BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN FOR ADMINISTRATION BUILDINGS

ARCH 631 Architectural design I

November, 28, 2017

BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN FOR ADMINISTRATION BUILDINGS COASTAL NORTH LEBANON Applied on the

Chamber Of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture - Tripoli And North Lebanon

November 28, 2017 Ghina Yamak Bau- Tripoli YAMAK,G. 2017, Bioclimatic Design For Administration Buildings North Lebanon

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ARCH 631 Architectural design I

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YAMAK,G. 2017, Bioclimatic Design For Administration Buildings North Lebanon

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BAU BEURUT ARAB UNIVERSITY

BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN FOR ADMINISTRATION BUILDINGS COASTAL NORTH LEBANON Applied on The Chamber Of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture – Tripoli And North Lebanon

Master’s Thesis Presented by

Ghina Mohamad Eid Yamak Submitted to the Arch 631 Advanced Design Studio I Beirut Arab University - Faculty of Architecture, Design and Built Environment Of the requirements of the degree of Master in Architectural Engineering (March.Eng) December 2017 Approved as to style and content by : Prof. Momahad Assem El Hanafi Dr. Mostafa El Hefnawi Dr. Khaled El Daghar Dr.Ali Sedki

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This Thesis paper is dedicated to my parents, Sonia and Eid, for their love, support, encouragement and sincere belief in my capabilities toward a successful future.

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Research Keywords Bioclimatic design, Office building, Building Envelope, Indoor Environmental Quality Control, Indoor Thermal Comfort, Energy efficiency, Building Performance Simulation Tool.

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Table of Contents Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................................... 6 TABLE OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................... 13 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................... 20 CHAPTRE ONE ............................................................................................................................................. 21 1.

Research Proposal ............................................................................................................................... 21 1.1-

Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 21

1.2-

Research Problem Statement ..................................................................................................... 22

1.3-

Research Purpose........................................................................................................................ 22

1.4-

Research Methodology ............................................................................................................... 23

1.5-

Research Main Objective and Sub-Objectives. ........................................................................... 24

1.8-

Research Design: Pre-Test/Post-Test Design .............................................................................. 26

1.9-

The Setting of the Research ........................................................................................................ 27

1.10-

Measurement procedures ...................................................................................................... 27

1.11-

Considering Ethical Issues in Data Collection.......................................................................... 28

1.12-

Sampling design and sample size ............................................................................................ 28

1.13-

Research instruments ............................................................................................................. 29

1.14-

Delimitation of the Study ........................................................................................................ 29

1.15-

Proposed Chapters of the Report ........................................................................................... 30

1.16-

Proposed time-frame for the project...................................................................................... 31

CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................................ 32 2.

Bioclimatic Design For Administration Buildings ................................................................................ 32 2.1-

Climate responsive faรงade design............................................................................................... 32

2.2-

The Human Impact ...................................................................................................................... 33

2.3-

The Impact of the Built Environment.......................................................................................... 34

2.4-

Indoor Environment Quality (IEQ) .............................................................................................. 35

2.4.1- Thermal Climate............................................................................................................................ 36 2.4.2- Indoor Air Quality ......................................................................................................................... 36 2.4.3- Sound ............................................................................................................................................ 37 2.4.4- Light .............................................................................................................................................. 38

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High Performance Building Envelope. ........................................................................................ 39 Chapter Conclusion ............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................................................... 45 3.

Case Project: Chamber Of Commerce, Industry And Agriculture - Tripoli And North Lebanon ......... 45

3.1-

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 45

3.2-

Needs | Design Problems Generators ........................................................................................ 46

3.2.1-

Client ....................................................................................................................................... 46

3.2.2-

Designer .................................................................................................................................. 46

3.2.3-

Users ....................................................................................................................................... 47

3.2.4-

Context | Internal Constraints / External Constraints ............................................................ 47

A- Internal Constraints ........................................................................................................................ 47 B- External Constraints........................................................................................................................ 49 3.2.5-

Form | Radical / Practical / Formal / Symbolic ....................................................................... 50

A- Radical: ........................................................................................................................................... 50 B- Practical: ......................................................................................................................................... 50 C- Formal: ............................................................................................................................................ 50 D- Symbolic: ........................................................................................................................................ 50 3.3-

Contemporary Values Of Architecture........................................................................................ 51

3.3.1- Human | Functional / Social / Physical / Psychological ................................................................ 51 A- Functional: ...................................................................................................................................... 51 B- Social: .............................................................................................................................................. 51 C- Physical: .......................................................................................................................................... 51 D- Psychological: ................................................................................................................................. 51 3.3.2- Environmental | Site / Climate / Context / Waste ....................................................................... 52 A- Site: ................................................................................................................................................. 52 B- Climate: ........................................................................................................................................... 52 C- Context: .......................................................................................................................................... 52 D- Waste:............................................................................................................................................. 52 3.3.3- Cultural | Historical / Institutional / Political ............................................................................... 54 A- Historical ......................................................................................................................................... 54

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B- Institutional..................................................................................................................................... 54 C- Political ........................................................................................................................................... 54 3.3.4- Technological | Material / Systems / Processes ........................................................................... 55 A- Material .......................................................................................................................................... 55 B- Systems ........................................................................................................................................... 55 C- Processes ........................................................................................................................................ 55 3.3.5- Temporal| Growth / Change / Permanence................................................................................. 56 A- Growth ............................................................................................................................................ 56 B- Change ............................................................................................................................................ 56 C- Permanence .................................................................................................................................... 57 3.3.6-

Building Related Pictures ........................................................................................................ 57

A-

Building Exterior Picture ................................................................................................................. 57

B-

Building Interior Pictures ................................................................................................................ 58

C-

CCIA ................................................................................................................................................. 59

D-

Building 3d Model Diagrams ........................................................................................................... 59

CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................................................... 62 4- CASE STUDIES OVERVIEW AND ANALYSIS .............................................................................................. 62 4.1- Case Study I : Ch2 Melbourne City Council House 2 six star rating system administered by the Green Building Council of Australia. ........................................................................................................... 62 4.1.1- Description ................................................................................................................................... 62 4.1.2- Building Facades Features. ....................................................................................................... 63 4.1.3- How It Works: Navigation Tool ................................................................................................ 66 A- Day Mode ....................................................................................................................................... 66 B-Night Mode ...................................................................................................................................... 67 B-

Summer Mode ............................................................................................................................ 68

C-

Winter Mode ............................................................................................................................... 69

4.1.4- Environmental features ............................................................................................................ 70 A- Air Movement................................................................................................................................. 70 B- People and Health .......................................................................................................................... 70 C- Heating and cooling ........................................................................................................................ 70

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D- Light and shading............................................................................................................................ 70 E- Water Cycle ..................................................................................................................................... 71 F- Landscape........................................................................................................................................ 71 G- Energy Flow .................................................................................................................................... 71 4.1.5- Description of Process and Technologies Conclusion............................................................... 72 4.1.6- Project Environmental Values................................................................................................... 73 A- Innovation....................................................................................................................................... 73 B- Emissions ........................................................................................................................................ 73 C- Land Use And Ecology ..................................................................................................................... 73 D- Water .............................................................................................................................................. 73 E-Materials .......................................................................................................................................... 73 F-Transport.......................................................................................................................................... 74 4.1.7- Related Pictures ........................................................................................................................ 75 4.2- CASE STUDY II : Q1, THYSSENKRUPP QUARTER ESSEN / JSWD ARCHITEKTEN + CHAIX & MOREL ET ASSOCIร S/ GERMAN SOCIETY FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDING (DGNB) ......................................................... 76 4.2.1- Description ........................................................................................................................................ 76 4.2.2- Case Study Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 77 4.3-

Building Skins That Breathe, Farm Energy, and Gobble Up Toxins ................................................. 78

4.3.1-

Second-Skin Faรงade Technology ............................................................................................. 78

4.3.2-

Active Second-Skin Faรงade Systems ....................................................................................... 78

4.3.4-

Breathing Faรงade/ A Facade That Eats Smog.......................................................................... 79

4.3.5-

An Energy-Producing Algae Facade ........................................................................................ 80

4.3.5-

A Light-Responsive Facade That "Breathes" ........................................................................... 81

4.5-

Case Studies Chapter Conclusion .................................................................................................... 82

CHAPTRE FIVE ............................................................................................................................................. 83 5.

Urban Context, Surrounding Site and Building and selected office analysis of the CCIAT ................. 83

5.1- Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 83 5.2- Urban Context Analysis of the CCIAT ................................................................................................... 84 5.2.1-

Tripoli plan and a Zoomed-Out Plan of Bechara El KHouri Boulevard. ....................................... 84

.................................................................................................................................................................... 84

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.................................................................................................................................................................... 84 5.2.2-

Solid and Void Plans of Bechara el Khoury Boulevard. ............................................................... 85

5.2.3-

Land –Use Plan and Focal Points in the Bechara El Khoury Boulevard. ...................................... 86

5.2.4-

Bechara El Khoury Roads Plan Typology, order, direction and congestions points plans. ......... 88

5.2.5-

Buildings existing at the Boulevard Context. .......................................................................... 90

5.2.6-

CCIAT Surrounding Site Analysis ............................................................................................. 94

1.2.1-

Roads Activity Monitoring....................................................................................................... 95

5.2.7-

Vehicles Monitoring ................................................................................................................ 95



Date: Saturday 5 November 2017................................................................................................... 96



Date: Saturday 5 November 2017................................................................................................... 97

5.2.8-

Vehicles Monitoring Conclusion ............................................................................................. 97

5.2.9-

Vehicles and Noise .................................................................................................................. 98

5.2.10-

Emissions From Road Transport In Lebanon........................................................................... 99

Greenhouse Gas Emissions: CO2, CH4, N2O........................................................................................... 99 5.3.

CCIAT Urban Context and Building Environmental Analysis ..................................................... 100

5.3.1-

Urban Context Environmental Analysis: Average Weather in Tripoli Lebanon ................... 100

A-Temperature.................................................................................................................................. 100 B-Clouds ............................................................................................................................................ 100 C-Humidity ........................................................................................................................................ 101 D-Wind .............................................................................................................................................. 101 E-Sun ..................................................................................................................................................... 102 F-Solar Energy ....................................................................................................................................... 104 G-Climate Summary .............................................................................................................................. 104 5.3.2CCIAT Building Environmental Analysis Using Grasshopper- Ladybug Plug-In - Environmental Simulation Tool and Environmental Data Loggers................................................................................ 105 A-

Sun Path in the hottest day of the year is August 9...................................................................... 105

Analysis: ................................................................................................................................................ 106 Conclusion: ............................................................................................................................................ 106 The diagram in figure 114 concludes that the south west façade is the most exposed façade to the sunlight during the hottest day of the year 9 august, what also can show that the same south west

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faรงade is the most affected by the solar radiation and thermal emission and flow from the exterior to the interior spaces. ............................................................................................................................... 106 B-

August 9 from Sunrise until 10 am Sun Exposure ......................................................................... 107

C-

August 9 from 10 am until 2 pm Sun Exposure ............................................................................ 108

D-

August 9 from 2 pm until Sunset Sun Exposure............................................................................ 109

E-

August 9 Analysis And Conclusion ................................................................................................ 110

F-

Sun path During the Coldest day of the year January 15 on the CCIAT Building .......................... 111

G-

January 15 From Sunrise until 10 am Sun Exposure .................................................................... 111

H-

15 January From 2 pm until Sunset Sun Exposure ....................................................................... 112

I-

January 15 Analysis And Conclusion ............................................................................................. 113

5.4.1-

Selected Elevation ................................................................................................................. 114

5.4.2-

South West Elevation Structure System and Material: ........................................................ 115

5.4.3-

South West Elevation related problems: .............................................................................. 115

5.4.4-

South West Elevation attached Offices: ............................................................................... 115

5.4.5-

The Selected Office ............................................................................................................... 116

5.4.6-

Laboratory Office Drawing .................................................................................................... 117

5.4.7-

Administration office analysis ............................................................................................... 118

5.4.8-

Laboratory Office Related Problems ..................................................................................... 119

5.4.9-

South West Elevation of the CCIAT Glass Extension Detailed Drawings Analysis: ............... 120

5.4.10-

Office Attached Faรงade Section: ........................................................................................... 122

5.5-

LABORATORY OFFICE DATA LOGGERS MEASUREMENTS OVERVIEW AND ANALYSIS .............. 123

5.5.1A-

Occupancy and Lighting Data Graph from 18/10/2017 until 12/11/2017 ........................... 123

Analysis and Conclusion: ............................................................................................................... 123

5.5.2CCIAT Laboratory Office CO2 / Lighting / Humidity / Temperature Data Graph gathered from 18/10/2017 until 12/11/2017 ............................................................................................................... 124 B-

Data Loggers Measurements Description:.................................................................................... 124

5.5.3A-

Analysis and Conclusion: ............................................................................................................... 125

5.5.4A-

CCIAT Laboratory Office Lighting Data Graph from 18/10/2017 until 07/11/2017 ............. 125

CCIAT Laboratory Office CO2 Emission Data Graph from 24/10/2017 until 07/11/2017 .... 126

CO2 safety Rate ............................................................................................................................. 127

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5.5.5-

CCIAT Laboratory Office Temperature Data Graph from 18/10/2017 until 07/11/2017 ..... 129

5.5.6-

CCIAT Laboratory Office Humidity Data Graph from 18/10/2017 until 07/11/2017 ........... 130

CHAPTER SIX.............................................................................................................................................. 131 6.

Thermal Comfort Verification Survey in The CCIA - Tripoli And North Lebanon. ............................. 131 6.2- SUREY RESULTS .............................................................................................................................. 131

References ................................................................................................................................................ 139

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TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1- Diagram presenting the chapters developed in the research study. .......................................... 30 Figure 2- Research time -frame and estimated cost table. ........................................................................ 31 Figure 3-Chamber building on Boulevard Bechara El Khoury in 1980. ....................................................... 45 Figure 4-Chamber’s Glass Building Extension 2004. ................................................................................... 45 Figure 5-Chamber’s University Libano Française ULF. ................................................................................ 45 Figure 6-CCIAT LOGO. (CCIAT, 2017)........................................................................................................... 46 Figure 7-AlMabani Genral Contractors. (CCIAT, 2017) ............................................................................... 46 Figure 8-Quality Control Center Laboratories. (CCIAT, 2017) ..................................................................... 46 Figure 9-Conferences - Seminars - Exhibitions. .......................................................................................... 47 Figure 10-Barcoding. ................................................................................................................................... 47 Figure 11-Halls Reservation. ....................................................................................................................... 47 Figure 12-The Mutual Fund. ....................................................................................................................... 47 Figure 13-Business Service Center. ............................................................................................................. 47 Figure 14-Conciliation & Arbitration Center. .............................................................................................. 47 Figure 15-Typical Floor of the CCIAT containing business and administration offices (1st, second, third) (Yamak, 2017) ............................................................................................................................................. 48 Figure 16-Fourth Floor of the CCIAT containing the Lab. (Yamak, 2017) ................................................... 48 Figure 17-Tripoli Urban Map. (Yamak, 2017).............................................................................................. 52 Figure 18-Boulevard Bechara El Khouri . (Yamak, 2017) ............................................................................ 52 Figure 19.Cciat Buildings. (Yamak, 2017) .................................................................................................... 52 Figure 20- CCIAT Glass Facade. (Yamak, 2017) ........................................................................................... 55 Figure 21-Spider curtain wall system applied on the CCIAT facade. (CCIAT, 2017).................................... 55 Figure 22-South-West Facade drawing. (CCIAT, 2017) ............................................................................... 55 Figure 23-Future CCIAT extension of the ULF building. (Yamak, 2017) ...................................................... 56 Figure 24-CCIAT Main East elevation. (Yamak, 2017) ................................................................................. 57 Figure 25-Glass Extension Main Entrance. (Yamak, 2017) ......................................................................... 57 Figure 26-Glass Extension south facade. (Yamak, 2017) ............................................................................ 57 Figure 27-Open Plan Office Type 2. ............................................................................................................ 58 Figure 28-Interior Open Plan Offices. ......................................................................................................... 58 Figure 29-Interior Open Plan Offices. ......................................................................................................... 58 Figure 30-BIAT Office Entrance Hall. ........................................................................................................... 58 Figure 31- Lab Main Corridor. ..................................................................................................................... 58 Figure 32- Lab Offices. ................................................................................................................................ 58 Figure 33-North East Facade Of The CCIAT................................................................................................. 59 Figure 34-South West Facade Of The CCIAT. .............................................................................................. 59 Figure 35-East Facade Of The CCIAT. .......................................................................................................... 59 Figure 36-East South Facade Of The CCIAT. ................................................................................................ 59 Figure 37- Research project Case CCIAT. (Yamak, 2017) ............................................................................ 59

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Figure 38- CCIAT context's buildings function. (Yamak, 2017) ................................................................... 60 Figure 39- Glass Extension Floors. (Yamak, 2017) ...................................................................................... 60 Figure 40- function of the CCIAT floors. (Yamak, 2017).............................................................................. 61 Figure 41- The most affected elevations, east and south elevations. (Yamak, 2017) ................................ 61 Figure 42- CH2 Building Concept. (Morris, 2017) ....................................................................................... 62 Figure 43- CH2 Building Features. (Morris, 2017)....................................................................................... 62 Figure 44- North Facade. (Morris, 2017) .................................................................................................... 63 Figure 45-Shower Towers On The North Facade. (Morris, 2017) ............................................................... 63 Figure 46- South Facade. (Morris, 2017) .................................................................................................... 64 Figure 47- West Facade. (Morris, 2017)...................................................................................................... 64 Figure 48- Air Flow Offices. (Morris, 2017) ................................................................................................. 65 Figure 49- Cooling the Offices. (Morris, 2017) ............................................................................................ 65 Figure 50- Building Environmental performance on the Day Mode. .......................................................... 66 Figure 51- Building Environmental performance on the Night Mode. ....................................................... 67 Figure 52- Building Environmental performance on the Summer Mode. .................................................. 68 Figure 53- Building Environmental performance on the winter Mode. ..................................................... 69 Figure 54- Floor Air Movement. (Morris, 2017).......................................................................................... 70 Figure 55- People and Health in the building. (Morris, 2017) .................................................................... 70 Figure 56-Lighting and Shading. (Morris, 2017).......................................................................................... 70 Figure 57- Water Cycle in the Building. (Morris, 2017) .............................................................................. 71 Figure 58-Landscape in the Building. (Morris, 2017) .................................................................................. 71 Figure 59-Detail of the east facade. (Morris, 2017) .................................................................................... 75 Figure 60-The roof terrace is lined with wind turbines and features. (Morris, 2017) ................................ 75 Figure 61-Oblique view of the north facade balconies. (Morris, 2017) ...................................................... 75 Figure 62-Detail of one of the wind turbines crowning the building. (Morris, 2017) ................................ 75 Figure 63-The west facade as seen from Swanston Street, with shutters open. These automatically open and close in response to sun angle and time of day (Morris, 2017) ........................................................... 75 Figure 64-Looking along the Little Collins Street facade, with the shower towers lit. Image. (Morris, 2017) .................................................................................................................................................................... 75 Figure 65-Figure 22-Q1 ThyssenKrupp Quarter Essen second skin facade. (archdaily.com, 2013) ........... 76 Figure 66-Figure 20- Q1, ThyssenKrupp Quarter Essen. (archdaily.com, 2013) ......................................... 76 Figure 67-Stainless steel skin in close state. (archdaily.com, 2013). .......................................................... 76 Figure 68-Figure 23-Stainless steel skin in open state. (archdaily.com, 2013) ........................................... 76 Figure 69-Figure 25- Sun direction responsive facade. (archdaily.com, 2013)........................................... 77 Figure 70-Figure 14- Bioclimatic Facade Pattern and fixation. (archdaily.com, 2013) ............................... 77 Figure 71-BIQ - the world's first algae powered building. .......................................................................... 80 Figure 72-Al Bahr pair of Abu Dhabi towers. .............................................................................................. 81 Figure 73-4.3.5A Light-Responsive Facade That "Breathes". .............................................................. 81 Figure 74. Facade adopted from the Machrabiah concept. ....................................................................... 81

