are relatively the same. (While boys are slightly ahead in the earlier grades, that changes by middle school).

- From 2012-2023, TN 4-year public colleges enrolled 130,500 fewer male than female in-state residents.

- From 2012-2023, TN 2-year public colleges enrolled nearly 210,000 fewer male than female in-state residents.

- From 2012-2023, Tennessee enrolled 52,000 fewer males than females in postbaccalaureate programs.

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Physical-Mental Health - From 2018-2023, boys and men accounted for 22,000 suicide, overdose and alcohol deaths, 72% of all deaths of despair.

- From 2018-2023, males accounted for 80% of suicide deaths.

- In 2023, boys and men accounted for 71% of overdose deaths, up from 2018 when males were 63% of overdose deaths.

- Boys of all races are more likely to die of suicide and overdose than their female counterparts and across racial lines.

- White males in Tennessee account for approximately 58% of all deaths of despair but only 37% of the total population 10years-of-age and older.

- Black males in Tennessee account for approximately 11% of all deaths of despair but only 6.7% of the total population 10years-of-age and older.

Did you know?

- From 1999-2023, infant boys and boys 1-4-years of age accounted for 58% of homicide deaths in their age group.

- Black males account for 57% of all homicide deaths, but only represent approximately 6.7% of the total population.

- 60% of missing persons in Tennessee are male.

- Males account for 91% of all work-place fatalities.

- 515,000 children live in a single-parent home and an additional 110,000 children live with neither parent.

- From 2014 to 2024 nearly 500,000 Math and English Language Arts scores were suppressed.

- In 2023, there were 161,000 males ages 20-34 not engaged in the labor force.

- Males account for the majority of homeless in all demographics.

- 57% of the uninsured are male.

Part One: Education

How Does Tennessee Report on K-12 Data?

Education in Tennessee

Data is suppressed when a student cohort has less than 1% or over 99% of its population’s score fall into one of the four performance measures. In 2016-17, for example, 6,714 fth-grade black male ELA test scores were suppressed. This means less than 1% of black males or 99% of black males 5th grade scores fell into one of the four performance measures.

Data Suppression Over Time Data suppression increased from third grade to eighth grade for various cohorts.

From 2014-2024, nearly 500,000 scores have been suppressed and the majority of those suppressions are boys—often black, Hispanic/ Latino, and Native American/Alaska Native cohorts.

The education data in this report is a comprehensive look at K-12 education as well as two-year, four-year, and post-baccalaureate college outcomes of TN in-state residents.

The analysis measures male and female differences by both race/ethnicity and sex and shows that males of all races are behind their female counterparts in K-12 and college education at all levels.

In the example below, the number of suppressed data for black males increased over time. While there were no suppressed scores for black males in third grade, there were 37,000 suppressed test scores for black males in eighth grade from 2014-2024. Seventy- ve percent of all ELA scores for 8th grade black-males were suppressed from 2014-15 to 2023-24. (Data suppression is a poor practice in K-12 education.)

In K-12, Tennessee state test scores as well as data obtained directly from the TN Dept. of Education and TN Dept. of Higher Education was used to complete the analysis.

Number of Suppressed Black-Male ELA Scores by Grade from 2014-2024

Math scores for boys and girls are relatively similar, with boys showing a slight advantage in early grades but equal to or slightly behind girls in later grades.

Student performance in K-12 is measured in four categories. For this report, pro cient and advanced scores were combined to show the number of students who met or exceeded the standard. Standard categories are traditionally: • Below Basic • Approaching Expectations • Met Expectations • Exceeded Expectations

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Number of Suppressed Scores

The data revealed that all boys of all races are behind their female counterparts in English/ Language Arts (ELA) in all grades.

40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0

3rd

4th

5th

6th

Grade

7th

8th

State Test Scores in English Language Arts in K-8 Education An analysis of data from nearly 8.4 million Tennessee test scores in English Language Arts from 2014 to 2024 reveals that boys are behind at all grade levels year after year. Boys are behind in ELA by approximately 10% by eighth grade. These outcomes are likely unrelated to COVID. In 2019, only 23% of eighth grade boys were pro cient in ELA, a percentage similar to those in any given year from 2021-2024.

3rd Grade ELA

4th Grade ELA

50%

Boys’ and girls’ scores slightly improved from 3rd grade (2021) to 4th grade (2022), but boys were behind girls, a common trend in other grades.

40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

Females Pro cient/Advanced Males Pro cient/Advanced 2021

2022

2023

2024

2021

5th Grade ELA

6th Grade ELA

30% 20% 10%

2021

2022

2023

2024

2021

7th Grade ELA

2023

2024

8th Grade ELA

40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

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2022

50%

Boys pro ciencies in English/ Language Arts in 8th grade are consistently between 18-25%.

The outcomes resemble those seen in 2019, preCOVID.

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2024

40%

0%

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2023

50%

By 5th and 6th grades, the 3rd grade boys from 2021 started to show declines, essentially returning to pro ciencies around 30%.

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2022

2021

2022

2023

2024

2021

2022

2023

2024

Figure E1. English I Pro ciency by Sex and Year 75% 60% 45% 30%

High School English The following pro ciency tables are based on 711,503 valid test scores of boys and girls on Tennessee End-of-Course assessments from 2019 to 2024 with an exception for the 2020 COVID year.

• English I (361,648 valid scores) • English II (349,555 valid scores) Boys are behind girls in English by double digits. The English/ Language Arts and reading gaps are the largest gaps boys face in the educational system.

In 2023, forty-one percent of girls and thirty percent of boys met or exceeded the End-of-Course pro ciency in English I. In 2024, forty- ve percent of boys and fty-seven percent of girls met or exceeded the pro ciency for End-of-Course assessment in English II.

Understanding the English/ Language Arts, and reading de cits remain critical in helping boys thrive in school.

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15%

Percent Female 2019

2021

2022

Percent Male 2023

2024

Figure E2. English II Pro ciency by Sex and Year 75% 60% 45% 30% 15%

2019

2021

2022

2023

2024

% of 3rd Grade Students Prof/Adv. in ELA by Race & Sex Asian Black Hispanic/Latino

59.9% 19.7%

26.2%

25.1%

29.6%

ELA Scores by Race/ Ethnicity & Sex

Multi-Racial

37.4%

NA/AN

36.3%

The following data was received after a request to the Tennessee Department of Education.

NH/PI

Data shows all boys of all races are behind their female counterparts in English/Language Arts and across all grade levels in third through fth grades.

39.6% 41.5%

37.8%

44.2%

Asian Black

NA/AN

62.9% 21.6% 29.1%

Multi-Racial

NH/PI

33.3%

39.9%

48%

43.5%

46.9%

32.1%

44.5% 48.2%

White

40.9%

All Students

% of 5th Grade Students Prof/Adv. in ELA by Race & Sex Asian Black Hispanic/Latino

59.1% 20.7% 25%

30.5%

35.6% 41.4%

• 33,882 male ELA scores and 12,958 female ELA scores were suppressed from 2014-24.

NH/PI

39%

White

44.3%

All Students

67.5%

25.2%

NA/AN

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55.6% 47.5%

Multi-Racial

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68.8%

28.7%

• 8.5% of Hispanic/ Latino male ELA scores are suppressed.

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52.9%

% of 4th Grade Students Prof/Adv. in ELA by Race & Sex

• Native Hawaiian/ Paci c Islander is represented by NH/PI

• 15.1% of Native American/Alaska male ELA scores are suppressed.

Male Female

46%

All Students

Hispanic/Latino

• 16.7% of black male ELA scores are suppressed.

45.4%

30.2%

White

• Native American/ Alaska Native is represented by NA/AN

Suppressed 3rd-5th Grade Data from 2014-2024

67.3%

38.7%

44.3% 47.2% 43.3% 52.3% 44.3%

% of 6th Grade Students Prof/Adv. in ELA by Race & Sex Asian Black Hispanic/Latino

ELA Scores by Race/ Ethnicity & Sex The following data was received after a request to the Tennessee Department of Education.

Data shows all boys of all races are behind their female counterparts in English/Language Arts and across all grade levels in sixth through eighth grades.

61.3% 18.6%

68.2%

26%

24.6%

30.7%

Multi-Racial

33.2%

NA/AN

34.2%

44.2% 49.9%

38.6%

NH/PI

39%

43.1%

White

52.7%

37.6%

All Students

44.4%

% of 7th Grade Students Prof/Adv. in ELA by Race & Sex Asian Black

61% 18.9%

67.5%

25.8%

25%

31.2%

• Native American/ Alaska Native is represented by NA/AN

Hispanic/Latino Multi-Racial

33%

43.2%

• Native Hawaiian/ Paci c Islander is represented by NH/PI

NA/AN

31.7%

46.1%

Suppressed 6th-8th Grade Data from 2014-2024

NH/PI

• 21.8% of Hispanic/ Latino ELA scores are suppressed.

• 117,142 male ELA scores and 36,612 female ELA scores were suppressed.

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35.6%

All Students

40.2%

42.4%

White

• 50.1 % of black-male ELA scores are suppressed.

• 24.1% of Native American/Alaska-male ELA scores are suppressed.

Male Female

52.8%

37.2%

44.6%

% of 8th Grade Students Prof/Adv. in ELA by Race & Sex Asian

53.5%

Black

21%

Hispanic/Latino

21.4%

Multi-Racial NA/AN NH/PI

62.7%

20.5% 25.5%

27.7% 33.2% 28.7%

White

36.2%

All Students

33.8%

35.8% 37.9% 33.3% 45% 38.6%

% of 9th Grade Students Prof/Adv. in ELA by Race & Sex Asian Black Hispanic/Latino

ELA Scores by Race/ Ethnicity & Sex The following data was received after a request to the Tennessee Department of Education.

Data shows all boys of all races are behind their female counterparts in English/Language Arts and across all grade levels in ninth and tenth grades.

• Native American/ Alaska Native is represented by NA/AN • Native Hawaiian/ Paci c Islander is represented by NH/PI

59.8% 21.2%

67.8%

27.2%

27%

32.7%

Multi-Racial

33.4%

43.9%

NA/AN

34.8%

43%

NH/PI

40.7%

White

41.4%

45.8% 52.3%

37%

All Students

Male Female

44.7%

% of 10th Grade Students Prof/Adv. in ELA by Race & Sex Asian Black Hispanic/Latino

67.5% 28%

74.3%

35%

35.1%

42.7%

Multi-Racial

45.1%

56.4%

NA/AN

44.1%

54.1%

NH/PI

42.8%

White All Students

50.8% 46%

48.6% 61.4% 54.5%

Important Note: All student data disaggregated by race and sex in English Language Arts (ELA) and Math come from students without a disability.

Students with a disability data was too suppressed to consider when it came to disaggregating by race and sex.

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State Test Scores in Math in K-8 Education Analysis of data from nearly 8.4 million TN test scores in math from 2014-2024 reveals girls are slightly ahead of boys in math by eighth grade. Both boys and girls show steady declines in math from third to eighth grades. (Prior to COVID in 2019, girls scored higher than boys in eighth-grade math, 38.2% to 32.3% respectively. NAEP scores slightly differ with 32% of females and 30% of males at/above standard.)

3rd Grade

Boys are slightly ahead of girls in 3rd and 4th grade math, but both boys and girls show steady declines by 8th grade where girls hold slightly higher scores.