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Figure 75- Analysis Hierarchy. (Yamak, 2017)............................................................................................. 83 Figure 76- The Boulevard of Bechara El Khoury is considered as the separation axe between the old Tripoli Region and the New Planning of Tripoli. (Yamak, 2017) ........................................................... 84 Figure 77- The Plans are showing the empty land of the Boulevard Street. The Future prospective projects form around 40% of the Boulevard region. What gives an important possibility of applying environmental architectural design in the aim of building a Green Tripoli................................................ 85 Figure 78- The Focal Points Plan showing the most attractive locations situated on the Boulevard. It is recognized that the northern side of the street is more active and congested in buildings and vehicles than its southern side. The CCIAT Building is located in the middle of this scenario, where it faces the problem of crowding. (Yamak, 2017) ......................................................................................................... 86 Figure 79- Land-Use Plan Of the Boulevard, showing the high variety of activities existing in the street, where the commercial and residential ones are the most spreading, also the existence of two Gas Stations to supply the vehicles high congested street. A Public Park is situated right behind the CCIAT with an approximate area of 17000 m2. (Yamak, 2017) ............................................................................ 86 Figure 80- Road Importance Order Plan. (Yamak, 2017) ............................................................................ 88 Figure 81- Boulevard Region roads direction Plan. (Yamak, 2017) ............................................................ 88 Figure 82- Boulevard Congestion Points Plan. (Yamak, 2017) .................................................................... 88 Figure 83- Service, Commercial and Institutional Buildings existing on the surrounding Context of the CCIAT. (Yamak, 2017) .................................................................................................................................. 90 Figure 84- Buildings along the Boulevard. (Yamak, 2017) .......................................................................... 91 Figure 85- Road Pictures. (Yamak, 2017) .................................................................................................... 92 Figure 86-Rod Pictures. (Yamak, 2017) ....................................................................................................... 93 Figure 87- Buildings Height of the CCIAT Surrounding Context. (Yamak, 2017)......................................... 94 Figure 88- Buildings Condition of the CCIAT Surrounding Context. (Yamak, 2017).................................... 94 Figure 89- CCIAT Context. The Numbers 1,2 and 4 refer to the streets where the observation has took place. (Yamak, 2017) ................................................................................................................................... 95 Figure 90-table 1 (Yamak, 2017) ................................................................................................................. 95 Figure 91-table 2. (Yamak, 2017) ................................................................................................................ 96 Figure 92-table 3. (Yamak, 2017) ................................................................................................................ 96 Figure 93-table 4. (Yamak, 2017) ................................................................................................................ 97 Figure 94-CCIAT Context. The Numbers 1,2 and 4 refer to the streets where the observation has took place. (Yamak, 2017) ................................................................................................................................... 98 Figure 95- Sound Meter Mobile Application, Metering the Boulevard Street as loud music with a maximum of 81 dB. (Yamak, 2017) ............................................................................................................. 98 Figure 96- Sound Meter Mobile Application, Metering the Biaa Street as conversation sound level with a maximum of 81 dB. (Yamak, 2017) ............................................................................................................. 98 Figure 97-Evolution of NOx, CO, NMVOCs and SO2 from 2005 to 2011. Source | MoE/UNDP/GEF, 2015a .................................................................................................................................................................... 99

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Figure 98-The daily average high (red line) and low (blue line) temperature, with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands. The thin dotted lines are the corresponding average perceived temperatures. (weatherspark, 2016) ................................................................................................................................ 100 Figure 99-Cloud Cover Categories. The percentage of time spent in each cloud cover band, categorized by the percentage of the sky covered by clouds: clear< 20% < mostly clear < 40% < partly cloudy < 60% < mostly cloudy < 80% < overcast. (weatherspark, 2016) .................................................. 100 Figure 100-The percentage of time spent at various humidity comfort levels, categorized by dew point: dry < 13°C < comfortable < 16°C < humid < 18°C < muggy < 21°C < oppressive < 24°C < miserable. (weatherspark, 2016) ................................................................................................................................ 101 Figure 101-The average of mean hourly wind speeds (dark gray line), with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands. (weatherspark, 2016) ................................................................................................... 101 Figure 102-The percentage of hours in which the mean wind direction is from each of the four cardinal wind directions (north, east, south, and west), excluding hours in which the mean wind speed is less than 0 m/s. The lightly tinted areas at the boundaries are the percentage of hours spent in the implied intermediate directions (northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest). (weatherspark, 2016) ...... 102 Figure 103- The solar day over the course of the year 2017. From bottom to top, the black lines are the previous solar midnight, sunrise, solar noon, sunset, and the next solar midnight. The day, twilights (civil, nautical, and astronomical), and night are indicated by the color bands from yellow to gray. The transitions to and from daylight saving time are indicated by the 'DST' labels. ...................................... 102 Figure 104-The number of hours during which the Sun is visible (black line). From bottom (most yellow) to top (most gray), the color bands indicate: full daylight, twilight (civil, nautical, and astronomical), and full night. (weatherspark, 2016) ............................................................................................................... 103 Figure 105-The average daily shortwave solar energy reaching the ground per square meter (orange line), with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands. (weatherspark, 2016)................................. 104 Figure 106-In Tripoli, the summers are warm, muggy, arid, and clear and the winters are cool, wet, windy, and mostly clear. Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 11°C to 30°C and is rarely below 8°C or above 31°C. (weatherspark, 2016) ................................................................. 104 Figure 107- East South Orientation, SunPath during the whole day of 9 August. (Yamak, 2017) ............ 105 Figure 108-From Sunrise until 10 am Sun Exposure on the South-West facade of the CCIAT Building. .. 107 Figure 109- From Sunrise until 10 am Sun Exposure on the East -South facade of the CCIAT Building. .. 107 Figure 110-From 10 am until 2 pm Sun Exposure on the East -South facade of the CCIAT Building.

(Yamak, 2017) ........................................................................................................................................... 108 Figure 111-From 10 am until 2 pm Sun Exposure on the South-West facade of the CCIAT Building.

(Yamak, 2017) ........................................................................................................................................... 108 Figure 112-From 2 pm until Sunset Sun Exposure on the East -South facade of the CCIAT Building.

(Yamak, 2017) ........................................................................................................................................... 109 Figure 113- From 2 pm until Sunset Sun Exposure on the South-West facade of the CCIAT Building.

(Yamak, 2017) ........................................................................................................................................... 109

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Figure 114-From sunrise until 10 am Sun Exposure on the East -South facade of the CCIAT Building in 15 January. (Yamak, 2017) ............................................................................................................................. 111 Figure 115-From sunrise until 10 am Sun Exposure on the South-West facade of the CCIAT Building in 15 January. (Yamak, 2017) ............................................................................................................................. 111 Figure 116-From 2 pm until Sunset Sun Exposure on the East -South facade of the CCIAT Building in 15 January. (Yamak, 2017) ............................................................................................................................. 112 Figure 117-From 2 pm until Sunset Sun Exposure on the South-West facade of the CCIAT Building in 15 January. (Yamak, 2017) ............................................................................................................................. 112 Figure 118- the selected elevation is the South West Elevation of the CCIAT ......................................... 114 Figure 119- Detail of the Facade spider curtain wall. ............................................................................... 115 Figure 120- Thermal picture of the facade using Flir E8 thermal camera, the picture is captured on Saturday 25 November 2017. ................................................................................................................... 115 Figure 121- Fourth Floor of the CCIAT, Quality Control Laboratory. ........................................................ 117 Figure 122- Laboratory main entrance and labs. ...................................................................................... 117 Figure 123- Laboratory administartion office. .......................................................................................... 118 Figure 124-Laboratory Administration Office two split unit AC. .............................................................. 119 Figure 125- Needed Btu for the laboratory office in a good insulation state. http://www.calculator.net/btucalculator.html?roomwidth=4&roomwidthunit=meters&roomlength=7.55&roomlengthunit=meters&cei lingheight=2.90&ceilingheightunit=meters&insulation=good&temperature .......................................... 119 Figure 126- Needed BTU for the laboratory Office on its current stat .http://www.calculator.net/btucalculator.html?roomwidth=4&roomwidthunit=meters&roomlength=7.55&roomlengthunit=meters&cei lingheight=2.90&ceilingheightunit=meters&insulation=good&temperature=22&temperatureunit=c&calc t ................................................................................................................................................................. 119 Figure 127- Thermal image showing the thermal leakage between the floor of the CCIAT offices on the South West Facade, .................................................................................................................................. 119 Figure 128- The South west facade of the CCIAT building, the red square determines the Laboratory Office. ........................................................................................................................................................ 120 Figure 129- a close view of the South West facade Laboratory Offices connected envelope. The filled red square is the laboratory connected envelope. ......................................................................................... 121 Figure 130- The thermal image of the spider curtain wall system used on the South West facade, shows a transitional thermal from 30.9 Celsius from the glass to 22.5 Celsius to the steel bracing. A decrease of 8 degrees make the structure not safe where it can be broken because of the high torture difference of two connected bodies of steel and glass. ................................................................................................. 121 Figure 131- Thermal image of the Laboratory office interior side of the facade, the picture was taken on a fall season day where the external temperature was 22 Decius. Although the sun exposure on the faรงade recorded 30.8 Celsius what translate the bas performance of the building faรงade and the glass. .................................................................................................................................................................. 121

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Figure 132- Detailed section of the South West facade. Showing the structure system used for the slabs and the building-Slabs connections. The red filled square is the laboratory office. ................................ 122 Figure 133-Occupancy and Lighting Graph (Yamak, 2017) ....................................................................... 123 Figure 134- Office time working activity diagram. (Yamak, 2017)........................................................... 131 Figure 135-Offices Business Type diagram. (Yamak, 2017) ...................................................................... 131 Figure 136-Offices business age in the CCIAT. .......................................................................................... 132 Figure 137-Offices approximate area in m2. (Yamak, 2017) .................................................................... 132 Figure 138-Number of individuals working in the office. (Yamak, 2017) ................................................. 132 Figure 139-office floor location. (Yamak, 2017) ....................................................................................... 133 Figure 140- Office floor orientation. (Yamak, 2017) ................................................................................. 133 Figure 141-ActiveMaintenance per year at the CCIAT glass extension. ................................................... 134 Figure 142-maintenance Cost when occurring at the CCIAT glass extension. .......................................... 134 Figure 151-Most often problem time during the day. .............................................................................. 137 Figure 149- Preferable personal control at the work space of the occupants. ........................................ 137 Figure 150- Discomfort source according to the occupants of the CCIAT glass extension. ..................... 137 Figure 152- Importance of the external urban and natural view for the CCIAT office occupants. .......... 138

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Abstract The global warming is a critical phenomenon that has been the main concern of scientists in different researching fields. Today, humanity is considered as one of major causes leading to the increase of global warming effect, by the reason of the daily activities promoting the intensification of CO2 emission in our environment. Developed to be known as “Environmentally Friendly”, engineering and architecture introduce a new generation of sustainability knowledge covering various sectors of high performance buildings in urban cities, starting from a long lasting infrastructures, to a better planning for green spaces, till it comes to the environmental responsible and resources efficient buildings.

Most of our population living in urban areas spent more than 90 % of their time in indoor spaces (Klepeis, 2001), henceforth the interest of designing and constructing high performance buildings encouraged the advanced technology toward announcing the green building basics, in order to achieve the best practice of maintaining a sustainable building’s life cycle and performance. That last, includes numerous aspects to be developed in researches, to mention the water efficiency, material and resources, sustainable sites.

The target aspect in this research paper will be the energy and atmosphere, and indoor environmental quality. A chosen case study of an existing office building will be the field of research, to be analyzed, redesigned and tested before and after the design proposal’s application. Achieving through a comprehensive and applicable study, a bioclimatic architectural design proposal is the main focus leading the research working strategy. Studying the impact of the existing building envelope on the performance of indoor thermal comfort through monitoring and evaluation techniques that will be applied on the first stage. Improving the indoor quality for living, in other means the user’s thermal comfort in the occupied space, through a climate responsive shading device treatment applied on the most affected elevation of the case building CCIAT (Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture Tripoli).

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CHAPTRE ONE 1. Research Proposal 1.1- Introduction Office buildings in Lebanon, where the climate is characterized by its long hot and dry summer and its short rainy cool winter, are facing the problem of the inefficient performance of the external envelope that is by definition considered the regulator of the indoor environment and the controller of the energy flow between the interior and the exterior. The Chamber of commerce, industry and agriculture is the chosen case study to be analyzed and redesigned in order to achieve the best practice of the a building envelope that will provide the comfort factors for the occupants and respond efficiently to the heating, cooling, ventilation and natural lighting.

The Chamber of commerce, industry and agriculture (CCIAT) glass building is an extended project that took place in 2014. The building had been set on a thermal comfort study on 2013, after the users insisted claims on improving the indoor living quality. The study results approached a severe problem according the indoor occupancy conditions caused by the glass faรงade. The last is typically design the same on the four building orientations, with the minimal amount of insulation or protection techniques against the exterior seasonal climate conditions. Not only the design that is considered as a problem, the executive building application too, where the used glass for the whole building faรงade is not classified to be proper for its design purpose neither for an envelope efficacy specifications. A high energy consumption along the year months due to the regular use of the HVAC system fighting the energy leakage between the building floors on a hand, and the interior and exterior building layers on the other hand.

The research strategy will adapt the bioclimatic architecture principles in order to develop through the different design stages a facade proposal solving the existing problems of the building. A proposal based on an occupancy monitoring and evaluating using data logger measurements, a survey done for the users indoor comfort in the different building levels on their current offices situation, an observation of the most inefficient faรงade, an environmental evaluation using Design Builder, a building performant simulation tool, and finally a remeasurement of the same parameters after the proposal application scale 1/1 following a comparison and a final deduction for the percentage of failure or success of the CCIAT faรงade proposed design treatments.

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1.2- Research Problem Statement The glass extension building of the CCIAT (Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture Tripoli) is facing a problem of indoor thermal comfort and excessive energy consumption due to its curtain wall glass envelope ineffectiveness.

The office occupants suffers a high thermal transition indoor conditions during the hot periods of year, and an uncomfortable interior heating states during the cold days. The cause affecting their comfort and functionality in their working medium.

The problem is mainly focused on the functionality of the applied building envelope. Described to be identical on the four building elevations, ignoring any required treatments on certain orientation. The problem also focuses on the indoor environmental quality conditions that are not considered to be provided not even on their minimum level of comfort, especially the thermal conditions.

The phenomenon proposed to be applied, in order to achieve practical solution for the previous cited problems, is a climate responsive shading device, designed and applied after the theoretical and numerical analysis of the building current state.

1.3-

Research Purpose

The research focuses on attaining an innovative and feasible climate responsive shading device proposal for the office building CCIAT. Respecting in its working process the interdisciplinary of architecture and engineering aspects to ensure the achievement of environmental, social and economic sustainability. The research is supposed to reach a best practice of indoor environmental condition through the application of an environmentally effective building envelope addition.

The research encourages the prospective studies in the field to adapt the instruments applied in its methodology, to mention the environmental data loggers and environmental simulation software Design Builder, to develop the numerical analysis approach of the various architecture designs.

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Research Methodology

This research project consists mainly of three main phases, each is considered as a continuous of its previous conclusion. A theoretical framework followed by a practical demonstration then a final applied deduction is the typical strategical plan applied in the following research case of CCIAT glass extension building.

The first phase is classified under five titles, starting with an approach presenting a comprehensive knowledge of the bioclimatic architecture design, followed by an indoor environmental quality features demonstration. The third title is covering the accredited standards that will play a major role in transmitting the hypothetical knowledge to the applied methods. The case studies will be the fourth title interpreted in this division, summing it up by a constructive conclusion chained to be attached to the next step of the research.

The second phase takes place under the title of post occupancy monitoring and evaluation, where the research is be oriented toward evaluating the current performance of the project case that is the CCIAT. Firstly this step relies on using the appropriate data loggers to measure the features of the indoor human comfort. Secondly, using the Design Builder simulation software, a 3d building model accompanied with the urban context will be accomplished, in order to be able to evaluate the building orientation and form design in reflection with its urban context, also the simulate the current environmental conditions and performance of the building, in the end comparing and verifying the simulation results with the measured data.

The third phase is the bioclimatic faรงade design proposal. A suitable faรงade design based on the whole previous research steps, characterized by the bioclimatic design features, achieving through its built application scale 1/1 the indoor environmental quality required for the building users. A final measurement demonstration will be applied after the design proposal build phase in the aim of comparing and evaluation the final results and the percentage of the proposal success in attaining the best practice if an office building faรงade treatments.

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1.5- Research Main Objective and Sub-Objectives.

This division includes the statement of both study’s main and sub-objectives.

The main Objective of the study is: 

O1: To achieve a climate responsive facades design with a modular concept for the most affected elevation by the external climatic conditions, to improve the indoor environmental quality of the attached offices in what suits the users comfort for the CCIAT glass extension building.

The Sub-objectives: 

O1: To promote the indoor environmental quality of the South West offices in what suits the users comfort.

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O2: To apply a climate responsive façade capable of controlling the thermal flow between the exterior and interior spaces, hence to reduce energy consumption of the occupied space.

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O3: To acquire a quantitative study through and numerical analysis for an optimum efficacy of the façade proposal, through the adaptation of surveys, data logger’s measures, validated environmental simulation software (Design-Builder), energy consumption bills analysis.

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O4: To represent possibilities of environmental friendly material and structure systems and to establish the best practice according to the CCIAT glass extension building case.

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O5: To design a self-supported climate responsive façade flexible to be applied and remain intact to the structural of the existing glass façade.

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O7: To expand the knowledge of bioclimatic architecture, and its application on the various layers of the prospective office buildings built in the coastal zone of Tripoli where the climate is hot and humid.

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1.6- Research Hypotheses to be Tested The research presents four main hypotheses to be studies, analyzed, tested and demonstrate at the end of the subsequent research, the following are the proposed hypotheses: 

H1: The proposed shading element helps moderating the indoor thermal calibration of the tested office and serves in reducing the use of heating and cooling energy consumption.



H2: Applying a climate responsive building facade element is capable of rejecting, storing, tempering and redirecting and hence controlling the external thermal flow to the interior space.

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H3: The application of photovoltaic panels and wind turbines is capable of generating more than 50 % of the required energy for the West South elevation offices.



H4: Adapting the modular design for the proposed shading element is considered as a cost efficiency approach.