4th Grade

50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% Female Math Pro ciency Male Math Pro ciency

10.0% 0.0%

2021

2022

2023

2024

2021

5th Grade

By 6th grades, math scores are essentially the same. It should be noted, however, that boys and girls maths scores are in decline by 6th grade compared to 4th grade

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2024

6th Grade

40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0%

2021

2022

2023

2024

2021

7th Grade

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2023

50.0%

0.0%

By 8th grade, girls are slightly ahead of boys. Boys' and girls’ math scores are generally on the decline. The numbers are concerning and resemble those seen in 2019, preCOVID.

2022

2022

2023

2024

8th Grade

50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0%

2021

2022

2023

2024

2021

2022

2023

2024

Figure A1. Algebra I Pro ciency by Sex and Year 50% 40% 30% 20%

High School Math The following pro ciency tables are based on 878,726 valid test scores of boys and girls on Tennessee End-ofCourse assessments from 2019 to 2024 with an exception for the 2020 COVID year.

• Algebra I (314,364 valid scores) • Algebra II (268,066 valid test scores) • Geometry (296,026 valid test scores) In 2019 boys were behind girls when it came to meeting/exceeding standards in Algebra I and Algebra II by three percentage-points. After COVID, both boys and girls in subsequent years showed learning losses, but it must be stressed that prior to COVID pro ciency levels were under 30% for boys and girls.

In 2019, Geometry pro ciencies for boys (33%) was lower than girls (36%), but were relatively similar.

Both boys and girls showed COVID learning losses in subsequent years.

In 2024, pro ciencies for boys (36%) and girls (35%) returned to similar pre-COVID levels.

2019

20% 10%

2019

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2021

2022

2023

2024

Figure G1. Geometry Pro ciency by Sex and Year 50% 40% 30%

2019

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2024

30%

10%

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2023

40%

II and scores are not much better in Geometry.

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2022

50%

20%

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2021

Figure A2. Algebra II Pro ciency by Sex and Year

Fewer than 30% of boys are Pro cient in Algebra I and Algebra

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10%

2021

2022

2023

2024

% of 3rd Grade Students Prof/Adv. in Math by Race & Sex Asian Black Hispanic/Latino

Math Scores by Race/ Ethnicity & Sex

Multi-Racial

• All math scores disaggregated by race and sex for grades 3 through 9 are based on scores from students without a disability. (Students with a disability had too much of their data suppressed.)

NH/PI

• Native American/ Alaska Native is represented by NA/ AN • Native Hawaiian/ Paci c Islander is represented by NH/PI Suppressed 3rd-5th Grade Data Math 2014-2024 • There was no suppressed data in 3rd through 5th grade math.

72.2%

25.6%

37.5%

31.8%

46%

41.8%

49.6%

40.8%

40.6%

51.9%

47.8%

All Students

Male Female

39.8% 56.7%

White

43.6%

% of 4th Grade Students Prof/Adv. in Math by Race & Sex Asian Black Hispanic/Latino

77.3% 25%

72.3%

23.3%

37.2%

31.2%

Multi-Racial

47%

42.5%

NA/AN

46.6%

43.9%

42.7%

NH/PI

34.3% 58.5%

White

52.3%

48.8%

All Students

43.5%

% of 5th Grade Students Prof/Adv. in Math by Race & Sex Asian

Hispanic/Latino

77.2% 25.3%

75.6%

25.6% 37%

33.5%

Multi-Racial

45.6%

43.6%

NA/AN

46.8%

41.8%

50.4%

40.4%

NH/PI White All Students

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26%

NA/AN

Black

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75.4%

57.8% 48.5%

53.9% 45.4%

% of 6th Grade Students Prof/Adv. in Math by Race & Sex Asian Black Hispanic/Latino

Math Scores by Race/Ethnicity & Sex The following data was received after a request to the Tennessee Department of Education.

While males show a slight advantage in the early grades, by middle school boys and girls math scores are nearly the same.

61.3% 18.6%

20.5%

24.6%

28.1%

Multi-Racial

33.2%

37.6%

NA/AN

34.2%

36.3%

38.6%

NH/PI

43.1%

White

49.1%

37.6%

All Students

40.9%

% of 7th Grade Students Prof/Adv. in Math by Race & Sex Asian Black

72%

27.4%

25.9%

Multi-Racial

35.7%

33.9%

• Native Hawaiian/ Paci c Islander is represented by NH/PI

NA/AN

36.5%

37.1%

NH/PI

33.5%

34%

• 31,875 male math scores and 20,402 female math scores were suppressed.

39.2%

% of 8th Grade Students Prof/Adv. in Math by Race & Sex Asian Black Hispanic/Latino

72.5% 19.1%

73.4%

22.7%

31.3%

31.4%

Multi-Racial

39.4%

39.7%

NA/AN

39.5%

42.5%

NH/PI

39.7%

43.6%

All Students

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45.6%

39.8%

All Students

White

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46.5%

White

Suppression of data leads to inaccurate measures.

70.3%

18.4% 20.9%

Hispanic/Latino

• 20.9% of black-male math scores are suppressed.

Male Female

40.7%

• Native American/ Alaska Native is represented by NA/AN

Suppressed 6th-8th Grade Data Math 2014-2024

69.3%

49.7% 41.6%

51.6% 43.3%

% of 9th Grade Students Prof/Adv. in Math by Race & Sex Asian Black Hispanic/Latino

Math Scores in 9th and 10th Grade by Race/Ethnicity & Sex Asian females and Asian males score higher in all grade levels than any other demographic groups. This also holds true in English/Language Arts.

Depending on the racial group, boys’ and girls’ scores in 9th and 10th grade math are relatively the same, less than 1% difference.

Some demographic groups show larger disparities than others.

Native American/Alaska Native males score worse than their female counterparts in Algebra I by 6% and Algebra II by 3%.

60.6% 14.6% 16.3% 20.1%

20.3%

Multi-Racial

27.2%

28.2%

NA/AN

24.9%

31.1%

NH/PI

62.8%

28.8%

30.4%

36.9%

White

31.1%

All Students

Male Female

38.2% 31.8%

% of 10th Grade Students Prof/Adv. in Math by Race & Sex Asian Black Hispanic/Latino Multi-Racial NA/AN NH/PI White All Students

57.2% 14.6%

58.8%

17.7%

19.9%

19.5%

28.3% 25.6% 32.2% 36.3% 32%

29.6% 28.7% 28.7% 36.7% 32.6%

Important Note: All student data disaggregated by race and sex in English Language Arts (ELA) and Math come from students without a disability.

Students with a disability data was too suppressed to consider when it came to disaggregating by race and sex.

Tennessee has enrolled 130,500 fewer male than female in-state residents into its four year colleges from 2012 to 2023.

(50% of women and 37% of men graduate in four years).

Figure C1. Percent of the In-State Enrolled Students in Tennessee Four-Year Public Colleges by Sex and Year from 2012-2023 100%

75%

50%

25%

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Females

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

Additionally, all males of all races are behind their female counterparts in college enrollment. See the table below, which also includes American Indian/ Alaska Native (AI/AN).

Males

Table C1. Percent of the In-State Enrolled Students in Tennessee Four-Year Public Colleges by Sex, Race, and Year from 2012-2023 Race/Ethnicity Sex

2012

AI/AN Female

52.0% 51.4% 51.6% 53.3% 53.3% 51.5% 56.3% 51.2% 54.1% 49.5% 56.1% 49.4% 52.5%

AI/AN Male

48.0% 48.6% 48.4% 46.7% 46.7% 48.5% 43.7% 48.8% 45.9% 50.5% 43.9% 50.6% 47.5%

Black Female

64.4% 63.9% 63.7% 63.2% 63.1% 63.1% 63.1% 63.2% 64.2% 64.5% 64.1% 63.9% 63.7%

Black Male

35.6% 36.1% 36.3% 36.8% 36.9% 36.9% 36.9% 36.8% 35.8% 35.5% 35.9% 36.1% 36.3%

Hispanic/Latino Female

56.0% 56.1% 55.4% 55.7% 54.9% 56.1% 56.3% 55.1% 56.6% 56.7% 57.7% 56.8% 56.3%

Hispanic/Latino Male

44.0% 43.9% 44.6% 44.3% 45.1% 43.9% 43.7% 44.9% 43.4% 43.3% 42.3% 43.2% 43.7%

2013

2014

2015 2016 2017

2018

2019

2020 2021 2022 2023

2012 2023

2-Plus Race Female 56.9% 57.4% 57.2% 57.2% 56.3% 56.7% 57.0% 56.4% 56.9% 56.8% 57.4% 56.9% 56.9%

White Female

52.7% 52.8% 53.0% 53.1% 53.0% 53.0% 53.6% 53.9% 54.9% 55.4% 55.1% 54.9% 53.7%

White Male

47.3% 47.2% 47.0% 46.9% 47.0% 47.0% 46.4% 46.1% 45.1% 44.6% 44.9% 45.1% 46.3%

Asian or Paci c Islander Female

49.1% 49.2% 49.2% 50.3% 50.0% 50.8% 49.8% 50.9% 52.1% 54.0% 53.4% 53.6% 51.2%

Asian or Paci c Islander Male

50.9% 50.8% 50.8% 49.7% 50.0% 49.2% 50.2% 49.1% 47.9% 46.0% 46.6% 46.4% 48.8%

All Females

55.1% 55.1% 55.2% 55.2% 55.1% 55.1% 55.5% 55.6% 56.6% 57.0% 56.8% 56.5% 55.7%

All Males

44.9% 44.9% 44.8% 44.8% 44.9% 44.9% 44.5% 44.4% 43.4% 43.0% 43.2% 43.5% 44.3%

fi

43.1% 42.6% 42.8% 42.8% 43.7% 43.3% 43.0% 43.6% 43.1% 43.2% 42.6% 43.1% 43.1%

fi

2-Plus Race Male

Tennessee has enrolled nearly 210,000 fewer male than female in-state residents into its two-year public colleges from 2012 to 2023.

Figure C2. Percent of the In-State Enrolled Students in Tennessee Two-Year Public Colleges by Sex and Year from 2012-2023 100% 80% 60% 40% 20%

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Females

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

Additionally, all males of all races are behind their female counterparts in two-year college enrollment. See the table below, which also includes American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN).