1.7- Research Questions The main questions that are considered to be discussed and demonstrated in the subsequent research are the following: 

Q2: What are the appropriate climate responsive



Q3: What will be the function of the of the proposed climate responsive shading façade in controlling the external thermal flow to the interior space?

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Q4: What advantage will add the intervention on photovoltaic panels and wind turbines on the proposed façade installation design?

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Q5: How does the adaptation of modular façade design concept will affect the cost efficiency of the proposed design?

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1.8- Research Design: Pre-Test/Post-Test Design The study design is considered as measuring the indoor thermal comfort before and after the application of the climate responsive skin façade of the occupied offices attached to the most affected elevation of the CCIAT glass extension building.

Hence the study design is classified as the pre-test/post-test design, where two sets of crosssectional data collection will be applied on the indoor thermal comfort measurements before and after the application of the design proposal. The measurements done using the data loggers and a survey based on a chosen sample, will be compared and analyzed to detect the changes occurred and effectiveness of the proposed design.

The research follows the basis of evaluation study design what gives the experiment phase a major value throughout the process of assessing the impact of the facade intervention.

In order to reach a valid study design on the basis of Pre-Test/Post-Test Design, conserving the studies population, who are the users of the CCIAT glass extension building, and the data loggers instruments under the same stat and conditions before and after the façade intervention application and testing.

It is proposed to select 25 of the occupants from different categories, activities and from the various offices types existing in the CCIAT, positioned on the four building orientations. The potential respondents will be individually contacted by the researcher to seek their consent for participation in the study. A questionnaire on google form will be distributed via the participant’s emails.

The data loggers considered to collect the environmental measurements of temperature, humidity, CO2 emission and lighting in the case study office, next to the thermal camera and the U-Value device, must remain their same positions in the two sets of cross-sectional data collection phases, in order to assemble the best practice of values comparison.

Measuring the effectiveness of the proposed façade design is one of the mail objectives this research is aiming to achieve at the end of the study. Hence, the process of measuring the factors affecting the success of the prospective design must be done on professional and well oriented basis.

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1.9- The Setting of the Research The research study is applied on the glass extension building of the chamber of commerce industry and agriculture in Tripoli. The building took place in 2004, from then several problems posed itself in what concerns the indoor thermal quality and the users comfort in the various types of offices on the four building’s orientation.

The CCIAT if classified under the office buildings functions category, where business offices and institutional ones occur on above ground four levels. The ground floor hosts a lecture hall and welcoming entrance. The administration structure of the CCIAT is basically formed of a president, a vice president and the rest of administrational sub-positions.

The glass extension building enclose on its east north sector, on the first three floor the BIAT institution.

On the west south sector individual administrative offices, hosting the Mutual Funds and Private Business Offices. The fourth floor is fully rented by a Quality Control Lab. The type of client served regarding this building is Tripoli community needing any business service, the CCIAT mainly hosts engineering, design, software, consultancy services.

The central issue of the following research is the building envelope. The CCIAT suffers an inefficiency problem of its spider curtain wall envelope, affecting the indoor thermal comfort on the first level, and so the user’s health factors and productivity in the occupied spaces on certain elevations orientations. The building is located on the coastal zone in a hot humid climate region, what intense the problem effect.

1.10- Measurement procedures The major approach in information gathering undertakes the primary sources category, where a nonparticipant observation, unstructured interviewing and mailed questionnaire were applied in order to set a well collection of the required data. The second method in data collection known as secondary sources that includes documents data, is also applied in order to acquire the building’s drawings and construction details, also some previous information about its history and development.

The research requires an additional different type information known as the environmental data collection. In this case, professional environmental data collection are used on site collecting numerical values.

The measurement procedure will be done on two phases, before and after the façade proposal intervention. The finding are to be analyzed, compared and final conclusion is given describing the effectiveness of the proposed design.

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1.11- Considering Ethical Issues in Data Collection The main stakeholders of this research are the researcher, Ghina Yamak, the CCIAT glass extension building users and the instructors supervising the study.

The first approach of the research relevance gained an important interest on the level of the CCIAT users. The interviewed occupants welcomed the research topic and shoed excitement in providing information capable to enhance the suffering fact they are living. Negotiators with the various categories of occupants clarified the building problem from an experienced perspective.

A request of filling an online questionnaire, constructed to take maximum five minutes of the participants time, has made individually with these occupants, 95 % of the selected sample was highly cooperative. The rest provided interviewed information, and apologized on the form filling because of the lack of their time. The forms are then collected and analyzed, designed to be anonymous and unable to be edited to prevent any bias. The form was constructed on the professional ASHRAE survey guidelines, what makes it clear of any unethical or embarrassing questions.

The researcher needed numerical facts to build a reliable research study, the solution came in the use of environmental data logger as temporary use, but also a more valuable information could be relied on from the energy consumption, water consumption, maintenance and other bills that may support the study. The problem of confidentiality faced the researcher, and the solution came in the picture of estimation according to the existing assets in each office space.

1.12- Sampling design and sample size Because of the constraints of time and resources, and because the research is based on a numerical analysis, it is proposed to apply a random sampling on the CCIAT users to support the study by facts data.

The sample population of this research is mainly the users of the offices in the CCIAT glass extension building. The sample size is considered to cover almost 80% of the glass extension building users, ending up with 25 individual. Randomly chosen samples in order to avoid any sort of bias in the research study. The structured technique adapted the online questionnaire for its ease of data collection and fast responding.

The responds are relied on as describing the living fact of the population of interest. The findings are analyzed and conclude traits in the proposed design decisions, on the basis of responding to the users requirements in the proposed design approach.

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1.13- Research instruments The research adapted several instruments in order to attain a sequential analysis of the study case building. The following are in order the instruments used: Questionnaire: A sample of 25 individual is selected from the CCIAT users, and a survey is applied to be analyzed.

Data Loggers: Data loggers are used in the first and the last stage of the research to test and compare the functionality of the proposal.

Design Builder: The simulation software design builder is used to virtually simulate the proposal before its fabrication.

3d Modeling Software: 3d modeling software is used to accomplish the building process of the proposal.

Fabrication Lab: The fabrication Lab is used to fabricate the proposed design and test alternatives.

1.14- Delimitation of the Study In this section the research’s delimitations related to logistical details and methodological aspects encountered through the study phases are presented are presented under two main titles: Time 



Shortage of time to accomplish a full year environmental simulation to test the building condition on the hottest and coldest days also its state in the different four season of the year.

Unavailability of time to test numerous alternatives since the project design proposal period is not more than one month.

Resources 



Existence of confidentiality on numerical data for the CCIAT building energy consumption expenses, that is considered as one of the major needed data in the aim of Pre-Test/PostTest Design analysis.

Shortage of innovative material to use in the design proposal, what orients the proposal toward the traditional techniques of bioclimatic design standards.

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1.15- Proposed Chapters of the Report The research will enclose the chapters presented in the following diagram:

Figure 1- Diagram presenting the chapters developed in the research study.

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1.16- Proposed time-frame for the project The time-frame of this research expands from September 2017 until April 2018. The first phase of four month will develop a professional theoretical study where at its end design decisions followed by a final design proposal are established.

The second phase starting from January 2018, is dedicated for the proposed design development, supporting it with details drawing, technical decision, fixation techniques and final material selection. The end of the second phase is the build of a prototype model scale 1/1 and applying it on the building faรงade.

A final step of re-measuring the changes occurring before and after the new intervention of the bioclimatic faรงade on the glass extension building of CCIAT. An estimated cost of research is set in correlation with the different steps throughout the study.

The cost included transportation cost, design alternative testing fees, material testing fees, the cost of the final design compromising the labor, fabrication, material, enhancements and other expanses that may occur on urgent conditions.

Figure 2- Research time -frame and estimated cost table.

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CHAPTER TWO 2. Bioclimatic Design For Administration Buildings 2.1- Climate responsive façade design Innovative architecture in climate responsive facades design is embracing the building form, envelope and material into the climate responsive approach of design. This phenomenon is developing a significant interest for architects and engineers in the goal of achieving an environmentally sustainable buildings, covering the different aspect from an efficient design to its cost effectiveness and user’s satisfaction and comfort. Synchronizing these factors in a continuous chain of valuable objectives will help in reaching the target of generating opportunities of energy consumption reduction, improvement of human health and comfort and providing an encouraging productive ambiance for users.

When describing the approach of responsive building’s façades, and according to Ad van der Aa the Cauberg-Huygen Consulting Engineers, in his report “Designing with Responsive Building Elements” in 2011, the concept comes in the frame of a series of design solutions that maintain an appropriate balance between optimum interior conditions and environmental performance by reacting in a controlled and holistic manner to changes in external or internal conditions and to occupant intervention. Responsive building concepts are developed from an integrated multidisciplinary design process, which optimizes energy efficiency and includes integration of human factors and architectural considerations. The challenge is to achieve an optimum combination of responsive building designing with Responsive Building Components 11 elements and integration of these with the building services systems and renewable energy systems to reach an optimal environmental performance. (Aa, 2011) The responsive element operating in the CCIAT project is the building envelope, in other means the CCIAT building façade. View the advanced systems in facades technology, s responsive façade acts as a living hybrid zone capable of saving the interaction between the occupants and the contextual nature, at the same time, it succeed in protecting them from its extreme uncomfortable feature during the different four year seasons. The study is oriented to attain the best practice of indoor thermal comfort, what makes the sun direction is the most affecting environmental factor on the responsive skin. Considering the sun path as the attraction element leading the façade movement to prevent the entry of solar radiation and decrease the heat gain of the glass façade.

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2.2- The Human Impact The worldwide human activities on the various levels of living, are affecting the Earth’s major permanence components, which are its resources and occupants. A fact problem of a rapid increase in resources consumption is leading to terminal result of exhaustion, damage and a high prospect of waste production and pollution.

The human impact is perhaps most notable in terms of climate change, for which the emission of greenhouse gases is identified as the primary cause. The emission of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels is the most significant contributor (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2014). Climate change is already a serious direct threat to human life and well-being and will most likely emerge in the upcoming decades (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2014; World Health Organization, 2016). As for today 81% of the world’s energy needs is met by fossil energy sources (coal, oil and natural gas) (International Energy Agency, 2016). With current policies the worldwide energy consumption is expected to increase with 48% from 2012 to 2040 (Energy Information Administration, 2016). Despite renewable energy being the world’s fastestgrowing source of energy, fossil fuels are expected to meet 78% of total energy demand by 2040 (Energy Information Administration, 2016).

The noticeable human impact on the climate alteration, generates one of the common problems of indoor environmental quality deficiency in the occupied buildings, focusing on the office buildings in this research study. The demonstration and analysis of the case study building CCIAT is directed toward achieving a detailed data of the human activity in the examined space which is one of the building’s offices. The human activity in this space will orient the design solution to attain the best practice of a proposal capable of promoting the indoor quality, decreasing the energy consumption of lighting and heating/ cooling systems. A quantitative examination and analysis of the surrounding context and indoor office features, is highly required in the aim of relying on numerical and fact data sheets, able to improve the efficacy of the future design proposal. The required factors to measure in what concerns the human impact will mainly be the occupancy, CO2 emission and noise.

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2.3- The Impact of the Built Environment It is a fact presetting the increase of the built environment impact on the natural on, in a remarkable amount after the industrial revolution. Architecture witnessed a transitional movement from the use of vernacular traditional building material to the introduction of new technology and innovation capable of building complex building systems. The phenomenon started in the cold zones, where the need of wide glass facades and steel light structure systems for a better solar gain. When applying this same concept in the hot zones, a major problem of energy consumption stood in this innovative design approach. A higher energy use is required in order to fulfill the indoor comfort of heating, cooling and ventilation requirements.

In hot climate coastal zones, the application of glass faรงade for office buildings is generating an unstoppable cumulative problem of energy resources expenditure. According to it, architect and engineers posed the initiative of designing environmental solutions to implement on the glass buildings in hot climate regions.

The context surrounding the CCIAT glass extension building is mainly composed of concrete residential buildings with traditional design and primitive building techniques. The CCIAT is considered as the only modern office building in its context. Tripoli built environment in the Dam w Farez region is increasing from the year 2000, where the new human activities is demanding new types of buildings. It exists now building specified for gym use, restaurants, institutional, library and other services. Despite the various functions, most of the building design are mostly built from the same design and engineering approach. The culture of adapting environmental solutions, in what concerns the structure systems, material used, design approach, is not a very common principle in the built environment of the CCIAT region. The architectural activities are more oriented to be commercial, with poor resources an knowledge that may support the benefit of conserving energy resources.

The previous approach encourages this research to set a different plan in designing for Tripoli region. A transitional step toward sustainable applications, benefiting from the re-used resources and minimizing the expenditure of raw materials.

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2.4- Indoor Environment Quality (IEQ) There are several parameters which directly or indirectly influences the physical well-being of people in indoor spaces. While thermal climate is one of these; noise, light, odor can be considered as others. With the combination of the mentioned parameters, a perception for an indoor environment is created. Although it is evident that some factors such as disturbing noise and odor, or health threatening materials should be completely minimized, some factors cannot be avoided but only adjusted. Thermal climate is one of those adjustable indoor properties alongside with humidity, air flow, and illuminance. The goal for the adjustable properties is always to optimize the conditions where people feel the most comfortable, in the boundaries of available budget and technology. Indoor temperature is obviously the most influential determinant of thermal comfort which is also the main focus of this study. In the following chapter, the concepts or indoor environment and thermal comfort will be explained. To represent the thermal comfort in numbers, comparable indices developed by Fanger will be discussed in detail to be used later in the empirical part of the study.

A good indoor climate cannot occur by coincidence most of the time (Nilsson et al, 2003). It is a product of a systematic design, created by the configuration of different parameters in order to answer specific needs. While some of the requirements show resemblance; depending on the purpose, size, and profile of users, the perception of good indoor climate can significantly differ. Before discussing the best indoor climate or creating a design towards it, the context has to be given with the following questions. What is the desired environment? Which parameters should be considered? What levels of disturbance can be accepted?

As expected the answers would differ between the buildings with different purposes such as residential, office, industrial, school, hospital etc. Moreover, perception of users which do not stem from any physical conditions may also show variances. The behavioral patterns and psychosocial parameters may change the preferences of people in terms of indoor climate.

Although the environmental quality of closed spaces may seem to have many dependencies, the most significant and adjustable levers are physical climate factors. In the light of given conditions, the indoor environment should be handled by considering multiple components of physical factors which can be named as thermal climate, indoor air quality, sound and light. The book named â&#x20AC;&#x153;Achieving The Desired Indoor Climateâ&#x20AC;? may serve as a good guidance for one who seeks for knowledge in detail for all mentioned factors. However, the emphasis is going to be on thermal climate in this section, which is a major influencer of thermal comfort.

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2.4.1- Thermal Climate

The heat balance is an essential part of a well-functioning human body and sense of comfort. The human body tries to maintain a steady temperature around 37oC even though it is exposed to different temperatures. The stimulations such as sweating, increased or reduced blood flow or shivering may be observed as regulation mechanisms during undesired thermal conditions. Aside from the automatic responses, a person would actively seek for shade, sunlight, increasing or reducing the amount of clothing to respond temperature changes. All these given active or passive responses require energy consumption to some degree and distracts the person from the work in an office environment for instance, with the feeling of discomfort. The thermal factors.

These factors are: Air temperature, Mean radiant temperature, Air velocity, Relative humidity From the factors above, air temperature and mean radiant temperature directly affect the heat balance of the body, however air velocity and humidity affect indirectly by changing the rate of evaporation and draught on the skin. The water saturation of the air surrounding the body changes convection and evaporation, in other words the speed of sweatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s evaporation. Although sweating in indoors is not a desired situation, humidity also aggravates the issue.

2.4.2- Indoor Air Quality

Indoor air quality is traditionally used as a catch-all term for the overall cleanliness of the indoor air. In other terms, cleanliness responds to lack of pollutants in the air which would cause deterioration and an unhealthy environment (Nilsson et al, 2003). The significance of the pollutants is measured by the concentration and period of exposure. While this is generally not a problem for residential buildings or conventional office spaces, workplaces such as laboratories or pharmaceuticals might be prone to deteriorated air. Apart from the health risks to the users, contaminated air may also affect the processes in the building which are sensitive to the surrounding conditions. The classification of buildings according to their purpose also plays a big role here. Industrial buildings are controlled by specific occupational health and safety guidelines in the form of threshold limits for different industries. However, since nonindustrial buildings such as school, residential or office buildings donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have such distinctive guidelines, indoor air quality becomes even more of a vague concept to deal with. In several sources, the factors endangering the indoor air quality is defined in different ways. The two most common ways of classifying the source of pollution are based on their point of generation and physical properties (Walsh et al, 1983). If the source of pollution is investigated according to point of generation, it is important to note that, properties of the indoor air is highly dependent to the quality of air

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supplied from outside. If the outdoor air is not at the sufficient quality to meet the healthy conditions, it is possible to fix the problem during the transmission from outdoors to indoors.

According to Nilsson et al (2003), with the proper equipment placed on the air ducts, issue can be solved under favorable circumstances. However, if the contaminated air is generated indoors by emission from an odorous substance it becomes significantly harder to overcome.

As for the physical classification, Walsh et al (2003) states that; one has to know about physics, chemistry and biology in order to understand how to deal with contaminators thoroughly. The physical aspect covers properties of air quality in terms of time dependence, concentration, and temperature and pressure differences. Knowledge in chemistry is required to analyze what are the consequences when more than one contaminator co-exist at a given time. As for the biological side, it obviously considers the effects of the indoor air on the human health. There are more classifications existing such as phenomenological aspects or pollutant-specific aspects, however they can only serve as a guideline depending to the relevancy of the specific in-situ conditions.

2.4.3- Sound When discussing indoor environment quality, â&#x20AC;&#x153;soundâ&#x20AC;? refers to unwanted noise which causes disturbance and an unpleasant experience in general. From the definition it is possible to figure out unlike air quality which has very specific indicators, sound is a subjective concept. Different types of sound may be found pleasant of unpleasant by different people and they can also be annoyed by different levels of sound. Most of the low level noise produced in the indoor areas is masked by another source anyhow, but since the sensitivity is also variable among the users it may be perceived as a problem by a partition (Nilsson et al, 2003).

Due to the working mechanism of many different utilities such as ventilation fans in houses, water drop in the sink or ticking of the clock and computer fans in offices many different types of sound are generated in a regular pattern. If the level is so low, it is already masked by another source of sound, or some noises with a regular pattern such as the ticking of clock is eliminated by the human brain and is not heard after some point.

On the other hand some types of sound especially with low frequency and a continuous character such as the fans in ventilation systems of the building or in computer could be very annoying for users. Although they are often considered as low level sounds, progressive exposure may cause health and psyche issues for acoustically sensitive people (Abbaszadeh et al, 2006). A good environment in terms of sound often described as not only eliminating unwanted noise but also endorsing the desired sounds. However for a conventional office building reducing the inevitable ambient noise from the mentioned resources would be sufficient to obtain a good sound environment.

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2.4.4- Light The importance of lighting for the indoor spaces is usually underestimated. Light strongly influences the perception of people in terms of how they feel about a given indoor environment (Nilsson et al, 2003). Depending to the amount of light people may even interpret the rooms as warm or cold which shows the influence of light on human perception. Light is usually classified into day light and illumination in terms of their source.

Benefiting from daylight at the optimum level has gained popularity with the introduction of green buildings to the construction sector and nowadays it takes place in almost every standard.

A common trend for green building is reducing the electric consumption for ambient lighting to save energy. It is also used as a source of thermal gain through the glazing at windows, to help heating and save from the heating energy in the same manner. Even though the building doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have any design towards using the daylight as an energy source, adequate amount of daylight is necessary for a good indoor environment. Whether there is an indoor lighting system or natural daylight, it is a vital part of the visual comfort (Abbaszadeh et al, 2006).

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2.5- High Performance Building Envelope.

The current project of the bioclimatic design for administration buildings, working on the CCIAT office building as a case study to analyze and develop its indoor thermal performance, highly recommend the use of the building performance simulation BPS tools in order to detect the current problems and collect existing true data that will guide the analysis steps toward the best practice solution for the mentioned building. In the engineering and architecture study building simulation software, a wide range of tools existed and used, each according to its familiarity and results accuracy.

The purpose of this paper study is to expose the most famous and most used building performance simulation tools in an ordered classification that is decided according to an online survey made for engineers and architects. The study classifies the BPS tools conferring to several criteria testing the future potential and analysis capabilities of each tool. According to the paper result, a wide gap occurs between the requirements and the priorities of the architect and the engineers, but they are all the same in the end although in different level of importance. In fact five criteria are selected to build the conclusion and the final survey outcome. Also a comparison between the theoretical studies and the practical application on the building performance simulation tools in order to detect error percentage and the variance in the final tools results.

The problem that is presented to solved in this paper is the difficulty that is the potential user is facing in order to choose the most suitable building performance tool to adapt in the field of architecture and engineering, this difficulty is a result of the fast growth of the BPS tools from the year 1997 till 2010, where the Department of energy (DOE) Building Energy Tools Directory (BESTD) reached a number of 389 ( DOE 2010, Crawley 1997). Where the urgent need for an identification of the different users versus the tools capabilities and limitations in the aim of facilitating the tool selection process, according to the design phase, project type, interoperability and the most important the accuracy.

The study to achieve the two goals that come in the frame of, the first goal in the identify users requirements and selection criteria for BPS tools. The second goal is to test those criteria by ranking then BPS tools and conducting an inter-group comparison between architects and engineers through two online survey. (Attia, Beltran, De Herde, & Hensen, 2012)

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Tools Selection Criteria: Relying a previous literature studies, this paper defined a list of comprehensive criteria for the BPS tools, where the following five major topic took the major place of interest for the architects and engineers: • Usability and Information Management (UIM) of interface • Integration of Intelligent design Knowledge-Base (IIKB) • Accuracy of tools and Ability to simulate Detailed and Complex building Components (AADCC) • Interoperability of Building Modelling (IBM) • Integration with Building Design Process (IBDP) (Attia, Beltran, De Herde, & Hensen, 2012) The project study of the bioclimatic building design in the CCIAT is relying on a high level of interest on the performance building simulation tool Design Building. Beirut Arab University Tripoli campus has developed with the cooperation of Dr Shady Attia, who introduce the faculty of architecture- design and built environment in 2014 to the simulation tool Design builder through a three days on campus workshop. An environmental lab is then developed with the aid of Dr Kareem Galal and Dr Yathreb Sabsaby in order to increase the intervention of the performance building simulation through the design stages of the student work on the different academic levels.

The adapted simulation tool Design Builder, according to the previous literature review, is attaining the third rank, after IES VE plug-in and ECOTECT, with a slight difference in the architects and engineers survey percentage, what describes the future potential of the software and the ability of developing the existing features and decrease the limitations within the frame of future research study, that analyze and explore in deep comprehensively and practically toward a better performance and a more accurate results through the different phases of the design project.

The employment of Design Building in the design process of the CCIAT project to achieve a high performance building façade, allow the creditability of the design decisions through the project development and the particularity of the solution toward the existing Glass Extension of the CCIAT. An additional value will be taken into consideration when comparing the new environmental building performance with a recent similar study that has been made in 2013 on the CCIAT Glass Extension building. Evaluating a data that is collect through several years will help in achieving an accurate analysis and conclusion that will guide the design decision toward the best practice required in order to improve the impact of the indoor environmental quality that is

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poorly maintained in the actual existing building. Design Building will be the tool considered to lead the proposed project to solve the environmental performant problem of the built building envelope.

A study under the title of Bioclimatic parameters in the design of contemporary buildings: the proposal for the New Town Hall of Deryneia, Cyprus done in 2010 by a corporative work of four researches it approaches the study of bioclimatic parameters in the design of the contemporary building of the New Town Hall design of Deryneia, Cyprus. The goal of the proposed design competition is to achieve the best environmental and architectural solutions for the building that reflects originally in its design the existing political conflict. The researchers of this paper aimed to apply the qualitative and quantitative architectural design evaluation using the ECOTECT building performance simulation tool. The simulation covered the thermal behavior of the building envelope, also the analysis of the daylight condition during a year long, winter and summer season.

The research limitation came in the frame of the design concept that they had to conserve, a concept built on the symbol of the democratic processes. Equally the researches had to conserve indoor environmental quality and improve the interior space performance in what pleases the users. The design proposal had to achieve the enforcement of the functional and social human values through the opportunity of a better communication and interaction in the indoor comfort occupied spaces.

The study undertake several case studies as a reference, the London City Hall (Foster + Partners, 1998-2002) and the Bologna Civic Offices (Mario Cucinella Architects, 2003- 2009), which incorporate passive heating and cooling, daylighting and renewable energy sources features that aim at minimizing conventional energy consumption. (A. Michael, C. Hadjichristos, F. Bougiatioti and A. Oikonomou, 2010) The main goal to accomplish in the end of this research is a building in which comfortable thermal and visual comfort conditions and interior air quality would be achieved primarily with careful bioclimatic design, which would have reduced energy demand for heating, cooling (< 30 kWh/m2) and lighting (< 8 kWh/m2) and where the proposed building materials would assure the maximum possible longevity with the least possible maintenance. (A. Michael, C. Hadjichristos, F. Bougiatioti and A. Oikonomou, 2010) The sequence of the study that the researches followed is what mainly matter to gain from in this case of literature review. The adapted chronological plan in order to reach the final proposal

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design of the Town Hall is built on the basis of the standard of bioclimatic factors and Arch principals.

The following plan is the applied through the stages of the design proposal: 1.

Architectural design principals

• Integration to the existing urban fabric, Functional organizational and design of open spaces, Construction and materials 2.

Bioclimatic design and environmental approach

• Climatic Analysis, Heating period – Passive solar heating, Cooling period – Shading, Crossventilation, Night-time ventilation • Daylighting, Materials and building techniques, Microclimatic modification, Renewable energy sources and energy management The advantage of this research paper it’s the similarity in the project case, where the goal is to propose a bioclimatic design that will be actually applied and built on scale. The process of thinking and working stage of this research and the project of the CCIAT may be analogous. The followed plan till the end of the research may inspire the Glass Extension bioclimatic façade proposal on the architectural design principal’s level and the design and environmental approach level. Moreover, the proposal of the CCAIT project will study the aspects of special configuration, the social, economic and environmental aspects and never forget the façade enhancements that fulfills and respond to the previous cited aspects.

A project plan proposal is concluded from this paper in the previous proposal steps with an additional design phases that will be specifically prepared for the CCIAT façade according to the given project design brief.

A research paper discuss the subject of the glass material on the level of the building technology design value, where the researcher E. Selkowits mentioned in his abstract that the glass is a remarkable material but its functionality is significantly enhanced when it is processed or altered to provide added intrinsic capabilities. The overall performance of glass elements in a building can be further enhanced when they are designed to be part of a complete façade system. Finally the façade system delivers the greatest performance to the building owner and occupants when it becomes an essential element of a fully integrated building design. This

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presentation examines the growing interest in incorporating advanced glazing elements into more comprehensive façade and building systems in a manner that increases comfort, productivity and amenity for occupants, reduces operating costs for building owners, and contributes to improving the health of the planet by reducing overall energy use and negative environmental impacts.

The benefit of this study came in the form of spotting the light on the architect designed the Glass Extension building for the CCIAT, enveloping the old brick building. The indoor thermal comfort of this international style building is not well succeeded, but also the users are suffering during the summer where the maximum solar radiation amount penetrate the glass faced to disturb the indoor thermal comfort.

This research paper is studying the fact of the glass façade and the use of the glass and steel facades according to the climatic zone and weather conditions, also the researcher is highlighting on the new trend of the use of smart glass material in order to prevent the problems occurring because of its high exposure to the climatic uncontrolled condition. The researcher presented also the solution of the double skin façade that is mostly adopted today next to the smart glass material, where the double skin façade is able to solve the problems of ventilation and daylighting and not only the thermal complications.

A proposal of a smart innovative glass material may be one of the solution presented for the CCIAT project. Also a design proposal of a double skin façade or shading techniques.

A project case similar to the study done on the CCIAT under the title of “Thermal Comfort and Energy Consumption of a Typical Office Building a parametric study using IDA ICE”, illustrates how the outcome of thermal comfort changes under different circumstances and how sensitive is the thermal comfort in regards to the changes in different parameters. While designing the simulations for indoor areas, there are certain assumptions made such as the allowable operative temperature range, orientation of heating and cooling units, points of measurement and so on.

In most of the cases, the calculated thermal comfort index is derived from ideal conditions where the chosen design values reflect the most desired situations. This report aims to investigate what consequences occur when the actual conditions are varied from the ideal ones and how significant is the impact on the dissatisfaction of the users. It is intended to make correlations between different scenarios so that a designer reading this report would know the after effects of different adjustments.

The comparative analysis indicates that there is a semi-situational relationship between two aspects. While thermal comfort is relatively easy to maintain, keeping energy consumption at

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acceptable levels is equally hard. If the goal is to achieve a better grade of building certification, it is a necessity to take improving measures for both aspects simultaneously.

The researcher collected the environmental data before and after the simulation and the application of the design proposal. A positive result of a better performance with the application of the new sunshades is set a proved by numbers. Building envelope simulation and redesign in the aim of an indoor comfort enhancement is a critical topic studied and developed by architects and engineers. The CCIAT project is a feasible open to have solution using the Design builder simulation and a promising design proposal that consider the optimum performance of the building envelope.

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CHAPTER THREE 3.

3.1-

Case Project: Chamber Of Commerce, Industry And Agriculture - Tripoli And North Lebanon Introduction

Existing buildings and future extensions Chamber building on Boulevard Bechara El Khoury in 1980.The construction of buildings belonging to the Chamber was in prominent and prestigious places, especially as it was a manifestation of a civilized and social aspect for delegations, Ambassadors, Consuls, heads and members of foreign chambers and businessmen who visited to gather necessary facts and information relating to the economy.

Chamber’s Glass Building Extension 2004 It was then the expansion of the old headquarters, new glass extension to embrace innovative projects, which received support from international donors like the EU, the US Agency for International Development as well other international associations, agencies and nongovernmental organizations in that same year.

Chamber’s University Libano Française ULF. Only three floors are built till our day from the ULF university proposal. The university building is a property of the CCIAT, the ULF is a rental client only. The building design follows the Glass Extension building design, with an addition of vertical sun breakers on the east and the west facade.The building is formed of 7 floors, where the first three are now built and occupied.

Figure 3-Chamber building on Boulevard Bechara El Khoury in 1980.

Figure 4-Chamber’s Glass Building Extension 2004.

Figure 5-Chamber’s University Libano Française ULF.

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Needs | Design Problems Generators

3.2.1- Client The project client is the CCIAT Chamber Of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture ,Tripoli And North Lebanon. A member in the Lebanese Federation of Chambers of Commerce. Deals with all Economic Affairs and sponsors the interests of companies and businessmen whether in trade, industry, or agriculture It plays a leading role in the Lebanese national economy through lobbying the highest interests of the private sector. It has about 20,000 affiliates who renew membership at a rate of 7,000 annually.

Figure 6-CCIAT LOGO. (CCIAT, 2017)

The CCIAT has been founded in 1870 with a series of ten presidents till our days. The present president from 2009 is Toufic Dabousi. The intervention of the new glass building “Chamber’s Glass Building Extension 2004” has been founded I 2004.From then, the glass building didn’t have an ordered maintenance for the envelope. The CCIAT president is aware of the damage and the problems of the building envelope, the action came with a group of engineers working the CCIAT who took the initiative to analyze the building and present proposals.

(CCIAT, 2017)

3.2.2- Designer Designer Building)

Figure 7-AlMabani Genral Contractors. (CCIAT, 2017)

| -Naseem Khoryati ( Old Building) -Rafli Diab ( New Glass

Contractors |-Al Mabani General Contractors (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia) Consultancy | -Eng Amin Marhaba -Arch.Eng Shawki fatfat

The project designer is to be classified as having a development approach, where he was pragmatist, assistance and advocate when it comes to the society relationship. The architect followed the simplicity and the site imitation in his architectural style for the glass extension, while the symbolism in the old building chamber where he used the coper sun barkers and the double brick facade in the Machrabia inspiration and application.

Figure 8-Quality Control Center Laboratories. (CCIAT, 2017)

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3.2.3- Users Individual, a company owner, a factory, a cooperative, a small or a medium-sized enterprise such as : Mutual Fund-Business Development Center- Projects and programs department- Media communication and Public Relations- Business Service Centre- Laboratories and Quality Control Center- Reconciliation and Arbitration Center-Bar Coding- Conference and exhibition venue

Figure 11-Halls Reservation.

Figure 10-Barcoding.

Figure 14-Conciliation & Arbitration Center. Figure 13-Business Service Center.

Figure 12-The Mutual Fund.

Figure 9-Conferences - Seminars Exhibitions.

Some users took the initiate and had to solve personally and on their account the glass façade thermal problem. The action came with a group of engineers working in the CCIAT who took the initiative to analyze the building and present proposals. An analysis report has been presented in the 2013 exposing the building envelope performance and effect on the indoor thermal comfort.

The group includes Eng.Omar Rafii and Arch.Nazih Jamalddine, who achieved the step four in their work, which includes a slight lighting maintenance. (CCIAT, 2017)

3.2.4- Context | Internal Constraints / External Constraints A- Internal Constraints The main relationship between the CCIAT building elements internally is described by the vertical and the horizontal circulation features. The connectivity between the 7 floors (three underground and four over ground) of the Glass Extension is achieved through the vertical circulation core, design and placed in the right wide part of the building, where ¾ of the functions exist. Glass Bridges connect the old building with the new glass extension. For the functional components the building’s three underground floors has a function of a parking for the building’s users and they are connected with the ULF underground and circulation cores. The ground floor of the building consists of a large conference hall and an approaching visitor’s entrance on the right part, and an entrance for the user’s offices on the left part. The first, second and third floors

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are an open plan offices space, mainly owned by the BIAT Business Incubation Association. The fourth floor consists of a quality control center lab (research and development) The Circulation core consists of a stair and two stainless steel glass panoramic elevators. These two element are placed in the order of the stair on the west elevation and the elevators on the east façade (main building façade on the Boulevard road).The problems occurring in the internal constraints of the glass extension building is the mixed and non-ordered circulation plan, where the existing two cores are not specified and ordered between the VIP the users and the visitors.

The circulation links are not accessible from the whole floors, a userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s has to exit the old building sometimes to go to the left part of the glass extension. The mixed undefined parking may also create a problem in the users leading direction, where the university academic staff and the CCIAT users park in the same zone. The lack of treatment and maintenance of the building envelope creates a severe thermal comfort problem in the indoor offices that are mostly occupied more than 7 hours per day. The users treatment is considered temporary and not solving the thermal problem 100 %, it is good the mention also that the problem is sort of solved on the personal credit of each user (renters).

The constructional technical system applied on the building envelope is the spider curtain wall that cause an important amount of thermal bridging (cooling and heating leakage running all over the year seasons) .A damage in the building envelope on the level of the glass panels occur yearly.

Figure 15-Typical Floor of the CCIAT containing business and administration offices (1st, second, third) (Yamak, 2017)

Figure 16-Fourth Floor of the CCIAT containing the Lab. (Yamak, 2017)

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B- External Constraints Place | Natural: The building is located in Tripoli, North Lebanon, classified as the 1-coastal zone according to the thermal standard for buildings in Lebanon 2010. The building land doesn't have topographical levels, it’s a one level flat land. The CCIAT plot area is 3800 m2 (three building area) Build: the Extension glass building has the feature of reflecting the globalization of the modern architecture in the Tripolitan traditional context. The project is specifically located on the Boulevard road where is the modern commerce business occurs. The Boulevard of Bechara El Khouri is a large road running the city of Tripoli, connecting Al Nour Square with Al Bahsas region.

The Boulevard is considerate as the heart of the city since it contains commercial, political, touristic, economical, health services (Hospitals), beauty centers.

Man | Tripoli has a strong bond with its traditional culture, mostly the civilization features are affected and reflects the unique Tripolitan style, in building designs and the community life style and activities. The actual old building of the CCAIT is highly reflecting the tradition of the old Tripoli Mashrabia feature, using the double brick wall and the copper material.

The project location problem are few on the practicality since the Boulevard Road is one of the most commercially active road in Tripoli. The well mentioned problem is the fact of the atmospheric pollutants and smog that existing in the context because of the high vehicles activity during the day and the night.

The severe amount of the co2 existing because of the Boulevard Traffic is a problem for the whole commercial and residential neighborhood. The main building façade is facing the east sun orientation, so that the left glass part is facing the south, equally the second main façade is facing the west. Heating problems are developing with the years and the lake of the façade maintenance. Yearly expenses on the temporary solution (curtains, Window PET Film, MDF window blocker).

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3.2.5- Form | Radical / Practical / Formal / Symbolic A- Radical: The primary purpose of the Glass Extension of the CCIAT is the enlargement of the chamber activity according to in economic importance in Tripoli and especially of the private business sector. The administrative expansion and social proliferation thus the highlight of its leading role in moving the economic cycle in all development requirements starting from founding date up to the present stage. Architecturally the Glass building reflected the power of the chamber and its globalization ability.

B- Practical: On the practical level, the Glass Extension failed in providing the indoor comfort of the users. The building material used totally opposite of the old building in order to reflect the new generation of the CCIAT. Using the steel and the glass and the long span frame covering the old brick Mashrabia building, reveal the concept of saving the old traditional features by the power of the new technology. The glass building is not able to resist the weather, thermal leakage and damaged glass panels are taking place.

C- Formal: The visual organizational of the building has a social and professional conflict in the Tripolitan society. Because of the ultimate contrast used in style and material between the old and the new extension, part of the community vote for its unfitting approach, the other part vote for its needed to have a unique style in its context. A blue sky cloud enveloping the old white and gold building, the modern glass and steel building impose its existing from a confident grand approach on the Boulevard Road characterized by its long horizontal steel frame span.

D- Symbolic: The CCAIT Glass Extension follows no symbolical approaches in its architectural design. Following the modern style of the international architecture traits, the building standing in its context unique catching the interest of the passages eyes.

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Contemporary Values Of Architecture

3.3.1- Human | Functional / Social / Physical / Psychological A- Functional: The main function of the CCIAT if considered to be as an office building. Different types of office exist in this building on its four floors. The main part is an open plan office system where it is located on the right part of the glass building on the first, second and third floor. The left part of the building consists of single closed offices for one or two occupants. The last floor is a continuous laboratory, open plan with a transparency of working concept. Two close office exist in the lab, the director office and the HR and administration office.