Males

Table C2. Percent of the In-State Enrolled Students in Tennessee Two-Year Public Colleges by Sex, Race, and Year from 2012-2023 Race/Ethnicity Sex

2012

AI/AN Female

62.5% 60.8% 58.3% 60.6% 57.4% 63.4% 62.7% 63.0% 63.4% 55.5% 58.4% 58.9% 60.6%

AI/AN Male

37.5% 39.2% 41.7% 39.4% 42.6% 36.6% 37.3% 37.0% 36.6% 44.5% 41.6% 41.1% 39.4%

Black Female

67.1% 65.1% 64.5% 63.4% 64.0% 63.8% 64.9% 66.1% 68.2% 67.5% 67.4% 66.6% 65.6%

Black Male

32.9% 34.9% 35.5% 36.6% 36.0% 36.2% 35.1% 33.9% 31.8% 32.5% 32.6% 33.4% 34.4%

Hispanic/Latino Female

61.2% 61.0% 60.5% 58.7% 58.7% 58.2% 59.6% 61.0% 63.2% 63.9% 63.3% 62.6% 61.3%

Hispanic/Latino Male

38.8% 39.0% 39.5% 41.3% 41.3% 41.8% 40.4% 39.0% 36.8% 36.1% 36.7% 37.4% 38.7%

2013

2014

2015 2016 2017

2018

2019

2020 2021 2022 2023

2012 2023

2-Plus Race Female 59.2% 61.9% 59.8% 57.8% 58.1% 59.4% 59.4% 60.9% 62.6% 63.4% 62.6% 60.4% 60.6%

White Female

60.1% 59.7% 58.9% 58.4% 58.3% 58.4% 59.4% 60.2% 62.0% 61.3% 60.6% 60.1% 59.7%

White Male

39.9% 40.3% 41.1% 41.6% 41.7% 41.6% 40.6% 39.8% 38.0% 38.7% 39.4% 39.9% 40.3%

Asian or Paci c Islander Female

56.5% 55.0% 55.7% 54.3% 54.6% 56.1% 56.4% 56.3% 60.6% 57.7% 57.9% 56.2% 56.5%

Asian or Paci c Islander Male

43.5% 45.0% 44.3% 45.7% 45.4% 43.9% 43.6% 43.7% 39.4% 42.3% 42.1% 43.8% 43.5%

All Females

61.3% 60.6% 59.9% 59.2% 59.2% 59.4% 60.3% 61.2% 63.0% 62.4% 61.8% 61.3% 60.7%

All Males

38.7% 39.4% 40.1% 40.8% 40.8% 40.6% 39.7% 38.8% 37.0% 37.6% 38.2% 38.7% 39.3%

fi

40.8% 38.1% 40.2% 42.2% 41.9% 40.6% 40.6% 39.1% 37.4% 36.6% 37.4% 39.6% 39.4%

fi

2-Plus Race Male

Figure C3. Percent of the In-State Enrolled Students Pursuing PostBA Degrees in TN Public Colleges by Sex and Year from 2012-2023 100% 80% 60% 40% 20%

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Females

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

Males

2023

Tennessee has enrolled nearly 52,000 fewer male than female in-state residents into its Post-BA public colleges from 2012 to 2023. (For every male, there are two females pursing a Post-BA degree).

Tennessee male residents account for 37.2% of the in-state residents who pursued a post baccalaureate degree in Tennessee compared to 62.8% of female in-state residents from 2012-2023.

Table C3. Percent of the In-State Enrolled Students Pursuing Post-BA Degrees in Tennessee Public Colleges by Sex, Race, and Year from 2012-2023 Race/Ethnicity Sex

2012

AI/AN Female

51.9% 47.8% 48.3% 50.0% 54.7% 57.4% 51.8% 60.0% 56.6% 55.2% 66.0% 66.0% 55.2%

AI/AN Male

48.1% 52.2% 51.7% 50.0% 45.3% 42.6% 48.2% 40.0% 43.4% 44.8% 34.0% 34.0% 44.8%

Black Female

72.1% 72.8% 71.9% 72.2% 72.2% 71.2% 72.5% 73.4% 72.1% 72.8% 72.7% 72.6% 72.4%

Black Male

27.9% 27.2% 28.1% 27.8% 27.8% 28.8% 27.5% 26.6% 27.9% 27.2% 27.3% 27.4% 27.6%

Hispanic/Latino Female

58.8% 60.9% 60.8% 59.9% 57.5% 58.4% 59.1% 62.2% 61.3% 61.9% 64.0% 64.0% 61.1%

Hispanic/Latino Male

41.2% 39.1% 39.2% 40.1% 42.5% 41.6% 40.9% 37.8% 38.7% 38.1% 36.0% 36.0% 38.9%

2013

2014

2015 2016 2017

2018

2019

2020 2021 2022 2023

2012 2023

2-Plus Race Female 59.3% 59.7% 62.9% 58.9% 58.4% 60.0% 58.2% 60.6% 62.0% 62.0% 59.9% 63.7% 60.8%

White Female

61.1% 59.7% 59.3% 59.6% 59.6% 60.4% 61.3% 61.8% 62.5% 63.6% 63.3% 63.5% 61.3%

White Male

38.9% 40.3% 40.7% 40.4% 40.4% 39.6% 38.7% 38.2% 37.5% 36.4% 36.7% 36.5% 38.7%

Asian or Paci c Islander Female

54.9% 55.9% 57.1% 58.6% 58.0% 55.7% 57.2% 57.7% 60.4% 61.2% 62.4% 64.4% 58.9%

Asian or Paci c Islander Male

45.1% 44.1% 42.9% 41.4% 42.0% 44.3% 42.8% 42.3% 39.6% 38.8% 37.6% 35.6% 41.1%

All Females

62.4% 61.3% 60.9% 61.3% 61.2% 61.5% 62.6% 63.4% 63.7% 64.8% 64.6% 64.9% 62.8%

All Males

37.6% 38.7% 39.1% 38.7% 38.8% 38.5% 37.4% 36.6% 36.3% 35.2% 35.4% 35.1% 37.2%

fi

40.7% 40.3% 37.1% 41.1% 41.6% 40.0% 41.8% 39.4% 38.0% 38.0% 40.1% 36.3% 39.2%

fi

2-Plus Race Male

Part Two: Physical & Mental Health

Page 21

DEATHS OF DESPAIR

female groups per 100,000 population (Deaths 100,000).

Deaths of despair speci cally reference losses of life to suicide, overdose, and alcohol. To many of us, suicide, overdose and alcohol are easily seen as separate diseases, but they are equally expressions of the same disease: despair.

Males account for 80% of suicide deaths, 69% of unintentional overdose deaths, and 74% of alcohol deaths across Tennessee.

Suicide, overdoses, and alcohol related outcomes are the symptoms and mental health is the disease. It is a main reason males are more susceptible, something that does not garner enough attention when it comes to understanding the covert nature of male mental health.

Tennessee’s sons account for 72% of all deaths of despair in the state. Males of all races are more susceptible than their female counterparts and across racial groups. White, Black, Hispanic, and American Indian/Alaska Native males are more likely to die from the diseases of despair than any

A full set of graphs are provided on the pages that follow.

Our research was disaggregated by race and sex and—by doing so—revealed that sex more than race is the driving force behind deaths of despair.

Because American Indian-Alaska Native populations were under 100,000, the deaths-of-despair were calculated using the following formula; number of deaths divided by the population and multiplied by 100,000. Some groups were excluded from some tables because there were no recorded deaths or the numbers were suppressed.

“Totals by Sex” includes data that was suppressed by race and sex. This explains the difference when adding demographic groups and comparing it to totals.

Table D1. Tennessee Deaths of Despair by Race and Sex from 2018-2023 Male Deaths Race/Ethnicity

Female Deaths 100,000

Deaths

Deaths 100,000

Percent within Race

Tennessee’s Boys and Men Account for 72% of All Deaths of Despair

American Indian or Alaska Native

28

45.9

0

0.0

100.0%

Asian

115

30.6

19

4.8

86.6%

Black or African American

3,453

107.4

1,177

32.6

76.7%

Hispanic

710

50.2

153

12.8

79.7%

More than 1 Race

89

24.2

41

10.7

69.5%

White

18,148

123.5

7,554

49.1

71.6%

Totals by Sex

22,631

111.1

9,002

42.3

72.4%

fi

Page 22

fi

Table S1. Number and Rate of TN Suicide Deaths by Race and Sex Male

Female

Deaths Deaths / Deaths 100,000

Boys and Men account for for 80% of All Suicide Deaths

Race/Ethnicity White

5,047

35.7

1,345

9.1

79.7%

Black

491

16.3

120

3.5

82.3%

Hispanic

165

13.7

41

3.7

78.7%

Asian

47

13.0

19

4.8

73.2%

Multirace

31

9.3

12

3.5

73.0%

All Deaths

5,800

28.5

1,546

7.3

79.6%

Suicide in Tennessee Boys and men are the primary victims of suicide deaths. The following gures and tables provide the number and rate of suicide deaths by sex and race. In doing so, a clear pattern emerges that shows males are far more likely to die from suicide within racial groups and across racial lines.

Tennessee had 5,800 male suicide deaths from 2018 to 2023 and males accounted for 80% of the total lives lost to suicide, according to the CDC. This data is similar to the data from the Tennessee Department of Health.

“All deaths” listed in Table S1 includes suppressed data as well. This explains the difference when adding by the races listed in the tables and seeing a slight difference in “All Deaths.”

Deaths / 100,000

Percent within Race

Fig. S1: Suicide Deaths in TN by Sex within Race from 2018-2023 Black

17.7%

82.3%

White

20.3%

79.7%

All Deaths

20.4%

79.6%

Hispanic

21.3%

78.7%

Asian

26.8%

73.2%

Multirace

27.0%

73.0%

Figure S2. Suicide Deaths in TN by Sex 2018-2023 100% 75% Male Female

50% 25% 0%

Page 23

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

Table S2. Suicide Deaths of 15-24-Year Olds in TN by Race & Sex Male Deaths

Race/Ethnicity

Suicide of 15-34 Year-Olds Thirty-percent of TN male suicide deaths were between the ages of 15-34 years of age, and there were more males 15-34 years of age who died from suicide than all female age groups combined.

Boys, adolescents, and young men are at a greater risk for suicide for a number of reasons. Boys from singleparent homes are at greater risk.

“All deaths” listed in Table S2 and S3 include suppressed data as well. This explains the difference when adding the number of deaths by race and comparing it to”All Deaths.”

Learn about brain-sex difference

Page 24

Female

Deaths 100,000

Deaths

Deaths 100,000

Percent within Race

Boys 15-24 account for for 83% of Suicide Deaths in Age Group

Asian

14

27.0

0

0

100.0%

Black

120

23.6

25

4.9

82.8%

Hispanic

46

20.0

11

5.1

79.8%

White

513

28.0

100

5.7

83.1%

All Deaths

703

26.0

140

5.3

83.1%

There were more males 15-34 years of age who died from suicide than all female age groups combined.

Table S3. Suicide Deaths of 25-34-Year Olds in TN by Race & Sex Male Deaths Race/Ethnicity

Female

Deaths 100,000

Deaths

Deaths 100,000

Percent within Race

Young Men Account for for 82% of Suicide Deaths of 25-34-year-olds

Asian

12

17.6

0

0.0

100.0%

Black

142

26.4

34

6.0

81.5%

Hispanic

44

21.5

0

0.0

100.0%

White

839

41.9

180

8.9

82.5%

All Deaths

1,051

36.6

235

8.1

81.9%

Table O1. Number and Rate of Overdose Deaths in TN by Race & Sex Male

Female

Deaths Deaths 100,000

Deaths

Deaths 100,000

Percent within Race

Race/Ethnicity

Overdose Deaths in TN Tennessee had 11,758 male overdose deaths from 2018 to 2023 and males accounted for 69% of the total lives lost to overdose. Black and white males die from overdose at far greater rates than any other male or female cohorts.

Black

2,419

74.4

862

23.7

75.8%

White

8,782

58.9

4,609

29.7

66.5%

American Indian / Alaska Native

16

26.2

0

0

100.0%

Hispanic

399

25.7

90

7.3

77.9%

Multiracial

58

14.9

29

7.2

67.4%

Asian

37

9.6

0

0.0

100.0%

All Deaths by Sex

11,758

57.7

5,619

26.4

68.6%

Fig. O2 Overdose Deaths in TN by Sex within Race from 2018-2023

75.8%

The data to the right includes the number of deaths within each racial/ ethnic group by sex as well as the number of deaths per 100,000 population (Deaths 100,000).

Like suicide, males of all races die at greater rates than their female counterparts and often across racial lines.

Male overdose in Tennessee has increased from 63% to 71% of all unintentional overdose deaths from 2018-2023.