B- Social: The practicality of the social interaction in the building is found highly on the open plan offices, where the renting individuals or medium or small companies have the chance to communicate easily since the offices are in a daily physical and visual contact, what increases the chance of having mutual project and exchanging experience and knowledge. The interaction between the individuals in the lab is more on the visual level, since the nature of the lab work needs a quiet and focused ambiance. In the singular offices, the interaction is less found, where each has his task to be done, the common spaces in their case are the meeting rooms and the break lounge.

C- Physical: The designed office spaces varies according the nature of the business occurring. Three types of open plan offices are found in the CCIAT. (No partition desk offices, transparent partition desk offices, opaque closed offices). Three types of private office are found also, where the singular office, two individual office, four individual office. One Large lounge and meeting room is place on each of the first, second and third floor of the open office plan. Meeting rooms varies between medium and big in the one room office part.

D- Psychological: The building users occupy the building almost all the day hours, exposed to view, context, noise, offices colors. According to the survey done, most of the building users are not feeling comfortable in the indoor working space, and the cause refers to the disturbance in the thermal condition of the building. The building has a view to the Boulevard road and the mountains Dahr El Ein, they expresses their pleasant expressions toward it. Each floor has its special offices design according to the nature of offices occupying it.

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3.3.2- Environmental | Site / Climate / Context / Waste A- Site: The CCIAT is accessed from three access road on the Boulevard Main Road and secondary roads. The Boulevard is considerate as high congested in its activity, traffic. The project plot area is about 4000 m2.

B- Climate: Tripoli has a Mediterranean Climate with mild winters and moderately hot summers. According to the thermal standard for buildings in Lebanon, the CCIAT is in the zone 1 Costal. On average, the warmest month(s) are July, August and September.

Figure 17-Tripoli Urban Map. (Yamak, 2017)

Most rainfall (rainy season) is seen in January, February, March, September, October and November. Tripoli has dry periods in May, June and July. On average, the warmest month is August. On average, the coolest month is January. November is the wettest month. This month should be avoided if you don't like too much rain. June is the driest month.

C- Context: The projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s context is considered in Tripoli from the most active in the commercial activity. The Boulevard of Bechara El Khouri is a large road running the city of Tripoli, connecting Al Nour Square with Al Bahsas region. The Boulevard is considerate as the heart of the city since it contains commercial , political , touristic, economical, health services(Hospitals), beauty centers.

D- Waste: The CCAIT Glass Extension has no recycling or reuse of waste systems. Lately the consulting engineer Nazih Jamalelddine is working with his group to improve the energy waste by redesigning the lighting system and

Figure 18-Boulevard Bechara El Khouri .

(Yamak, 2017)

Figure 19.Cciat Buildings. (Yamak, 2017)

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replacing the incandescent lamp by LED ones. The building wastes a quite important amount of energy because of its problem of thermal leakage on its five over ground floors.

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3.3.3- Cultural | Historical / Institutional / Political A- Historical When the Ottoman Empire began in 1824 organizing Foreign Trade, local and international Agencies and chain stores, Sultan Mahmud II (1784-1839 AD) issued by Royal Decree No. 93 / for the year 1240 AH / 1824 " Shahbandar System " in the cities complemented with 2 other decrees: 54 for the year 1245 AH / 1829 and 153 for the year 1247 AH / 1831, and a system to resolve disputes between traders which was released in 1839 and the "Alwirko" trading system. The Shahbandar system paved the way to the emergence of "Chambers of Commerce System" interpreted as such half a century later.

B- Institutional If Tripoli ‘s Chamber was born in 1870, according to researchers opinion in Ottoman history, then it was founded under the prevailing Shahbandar Traders system of the nineteenth century and business activities in the city were within the "soap Khan," the very first headquarters of Tripoli’s Chamber of Commerce.

There were numerous headquarters for Tripoli and the North Chamber after the “soap Khan”: 1. Offices of Heads of Tripoli’s Chamber 2. In Sheikh Kazem Mikati Office building 3. In Dirani office Building 4-Chamber building on Boulevard Bechara El Khoury in 1980 5- Chamber’s Glass Building Extension 2004 C- Political  President X: Since 2009, President Toufic Dabboussi  President IX: Abdallah Nazem Ghandour (19982009)  President VIII: Mohammad Ibrahim Zock(19951998)

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President VII: Dr. Hassan Al Sabah, Najib Monla (1986- 1995) President VI: Najib Mahmoud Monla (19451986) President V: Aref Al Hasan (1934- 1945) Post World War II President IV: Rashad Adib (1928 - 1934) (CCIAT, 2017)

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3.3.4- Technological | Material / Systems / Processes A- Material The building design consists of the application and use of the glass and steel only in the building envelope. Where a double glazing glass panels form the whole building from the four elevation on the same design and a symmetrical method. The steel used as the façade structure bracing. The glass is installed without a beneficial treatment, what made the building to be considered as non-healthy neither safe to be occupied by the users. The façade orientation of east and south has the most damaging and thermal problems. The untreated glass panel transmit the solar radiation without any barrier for its UV or heat gain. The heated steel also may damage the building structure system by the time.

B- Systems The building structure system used is the steel frame that allows the span of 24 m. using this structure reflect the concept of the designer who wanted to give a grand approach to the building and translating the economic power of the institution in the most important commercial street in Tripoli. The spider system curtain wall with the H beams bracing are used for the faced. The interior finishing is nothing of high ending standards, the contractors didn’t focus on the interior quality of the spaces what required a ritual maintenance.

C- Processes The CCIAT is developing it’s headquarter through the years. A current building is in building progress, the ULF building. Originally the owner is the CCIAT, the university is just a renting client. The building will take place in several few years and it will be consisting of 7 floors. The future building is located on the west façade of the existing glass extension, what prevent and save the façade of that last from the heat gain caused by the sun radiation on the afternoon hours on the dawn hours.

Figure 20- CCIAT Glass Facade. (Yamak, 2017)

Figure 21-Spider curtain wall system applied on the CCIAT facade. (CCIAT, 2017)

Figure 22-South-West Facade drawing. (CCIAT, 2017)

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3.3.5- Temporal| Growth / Change / Permanence A- Growth The CCIAT is developing its headquarter through the years. A current building is in building progress, the ULF building. Originally the owner is the CCIAT, the university is just a renting client.

The building will take place in several few years and it will be consisting of 7 floors. The future building is located on the west faรงade of the existing glass extension, what prevent and save the faรงade of that last from the heat gain caused by the sun radiation on the afternoon hours on the dawn hours.

Figure 23-Future CCIAT extension of the ULF building. (Yamak, 2017)

B- Change The CCIAT is changing in its building style every time in order to show its capability in the technological development and prove its economic power. The changing are occurring also in its internal systems, where changes in the advantage of the building are recently applied, a new lighting system and a study for a new HVAC system in on plan now.

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C- Permanence The scale of the CCIAT building recalls its permanence. The institution is working a medium scale projects building but comparing to its context itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s always a unique touch in the Tripolitan region, where it is the only official international style office building.

3.3.6- Building Related Pictures A- Building Exterior Picture

Figure 24-CCIAT Main East elevation. (Yamak, 2017)

Figure 25-Glass Extension Main Entrance. (Yamak, 2017)

Figure 26-Glass Extension south facade. (Yamak, 2017)

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B- Building Interior Pictures

Figure 28-Interior Open Plan Offices.

Figure 27-Open Plan Office Type 2.

Figure 29-Interior Open Plan Offices.

Figure 30-BIAT Office Entrance Hall.

Figure 31- Lab Main Corridor.

Figure 32- Lab Offices.

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C- CCIAT Complete Project Physical Model

Figure 35-East Facade Of The CCIAT.

Figure 33-North East Facade Of The CCIAT.

Figure 36-East South Facade Of The CCIAT.

Figure 34-South West Facade Of The CCIAT.

D- Building 3d Model Diagrams

Figure 37- Research project Case CCIAT. (Yamak, 2017)

The diagram in figure 48 describes the CCIAT building in the color red and its context in black, the diagram shows the unique form of the building comparing to existing buildings in the context.

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Figure 38- CCIAT context's buildings function. (Yamak, 2017)

The diagram in figure 49 shows the land use of the CCIAT context, a recognized number of mixed use building, where the two function of residential and commercial. Only one education building exists that is the ULF building campus, and an engineering and commercial building stands next to the CCIAT on the main highway.

Figure 39- Glass Extension Floors. (Yamak, 2017)

The diagram in the figure 50 show the five levels of the CCIAT, where the first level is considered to be a main entrance lecture and conference hall from the long building side, and an entrance for the offices on the short side. The three following levels are open plan offices, on the long building side, and individual offices, on the short side. The last level, fourth level, is entirely a quality control laboratory with its offices on the short side.

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Figure 40- function of the CCIAT floors. (Yamak, 2017)

The diagram in figure 51 describes the various functions of the CCIAT in order. What shows the different aspects of the building and the relationship between the occupancy of the floor and the functionality of the building envelope.

Figure 41- The most affected elevations, east and south elevations. (Yamak, 2017)

The last diagram shows the most harmed elevation of the building according to the sun orientation in the context. Where it is found the east and south elevations that also the most occupied and used in the different times of the day.

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CHAPTER FOUR 4- CASE STUDIES OVERVIEW AND ANALYSIS 4.1-

Case Study I : Ch2 Melbourne City Council House 2 six star rating system administered by the Green Building Council of Australia.

4.1.1- Description Council House 2 was the first building of its kind to be completed in Australia. Completed in 2006 for the City of Melbourne, the mixed-use structure was designed by DesignInc Melbourne and Mick Pearce.

A driving concept of the building is that the architecture and its visual expression should respond to the natural, socio-cultural and economic environment of its location in the same way that an ecosystem in nature is embedded in its site. A driving concept of the building is that the architecture and its visual expression should respond to the natural, sociocultural and economic environment of its location in the same way that an ecosystem in nature is embedded in its site.CH2 is a mixed development with retail on the ground floor and nine floors of offices above. It was completed in September 2006 and occupied in November. A post-occupancy survey was made in 2008 by an independent surveyor from London. CH2 achieved 6-star as-built rating in January 2010.The Council House 2 (CH2) office building was designed in collaboration with City of Melbourne to be a holistic system with its occupants as participants.

Figure 42- CH2 Building Concept. (Morris, 2017)

Figure 43- CH2 Building Features. (Morris, 2017)

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The design follows a model that promotes a more interactive role between the city and nature, in which all parties depend on each other.CH2 employs both literal and metaphorical expressions of environmental intentions in its architectural composition.

4.1.2- Building Facades Features.

Nature is used as inspiration for façades that moderate climate, tapered ventilation ducts integrate with day lighting strategies and an evocative undulating concrete floor structure that plays a central role in the building’s heating and cooling.

A- Temperature Gradient Of A Fluid, Water, To Condition The Air In The Building

Figure 44- North Facade. (Morris, 2017)

CH2 also uses another temperature gradient of a fluid, water, to condition the air in the building. First, water is “mined” from the sewage supply of the city, triple filtered and then put to work flushing toilets, watering plants and conditioning the air. The AC water is run down the outside of the structure through five 15-meter “shower towers” (below) which create evaporative cooled air for induction into the lower commercial spaces.

The remaining water is piped into basement storage where it is cooled through a phase change apparatus and distributed when needed. The phase change apparatus is made up of 10,000 stainless steel spheres containing salts with a high freezing point (15 degrees C) which are frozen at night and then used to chill the water for distribution during the day, much like ice cubes chill Figure 45-Shower Towers On The North Facade. your drink as they melt. This newly cooled water is (Morris, 2017) pumped from the basement to chilled beams at every level of the building. These beams are arrayed copper pipes that drop cool air down later in the day when the effects of the night purge have worn off.

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B- Thermal mass to absorb heat, reduces heat gain by a strategic placement of glazing.

This building also uses thermal mass to absorb heat, reduces heat gain by a strategic placement of glazing, and produces power and heat by photovoltaic and thermal solar panels and a gas-fired cogeneration plant.

It also hosts an equivalent amount of plant leaf surface to the site (to replace what theoretically was lost by development of the land), which oxygenates the air indoors and out. The building receives a fresh air change every half hour, and the owner claims a 10.9 percent improvement in worker productivity as the biggest payback from the $11 million (Australian) ventilation system. This increased productivity is calculated to be worth over $2 million (AUD) a year in staff time and means that the investment will likely pay for itself in 5-6 years.

C- The passive ventilation treatment CH2 is cooled by a timely management of the difference in temperature between night air and day air. In this case, a whole side of the building is opened up to direct air intake through automatic shutters made from recycled wood (left).

This â&#x20AC;&#x153;night purgeâ&#x20AC;? vents the warmer air directly from the office and shop spaces and cools down the overhead mass of concrete. The warm air rises up to openings in the ceiling and then travels through hollow floors to a vertical shaft and eventually to roof vents. This passive treatment alone is enough to keep the spaces comfortable for a part of the day. Cooled fresh air rises up through floor registers throughout the day.

Figure 46- South Facade. (Morris, 2017)

Figure 47- West Facade. (Morris, 2017)

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Figure 48- Air Flow Offices. (Morris, 2017)

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Figure 49- Cooling the Offices. (Morris, 2017)

VENTILATION STACKS: Ventilation stacks have been designed to the north and south of the building. To the north the stacks have been designed to be dark increasing in size up the building to support air movement, whilst reducing windows sizes. That is, largest windows at street level where there are the least natural light gradually reducing window sizes until at the top there is the most natural light and therefore the smallest windows.

CHILLED BEAMS AND CEILING PANELS: Cold water will be used to remove most of the unwanted heat from the building. The panels and beams simply run chilled water through them: the water absorbs the heat from the air cooling it and taking the heat away.

PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL: The design includes the use of a phase change material to cool the water for the chilled beams and panels. This is often referred to as the ‘battery’ of the building – storing the coolth generated from the shower towers and chillers to be used when needed. Thus it will efficiently help to keep the water circulating through the chilled panels and beams at the desired temperature.

SHOWER TOWERS: The final feature of the design that aids in the control of the indoor air environment is the shower towers on the southern façade. Outside air is drawn in from 17 metres or more above street level and channelled into the shower towers on the south side of CH2. The towers are made from tubes of lightweight fabric 1.4 metres in diameter. As the air falls within the shower tower it is cooled by evaporation from the shower of water. The cool air is supplied to the retail spaces and the cool water is supplied to the phase change material ‘battery’ where the ‘coolth’ is stored for the rest of the building when required.

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4.1.3- How It Works: Navigation Tool A- Day Mode

Figure 50- Building Environmental performance on the Day Mode.

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B-Night Mode

Figure 51- Building Environmental performance on the Night Mode.

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B- Summer Mode

Figure 52- Building Environmental performance on the Summer Mode.

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C- Winter Mode

Figure 53- Building Environmental performance on the winter Mode.

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4.1.4- Environmental features A- Air Movement Instead of supplying the office spaces with about 85% recirculated air, as is normal in typical variable air volume air conditioning systems for office buildings, CH2 will not recycle any air. All the air supplied to the office spaces will be 100% filtered fresh air drawn from roof level, supplied via the south ducts and exhausted via the north ducts.

Figure 54- Floor Air Movement. (Morris, 2017)

B- People and Health CH2 is a healthy building, with clean, fresh air and non-toxic finishes helping staff stay healthy, alert and effective at work. Physical and visual access to nature is encouraged by providing shared edge spaces for social interaction or private escape C- Heating and cooling Much effort has been invested in ways to cool, rather than heat, the building. This is because human activity and electronic equipment give off vast amounts of heat. The building and its air-conditioning system are designed to capture and use that heat so the major need for energy is for cooling.

D- Light and shading Lower floors receive less daylight than upper floors so windows on the north and south facades are larger on the lower floors than the upper ones. This allows the total amount of glass to be minimized, reducing energy loss, while maintaining desirable natural light levels. Shading to control sun and glare will be used on the north, east and west facades.

Figure 55- People and Health in the building. (Morris, 2017)

Figure 56-Lighting and Shading. (Morris, 2017)

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E- Water Cycle About 100,000 litres of black (toilet) water a day will be extracted from the main sewer in Little Collins Street. The sewage, along with any generated on site, will be put through a multi- water treatment plant. The treatment plant and building rain water collection will supply 100 per cent of non- drinking water for water cooling, plant watering and toilet flushing needs.

F- Landscape Breakout balconies, winter gardens and roof tops are extensively landscaped to provide occupants access to nature. Recycled water is used in vertical gardens running the full height of the northern faรงade. The vertical gardens assist with shading, glare and air quality. Plants will be grown from special planter boxes built into the balconies on every story.

Figure 57- Water Cycle in the Building. (Morris, 2017)

G- Energy Flow > Low energy computing > Low energy lighting > Electricity from co-generation > Heat from co-generation > Heat recovery > Solar hot water > Solar photovoltaic cells > Wind turbines Figure 58-Landscape in the Building. (Morris, 2017)

> Shower towers > Phase change material

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4.1.5- Description of Process and Technologies Conclusion CH2 has been designed to be a highly energy efficient and sustainable building, with all its systems and spaces forming an interconnected and inter-related whole. Much like a living organism, the building requires all of its limbs and organs to be fully integrated and able to function in unison. We use the term ‘biomimicry’ to describe this attempt to learn from nature and ‘mimic’ it into the design. Below is a brief outline of this biological synergy (where relevant to the paper, some of these are elaborated on later in the text): • Leaf structure: air cleaning and processing, combined with collecting energy and dissipating heat.

• Growth plane: roof terrace supporting living plants and grasses for the enjoyment of building inhabitants.

• Bronchia: enclosed duct spaces for delivery of vital gases.

• Root: network of connections to ground, provision of public services, buttressing to the city plane, sewer mining for non potable water.

• Stem: primary core structure and arterial volume providing network of reticulated fluids, gases and nervous system of building for control of cooling, heating and ventilation.

• Epidermis: external layer of skin for protection from the elements.

• Dermis: sub-layer of skin composed of enclosed spaces to filter wind, light and sound.

• Antennae: vertical mast carrying vegetation and weather monitoring equipment for control of cooling, heating and ventilation.

• Bark: external ventilation module for waste and toilets, with inhabitable external balconies.

• Soft body: the internal activity zone of the building where climate is modified for people.

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4.1.6- Project Environmental Values A- Innovation • Chilled ceilings •

Multi-Water Reuse (MWR) SEWER MINING PLANT

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Sprinkler water reclaim

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Phase Change Materials (PCM) THERMAL STORAGE

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Shower towers for cooling

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Building integrated wind turbines

B- Emissions • 80% reduction in sewer emissions through the Multi-Water Reuse (MWR) plant •

Refrigerants with zero Ozone Depleting Potential (ODP)

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Refrigerant leak detection

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Storm-water pollution management and treatment

C- Land Use And Ecology Besides introducing vegetation, there is no major impact on site ecology because the building replaces an old inner city car park D- Water • 72% reduction in mains water consumption compared to the existing Council House of similar size •

Multi-Water Reuse (MWR) sewer mining plant

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Sprinkler water reclaim and rainwater collection

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4A rated fittings

E-Materials • Recycling facilities for office waste •

PVC minimization

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Sustainably sourced timber

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Fully integrated with fit-out.