A deeper understanding of the covert nature of male mental health is needed to understand contributing factors to deaths of despair.

Page 25

77.9%

67.4%

66.5%

17.7%

20.3%

21.3%

Black

White

Hispanic

68.6%

27.0%

20.4%

Multiracial

All Deaths

Fig. 03. Percent of Overdose Deaths in TN by Sex 2018-2023 100% 75% Male Female

50% 25% 0%

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

Table O2. Overdose Deaths in TN by Race and Sex of 15-24 year olds Male Deaths

Female

Deaths Deaths Deaths 100,000 100,000

Percent within Race

Race/Ethnicity

Overdose Deaths in TN

Black

156

30.0

75

14.4

67.6%

Hispanic

71

30.9

23

10.6

74.5%

Multiracial

17

19.3

0

0.0

100.0%

White

606

29.9

270

13.9

68.3%

Total

846

23.2

381

10.8

68.2%

Tennessee had 3,856 male overdose deaths of those 15-34 years of age, and males of all races die at higher rates from overdose than their female counterparts and often across racial lines.

Table O3. Overdose Deaths in TN by Race and Sex of 25-34 year olds

Males 15-24 years-of-age of all races are dying at higher rates than all female groups.

Race/Ethnicity

Black (106.2), White (98.9), and Hispanic (61.7) males 25-34 years of age experience the highest rate of deaths per 100,000 population.

Moving beyond the politics of masculinity and toward an understanding of male brain-difference is an important step in solving the problem.

Male

Female

Percent within Race

Deaths

Deaths 100,000

Deaths

Deaths 100,000

Asian

16

22.9

0

0.0

100.0%

Black

581

106.2

245

42.4

71.5%

Hispanic

126

61.7

27

14.9

80.5%

Multiracial

21

37.1

15

24.9

59.8%

White

2,157

98.8

994

45.8

68.3%

Total

3,010

78.0

1,358

34.9

69.1%

Deaths of Despair for Males 15-34 Years of Age • Males 15-24 Years of Age account for 75% of all deaths of despair (suicide, overdose, and alcohol) in their age group.

• Males 25-34 Years of Age account for 72% of all deaths of despair (suicide, overdose, and alcohol) in their age group.

Page 26

Table A1. Alcohol Deaths in TN by Race and Sex from 2018-2023 Male

Female

Percent within Race

Deaths

Deaths 100,000

Deaths

Deaths 100,000

AI/AN

12

19.7

0

0

1

Alcohol Deaths in TN

Asian

31

8.0

0

0.0

100.0%

Black

543

16.7

195

5.4

75.6%

Alcohol related deaths in Tennessee resemble those found nationwide. When disaggregating data by race and sex, data shows that males of all races die from alcohol related causes more than their female counterparts.

Hispanic

146

10.8

22

1.8

85.7%

White

4,319

28.9

1,600

10.3

73.7%

Total

5,073

24.9

1,837

8.6

74.3%

Race/Ethnicity

Figure A1. Alcohol Deaths in TN by Sex within Race from 2018-2023

75.6%

Alcohol related deaths have consistently shown that males account for approximately 75% of those deaths. In 2022, there was a slight drop when males accounted for 72% of alcohol related deaths, but that was offset by an increase in suicide deaths and overdose deaths.

When looking at alcohol, suicide, and overdose deaths over time, males have accounted for a greater percentage of deaths of despair from 2018-2023.

In 2018, males accounted for 70% of all deaths of despair, that percent has steadily increased to 73.3% by 2023.

Page 27

85.7%

24.4%

73.7%

74.3%

26.3%

25.7%

White

Overall

14.3% Black

Hispanic

Figure A2. Alcohol Induced Deaths over Time by Sex 100% 75% Male Female

50% 25% 0%

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

Uninsured in Tennessee

180,000

Male

Page 28

Female

2023

0

2022

90,000

2021

Increasing employment can help decrease the number of uninsured males.

270,000

2019

Most women and men are covered by employee sponsored and nongroup insurance programs. Nongroup “includes individuals and families that purchased or are covered as a dependent by nongroup insurance.”

360,000

2018

In Tennessee, 16.5% and 10% of men receive health insurance through Medicaid and another 2.3% of women and 2.1% of men receive Medicare.

Fig. U2: Number of Uninsured by Sex and Year

2017

There are over 300,000 uninsured males between the ages of 19-64 in Tennessee each year. They account for 57% of the uninsured population with fewer resources available to them. “The state-federal program for individuals with low-incomes, Medicaid, covered 19% of adult women ages 19 to 64 in 2023, compared to 14% of men” across the nation, according to data from the Kaiser Family Foundation.

Figure HM 1. Percent of Overall Homelessness in Tennessee by Sex 100%

Females

Males

75%

50%

HOMELESSNESS

25%

Tennessee’s homeless problem impacts men and women and boys and girls.

Males, however, make up the majority of the homeless for a variety of reasons, many related to poor education, unemployment, addiction, and mental health conditions.

In many instances—homeless males turn to the street to self-medicate and become part of an endless cycle of addiction and homelessness. That decision results in thousands of overdose, suicide, and homicide deaths, not only for the homeless, but for others as well who become victims of those who are on the street and in desperate and mentally-ill states.

0%

But it is the male homelessness of our youth, veterans, and the overall homeless population that drive many social ills, often missed because we fail to address the uniqueness of the covert nature of male mental health.

There are approximately 8,280 people who experience homelessness in Tennessee on any given night. It is safe to assume that at least 6,624 are either mentally-ill and/or drug addicted.

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

Figure HM 2. Percent of Unaccompanied Youth Homeless in Tennessee by Sex 100% 75% 50% 25% 0%

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

Figure HM3. Percent of Veteran Homeless in Tennessee by Sex 100%

75%

50%

25%

0%

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

Part Three: Jobs, Careers, & Financial Health

Page 30

Table U1. Percent of Males Not in Labor Force by Age 2018-2023

UNEMPLOYMENT A look at unemployment in Tennessee does show some mild improvement in the workforce as noticed on the following pages.

The unemployment rate, however, is merely one measure of how the labor force is working.

Another factor to consider is the number of males not in the labor force, which is different from the unemployment rate. While the number of men who are not in the labor force has declined for some groups, males 25-29 and 30-34 years-of-age have only moved 1.3% and 0.6% respectively. Which begs the question, why are so many males not in the labor force?

In 2018, the unemployment rate for males 20-24 years of age was 10%, but the total percent of males 20-24 not in the labor force was 22% (48,085 of the of 219,690 male population).

The unemployment rate only takes into consideration the number of people in the labor force and the number of unemployed people.

Unemployment numbers do not include those who have stopped looking for work. According to a number of recent articles, it is one of the concerns regarding young men who have stopped working.

Page 31

Age

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

20-24

22%

20%

22%

23%

21%

20%

25-29

14.0%

13.3%

14.0%

13.1%

11.8%

12.7%

30-34

12.5%

12.7%

13.3%

12.0%

11.9%

11.9%

35-44

15.0%

14.1%

14.1%

14.3%

11.8%

11.8%

Figure U1. Number of Males Not in Labor Force by Age and Year 75,000

60,000

45,000

30,000

15,000

0

2018

2019

20-24 yrs.

2020 25-29 yrs.

2021 30-34 yrs.

2022

2023 35-44 yrs.

Number of Men 20-34 Years-of-Age Not in Labor Force in Tennessee by Year 2018: 170,800 2019: 164,260 2020: 170,959 2021: 174,085 2022: 160,777 2023: 160,944

Table U2. Male Unemployment Rate by Age and Year Age

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

20-24

10%

7%

10%

9%

6%

8%

25-29

7.6%

4.3%

6.5%

5.6%

3.5%

4.2%

30-34

4.7%

3.3%

4.8%

4.4%

3.1%

3.2%

35-44

3.8%

4.2%

3.9%

4.2%

2.5%

3.1%

Unemployment Rate The unemployment rate in Tennessee has modestly improved, but those numbers often overlook the number of males who are no longer in the labor force for a number of reasons. Improving the employment rate for males 20-24 would be a step in the right direction if we also keep a closer eye on decreasing the number of males who are part of the cohort “not in the labor force.”

Fatal Occupational Injuries Males accounted for 91% of Tennessee’s fatal occupational injuries from 2018-2023, and there has been a steady increase in the number and rate of male deaths from 2018 to 2023. Even after accounting for a modest increase in Tennessee’s population from 2018-2023, we estimate there has been at least a 26% increase in the rate of fatal occupational injuries of 20 to 64-year-old males from 2018 to 2023.

Figure U2. Number of Unemployed Males 20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

0

2018

2019

20-24 yrs.

2020 25-29 yrs.

2021

2022

30-34 yrs.

2023 35-44 yrs.

Figure F1. Number of Male Work-Place Fatalities by Year from 2018-2023

156

113

117

2018

2019

123

119

2020

2021

149

Males will take on the high-risk jobs for higher pay.

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2022

2023

Figure EM1. Percent of K-12 Educators in TN by Sex and Year

78.4%

Tennessee sees decline in number of male educators In October of 2019, News Channel-5 Nashville covered a story about the decline in male teachers. The issue is a national one as much as it is a state issue for Tennessee. Males only account for 21% of the teachers in Tennessee and the numbers are unlikely to improve according to data from the Southern Regional Education Board.

Although male teachers can bring a different understanding and dynamic to the classroom and offer a new profession men do not often consider, improving student outcomes also requires an understanding of brain-sex difference and how boys and girls learn differently.

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Even as districts may strive to increase the number of men into the education eld, there is a more compelling issue to be made for pedagogical approaches in the classroom. There are plenty of female teachers who work well with boys because they understand boys and girls learn differently.

78.4%

21.5%

21.4%

21.2%

2020-21

78.4%

2021-22

2022-23

Trades are in high demand in TN. Other professional opportunities are in healthcare.

Figure EM2. Percent of Nurses in Tennessee by Sex

80% 13% 7%

Figure EM3. Percent of Physician Assistants in TN by Sex

60% 35% 5% Female

Males

Unspeci ed

Part Four: Criminal Justice & Court Systems

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Male Percent of School Suspensions/Expulsions, Juvenile Detentions, and Prison Population in Tennessee 91% 77%

78%

School Suspensions

Juvenile Detention

School to Prison Pipeline Males are overwhelmingly represented in school suspensions, juvenile detentions, and prison populations.

Boys who come from fractured families and experience adverse childhood experiences are disproportionately impacted, but they are not the only ones impacted.

When looking at the disciplinary nexus in Tennessee, it is clear that our systems disproportionately impact boys of all ages and men far more. And Tennessee is not unique in this regard. In a study of one school district in California, for instance, I learned that boys in K-3 were as likely or more likely to be suspended than teenage girls in 9-12. My immediate question was: what are boys doing in K-3 to get suspended?

There is a cultural disconnect when it comes to educating our nation’s boys and helping them learn to thrive in life. This cultural disconnect is a reason the school to prison pipeline is partly about the inability to nurture the nature of boys early in life and throughout life.

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Prison Population

Percent of TN Students Remanded for Drug Related Offenses by Sex and Year (2018-2023) 100%

75%

50%

25%

2018-19

2019-20

Female

2020-21

2021-22

Male

2022-23

Figure H1. Homicide Deaths by Race and Sex from 2018-2023 Per 100,000 Population Black Male

70.7

Hispanic Male

16.4

Black Female

Homicide in Tennessee Although males of all race are killed at greater rates than their female counterparts, homicide deaths overwhelmingly impact black males.