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F-Transport • 25% of car parking spaces are FOR SMALL CARS •

Bicycle parking provided

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Cyclist shower and changing FACILITIES PROVIDED

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Ample public transport facilities available for commuters

` • 85% reduction in electricity consumption compared to the existing Council House of similar size •

87% reduction in gas consumption compared to the existing Council House of similar size

• 87% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions compared to the existing Council House of similar size •

5 Star ABGR + 20% reduction in carbon dioxide

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Solar photovoltaic cells for electricity generation

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Building integrated wind turbines

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Phase Change Material (PCM) thermal storage

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Waste heat utilization from electricity co- generation

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Low energy cooling system for offices via chilled ceilings

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Low energy T5 lighting system with small area zoning

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Sub-metering for tenants and substantive energy uses.

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Daylight responsive light dimming

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Shower towers for cooling

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Gas boosted solar hot water

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Night time cooling via natural ventilation

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4.1.7- Related Pictures

Figure 61-Oblique view of the north facade balconies. (Morris, 2017)

Figure 62-Detail of one of the wind turbines crowning the building.

(Morris, 2017)

Figure 60-The roof terrace is lined with wind turbines and features.

(Morris, 2017)

Figure 63-The west facade as seen from Swanston Street, with shutters open. These automatically open and close in response to sun angle and time of day (Morris, 2017)

Figure 59-Detail of the east facade.

(Morris, 2017)

Figure 64-Looking along the Little Collins Street facade, with the shower towers lit. Image. (Morris, 2017)

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CASE STUDY II : Q1, THYSSENKRUPP QUARTER ESSEN / JSWD ARCHITEKTEN + CHAIX & MOREL ET ASSOCIÉS/ GERMAN SOCIETY FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDING (DGNB)

4.2.1- Description ThyssenKrupp AG, clearly turns its attention to the region where the technology giant has its roots.

Typologically, the new quarter follows the idea of campus architecture, an ensemble of various individual buildings on a “green carpet” with trees, connecting paths and small squares. Expectations were focused on a structure that would flexibly react to changes within the company.

Figure 66-Figure 20- Q1, ThyssenKrupp Quarter Essen. (archdaily.com, 2013)

The Q1 building is the readily noticeable accent at Figure 67-Stainless steel skin in close state. the center of the structure-providing main water (archdaily.com, 2013). axis. The overriding design motif applied to all the new buildings on the campus is the “shell – core” principle. All buildings in the quarter are composed of L- shaped elements enclosing a shared central space. This gives a clear alignment not only to the headquarters (Q1) but also the forum building (Q2) and the neighboring office buildings Q5 and Q7.

Figure 65-Figure 22-Q1 ThyssenKrupp Quarter Essen There are two types of facade: One faces the second skin facade. (archdaily.com, 2013) central space, the other faces the exterior and is therefore responsible for the impact the buildings create in the surrounding area.

Figure 68-Figure 23-Stainless steel skin in open state. (archdaily.com, 2013)

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The use of geometrical nestling of its volumes around a common center creates not only an exciting exterior appearance, but also fascinating interior spatial progressions. Two monumental landscape windows act as delimiters on the north and south sides. The new, highly efficient sun protection system has a key role in the overall appearance of Q1. The circa 400,000 stainless steel lamellas are oriented in response to the location of the sun and enable light redirection without blocking the view.

All of the buildings are simple glazed structures but their appearance is unique because of their second façade. The buildings are wrapped in automated sunshade systems with Type 316 stainless steel horizontal and vertical slats or custom perforated sunscreens. These active motorized sunshade systems have moveable triangular, square and trapezoidal fins are automatically adjusted with changing conditions to save energy. Used in combination with natural ventilation, the system eliminated the need for air conditioning.

Figure 70-Figure 14- Bioclimatic Facade Pattern and fixation. (archdaily.com, 2013)

4.2.2- Case Study Conclusion  Use the skin as water collecting device/ Use the stainless steel 316/ Use the perforated design for sunshades panels  Use sun direction responsive skin Figure 69-Figure 25- Sun direction responsive facade. (archdaily.com, 2013) panels/Control the use of different types of blade unit with excel data  Design a pattern through the arrangement of the skin panels/Refine the pattern as adaptive components  Use a combination with natural ventilation whereas no need for indoor artificial ventilation/ Use sun direction to drive the parametric changes of the shading device.

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4.3- Building Skins That Breathe, Farm Energy, and Gobble Up Toxins 4.3.1- Second-Skin Façade Technology In bioclimatic design, two façade layers, an insulated wall and a second shading or sheltering layer, are used so that the inner wall is shielded from weather. The windows in the inner wall are operable and sometimes computer controlled to maximize natural ventilation. A variety of technologies are being used for the outer façade including louvers, woven mesh, perforated screens and green (plant) screens. They may actively change with varying conditions or remain passively fixed.

The outer façade can transform the appearance of lower cost new buildings or revitalize outdated existing facades at a much more reasonable cost than a more elaborate curtain wall. This makes them a cost effective aesthetic choice for renovation or new construction. (imoa, n.d.)

4.3.2- Active Second-Skin Façade Systems There are many variations on active second-skin façades. Hybrid systems employ an operable shading system over the insulated glass façade, which maybe between inner and outer glass layers or be the outermost wall. The two layers can be from 0.2 to 2 m (0.7 to 6.6 ft) apart, and incorporate integrated sunshades and natural ventilation. (imoa, n.d.)

All have computer-controlled mechanical operating systems that work with the building’s heating and cooling systems, making it possible for them to respond dynamically to varying conditions.

By adjusting to match the sun’s trajectory, they maximize the benefits of solar radiation while minimizing heat gain. Energy is necessary to operate these assemblies, and maintenance of the mechanical and sensing systems is required so they are not suitable for all applications. (imoa, n.d.)

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4.3.4- Breathing Faรงade/ A Facade That Eats Smog The hospital is cloaked in a 300-foot-long skin of Prosolve370e tiles, developed by a German firm called Elegant Embellishments. The technology is based on the same process: As air filters around the sponge-shaped structures, UV-light-activated free radicals destroy any existing pollutants, leaving the air cleaner for the patients inside. According to Fast Company, even the shape of the sun screen is significant: It creates turbulence and slows down air flow around the building, while scattering the UV light needed to activate the chemical reaction.

The modules are coated with a superfine titanium dioxide (TiO2), a pollution-fighting technology that is activated by ambient daylight. This is the nano photocatalytic version of conventional TiO2 commonly used as pigment and already known for its self-cleaning and germicidal qualities. It requires only small amounts of naturally occurring UV light and humidity to effectively reduce air pollutants into harmless amounts of carbon dioxide and water. When positioned near pollution sources, the coated tiles break down and neutralize NOx (nitrogen oxides) and VOCs (volatile organic compounds) directly where they are generated. (gizmodo, n.d.)

The design of the tiles is generated to maximize the coating technology, achieving new levels of surface area and complexity, capturing omni-directional light where light is dense or scarce. The sculptural surfaces maintain an inherent synergy between design form and the molecular technology.

Derived from a five-fold symmetric pattern, the underlying substrate for the tiling is a mathematical grid that appears irregular, yet is made of few constituent parts. The new, nonorthogonal grid creates a seemingly non-repetitive, tiled pattern, resulting in visual randomness, a desirable aesthetic that is typically achieved through bespoke design and expense.

The modularity of the system enables complex architectural shapes to be accessible, benefiting from economies of scale.

While the pattern resembles organic growth, the system is still composed with only two repeating modules. (gizmodo, n.d.)

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4.3.5- An Energy-Producing Algae Facade This 2,150-square-foot wall, unveiled in Germany this spring, is the result of three years of testing by a group of designers from Splitterwerk Architects and Arup. Its vibrant chartreuse hue isn't just an aesthetic flourishâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; in fact, it's tinted by millions of microscopic algae plants, which are being fed nutrients and oxygen to spur biomass production. Facilitated by direct sunlight, the speedily-growing little cells end up heating the water, and that heat is harvested by the system and stored for use in the building.

Figure 71-BIQ - the world's first algae powered building.

by BIQ is a new model of living, which is based on the idea that the distinction between workplace and home is ever thinning, making traditional rigid apartment layouts somewhat obstructive. Two of the building's fifteen apartments have no separate rooms, instead they are large versatile spaces, which the resident can configure "on demand" to something which suits them.

Algae is quickly becoming a new buzzword in the fields of bio-architecture and energy production. As the likes of BP and Exxon put their money behind algae-fuel projects, algae-facades are increasingly being seen as a solution to the problem of sustainably powering buildings. Aside from being able to produce biomass and hydrogen, they can also be used to detect pollution and absorb carbon dioxide while releasing oxygen. Several conceptual projects have been proposed by architects.

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4.3.5- A Light-Responsive Facade That "Breathes" This pair of Abu Dhabi towers are sheathed in a thin skin of glass—fashionable, but not ideal for the desert climate. So the architects at Aedas designed a special, secondary sun screen that deflects some of the glare without permanently blocking the views. Thanks to a series of faceted fiberglass rosettes—based on traditional Islamic mashrabiya—which open and close in response to the temperature of the facade.

“At night they will all fold, so they will all close, so you’ll see more of the facade," Aedas director Peter Oborn told The National. "It's using an old technique in a modern way, which also responds to the aspiration of the emirate to take a leadership role in the area of sustainability."

The screen operates as a curtain wall, sitting two meters outside the buildings’ exterior on an independent frame. Each triangle is coated with fiberglass and programmed to respond to the movement of the sun as a way to reduce solar gain and glare. In the evening, all the screens will close.

Figure 72-Al Bahr pair of Abu Dhabi towers.

Figure 73-4.3.5"Breathes".

A Light-Responsive Facade That

“At night they will all fold, so they will all close, so you’ll see more of the facade. As the sun rises in the morning in the east, the mashrabiya along the east of the building will all begin to close and as the sun moves round the building, then that whole vertical strip of mashrabiya will move with the sun,” said Peter Oborn, the deputy chairman of Aedas.

Figure 74. Facade adopted from the Machrabiah concept.

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Case Studies Chapter Conclusion

The different approaches presented in the case studies upward, is able to inspire the proposed façade design of the CCIAT on its various stages. The CouncilHouse2 (CH2) encourages the proposal on using the climate responsive energy generation features such as the wind turbines and the photovoltaic panels. The second case study Q1, Thyssenkrupp Quarter Essen, showed the importance of sun direction responsive skin panels, what adds not only the environmental feature to the façade but also a continuous changing façade design according the day time and season.

In what concern the material, the use of stainless steel 316 for the façade structure, and taking advantage of its different specifications is a suitable choice, especially because of the coastal location of the CCIAT. To moderate the cost of the material, aluminum panels, perforated according to a specific design approach can be applied.

The following are the conclusion in points of the case studies preview and analysis:

Design features:  

Adapting the concept modular design and construction Applying a responsive and adaptive intelligent building façade design

Environmental features:   

Use sun direction responsive skin panels Solar photovoltaic cells for electricity generation Facade integrated wind turbines

Material Features:  

Adapting the Stainless steel 316 material for the façade structure Adapting the aluminum perforated patterned panels

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CHAPTRE FIVE 5.

Urban Context, Surrounding Site and Building and selected office analysis of the CCIAT

5.1- Introduction This chapter will present a detailed study concerning the feature on the different levels on of urban context, surrounding site, CCIAT glass extension building itself and the selected office to build the study on the basis of its environmental metric measurements.

A progressive analysis transitioning from a macro urban study level to a micro specific office level.

Passing through three main phases, each describes the features, analysis facts and discover problem related to the building of CCIAT. Starting with and Urban analysis, where Bechara el Khouri Boulevard is observed in real world and analyzed from its various factors including buildings, circulation, condition, activities and it future perspective and proposed solutions. At the end of this phase, resolutions are set toward a achieving a Future Green Tripoli.

A second phase of analysis studies on a closer scale the CCAIT glass extension building surrounding. In the phase the analysis emphasizes on the surrounding factors affecting on the building performance, such as the nearby buildings, accessible road and its traffic factor, vehicles possible CO2 emission and noise level and activities occurring. In the end of this phase the results will identify the built environment factors affecting the effectiveness of the CCIAT building envelope.

The third phase of analysis focuses on defining the most thermally affected elevation and describing it current state with its attached offices indoor environmental problems. At its end, this phase will clarify the design and executive problems causing the disturbance of the indoor environmental quality problems, specifically the thermal conditions.

CCIAT Boulevard Urban Context

CCIAT Glass Building Extension

CCIAT Laboratory Office

Figure 75- Analysis Hierarchy. (Yamak, 2017)

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5.2- Urban Context Analysis of the CCIAT 5.2.1- Tripoli plan and a Zoomed-Out Plan of Bechara El KHouri Boulevard.

Bechara el khouri street is located on the South of Tripoli map. The project’s

context is considered in Tripoli from the most active in the commercial activity. The Boulevard of Bechara El Khouri is a large road running the city of Tripoli, connecting Al Nour Square with Al Bahsas region. The Boulevard is considerate as the heart of the city since it contains commercial , political , touristic, economical, health services(Hospitals), beauty centers. As it is shown in figure 69, the street is separating and linking ate the same time the old Tripoli with its new approach of Dam w Farez region. What makes the street on of the interesting converging spot of two economical and social class levels.

Figure 76- The Boulevard of Bechara El Khoury is considered as the separation axe between the old Tripoli Region and the New Planning of Tripoli. (Yamak, 2017)

Note 1 : The site’s converging feature of old and new Tripoli adds on the climate responsive façade proposal the possibility of adapting traditional architectural and arts patterns and applying it on innovative design concepts and mechanism.

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5.2.2- Solid and Void Plans of Bechara el Khoury Boulevard.

Solid and Void plans demonstration the increase growth of the new Tripoli region, and the congestion of the old Tripoli Region. The Connecting Boulevard is shown as the most affected by this growth. The Plans also are showing the empty land of the Boulevard Street. The Future prospective projects form around 40% of the region. What gives an important possibility of applying environmental friendly architectural design in the aim of building a future Green Tripoli.

It is recognized as the figure 71 shows, the surrounding of the CCIAT site from the north, east and west detached lands, is totally built. Large unbuilt lands located near the CCIAT plot may be green spaces, providing the project a good view and O2 emission support.

Figure 77- The Plans are showing the empty land of the Boulevard Street. The Future prospective projects form around 40% of the Boulevard region. What gives an important possibility of applying environmental architectural design in the aim of building a Green Tripoli.

Note 2: The possibility of having green spaces around the CCIAT plot encourages on adapting a climate responsive faรงade proposal that respect the visual orientation provided by the building context. Office buildings require the availability of a green interior or exterior view to conserve the psychology of the full time occupying employees.

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5.2.3- Land â&#x20AC;&#x201C;Use Plan and Focal Points in the Bechara El Khoury Boulevard.

Figure 79- Land-Use Plan Of the Boulevard, showing the high variety of activities existing in the street, where the commercial and residential ones are the most spreading, also the existence of two Gas Stations to supply the vehicles high congested street. A Public Park is situated right behind the CCIAT with an approximate area of 17000 m2. (Yamak, 2017)

Figure 78- The Focal Points Plan showing the most attractive locations situated on the Boulevard. It is recognized that the northern side of the street is more active and congested in buildings and vehicles than its southern side. The CCIAT Building is located in the middle of this scenario, where it faces the problem of crowding. (Yamak, 2017)

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Land Use Plan: the land use plan diagram showing in figure73, demonstrates the various activities occurring in the Boulevard Street. The most reigning are the mixed used residential and commercial buildings, where are concentrated on the main street two elevations, especially on the old Tripoli sector. New Tripoli clearly is adapting a developed urban planning, where residential buildings are not attached to commercial store at its ground floor. This is showed in the pure residential street parallel to Bechara el khoury on the west direction. Five institutional building exist al along the Boulevard, the CCIAT is the only modern office building in its region. A recognized garden located on the south west direction of the CCIAT, the public garden offers the nearby building a natural view and an O2 emission supporting the air quality during the day hours.

One religious building, that is a mosque, is situated at the start of the street from Al Nour Square direction. What determines the Islamic typology of the region culture. Other service activities like restaurants, gas stations, library and two universities are also on the long of the street.

Focal Points Plan: the focal points in the figure 72, shows the most attraction locations situated

on the Boulevard. It is recognized that the northern side of the street is more active and congested in buildings and vehicles than its southern side. The CCIAT Building is located in the middle of this scenario, where it faces the crowd problem.

Note 3: The Land-Use plan shows a green park situated on the south west orientation of the CCIAT building. It will call to conserve the visual interaction with nature when designing the climate responsive faรงade for the south west direction.

Note 4: The focal points on the street are many, what increase the vehicles and traffic level, by default an increasing in the CO2 emission will occur, what affect the CCIAT glass extension, especially if it not well insulated. The faรงade proposal must resolve the flow of the built environment and traffic CO2 to the interior offices.

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5.2.4- Bechara El Khoury Roads Plan Typology, order, direction and congestions points plans.

Figure 80- Road Importance Order Plan. (Yamak, 2017)

Figure 81- Boulevard Region roads direction Plan. (Yamak, 2017)

Figure 82- Boulevard Congestion Points Plan.

(Yamak, 2017)

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Bechara El Khoury Street Roads Typology: The plan diagram in figure 76 shows the existence of four roads types. The main Boulevard road divaricates to have secondary and tertiary roads.

The main road from time to time is under infrastructure enhancement by Tripoli Municipality, in this case the secondary and tertiary roads get more congested. On ritual activity, the main Boulevard road is highly congested in the morning and after-noon hours, since it is connected to Beirut Highway. The west side in new Tripoli plan road, is less crowded because of the pure residential activity. The east side in old Tripoli road is way more congested because of the commercial and industrial activities occurring in the street.

Boulevard street connects the Al Nour Square and Al Koura Square. What makes the street hosting not only Tripolitan, but also from neighboring regions like Dahr El Ein.

Bechara El Khoury Street Roads Direction: the main Boulevard Street has two directions separated by a green axe from its start till its end. As it is shown in figure 75, a U turn exist in its almost middle way, connected to Abou Samra Bridge. The secondary roads are two direction with no separation built axe, so as the case of the tertiary roads.

Bechara El Khoury Congestion Points: the congestion points are focused on the two main squares of Al Nour and Al Koura. The figure 74 shows other medium congestion points on the entrances if the secondary roads directly attached to the main boulevard street. Low congestion points are found on the residential region in the new Tripoli plan. The new residential buildings are attached to their underground parkingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, what decrease the need to park in the secondary roads and ease the traffic flow.

Note 5: The fact of high congestion points at Boulevard street must be supported by a numerical observation. An observation will estimate the amount of CO2 emission in the region and the level of its effect on the built environment.

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5.2.5- Buildings existing at the Boulevard Context.

Figure 83- Service, Commercial and Institutional Buildings existing on the surrounding Context of the CCIAT. (Yamak, 2017) YAMAK,G. 2017, Bioclimatic Design For Administration Buildings North Lebanon

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Figure 84- Buildings along the Boulevard. (Yamak, 2017)

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Figure 85- Road Pictures. (Yamak, 2017)

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Figure 86-Rod Pictures. (Yamak, 2017)

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5.2.6- CCIAT Surrounding Site Analysis The CCIAT building surrounding analysis includes a study for the surrounded buildings condition, height and activity.