Black males accounted for 57% of all male and female homicide deaths of all races combined, yet black males only represent approximately 6.7% of the population in Tennessee.

When we look at the ages of black males 15-24, 25-34, and 35-44, the numbers of deaths per 100,000 population are 155, 140, and 92 respectively.

Black and Hispanic males die from homicide more than any male and female cohorts by race and sex.

Number of Homicide Deaths by Race and Sex 2018-2023 Race/Sex

Males

Females

Black

2,298

393

White

851

408

Hispanic

222

34

Multirace

29

0

Asian

18

0

Total

3425

853

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10.8

Multiracial

7.5

White Male

5.7

Asian Male

4.7

Hispanic Female

2.8

White Female

2.6 Figure H2. Homicide Deaths of 15-24-Year-Olds by Race and Sex from 2018-2023 Per 100,000 Population

Black Male

155.4

Hispanic Male

28.7 19.5

Black Female White Male White Female

6.2 2.7 Figure H3. Homicide Deaths of 25-34-Year-Olds by Race and Sex from 2018-2023 Per 100,000 Population

Black Male

140.2

Hispanic Male

31.8 19.9

Black Female

7.9

White Male White Female

58%

3.4

Did you know?

Infant boys and boys 1-4 years of age in TN accounted for 58% of the homicide deaths in their age group from 1999 to 2023.

Figure M1. Missing Persons Under 20-Years of Age by Sex

130

Male Female

57

Missing Persons Analyzing data from the National Missing and Unidenti ed Persons System (NamUS) shows that nearly sixty-percent of the 945 missing persons in Tennessee from June of 2018 to April of 2025 are male.

• 59.4% of missing persons in Tennessee are male.

• 47.6% of missing persons under twenty-years-of-age are male.

• 67% of missing persons twentyone and over are male.

Males of all races are more likely to be missing persons than their female counterparts. (Total number of missing persons by race: Black (268); Hispanic Latino (160); Multi-Race (27); and White (474). American Indian/Alaska Native (2), Asian (5), Other (6), and Uncertain (3) were under 25 combined.

116

53

15

5

1-10 Years

11-15 Years

16-20 Years

Figure M2. Missing Persons Under 21-60 Years of Age by Sex

107 84

53

76 46

39

75

41

32 17

21-30 Years

31-40 Years

41-50 Years

51-60 Years 61 Years & Over

Figure M3. Percent of Missing Persons by Race and Sex

TN Missing Persons by Sex 21-Years of Age and Over

Male 67%

60.8%

39.2%

54.4%

55.7%

45.6%

44.4%

60.1%

39.9%

Female 33%

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Black

Hispanic/Latino

Multi-Race

White

Part Five: Children & Families in Tennessee

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Children and Families 515,000 children (boys and girls) in Tennessee live in a single-parent home. An additional 110,000 children live with neither parent. Understanding the number of children in single parent families, the number of children born in unmarried families, and the limited time children spend with their fathers in instances of divorce and separation is important. Children in single parent homes, in the aggregate, struggle more than other children in school, physical & mental health, addiction, homelessness, crime, and with teen pregnancy.

Father Share Figure SP 1. Number of Children in Single-Parent Families of Parenting

by Race/Ethnicity in 2023 Time in TN White not-Hispanic Black

163,000 71,000

Two or More Races

61,000

Hispanic/Latino Asian & Paci c Islander

78%

240,000

3,000 Figure SP2. Percent of Children in Single-Parent Families by Race/Ethnicity 2023

Black

69%

Two or More Races Average

35%

Hispanic/Latino

34% 26%

White not-Hispanic Asian & Paci c Islander

22%

38%

13% Dad Mom

Figure B1. Number of Births to Unmarried Families from 2017 to 2021 White-Non Hispanic

107,902 62,303

Black

Figure B2. Percent of Births to Unmarried Families from 2017 to 2021 Black White-Non Hispanic

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77% 36%

National Parents Organization NPO gave Tennessee a Bfor shared parenting rights, an upgrade from a C grade in previous years.

SOLUTIONS The First Principle The data in this report helps us realize that the current practices in place are not helping our boys and our men—and arguably our girls and our women. There are solutions to these challenges if we begin to recognize that braindifferences in males and females are the essential part of the solution but not the only part of the solution.

In contemporary literature that recognizes sexdifferences, you will see the term brain-sex difference, which asserts that male and female differences operate on a male brain spectrum and a female brain spectrum.

Learning, risk-taking, addiction, coping, resiliency, and so many of the operations that form a thriving and resilient person, from childhood and through adulthood, are happening in the grey and white matter of our brains in conjunction with neural, electrical, and chemical variances between boys and girls and men and women. It is easy for us to physically see male and female differences, but it is nearly impossible to see the differences in the brain that manifest in learning, actions, behaviors, and motivations.

Recent studies out of Stanford University are using Arti cial Intelligence (AI) in conjunction with brain scan technology to help us see what happens in the brain when males and females perform certain tasks. The new technology accurately predicts whether a male or female is performing a task by monitoring brain activity.

This difference, however, has been recognized for decades in various types of brain scans, but the new AI technology is introducing another layer of understanding to the rst principle.

The First Principle refers to recognizing sex differences. After all, every cell in the body knows it is either XX or XY. Even as we recognize sex differences, however, we should not ignore cultural components while making sure to avoid blurring the lines that confuse

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cultural constructs of gender with the certainty of biological principles.

The rst principle should be a part of the following: • Public Policies • K-12 and College Education • Physical & Mental Health Training in schools of counseling, social work, psychology, and medicine.

• Job Training Programs • Criminal Justice & Court Systems The First Principle in Public Policy In March of 2024 during his State of the Union Address, President Joe Biden introduced portions of the 2025 Budget to the nation. Even as deaths of despair among males reached historic proportions and educational outcomes showed boys of all ages and races were behind their female counterparts at all levels of the educational system, boys and men were never mentioned in the budget. Conversely, women and girls were mentioned eighty-one times, gender was mentioned twenty-two times (speci cally in regard to women and transgender groups), and LGBTQ and underrepresented groups were mentioned some sixteen times collectively. The word boy and the word man were absent from the $7.2 trillion budget.

Acknowledging this indifference is less about the party in charge, as Republicans have often been unwilling to address the struggles of males openly for fear of a backlash. Even though there does appear to be some recent recognition of male disparity, there has been little done on the policy front to ensure that boys and that men are equally protected in policies at all levels of government. In California, Washington, and some other 40 states, there are publicly funded commissions on the status of women and girls.

Regardless of what one thinks about public funds allocated for commissions on the status of woman and girls, the status of boys and men, or the status of LGBTQIA+ groups, it is critical that local, state, and federal policies do not selectively discriminate when determining budgets.

SOLUTIONS CONTINUED Yearly Hearing on Status of Boys and Men Policy makers, however, do need veri able and reliable data because they are the ones elected to manage the public trust. For this reason, a yearly congressional and senate hearing in Tennessee on the status of boys and men before moving on any policy action as it pertains to race, sex, and gender seems warranted. Many lawmakers may not know, for instance, that males account for 80% of the suicide deaths in Tennessee or that all boys of all races are behind their female counterparts in reading across the state. Sexbased differences are at the heart of his issue. A public hearing on boys and on men is needed to inform legislative action.

The First Principle in Education Recognizing sex-differences in schools of education and teacher training programs is a critical step in changing the landscape of how boys and girls learn. While having more male teachers in school is a noble goal as a career option and having more male role models is good for many children who have no or little interaction with a male teacher or mentor, it is important to recognize that there are female teachers who work well with boys because they know boys and girls need different approaches to thrive.

The Gurian Institute (gurianinstitute.com) has spent more than twenty- ve years successfully incorporating boys and girls learn differently models in public and private sector schools and across different socio-economic demographics in states across the country. Their success data can be found on their success page. I would like to disclose that I’ve compiled data for the Gurian Institute and coauthored a book with Michael Gurian, founder of the Gurian Institute.

Key Components to Improving Educational Outcomes 1. Teacher Certi cation Programs (Every teacher should take a course on Boys and Girls Learn Differently that explores brain-sex

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2.

3.

4.

5.

difference and how it functions in and out of the classroom.)

Teacher In-Service Days that focus on pedagogical approaches that use a boys and girls learn differently approach.

Incorporate student growth percentiles that measure teacher performance against student gains. Are some teachers working better with boys or girls? How can measuring student growth improve teacher/student performance?

Avoid data suppression at the state level.

Student scores should not be suppressed.

Increase the amount of physical activity in schools to allow boys to move more and incorporate this into lesson plans.

The First Principle in Physical & Mental Health The mental health profession has a shortage of therapists trained in working from a brain-sex difference approach. Therapy has become, according to some reports, a bit more ideological instead of therapeutic. Recognizing brain-sex difference in the treatment process needs to become a core component of counseling, therapy, and treatment.

Key Components to Improving Mental Health Outcomes 1. Start two-year training programs at the community college level to increase the number of counselors and social workers trained in brain-sex difference until more counselors and therapists can be trained in four-year colleges and graduate schools.

2. Incorporate brain-sex difference into higher education programs as a part of the certi cation process to practice counseling, social-work, criminal justice, nursing, psychology, and other professions that involve working with populations in need of physical & mental health considerations.

These are just some starting points for handling issues around mental health.

1.3%

1.1% Mother, Father, and Non Parent

Other

8.3%

7.1%

Father and Nonparent

Community college programs that focus on the trades must be connected with local industries that lead to well-paying careers. For many males who are not going to college and are interested in learning a trade, these training programs are a step forward. (Measuring job-placement from these colleges is a necessary component.)

21.5% 21.3%

Mother and Nonparent

Middle schools and high schools should include more trades programs into their curriculums, introducing boys to potential career options in the future. Trades’ classes can also help engage boys in the type of learning activities that are more physical while also incorporating elements of math, reading, and science into the process.

Learning, for instance, how to do carpentry, plumbing, and electrical work has important academic components to it while also allowing boys to work with their hands and move around.

U.S. Percentage of Child Victims Maltreated by Mother, Father, and Other Categories 39.4%

Both Parents

Training boys for trades should not become a replacement for a rigorous K-12 education. If anything, modern trades will require more academic skills. Trades are not the place to go for people who do not have academic skills.

After all, having the skills to go to college and choosing not to go to college are two different understandings.

Father alone

Job Training Programs

Human Services showed that child victims of maltreatment in the U.S. happened most frequently in situations where the family arrangement was with mother alone.

Mother alone

SOLUTIONS CONTINUED

Criminal Justice and Court Systems The criminal justice system and court systems cover many different layers of the Tennessee legal system. From family court to criminal court, males are the ones most negatively impacted by the court systems.

In many instances, family court judges are required to make decisions that they believe are in the best interest of the child. More often than not, judges will favor mothers when it comes to the custody of children in instances of separation and divorce, even as data shows that children do best when a mother and father are involved in their lives. Current family court practices are not in the best interest of the child. For instance, data from the U.S. Department of Health &

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It should be noted that the family court system is a $50 billion dollar industry in the U.S., as noted in the documentary Erasing Family that you can now watch for free.

Judges and members of law-enforcement can bene t from understanding the way sexdifferences impact the interactions lawenforcement and judges have with males.

Our current judicial system can become susceptible to ideological stereotypes when not presented with appropriate data and making decisions that disproportionately impact males.

For instance, male reactions with law enforcement are often different than female interactions with law enforcement.