Buildings Height of the CCIAT Surrounding Context in figure 87, shows the majority, in a percentage of 85%, are buildings with a 6 to 10 floors. The CCIAT glass extension building is of five floors, and the old brick building is of three floors. The CCIAT nearby building are of 30 m height, but on a cross road distance from the North South, South West and West directions. The advantage of having this situation is the dropped shadow coming from the surrounding on the CCIAT glass building.

Buildings Condition of the CCIAT Surrounding Context diagram in the figure 88, shows the difference between the new the old and new Tripoli plan, where excellent condition buildings are in the new plan, and the medium to bad condition buildings are in the old Tripoli plan. The CCIAT buildings have the three conditions, where its new Ulf building is the recent one, the glass building is in good condition and the brick one is in medium condition.

The analysis of the building condition shows the CCIAT glass building is a good condition, but in fact its performance is not as old as its architectural external stat.

Figure 87- Buildings Height of the CCIAT Surrounding Context.

(Yamak, 2017)

Figure 88- Buildings Condition of the CCIAT Surrounding Context.

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1.2.1- Roads Activity Monitoring An onsite monitoring has been made on the three roads surrounding the CCIAT building in the aim of counting the vehicles passing what can affect the emission of the co2 in the region. The observation included also a noise metering on the same three streets in the aim of detecting the noise factor that may affect the indoor spaces sound comfort of the building.

The monitoring was made through a personal observation of the researcher, and the noise detecting was made using a mobile application known as “Sound Meter”.

Figure 89- CCIAT Context. The Numbers 1,2 and 4 refer to the streets where the observation has took place. (Yamak, 2017)

5.2.7- Vehicles Monitoring Observation 1: Week day in the Late Morning Timing   

Date: Tuesday 7 November 2017 Time: Observation started at 10:45 am, ended at 11: 10 pm Duration of each Street observation: 5 minutes for each street

Type Of Vehicle

Car

Motorcycle

Van

Bus

Number Of Vehicles in 1- Boulevard

68

18

6

4

Total Number of Vehicles 96

Number Of Vehicles in 2- Al Biaa Number Of Vehicles in 3- Second Main Street

18

13

2

3

36

54

8

3

2

67

Figure 90-table 1 (Yamak, 2017)

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Observation 2: Week day in the Afternoon Timing   

Date: Wednesday 8 November 2017 Time: Observation started at 2: 45 pm, ended at 3: 15 pm Duration of each Street observation: 5 minutes for each street

Type Of Vehicle

Car

Motorcycle

Van

Bus

Number Of Vehicles in 1- Boulevard

86

14

8

6

Total Number of Vehicles 114

Number Of Vehicles in 2- Al Biaa Number Of Vehicles in 3- Second Main Street

41

9

3

3

56

51

6

4

2

63

Figure 92-table 3. (Yamak, 2017)

Observation 3: Weekend in the Late Morning Timing  

Date: Saturday 5 November 2017 Time: Observation started at 10:45 am, ended at 11: 10 pm



Duration of each Street observation: 5 minutes for each street

Type Of Vehicle

Car

Motorcycle

Van

Bus

Number Of Vehicles in 1- Boulevard

77

13

5

7

Total Number of Vehicles 102

Number Of Vehicles in 2- Al Biaa Number Of Vehicles in 3- Second Main Street

35

9

3

4

49

63

6

5

3

77

Figure 91-table 2. (Yamak, 2017)

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Observation 4: Weekend in the Afternoon Timing   

Date: Saturday 5 November 2017 Time: Observation started at 2: 50 pm, ended at 3: 15 pm Duration of each Street observation: 5 minutes for each street

Type Of Vehicle

Car

Motorcycle

Van

Bus

Number Of Vehicles in 1- Boulevard

84

21

7

5

Total Number of Vehicles 117

Number Of Vehicles in 2- Al Biaa Number Of Vehicles in 3- Second Main Street

37

9

3

2

51

60

12

4

3

79

Figure 93-table 4. (Yamak, 2017)

5.2.8- Vehicles Monitoring Conclusion The observation has been made on the three roads crossing the CCIAT buildings plot on two different days, on a week day and on a weekend day, each in the late morning time and in the afternoon time. The two timing according to have a normal vehicles activity and a congested activity on the afternoon employees departure time. The observation timing took a place of five minutes on each road.

In the four observations the main Boulevard road recorded the highest scores of, but the peak was on the fourth observation, that has been set on a Saturday afternoon, with a vehicles score of 117. That last is considered as a quite high number for a five minute observation.

The second street, Al Biaa Street, attained its highest score on the second observation, on a week day in the afternoon, with a score of 56 vehicles. The highest number of vehicles for the thirst street was on the fourth observation too, that is on a weekend day in the afternoon.

Conclusion: We can concluded that the surrounding streets of the CCIAT are most active on Saturday that is considered as a working day, in the afternoon on the employee’s departure from their workplace to their home. Also it may refer to the Tripoli- Beirut traffic activity on Saturdays.

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5.2.9- Vehicles and Noise The vehicles noise on the three street has been detected in order to analyses and test its influence on the indoor sound comfort of the CCIAT offices.

The sound meter detected a maximum noise of 81 dB for the three streets, what is considered as a loud music sound range. The Boulevard has the most frequent high sound factor remaining 75 dB for the most of the observation period.

The second and the third streets recorded a frequent range of 62 dB and 68 dB during the observation time.

The noise values obtained as not considered as a severe case of noise.

An observation in the case office interior space will be done to make sure of the exterior noise effect on the interior of the CCIAT offices.

Figure 95- Sound Meter Mobile Application, Metering the Boulevard Street as loud music with a maximum of 81 dB. (Yamak, 2017)

Figure 94-CCIAT Context. The Numbers 1,2 and 4 refer to the streets where the observation has took place. (Yamak, 2017)

Figure 96- Sound Meter Mobile Application, Metering the Biaa Street as conversation sound level with a maximum of 81 dB. (Yamak, 2017)

Figure 31- Sound Meter Mobile Application, Metering the Second main road as conversation sound level with a maximum of 81 dB. (Yamak, 2017)

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Emissions From Road Transport In Lebanon

Greenhouse Gas Emissions: CO2, CH4, N2O The transport sector is the second consumer of fossil fuel in Lebanon after energy production.

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from transport account for 23.6% of the total national GHG emissions and include emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). Indeed, in 2011, transport in Lebanon was responsible for around 5,813.43 Gg CO2eq. The emissions per gas were 5,645.42 Gg for CO2, 25.41 Gg CO2eq. of CH4 and 142 Gg CO2eq. of N2O. During the last 10 years, and due to an increase in population, urbanization and consumption patterns, an increase by at least a factor of 2 Figure 5 Evolution of NOx, CO, NMVOCs and SO2 from 2005 to 2011 Source | MoE/UNDP/GEF, 2015a was observed for air pollutants from transport Figure 5 presents the evolution of NOx, CO, NMVOCs and SO2 from 2005 to 2011.

Also, the transport sector evolved drastically between 1994 and 2011 in terms of GHG emissions.

Considering 1994 as base, GHG emissions from the road transport sector increased since by a factor of 3.7 reaching 5.8 million tonnes CO2eq. in 2011 (Figure 6). A key driver to this significant increase is the fleet volume, which doubled in around two decades (MoE/UNDP/GEF, 2015b).

Figure 97-Evolution of NOx, CO, NMVOCs and SO2 from 2005 to 2011. Source | MoE/UNDP/GEF, 2015a

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CCIAT Urban Context and Building Environmental Analysis

5.3.1- Urban Context Environmental Analysis: Average Weather in Tripoli Lebanon A-Temperature The hot season lasts for 3.6 months, from June 19 to October 8, with an average daily high temperature above 27°C. The hottest day of the year is August 9, with an average high of 30°C and low of 25°C. The cool season lasts for 3.4 months, from December 8 to March 21, with an average daily high temperature below 19°C. The coldest day of the year is Figure 98-The daily average high (red line) and low (blue line) temperature, with January 23, with an average 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands. The thin dotted lines are the corresponding average perceived temperatures. (weatherspark, 2016) low of 11°C and high of 16°C. (weatherspark, 2016)

B-Clouds In Tripoli, the average percentage of the sky covered by clouds experiences significant seasonal variation over the course of the year.

The clearer part of the year in Tripoli begins around May 17 and lasts for 4.8 months, ending around October 12. On July 31, the clearest day of the year, the sky is clear,

Figure 99-Cloud Cover Categories. The percentage of time spent in each cloud cover band, categorized by the percentage of the sky covered by clouds: clear< 20% < mostly clear < 40% < partly cloudy < 60% < mostly cloudy < 80% < overcast. (weatherspark, 2016)

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mostly clear, or partly cloudy 100% of the time, and overcast or mostly cloudy 0% of the time.

The cloudier part of the year begins around October 12 and lasts for 7.2 months, ending around May 17. On December 13, the cloudiest day of the year, the sky is overcast or mostly cloudy 37% of the time, and clear, mostly clear, or partly cloudy 63% of the time. (weatherspark, 2016) C-Humidity Unlike temperature, which typically varies significantly between night and day, dew point tends to change more slowly, so while the temperature may drop at night, a muggy day is typically followed by a muggy night.

Figure 100-The percentage of time spent at various humidity comfort levels, categorized by Tripoli experiences dew point: dry < 13°C < comfortable < 16°C < humid < 18°C < muggy < 21°C < oppressive < extreme seasonal 24°C < miserable. (weatherspark, 2016) variation in the perceived humidity. The muggier period of the year lasts for 4.5 months, from May 30 to October 14, during which time the comfort level is muggy, oppressive, or miserable at least 23% of the time. The muggiest day of the year is August 4, with muggy conditions 91% of the time. The least muggy day of the year is December 28, when muggy conditions are essentially unheard of. (weatherspark, 2016) D-Wind This section discusses the wide-area hourly average wind vector (speed and direction) at 10 meters above the ground. The wind experienced at any given location is highly dependent on local topography and other factors, and instantaneous wind speed and direction vary more widely than hourly Figure 101-The average of mean hourly wind speeds (dark gray line), with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands. (weatherspark, 2016) averages. The average hourly

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wind speed in Tripoli experiences significant seasonal variation over the course of the year. The windier part of the year lasts for 4.2 months, from December 20 to April 25, with average wind speeds of more than 3.8 meters per second. The windiest day of the year is February 7, with an average hourly wind speed of 4.5 meters per second. The calmer time of year lasts for 7.8 months, from April 25 to December 20.

The calmest day of the year is October 14, with an average hourly wind speed of 3.1 meters per second. (weatherspark, 2016)Wind Direction

Figure 102-The percentage of hours in which the mean wind direction is from each of the four cardinal wind directions (north, east, south, and west), excluding hours in which the mean wind speed is less than 0 m/s. The lightly tinted areas at the boundaries are the percentage of hours spent in the implied intermediate directions (northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest). (weatherspark, 2016)

E-Sun Hours of Daylight and Twilight

Figure 103- The solar day over the course of the year 2017. From bottom to top, the black lines are the previous solar midnight, sunrise, solar noon, sunset, and the next solar midnight. The day, twilights (civil, nautical, and astronomical), and night are indicated by the color bands from yellow to gray. The transitions to and from daylight saving time are indicated by the 'DST' labels.

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The length of the day in Tripoli varies significantly over the course of the year. In 2017, the shortest day is December 21, with 9 hours, 51 minutes of daylight; the longest day is June 21, with 14 hours, 28 minutes of daylight. (weatherspark, 2016) Sunrise & Sunset with Twilight and Daylight Saving Time

Figure 104-The number of hours during which the Sun is visible (black line). From bottom (most yellow) to top (most gray), the color bands indicate: full daylight, twilight (civil, nautical, and astronomical), and full night. (weatherspark, 2016)

The earliest sunrise is at 5:23 AM on June 12, and the latest sunrise is 1 hour, 29 minutes later at 6:53 AM on October 28. The earliest sunset is at 4:26 PM on December 5, and the latest sunset is 3 hours, 27 minutes later at 7:53 PM on June 29.Daylight saving time (DST) is observed in Tripoli during 2017, starting in the spring on March 26, lasting 7.1 months, and ending in the fall on October 28.

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F-Solar Energy This section discusses the total daily incident shortwave solar energy reaching the surface of the ground over a wide area, taking full account of seasonal variations in the length of the day, the elevation of the Sun above the horizon, and absorption by clouds and other atmospheric constituents.

Shortwave radiation Figure 105-The average daily shortwave solar energy reaching the ground per square includes visible light and meter (orange line), with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands. (weatherspark, 2016) ultraviolet radiation.

The average daily incident (weatherspark, 2016)shortwave solar energy experiences extreme seasonal variation over the course of the year. The brighter period of the year lasts for 3.5 months, from May 9 to August 25, with an average daily incident shortwave energy per square meter above 7.4 kWh. The brightest day of the year is June 22, with an average of 8.6 kWh.The darker period of the year lasts for 3.4 months, from November 2 to February 15, with an average daily incident shortwave energy per square meter below 3.8 kWh. The darkest day of the year is December 24, with an average of 2.6 kWh. (weatherspark, 2016)

G-Climate Summary

Figure 106-In Tripoli, the summers are warm, muggy, arid, and clear and the winters are cool, wet, windy, and mostly clear.

Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 11째C to 30째C and is rarely below 8째C or above 31째C. (weatherspark, 2016)

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5.3.2- CCIAT Building Environmental Analysis Using Grasshopper- Ladybug Plug-In Environmental Simulation Tool and Environmental Data Loggers.

A- Sun Path in the hottest day of the year is August 9

Figure 107- East South Orientation, SunPath during the whole day of 9 August. (Yamak, 2017)

Figure 115- South West Orientation, SunPath during the whole day of 9 August. (Yamak, 2017)

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Analysis: The sun path during the hottest day of the year in Tripoli, and according to the environmental simulation plug in Ladybug is shown in figure 114. The analysis demonstrates a maximum of 14 hour of solar radiation is occurring on the rooftop of the CCIAT building. The south West façade follows with a rate of 11 hours 20 minutes of solar exposure during the whole day of 9 august.

The north east façade records 7 hours at its highest level, and 5.6 hours at its ground floor level.

The West North façade recorded the least value of 2.8 hours per day. And the cause of this value returns to the narrow high buildings on the west north side.

Conclusion: The diagram in figure 114 concludes that the south west façade is the most exposed façade to the sunlight during the hottest day of the year 9 august, what also can show that the same south west façade is the most affected by the solar radiation and thermal emission and flow from the exterior to the interior spaces.

In the following diagrams of figures 108 – 113, will describe the process of sun exposure on the south west façade during the different from the sunrise until the sunset day times. The preview of a detailed and sequential effect of sun exposure on a façade will facilitate the design decisions and guides them to apply the best practice for the façade application and the indoor environment benefit.

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B- August 9 from Sunrise until 10 am Sun Exposure

Figure 108-From Sunrise until 10 am Sun Exposure on the South-West facade of the CCIAT Building.

Figure 109- From Sunrise until 10 am Sun Exposure on the East -South facade of the CCIAT Building.

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C- August 9 from 10 am until 2 pm Sun Exposure

Figure 110-From 10 am until 2 pm Sun Exposure on the East -South facade of the CCIAT Building. (Yamak, 2017)

Figure 111-From 10 am until 2 pm Sun Exposure on the South-West facade of the CCIAT Building. (Yamak, 2017)

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D- August 9 from 2 pm until Sunset Sun Exposure

Figure 112-From 2 pm until Sunset Sun Exposure on the East -South facade of the CCIAT Building. (Yamak, 2017)

Figure 113- From 2 pm until Sunset Sun Exposure on the South-West facade of the CCIAT Building. (Yamak, 2017)

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E- August 9 Analysis And Conclusion

Analysis: The figures 108 and 109 show the sun direction from Sunrise until 10 am on the South-West facade of the CCIAT Building in a value of 1.2 hour, what is slightly low and not to be considered, the occupancy at this time range is only two hours.

On the other hand, the figures 110 and 111 show from Sunrise until 10 am Sun Exposure on the South-West facade of the CCIAT Building a severe effect of the sun exposure on with a value of 5 continuous hours. The occupancy in these hours of the day reaches its peak, where all employees exist with a high activity from 10 am until 2 pm.

The figures 112 and 113 show from 2 pm until Sunset Sun Exposure on the South-West facade of the CCIAT Building another peak value of 5 hours exposure. What keeps affecting the interior spaces of offices, since the employees leave their work space at 4 pm and 5 pm as a maximum time.

Conclusion: According to the previous analysis, the south west facade on the hottest day of the year August 9 is the most affected faรงade from 10 am until the sunset hour, with a total sun exposure 14 hours. The interior occupancy is highly effected on this day that is a prototype day of the hot season, where the peak of occupancy is recorded to be from 8 am till 5 pm, according to the questionnaire.

The South West faรงade is the selected faรงade to apply the prospective stages of the study on it.

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F- Sun path During the Coldest day of the year January 15 on the CCIAT Building G- January 15 From Sunrise until 10 am Sun Exposure

Figure 114-From sunrise until 10 am Sun Exposure on the East -South facade of the CCIAT Building in 15 January.

(Yamak, 2017)

Figure 115-From sunrise until 10 am Sun Exposure on the South-West facade of the CCIAT Building in 15 January.

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H- 15 January From 2 pm until Sunset Sun Exposure

Figure 116-From 2 pm until Sunset Sun Exposure on the East -South facade of the CCIAT Building in 15 January. (Yamak, 2017)

Figure 117-From 2 pm until Sunset Sun Exposure on the South-West facade of the CCIAT Building in 15 January. (Yamak, 2017) YAMAK,G. 2017, Bioclimatic Design For Administration Buildings North Lebanon

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I- January 15 Analysis And Conclusion

Analysis:

The figures 114 and 115 show from sunrise until 10 am Sun Exposure on the East -South facade of the CCIAT Building in 15 January a value of 3 hours, what makes it a higher value comparing it with August. The figures 116 and 117 show the sun exposure from 2 pm until sunset with a value of a maximum 3 hours of the last two floor of the south west faรงade, and 0.9 hour in the ground until the third floor. The obtained values are respectively less than the ones obtained in the August analysis. The South West Elevation of the CCIAT still the most effected faรงade.

Conclusion:

The obtained values are respectively less than the ones obtained in the August analysis. The South West Elevation of the CCIAT still the most effected faรงade. The occupancy on the yearlong is the same from 8 am until 5 pm, where on the following time range the faรงade is the most suffering from the continuous sun exposure. What determines a problem existing on the yearlong and on its different seasons.

The design proposal will focus its treatment on the South West faรงade of the building. Exploring the interior environmental quality problems will be the next step of measurements and analysis.

A deficiency in the indoor quality environment will reflect the bad performance of the CCIAT glass extension building envelope, on the design and the executive work.

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5.4- CCIAT SELECTED ELEVATION TO REALIZE THE STUDY ON , WITH ITS ATTACHED OFFICES 5.4.1- Selected Elevation According to the previous analysis of the glass extension building of CCIAT, on the different levels of environmental simulation and data gathering, the South West Faรงade will be the study case faรงade of this research. The following is the South West faรงade drawing;

Figure 118- the selected elevation is the South West Elevation of the CCIAT

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5.4.2- South West Elevation Structure System and Material: The CCIAT building façade is design and executed on the basis of the spider curtain wall façade system.

The Glass used is a double glazed system with a total thickness of 24 mm. I beams metal coated with grey painting bracings fixed the interior space of the façade.