References and Notes Education 1. “Numbers of Suppressed Black Male ELA Scores by Grade from 2014-2024.” Tennessee Department of Education. Received April 2025. Note: Data was received after an information request to the Tennessee Department of Education asking for student test scores in grades three through eleven disaggregated by race/ethnicity and sex.

2. “State Test Scores in English Language Arts in K-8 Education.” Tennessee Department of Education Data Downloads and Requests. Accessed March 2025. https://www.tn.gov/education/districts/ federal-programs-and-oversight/data/data-downloads.html. Note: The information for graphs on student performance in third through eighth grade English Language Arts (ELA) can be retrieved at the link above and includes student assessment data from 2010 to 2024.

Tennessee data on student assessment can be found under “Student Assessment” and under the tab “Assessment Files.”

3. “Figure 1. English I Pro ciency by Sex and Year.” Tennessee Department of Education Data Downloads and Requests. Accessed March 2025. https://www.tn.gov/education/districts/federal-programsand-oversight/data/data-downloads.html.

4. “Figure 2. English II Pro ciency by Sex and Year.” Tennessee Department of Education Data Downloads and Requests. Accessed March 2025. https://www.tn.gov/education/districts/federalprograms-and-oversight/data/data-downloads.html.

3. “Percent of 3rd Grade Students Pro cient/Advanced in ELA by Race/Ethnicity and Sex.” Tennessee Department of Education. Received April 2025. Note: Data was provided by the Tennessee Department of Education after a data request. Student performance disaggregated by race/ ethnicity and sex only includes the results of “students without a disability.” “Students with a disability” scores disaggregated by race/ethnicity and sex were overwhelmingly suppressed.

4. “Percent of 4th Grade Students Pro cient/Advanced in ELA by Race/Ethnicity and Sex.” Tennessee Department of Education. Received April 2025. Note: Data was provided by the Tennessee Department of Education after a data request. Student performance disaggregated by race/ ethnicity and sex only includes the results of “students without a disability.” “Students with a disability” scores disaggregated by race/ethnicity and sex were overwhelmingly suppressed.

5. “Percent of 5th Grade Students Pro cient/Advanced in ELA by Race/Ethnicity and Sex.”Tennessee Department of Education. Received April 2025. Note: Data was provided by the Tennessee Department of Education after a data request. Student performance disaggregated by race/ ethnicity and sex only includes the results of “students without a disability.” “Students with a disability” scores disaggregated by race/ethnicity and sex were overwhelmingly suppressed.

6. “Percent of 6th Grade Students Pro cient/Advanced in ELA by Race/Ethnicity and Sex.” Tennessee Department of Education. Received April 2025. Note: Data was provided by the Tennessee Department of Education after a data request. Student performance disaggregated by race/ ethnicity and sex only includes the results of “students without a disability.” “Students with a disability” scores disaggregated by race/ethnicity and sex were overwhelmingly suppressed.

7. “Percent of 7th Grade Students Pro cient/Advanced in ELA by Race/Ethnicity and Sex.” Tennessee Department of Education. Received April 2025. Note: Data was provided by the Tennessee Department of Education after a data request. Student performance disaggregated by race/ ethnicity and sex only includes the results of “students without a disability.” “Students with a disability” scores disaggregated by race/ethnicity and sex were overwhelmingly suppressed.

8. “Percent of 8th Grade Students Pro cient/Advanced in ELA by Race/Ethnicity and Sex.” Tennessee Department of Education. Received April 2025. Note: Data was provided by the Tennessee Department of Education after a data request. Student performance disaggregated by race/

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ethnicity and sex only includes the results of “students without a disability.” “Students with a disability” scores disaggregated by race/ethnicity and sex were overwhelmingly suppressed.

9. “Percent of 9th Grade Students Pro cient/Advanced in ELA by Race/Ethnicity and Sex.” Tennessee Department of Education. Received April 2025. Note: Data was provided by the Tennessee Department of Education after a data request. Student performance disaggregated by race/ ethnicity and sex only includes the results of “students without a disability.” “Students with a disability” scores disaggregated by race/ethnicity and sex were overwhelmingly suppressed.

10. “Percent of 10th Grade Students Pro cient/Advanced in ELA by Race/Ethnicity and Sex.” Tennessee Department of Education. Received April 2025. Note: Data was provided by the Tennessee Department of Education after a data request. Student performance disaggregated by race/ ethnicity and sex only includes the results of “students without a disability.” “Students with a disability” scores disaggregated by race/ethnicity and sex were overwhelmingly suppressed 11. “State Test Scores in Math in K-8 Education.” Tennessee Department of Education Data Downloads and Requests. March 2025. https://www.tn.gov/education/districts/federal-programs-andoversight/data/data-downloads.html. Note: The information for graphs on student performance in third through eighth grade Math can be retrieved at the link above and includes student assessment data from 2010 to 2024. Tennessee data on student assessment can be found under “Student Assessment” and under the tab “Assessment Files.”

12. U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 2019, 2022, and 2024 Mathematics Assessments. https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/ndecore/xplore/NDE 13. “Figure A1. Algebra I Pro ciency by Sex and Year.” Tennessee Department of Education Data Downloads and Requests. March 2025. https://www.tn.gov/education/districts/federal-programs-andoversight/data/data-downloads.html.

14. “Figure A2. Algebra II Pro ciency by Sex and Year.” Tennessee Department of Education Data Downloads and Requests. March 2025. https://www.tn.gov/education/districts/federal-programs-andoversight/data/data-downloads.html.

15. “Figure G2. Geometry Pro ciency by Sex and Year.” Tennessee Department of Education Data Downloads and Requests. March 2025. https://www.tn.gov/education/districts/federal-programs-andoversight/data/data-downloads.html.

16. “Percent of 3rd Grade Students Pro cient/Advanced in Math by Race/Ethnicity and Sex.” Tennessee Department of Education. Received April 2025. Note: Data was provided by the Tennessee Department of Education after a data request. Student performance disaggregated by race/ ethnicity and sex only includes the results of “students without a disability.” “Students with a disability” scores by race/ethnicity and sex were overwhelmingly suppressed.

17. “Percent of 4th Grade Students Pro cient/Advanced in Math by Race/Ethnicity and Sex.” Tennessee Department of Education. Received April 2025. Note: Data was provided by the Tennessee Department of Education after a data request. Student performance disaggregated by race/ ethnicity and sex only includes the results of “students without a disability.” “Students with a disability” scores by race/ethnicity and sex were overwhelmingly suppressed.

18. “Percent of 5th Grade Students Pro cient/Advanced in Math by Race/Ethnicity and Sex.” Tennessee Department of Education. Received April 2025. Note: Data was provided by the Tennessee Department of Education after a data request. Student performance disaggregated by race/ ethnicity and sex only includes the results of “students without a disability.” “Students with a disability” scores by race/ethnicity and sex were overwhelmingly suppressed.

19. “Percent of 6th Grade Students Pro cient/Advanced in Math by Race/Ethnicity and Sex.” Tennessee Department of Education. Received April 2025. Note: Data was provided by the Tennessee Department of Education after a data request. Student performance disaggregated by race/

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ethnicity and sex only includes the results of “students without a disability.” “Students with a disability” scores by race/ethnicity and sex were overwhelmingly suppressed.

20. “Percent of 7th Grade Students Pro cient/Advanced in Math by Race/Ethnicity and Sex.” Tennessee Department of Education. Received April 2025. Note: Data was provided by the Tennessee Department of Education after a data request. Student performance disaggregated by race/ ethnicity and sex only includes the results of “students without a disability.” “Students with a disability” scores by race/ethnicity and sex were overwhelmingly suppressed.

21. “Percent of 8th Grade Students Pro cient/Advanced in Math by Race/Ethnicity and Sex.” Tennessee Department of Education. Received April 2025. Note: Data was provided by the Tennessee Department of Education after a data request. Student performance disaggregated by race/ ethnicity and sex only includes the results of “students without a disability.” “Students with a disability” scores by race/ethnicity and sex were overwhelmingly suppressed.

22. “Percent of 9th Grade Students Pro cient/Advanced in Math by Race/Ethnicity and Sex.” Tennessee Department of Education. Received April 2025. Note: Data was provided by the Tennessee Department of Education after a data request. Student performance disaggregated by race/ ethnicity and sex only includes the results of “students without a disability.” “Students with a disability” scores by race/ethnicity and sex were overwhelmingly suppressed.

23. “Percent of 10th Grade Students Pro cient/Advanced in Math by Race/Ethnicity and Sex.” Tennessee Department of Education. Received April 2025. Note: Data was provided by the Tennessee Department of Education after a data request. Student performance disaggregated by race/ ethnicity and sex only includes the results of “students without a disability.” “Students with a disability” scores by race/ethnicity and sex were overwhelmingly suppressed.

24. “Figure C1. Percent of the In-State Enrolled Students in Tennessee Four-Year Public Colleges by Sex and Year from 2012-2023.” Tennessee Department of Higher Education. Received 11 April 2025. Note: Data was provided after an information request to the Tennessee Department of Higher Education by Paige Elliott Senior Director of Research and Strategy.

25. “Table C1. Percent of the In-State Enrolled Students in Tennessee Four-Year Public Colleges by Sex, Race, and Year from 2012-2023.” Tennessee Department of Higher Education. Received 11 April 2025. Note: Data was provided after an information request to the Tennessee Department of Higher Education by Paige Elliott Senior Director of Research and Strategy.

26. “Figure C2. Percent of the In-State Enrolled Students in Tennessee Two-Year Public Colleges by Sex and Year from 2012-2023.” Tennessee Department of Higher Education. Received 11 April 2025. Note: Data was provided after an information request to the Tennessee Department of Higher Education by Paige Elliott Senior Director of Research and Strategy.

27. “Table C2. Percent of the In-State Enrolled Students in Tennessee Two-Year Public Colleges by Sex, Race, and Year from 2012-2023.” Tennessee Department of Higher Education. Received 11 April 2025. Note: Data was provided after an information request to the Tennessee 28. “Figure C3. Percent of the In-State Enrolled Students Pursuing Post-BA Degrees in TN Public Colleges

by Sex and Year from 2012-2023.” Tennessee Department of Higher Education. Received 11 April 2025. Note: Data was provided after an information request to the Tennessee Department of Higher Education by Paige Elliott Senior Director of Research and Strategy.

29. “Table C3. Percent of the In-State Enrolled Students Pursuing Post-BA Degrees in Tennessee Public Colleges by Sex, Race, and Year from 2012-2023.” Tennessee Department of Higher Education.

Received 11 April 2025. Note: Data was provided after an information request to the Tennessee

Physical and Mental Health

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1. “Table D1. Tennessee Deaths of Despair by Race and Sex from 2018-2023.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wonder Database. Accessed March 2025. https://wonder.cdc.gov/ mcd.html. Note: Data is a compilation of suicide, overdose, and alcohol deaths from 2018-2023 from data retrieved from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Links may be removed over time.

2. “Table S1. Number and Rate of TN Suicide Deaths by Race and Sex.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System, Provisional Mortality on CDC WONDER Online Database. Data are from the nal Multiple Cause of Death Files, 2018-2023, and from provisional data for years 2024 and later, as compiled from data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program. Accessed at http://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd-icd10-provisional.html on May 2, 2025 2:36:23 PM. http://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/D176/D428F254. Note: Data above includes not Hispanic/Latino.

3. “Table S1. Suicide deaths by race and sex in Tennessee from 2018-2023.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System, Provisional Mortality on CDC WONDER Online Database. Data are from the nal Multiple Cause of Death Files, 2018-2023, and from provisional data for years 2024 and later, as compiled from data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program. Accessed at http://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd-icd10-provisional.html on May 2, 2025 2:37:35 PM. http://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/D176/D428F255. Note: Data includes Hispanic/Latino only.

4. “Figure S1. Suicide Deaths in TN by Sex within Race from 2018-2023.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wonder Database. Note: Data was compiled through a data analysis from the links above.

5. “Figure S2. Suicide Deaths in TN by Sex 2018-2023.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System, Provisional Mortality on CDC WONDER Online Database. Data are from the nal Multiple Cause of Death Files, 2018-2023, and from provisional data for years 2024 and later, as compiled from data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program.

Accessed at http://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd-icd10-provisional.html on May 3, 2025 1:02:38 PM http://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/D176/D434F945.

6. “Table S2. Suicide Deaths of 15-24-Year Olds in TN by Race & Sex.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System, Provisional Mortality on CDC WONDER Online Database. Data are from the nal Multiple Cause of Death Files, 2018-2023, and from provisional data for years 2024 and later, as compiled from data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program. Accessed at http://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd-icd10-provisional.html on May 2, 2025 2:39:17 PM http://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/D176/D428F256. Accessed April 2025.

Note: Data includes not Hispanic/Latino (above) as well as Hispanic/Latino listed below.

7. Table S2. Suicide Deaths of 15-24-Year Olds in TN by Race & Sex.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System, Provisional Mortality on CDC WONDER Online Database. Accessed: 10 March 2025. http:// wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/D176/D428F257. Note: Link to Hispanic/Latino origin.

8. “Table S3. Suicide Deaths of 25-34-Year Olds in TN by Race & Sex.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System, Provisional Mortality on CDC WONDER Online Database. Data are from the nal Multiple Cause of Death Files, 2018-2023, and from provisional data for years 2024 and later, as compiled from data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program. Accessed at http://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd-icd10-provisional.html on May 2, 2025

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2:39:17 PM http://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/D176/D428F256. Note: Data includes not Hispanic/Latino (above) as well as Hispanic/Latino listed below.

9. “Table S3. Suicide Deaths of 25-34-Year Olds in TN by Race & Sex.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System, Provisional Mortality on CDC WONDER Online Database. http://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/ D176/D428F257. Note: Link to Hispanic/Latino origin.

10. “Suicide Prevention in Tennessee: 2023 Annual Report.” Division of Family Health and Wellness, Tennessee Department of Health. July 2023. Accessed: 5 March 2025. https://www.tn.gov/ content/dam/tn/health/program-areas/vipp/Suicide-Prevention-Annual-Report-2023.pdf 11. “Table O1. Number and Rate of Overdose Deaths in TN by Race & Sex.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System, Provisional Mortality on CDC WONDER Online Database. Data are from the nal Multiple Cause of Death Files, 2018-2023, and from provisional data for years 2024 and later, as compiled from data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program. Accessed at http://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd-icd10-provisional.html on May 2, 2025 5:10:35 PM. http://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/D176/D428F258. Note: Data includes not Hispanic/Latino (above) as well as Hispanic/Latino listed below.

12. “Table O1. Number and Rate of Overdose Deaths in TN by Race & Sex.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System, Provisional Mortality on CDC WONDER Online Database. Accessed: 10 March 2025. http:// wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/D176/D428F259. Note: Link to Hispanic/Latino origin.

13. “Figure 02. Overdose Deaths in TN by Sex within Race from 2018-2023.” Note: Data was compiled through a data analysis from the links above.

14. “Fig. 03. Percent of Overdose Deaths in TN by Sex 2018-2023. “Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System, Provisional Mortality on CDC WONDER Online Database. Data are from the nal Multiple Cause of Death Files, 2018-2023, and from provisional data for years 2024 and later, as compiled from data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program. Accessed at http://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd-icd10-provisional.html on May 3, 2025 12:52:16 PM http://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/D176/D434F944 15. “Table 02. Overdose Deaths in TN by Race and Sex of 15-24 year olds 2018-2023.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System, Provisional Mortality on CDC WONDER Online Database. Data are from the nal Multiple Cause of Death Files, 2018-2023, and from provisional data for years 2024 and later, as compiled from data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program. Accessed at http://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd-icd10-provisional.html on May 2, 2025 5:30:15 PM. http://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/D176/D428F261 16. “Table 02. Overdose Deaths in TN by Race and Sex of 15-24 year olds 2018-2023.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System, Provisional Mortality on CDC WONDER Online Database. http://wonder.cdc.gov/ controller/saved/D176/D428F262. Note: Link to Hispanic/Latino origin.

17. “Table O3. Overdose Deaths in TN by Race and Sex of 25-34 year olds.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System, Provisional Mortality on CDC WONDER Online Database. Data are from the nal Multiple Cause of Death Files, 2018-2023, and from provisional data for years 2024 and later, as compiled from data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program. Accessed at http://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd-icd10-provisional.html on May 2, 2025 5:30:15 PM. http://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/D176/D428F261

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18. “Table O3. Overdose Deaths in TN by Race and Sex of 25-34 year olds.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System, Provisional Mortality on CDC WONDER Online Database. http://wonder.cdc.gov/ controller/saved/D176/D428F262. Note: Link to Hispanic/Latino origin.

19. “Table A1. Alcohol Deaths in TN by Race and Sex from 2018-2023.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System, Provisional Mortality on CDC WONDER Online Database. Data are from the nal Multiple Cause of Death Files, 2018-2023, and from provisional data for years 2024 and later, as compiled from data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program. Accessed at http://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd-icd10-provisional.html on May 2, 2025 5:36:13 PM. http://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/D176/D428F264 20. “Table A1. Alcohol Deaths in TN by Race and Sex from 2018-2023.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System, Provisional Mortality on CDC WONDER Online Database. http://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/ D176/D428F265. Note: Link to Hispanic/Latino origin.

21. “Figure A1. Alcohol Deaths in TN by Sex within Race from 2018-2023.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System, Provisional Mortality on CDC WONDER Online Database. http://wonder.cdc.gov/ controller/saved/D176/D428F266.

22. “Figure A1. Alcohol Deaths in TN by Sex within Race from 2018-2023.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System, Provisional Mortality on CDC WONDER Online Database. http://wonder.cdc.gov/ controller/saved/D176/D428F267. Note: Link to Hispanic/Latino origin.

23. “Figure A2. Alcohol Induced Deaths over Time by Sex.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System, Provisional Mortality on CDC WONDER Online Database. Data are from the nal Multiple Cause of Death Files, 2018-2023, and from provisional data for years 2024 and later, as compiled from data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program.

Accessed at http://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd-icd10-provisional.html on May 3, 2025 12:21:24 PM http://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/D176/D434F943 24. “Figure U1 Percent of Uninsured Population 19-64 Years-of-Age from 2017-2023.” Kaiser Family Foundation. Accessed April 2025. https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/healthinsurance-coverage-of-men-19-64/? dataView=0&currentTimeframe=0&selectedRows=%7B%22states%22:%7B%22tennessee%22: %7B%7D%7D%7D&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22% 7D. Note: Yearly data on men was compiled by using the “Time Frame” re ne results.

25. “Figure U1 Percent of Uninsured Population 19-64 Years-of-Age from 2017-2023.” Kaiser Family Foundation. Accessed April 2025. https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/healthinsurance-coverage-of-women-19-64/? dataView=1&currentTimeframe=0&selectedRows=%7B%22states%22:%7B%22tennessee%22: %7B%7D%7D%7D&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22% 7D. Note: Yearly data on women was compiled by using the “Time Frame” re ne results.

26. “Figure U2 Number of Uninsured by Sex and Year 2017-2023.” Kaiser Family Foundation. Accessed April 2025. https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/health-insurance-coverage-ofmen-19-64/? dataView=1&currentTimeframe=0&selectedRows=%7B%22states%22:%7B%22tennessee%22: %7B%7D%7D%7D&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22% 7D. Note: Yearly data on men was compiled by using the “Time Frame” re ne results.

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27. “Figure U2. Percent of Uninsured Population 19-64 Years-of-Age from 2017-2023.” Kaiser Family Foundation. Accessed April 2025. https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/healthinsurance-coverage-of-women-19-64/? dataView=0&currentTimeframe=0&selectedRows=%7B%22states%22:%7B%22tennessee%22: %7B%7D%7D%7D&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22% 7D. Note: Yearly data on women was compiled by using the “Time Frame” re ne results.

28. “Figure HM1: Percent of Overall Homelessness in Tennessee by Sex from 2016-2024.” 2024 US Department of Housing and Urban Development. https://www.hudexchange.info/resource/ 3031/pit-and-hic-data-since-2007/. Note: Data was compiled by looking at yearly data results.

29. “Figure HM2: Percent of Unaccompanied Youth Homeless in Tennessee by Sex.” 2024 US Department of Housing and Urban Development. https://www.hudexchange.info/resource/3031/pitand-hic-data-since-2007/. Note: Data was compiled by looking at yearly data results.

30. “Figure HM3: Percent of Veteran Homeless in Tennessee by Sex.” 2024 US Department of Housing and Urban Development. https://www.hudexchange.info/resource/3031/pit-and-hic-datasince-2007/. Note: Data was compiled by looking at yearly data results.

Jobs, Careers, and Financial Health 1. “Table U1. Percent of Males Not In Labor Force by Age 2018-2023.” U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. "Sex by Age by Employment Status for the Population 16 Years and Over." American Community Survey, ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Table B23001, 2023.

Accessed April 23, 2025. Note: Percent was compiled using the yearly sources below. The last four numbers of the URL indicate a speci c year of data.

2. “Table U1. Percent of Males Not In Labor Force by Age 2018-2023.” U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. "Sex by Age by Employment Status for the Population 16 Years and Over." American Community Survey, ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Table B23001, 0118.

Accessed April 23, 2025. https://data.census.gov/table? q=B23001:+Sex+by+Age+by+Employment+Status+for+the+Population+16+Years+and+Over &g=040XX00US47&y=2018 3. “Table U1. Percent of Males Not In Labor Force by Age 2018-2023.” U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. "Sex by Age by Employment Status for the Population 16 Years and Over." American Community Survey, ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Table B23001, 2019.

Accessed April 23, 2025.https://data.census.gov/table? q=B23001:+Sex+by+Age+by+Employment+Status+for+the+Population+16+Years+and+Over &g=040XX00US47&y=2019 4. “Table U1. Percent of Males Not In Labor Force by Age 2018-2023.” U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. "Sex by Age by Employment Status for the Population 16 Years and Over." American Community Survey, ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Table B23001, 2020.

Accessed April 23, 2025.https://data.census.gov/table? q=B23001:+Sex+by+Age+by+Employment+Status+for+the+Population+16+Years+and+Over &g=040XX00US47&y=2020 5. “Table U1. Percent of Males Not In Labor Force by Age 2018-2023.” U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. "Sex by Age by Employment Status for the Population 16 Years and Over." American Community Survey, ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Table B23001, 2021.

Accessed April 23, 2025. https://data.census.gov/table? q=B23001:+Sex+by+Age+by+Employment+Status+for+the+Population+16+Years+and+Over &g=040XX00US47&y=2021

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6. “Table U1. Percent of Males Not In Labor Force by Age 2018-2023.” U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. "Sex by Age by Employment Status for the Population 16 Years and Over." American Community Survey, ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Table B23001, 2022.

Accessed April 23, 2025.https://data.census.gov/table? q=B23001:+Sex+by+Age+by+Employment+Status+for+the+Population+16+Years+and+Over &g=040XX00US47&y=2022 7. “Table U1. Percent of Males Not In Labor Force by Age 2018-2023.” U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. "Sex by Age by Employment Status for the Population 16 Years and Over." American Community Survey, ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Table B23001, 2023.

Accessed April 23, 2025.https://data.census.gov/table? q=B23001:+Sex+by+Age+by+Employment+Status+for+the+Population+16+Years+and+Over &g=040XX00US47&y=2023 8. “Figure U1. Numbers of Males Not in Labor Force by Age and Year.” Note: Data compiled using the yearly data sources above from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey years 2018-2023.

9. Auerbach, Klara. “Eight Charts Show Men Are Falling Behind, From Classrooms to Careers.”

Bloomberg News. 11 April 2025.

10. “Table U2. Male Unemployment Rate by Age and Year.” Note: Data compiled using the yearly data sources above from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey, years 2018-2023.

11. “Figure F1. Number of Male Work Place Fatalities by Year from 2018-2023.” Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities: Fatal occupational injuries in Tennessee. Bureau of Labor Statistics 2018 to 2023.

Accessed March 2025. Note: Data was compiled using the yearly workplace fatality data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics below.

—Fatal occupational injuries by selected characteristics, by major event or exposure, Tennessee, 2018. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Accessed March 2025. https://www.bls.gov/iif/state-data/ fatal-occupational-injuries-in-tennessee-2018.htm —Fatal occupational injuries by selected characteristics, by major event or exposure, Tennessee, 2019. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Accessed March 2025. https://www.bls.gov/iif/state-data/ fatal-occupational-injuries-in-tennessee-2019.htm —Fatal occupational injuries by selected characteristics, by major event or exposure, Tennessee, 2020. Bureau of Labor Statistics.. Accessed March 2025. https://www.bls.gov/iif/state-data/ fatal-occupational-injuries-in-tennessee-2020.htm —Fatal occupational injuries by selected characteristics, by major event or exposure, Tennessee, 2021. Bureau of Labor Statistics.. Accessed March 2025. https://www.bls.gov/iif/state-data/ fatal-occupational-injuries-in-tennessee-2021.htm —Fatal occupational injuries by selected characteristics, by major event or exposure, Tennessee, 2022. Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://www.bls.gov/iif/state-data/fatal-occupational-injuriesin-tennessee-2022.htm —Fatal occupational injuries by selected characteristics, by major event or exposure, Tennessee, 2023. Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://www.bls.gov/iif/state-data/fatal-occupational-injuriesin-tennessee-2023.htm 12. “Figure EM1. Percent of K-12 Educators in TN by Sex and Year.” Southern Regional Board of Education. Accessed 10 March 2025. https://www.sreb.org/post/teacher-demographicdata#:~:text=During%20the%202022%2D23%20school,diversity%20of%20the%20student%20p opulation.

13. Horan, Kyle. “Tennessee sees decline in male teachers.” News Channel 5: Nashville. Updated 6:39 PM, Oct 10, 2019. Accessed March 2025. https://www.newschannel5.com/news/tennesseesees-decline-in-number-male-educators

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14. “Figure EM2. Nurse Practitioners in Tennessee by Sex.” Kaiser Family Foundation. Special data request for information on active state licensed nurse practitioners from Redi-Data, Inc. January 2025. https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/total-number-of-nursepractitioners-by-gender/? dataView=1&currentTimeframe=0&selectedRows=%7B%22states%22:%7B%22tennessee%22: %7B%7D%7D%7D&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22% 7D. 15. “Figure EM3. Percent of Physician Assistant in Tennessee by Sex.” Kaiser Family Foundation. Special data request for information on professionally active state licensed physicians assistants from Redi-Data, Inc, January 2025. https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/total-physicianassistants/? currentTimeframe=0&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22 %7D.

Criminal Justice and Court Systems 1. “Tennessee Suspension and Expulsion Counts for 2022-23.” Tennessee Department of Education.

Accessed April 23, 2025. https://www.tn.gov/education/searchresults.html#q=suspension&tab=department&numberOfResults=50 2. “Youth in Detention Survey.” Tennessee Commission on Children and Youth. https://www.tn.gov/ content/dam/tn/tccy/documents/data-snapshots/2023_Youth_in_Detention_Survey.pdf 3. “Prison Population.” Tennessee Department of Corrections. Accessed April 2025. https:// www.tn.gov/correction/statistics/annual-reports.html 4. “Percent of Students Remanded for Drug Related Offenses by Sex and Year 2018-2023.” Tennessee Department of Education. Accessed April 2025. Note: Information needs to be retrieved from individual excel les in the database. https://www.tn.gov/education/searchresults.html#q=suspension&tab=department&numberOfResults=50 5. “Figure H1. Homicide Deaths by Race and Sex from 2018-2023 Per 100,000 Population.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System, Provisional Mortality on CDC WONDER Online Database. Accessed: 10 March 2025.

Note: Data includes not Hispanic/Latino (above) as well as Hispanic/Latino listed below. http://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/D176/D428F250 6. “Figure H1. Homicide Deaths by Race and Sex from 2018-2023 Per 100,000 Population.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System, Provisional Mortality on CDC WONDER Online Database. Accessed: 10 March 2025.

Note: Data includes not Hispanic/Latino. http://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/D176/ D428F251 7. “Figure H2. Homicide Deaths by Race and Sex of 15-24 Year-Olds from 2018-2023 Per 100,000 Population.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System, Provisional Mortality on CDC WONDER Online Database. Accessed: 10 March 2025. Note: Data includes not Hispanic/Latino (above) as well as Hispanic/Latino listed below. http://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/D176/D428F252 8. “Figure H2. Homicide Deaths by Race and Sex of 15-24 Year-Olds from 2018-2023 Per 100,000 Population.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System, Provisional Mortality on CDC WONDER Online Database. Accessed: 10 March 2025. Note: Data includes not Hispanic/Latino. http:// wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/D176/D428F253

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9. “Figure H2. Homicide Deaths by Race and Sex of 25-34 Year-Olds from 2018-2023 Per 100,000 Population.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System, Provisional Mortality on CDC WONDER Online Database. Accessed: 10 March 2025. Note: Data includes not Hispanic/Latino (above) as well as Hispanic/Latino listed below. http://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/D176/D428F252 10. “Figure H2. Homicide Deaths by Race and Sex of 25-34 Year-Olds from 2018-2023 Per 100,000 Population” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics.

National Vital Statistics System, Provisional Mortality on CDC WONDER Online Database.

Accessed: 10 March 2025. Note: Data includes not Hispanic/Latino. http://wonder.cdc.gov/ controller/saved/D176/D428F253 11. “Homicide Deaths of Infant and 1-4-Year-Olds from 1999 to 2017.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System, Mortality 1999-2020 on CDC WONDER Online Database, released in 2021. Data are from the Multiple Cause of Death Files, 1999-2020, as compiled from data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program. Accessed at http:// wonder.cdc.gov/mcd-icd10.html on May 4, 2025 4:17:28 PM. http://wonder.cdc.gov/ controller/saved/D77/D435F001.

12. “Homicide Deaths of Infant and 1-4-Year-Olds from 2018 to 2023.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System, Provisional Mortality on CDC WONDER Online Database. Data are from the nal Multiple Cause of Death Files, 2018-2023, and from provisional data for years 2024 and later, as compiled from data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program. Accessed at http://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd-icd10-provisional.html on May 4, 2025 4:23:21 PM. http://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/D176/D435F002.

13. Missing Persons. National Missing and Unidenti ed Persons System (NamUs). US Department of Justice: Of ce of Justice Programs. Accessed 30 April 2025. Note: Accessing data requires registering with NamUS and downloading and compiling data from a CSV le. https:// namus.nij.ojp.gov/ —“Figure M1. Missing Persons 20-Years-of-Age and Under.”

— “Figure M2. Missing Persons 21 to 60 Years-of-Age.” —“Figure M3.” Missing Persons by Race and Sex.” —“Percent of Missing Person 21 and Over.”

Children & Families 1. “Percent of Babies Born to Unmarried Mothers by State.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Accessed March 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/sosmap/unmarried/ unmarried.htm 2. “Figure SP 1. Number of Children in Single-Parent Families by Race/Ethnicity in 2023.” Annie E. Casey Foundation. Accessed March 2025. https://datacenter.aecf.org/data/customreports/ 44,6420/107.

3. “Figure SP 2. Percent of Children in Single-Parent Families by Race/Ethnicity in 2023. Accessed March 2025. https://datacenter.aecf.org/data/customreports/44,6420/107 4. “Figure B1. Number of Births to Unmarried Families from 2017 to 2021.” Annie E. Casey Foundation. https://datacenter.aecf.org/data/customreports/44/9212 5. “Figure B2. Percent of Births to Unmarried Families from 2017 to 2021.” Annie E. Casey Foundation. https://datacenter.aecf.org/data/customreports/44/9212 6. Freeman, Rosalyn. “New Tennessee bill could shift custody battles toward equal parenting time.” Fox 13. 27 March 2025. Accessed March 20, 2025. https://www.fox13memphis.com/news/new-

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tennessee-bill-could-shift-custody-battles-toward-equal-parenting-time/ article_e0ad38eb-4e63-4598-9576-063e21ee99b3.html#:~:text=Right%20now%2C%20Tennessee %20law%20often,physical%20custody%20of%20the%20child 7. “How much custody time does Dad get in your state?” Custody Exchange. Accessed March 2025. https://www.custodyxchange.com/topics/research/dads-custody-time-by-state.php 8. “2025 Shared Parenting Report Card.” National Parents Organization. Accessed March 2025. https:// static1.squarespace.com/static/5e28a95cdc8bed16729b93de/t/ 6808d74075666d0d8957f974/1745409858378/NPO+Report+Card+2025.pdf. Note: There is also an interactive map to look at NPO’s assessment of all states, https://public.tableau.com/ app/pro le/nationalparentsorg/viz/2025SharedParentingReportCardMap/2025Map.

Solutions 1.

2.

3.

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5.

Kullman, Sean and Gurian, Michael. Boys, A Rescue Plan: Moving Beyond the Politics of Masculinity to Healthy Male Development. Gurian Institute Press. 2025. Note: Boys, A Rescue Plan includes solutions to the problems mentioned in this report.

Srikanth Ryali, Yuan Zhang, Carlo de los Angeles, Kaustubh Supekar, and Vinod Menon. “Deep learning models reveal replicable, generalizable, and behaviorally relevant sex differences in human functional brain organization.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 20 February 2024. Accessed March 2024. https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/ pnas.2310012121#acknowledgments.

Davis, Lisa. “How Therapists Became Social Justice Warriors.” Free Press. 17 May 2023. Accessed April 2025. https://www.thefp.com/p/how-therapists-became-social-justice-warriors.

“U.S. Percentage of Child Victims Maltreated by Mother, Father, and Other Categories.” U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau. (2020). Child Maltreatment 2018. https://acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/ les/documents/cb/cm2018.pdf Gentile, Ginger. Erasing Family Documentary. April 2020. https://erasingfamily.org. Note: “In North America, over 25 million parents are being erased from their children’s lives after divorce and separation. The Erasing Family documentary follows young adults ghting to reunite with their broken families. Learn how children bene t from shared parenting and family court reform.”

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