5.4.3- South West Elevation related problems: According to the previous environmental analysis, the South West Elevation problems are: The south west façade is the most exposed to the sun exposure during both seasons, hot and cold one.

On the hot season , the south west façade rates 12.6 hours of direct sun exposure. On the cold season, the façade rates a value of 7 hours of direct sun exposure.

Figure 119- Detail of the Facade spider curtain wall.

This building orientation doesn’t have a neighboring buildings directly attached to it to drop its show on the CCIAT south west faced. An empty land is located after a cross road.

5.4.4- South West Elevation attached Offices: The attached office of the south west elevation are:   

Ground floor level: Entrance Hall First Floor level: Business Office Second Floor: Engineering Consultant Office

Figure 120- Thermal picture of the facade using Flir E8 thermal camera, the picture is captured on Saturday 25 November 2017.

 

Third Floor: Mutual Fund Fourth Floor: Laboratory administration Office

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5.4.5- The Selected Office The most suitable selected office to apply the data loggers reading on it is the administrative office of the Quality Control Laboratory.

The selection of the office was based on the availability following features that help during the data loggers readings and application of the proposed design in the next semester, the following are the features relied on: 













Ease of researcher daily accessibility to the office study case, the researcher had to visit the office frequently on different stages and different day timing to realize observations and measurements, the administration laboratory office was welcoming and it has a high activity rate during the different day timing.

Availability of daily occupants in the office during the working hours, the laboratory administration office employees occupy their office from 8 am until 5 pm from Monday until Saturday.

Existence of indoor thermal comfort problems, based on the interview and the questionnaire, the laboratory administration office employees complain from the heat transmitted by the attached building envelope during the hot days of the year.

Existence of problems in the attached building façade, a heat transition problem is occurring, despite the windows textile screens and window film applied in the aim of decreasing the solar radiation effect.

Office must be attached to the most affected elevation by the sunlight, South West façade according to the Ladybug environmental analysis and data logger measurements results, where the thermal camera showed the heating problem occurring in the building façade on the south west orientation.

Availability of welcoming and cooperative individual who are trustworthy by their information and do not damage the data logger or disturb their positions, the laboratory administration office employees have a previous knowledge about the research subject and they were highly cooperative and understandable.

Possibility of an easy application and executive work of the proposed design, in a way the proposal structure be built intact to the existent façade. The laboratory administration office on the fourth floor is attached to the building roof, where the proposal structure can be suspended on a short span and applied on the existent glass façade.

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5.4.6- Laboratory Office Drawing

Figure 121- Fourth Floor of the CCIAT, Quality Control Laboratory.

6

5

4

3

2

9

0

7 8

1

Figure 122- Laboratory main entrance and labs.

The fourth floor of the CCIAT is entirely occupied by the Food Quality Control laboratory. The observation of the floor focused on the main entrance department attached to the south west façade.

The observed spaces are in order, the building circulation core (0), the laboratory reception (1), the laboratoryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s owner Dr. Khaled Omari office (2), the storage room (3), rest room and kitchenette (4), laboratory room (5), laboratory room (6), administration office (7), laboratory room (8) and a one long corridor (9) connecting the whole laboratory facilities together.

The Laboratory is adapting the concept of transparency for professional requirements of interaction, build a trust approach with the customers and the manager observation of the work process. The partition walls are mostly from clear glass, the only existing brick walls are the toilette and storage ones.

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The case office to study is located at the end of the corridor, attached from its west side with laboratory room, the partition wall used is frosted glass of 12 mm thickness.

5.4.7- Administration office analysis

Figure 123- Laboratory administartion office.

The building faรงade has high thermal transmittance problem because of the bad performance of the executed glass type. The laboratory office suffers a high leakage from its attached envelope and interior partitions. To maintain the interior temperature as desired by the users, the solutions came unprofessional, to mention, blocking the east faรงade by a piece of wooden furniture in order to stop the entering of sun exposure, another solution came in increasing the air condition units to use two splits what makes in total a 48 BTU to stabilize the temperature of a 87 m3 space.

The office has only one window (dimensions: 138 cm *34 cm) for a natural ventilation, even the office opens only an amount of 30 degrees. The office is occupied by two individuals, employees, who frequently exit and enter the office during the day, the office door is most of the time opened of forgotten to be close, what affect its interior temperature frequent leakage.

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The interior partition are glass 12mm thickness, the fixation technique applied doesn’t allow a perfect insulation of two attached spaces.

5.4.8- Laboratory Office Related Problems An excess in energy consumption is occurring on the administration office exist because of the following factors:

 

Thermal leakage from the building envelope.

Thermal leakage between the building floors because of the bad connection of the building envelope structure and the slabs.

 

Thermal leakage from the interior glass partitions.

 

Uncontrolled opening of the interior office door.

Figure 124-Laboratory Administration Office two split unit AC.

High solar exposure on the South West façade during the different seasons of the year.

Usage of two split unit AC of 24 BTU each, what makes a total of 48 BTU when a space of 30m2 needs only around 17 BTU in the normal insulated case, and around 35 BTU in the poor insulation case.

Figure 125- Needed Btu for the laboratory office

in a good insulation state. http://www.calculator.net/btucalculator.html?roomwidth=4&roomwidthunit=meters&ro omlength=7.55&roomlengthunit=meters&ceilingheight=2.

90&ceilingheightunit=meters&insulation=good&temperatu re

Figure 126- Needed BTU for the laboratory Office on its current stat .http://www.calculator.net/btuFigure 127- Thermal image showing the thermal leakage between the floor of the CCIAT offices on the South West Facade,

calculator.html?roomwidth=4&roomwidthunit=meters& roomlength=7.55&roomlengthunit=meters&ceilingheigh t=2.90&ceilingheightunit=meters&insulation=good&tem perature=22&temperatureunit=c&calct

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5.4.9- South West Elevation of the CCIAT Glass Extension Detailed Drawings Analysis:

PAGE 118

Figure 128- The South west facade of the CCIAT building, the red square determines the Laboratory Office.

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Figure 129- a close view of the South West facade Laboratory Offices connected envelope. The filled red square is the laboratory connected envelope.

Figure 130- The thermal image of the spider curtain wall system used

Figure 131- Thermal image of the Laboratory office interior side of the

on the South West facade, shows a transitional thermal from 30.9 Celsius from the glass to 22.5 Celsius to the steel bracing. A decrease of 8 degrees make the structure not safe where it can be broken because of the high torture difference of two connected bodies of steel and glass.

facade, the picture was taken on a fall season day where the external temperature was 22 Decius. Although the sun exposure on the faรงade recorded 30.8 Celsius what translate the bas performance of the building faรงade and the glass.

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5.4.10- Office Attached Faรงade Section:

Figure 132- Detailed section of the South West facade. Showing the structure system used for the slabs and the building-Slabs connections. The red filled square is the laboratory office.

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5.5-

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LABORATORY OFFICE DATA LOGGERS MEASUREMENTS OVERVIEW AND ANALYSIS

5.5.1- Occupancy and Lighting Data Graph from 18/10/2017 until 12/11/2017

Figure 133-Occupancy and Lighting Graph (Yamak, 2017)

A- Analysis and Conclusion:

The figure 133 shows the occupancy and lighting graph, it describes the occupancy on the working hours that are from 8 am until 5 pm as occupied, the office in unoccupied between 5 pm and 8 am. The office is unoccupied in the weekends also, that is Sunday all day.

The lighting activity is working in parallel with the occupancy graph, where the light is On when the space is occupied on the working hours, and Off when the office is unoccupied. A recognized value of the light activity, the light is On during two weekends and the office is unoccupied. What reflects a wasted energy consumption during these days.

The activity of the light with the occupancy reflect the permanent use of artificial light in the administration laboratory office. The employees prefer to work on the artificial lighting because of the use of shutters and blinds fabrics blocking the natural daylight.

The climate responsive design proposal must solve the entering of daylighting problem and decrease the use of artificial light.

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5.5.2- CCIAT Laboratory Office CO2 / Lighting / Humidity / Temperature Data Graph gathered from 18/10/2017 until 12/11/2017

Table 1- Data Logger Final Result Graph of CO2 Emission, Lighting , Humidity and temperature.

B- Data Loggers Measurements Description:

The table 1 shows the Data Logger Final Result Graph of CO2 Emission, Lighting , Humidity and temperature. The readings were been set from 18/10/2017 until 12/11/2017. The season of reading is considered to be Fall season where the temperature during these days is not the severe one. The aim of the reading in this phase is to test the validity and functionality of data loggers and collect data concerning the office case study.

The table includes four graphs, these will be separately analyzed and concluded in the following stages.

The objective is to evaluate the existing circumstances of the administration office of laboratory located on the Fifth level (last floor of the CCIAT). The evaluation will describe the problems occurring in the interior of the office. The responsive faรงade design proposal of the attached elevation to this office should solve the deduced problem coming out of the data loggers measurements and the following survey.

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5.5.3- CCIAT Laboratory Office Lighting Data Graph from 18/10/2017 until 07/11/2017

Intensity, Lux, from 18/10/2017 until 07/11/2017 Intensity, Lux (LGR S/N: 10798239, SEN S/N: 10798239) 14000 12000 10000

8000 6000 4000 2000

10/18/17 11:10:00 AM 10/19/17 12:00:00 AM 10/19/17 12:50:00 PM 10/20/17 01:40:00 AM 10/20/17 02:30:00 PM 10/21/17 03:20:00 AM 10/21/17 04:10:00 PM 10/22/17 05:00:00 AM 10/22/17 05:50:00 PM 10/23/17 06:40:00 AM 10/23/17 07:30:00 PM 10/24/17 08:20:00 AM 10/24/17 09:10:00 PM 10/25/17 10:00:00 AM 10/25/17 10:50:00 PM 10/26/17 11:40:00 AM 10/27/17 12:30:00 AM 10/27/17 01:20:00 PM 10/28/17 02:10:00 AM 10/28/17 03:00:00 PM 10/29/17 03:50:00 AM 10/29/17 04:40:00 PM 10/30/17 05:30:00 AM 10/30/17 06:20:00 PM 10/31/17 07:10:00 AM 10/31/17 08:00:00 PM 11/01/2017 8:50 11/01/2017 21:40 11/02/2017 10:30 11/02/2017 23:20 11/03/2017 12:10 11/04/2017 1:00 11/04/2017 13:50 11/05/2017 2:40 11/05/2017 15:30 11/06/2017 4:20 11/06/2017 17:10 11/07/2017 6:00

0

Table 2- CCIAT Laboratory Office Lighting Data Graph from 18/10/2017 until 07/11/2017. (Yamak, 2017)

A- Analysis and Conclusion:

The table 2 shows the CCIAT Laboratory Office Lighting Data Graph from 18/10/2017 until 07/11/2017. A maximum value of 12909.9 Lux is recorded is 26/10/2017, and a minimum value of 107982 Lux in 28/10/2017. These values are considerably fine because an office with and activity of Normal Office Work, PC Work, Study Library, Groceries, Show Rooms and Laboratories needs 500 Lux/m2 according to the lighting standards.

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5.5.4- CCIAT Laboratory Office CO2 Emission Data Graph from 24/10/2017 until 07/11/2017

Table 3-CCIAT Laboratory Office CO2 Emission Data Graph from 24/10/2017 until 07/11/2017. (Yamak, 2017)

Maximum, Average and Minimum of the CCIT Laboratory Office CO2 Emission (ppm) 900

849.8

800 700 600 462.3

500

406 400 300 200 100 0

MAXIMUM 1

AVERAGE 2

MINIMUM 3

Table 4- Maximum, Average and Minimum of the CCIT Laboratory Office CO2 Emission. (Yamak, 2017).

The CO2 Value in the working space of the laboratory office is always in the safety rage, where the data logger recorded a maximum value of 849.8 ppm during the whole period of measurement, and a minimum value of 406 ppm what reflects Concentrations typical of occupied indoor spaces with good air exchange.

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A- CO2 safety Rate 250-350ppm

Normal background concentration in outdoor ambient air

350-

Concentrations typical of occupied indoor spaces with good air exchange

1,000ppm 1,000-

Complaints of drowsiness and poor air.

2,000ppm 2,000-5,000

Headaches, sleepiness and stagnant, stale, stuffy air. Poor concentration, loss of

ppm

attention, increased heart rate and slight nausea may also be present.

5,000

Workplace exposure limit (as 8-hour TWA) in most jurisdictions.

>40,000 ppm

Exposure may lead to serious oxygen deprivation resulting in permanent brain damage, coma, even death.

The source of the CO2 Emission safety rate is knowledge centre FAQs from the following website https://www.kane.co.uk/knowledge-centre/what-are-safe-levels-of-co-and-co2-in-rooms

CCIAT Laboratory Office CO2 Emission on 25/10/2017 900 800 700 600 500 400 300

200 100

10/25/17 12:00:00 10/25/17 12:45:00 10/25/17 01:30:00 10/25/17 02:15:00 10/25/17 03:00:00 10/25/17 03:45:00 10/25/17 04:30:00 10/25/17 05:15:00 10/25/17 06:00:00 10/25/17 06:45:00 10/25/17 07:30:00 10/25/17 08:15:00 10/25/17 09:00:00 10/25/17 09:45:00 10/25/17 10:30:00 10/25/17 11:15:00 10/25/17 12:00:00 10/25/17 12:45:00 10/25/17 01:30:00 10/25/17 02:15:00 10/25/17 03:00:00 10/25/17 03:45:00 10/25/17 04:30:00 10/25/17 05:15:00 10/25/17 06:00:00 10/25/17 06:45:00 10/25/17 07:30:00 10/25/17 08:15:00 10/25/17 09:00:00 10/25/17 09:45:00 10/25/17 10:30:00 10/25/17 11:15:00

AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM

0

Table 6-CCIAT Laboratory Office CO2 Emission on 25/10/2017. (Yamak, 2017)

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10/27/17 12:00:00 10/27/17 12:40:00 10/27/17 01:20:00 10/27/17 02:00:00 10/27/17 02:40:00 10/27/17 03:20:00 10/27/17 04:00:00 10/27/17 04:40:00 10/27/17 05:20:00 10/27/17 06:00:00 10/27/17 06:40:00 10/27/17 07:20:00 10/27/17 08:00:00 10/27/17 08:40:00 10/27/17 09:20:00 10/27/17 10:00:00 10/27/17 10:40:00 10/27/17 11:20:00 10/27/17 12:00:00 10/27/17 12:40:00 10/27/17 01:20:00 10/27/17 02:00:00 10/27/17 02:40:00 10/27/17 03:20:00 10/27/17 04:00:00 10/27/17 04:40:00 10/27/17 05:20:00 10/27/17 06:00:00 10/27/17 06:40:00 10/27/17 07:20:00 10/27/17 08:00:00 10/27/17 08:40:00 10/27/17 09:20:00 10/27/17 10:00:00 10/27/17 10:40:00 10/27/17 11:20:00

AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM

10/26/17 12:00:00 10/26/17 12:40:00 10/26/17 01:20:00 10/26/17 02:00:00 10/26/17 02:40:00 10/26/17 03:20:00 10/26/17 04:00:00 10/26/17 04:40:00 10/26/17 05:20:00 10/26/17 06:00:00 10/26/17 06:40:00 10/26/17 07:20:00 10/26/17 08:00:00 10/26/17 08:40:00 10/26/17 09:20:00 10/26/17 10:00:00 10/26/17 10:40:00 10/26/17 11:20:00 10/26/17 12:00:00 10/26/17 12:40:00 10/26/17 01:20:00 10/26/17 02:00:00 10/26/17 02:40:00 10/26/17 03:20:00 10/26/17 04:00:00 10/26/17 04:40:00 10/26/17 05:20:00 10/26/17 06:00:00 10/26/17 06:40:00 10/26/17 07:20:00 10/26/17 08:00:00 10/26/17 08:40:00 10/26/17 09:20:00 10/26/17 10:00:00 10/26/17 10:40:00 10/26/17 11:20:00

AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM

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CCIAT Laboratory Office CO2 Emission on 26/10/2017

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

Table 7-CCIAT Laboratory Office CO2 Emission on 26/10/2017. (Yamak, 2017)

CCIAT Laboratory Office CO2 Emission on 27/10/2017

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

Table 8-CCIAT Laboratory Office CO2 Emission on 27/10/2017. (Yamak, 2017)

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5.5.5- CCIAT Laboratory Office Temperature Data Graph from 18/10/2017 until 07/11/2017

Table 9-CIAT Laboratory Office Temperature Data Graph from 18/10/2017 until 07/11/2017. (Yamak, 2017)

Minimum, Maximum and Average Temperature (Celsius) 30

25

28.5

23.6

20 16.5 15

10

5

0 1 AVERAGE

2 MAXIMUM

3 MINIMUM

Table 10- CCIAT Laboratory Office Minimum, Maximum and Average Tempreture.

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5.5.6- CCIAT Laboratory Office Humidity Data Graph from 18/10/2017 until 07/11/2017

Table 11- CCIAT Laboratory Office Humidity Data Graph from 18/10/2017 until 07/11/2017. (Yamak, 2017)

Average, Maximum and Minimum of Humidiy (RH, %) 70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0 1 AVERAGE

2 Maximum

3 Minimum

Table 12-Average, Maximum and Minimum of Humidify (RH, %). (Yamak, 2017)

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CHAPTER SIX 6.

Thermal Comfort Verification Survey in The CCIA - Tripoli And North Lebanon.

The survey is done in the date of 10/10/2017, during the fall season. The survey participants were 25, from the different departments of the CCIAT and in different ages, also they varies between males and females.

6.2- SUREY RESULTS : 

The diagram in figure 116 demonstrate that the ¾ of the professional activities at the CCIAT are business offices.

Engineering office form ¼ of the existing activities. The absence of the laboratory reflect the non-cooperation of the users.



The majority of the offices activity time is a full time job from 8 am to 5 pm with a result of 71 %. The results show that the users are experimenting the environmental phases of a whole day until dawn. Also it means that the users are facing and living the problem of the sun orientation with relation to the building façade. In sum, the whole elevations of the building must be treated and developed in order to decrease the thermal emission through the envelope.

Figure 135-Offices Business Type diagram. (Yamak, 2017)

Figure 134- Office time working activity diagram. (Yamak, 2017)

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

The business age showed in graph of figure 117, reflect the permanence of some offices and the continuous change and development of others. Where we can found that 33 % are most existing offices from more than 10 years, equally the rest of the other recent active offices.



The graph in figure 119 shows the existing area of the users offices.

The areas are equality distributed between being 1/3 more than 90 m2, and this is the case of the open plan offices in the firs second and third floors of the left part of the building. The 1/3 of the rest of offices is considered as medium area with 11-25 m2. At last the small offices that varies between 5 and 10 m2 also form 1/3 of the total building offices area. This recalls that the indoor environmental quality problems are on different scale in the building.



The graph in figure 70 describes the occupancy of each office. We can recognize that the highest percentage goes for the 1 to 2 individuals in one office, then the occupancy of 3 to 5 and 9 to 12, that is in the case of open plan offices. The increase of individual in one space develop the problem of the co2 amount and the emission, also the thermal emission of the tool used by the users.

Figure 136-Offices business age in the CCIAT.

Figure 137-Offices approximate area in m2. (Yamak, 2017)

Figure 138-Number of individuals working in the office. (Yamak, 2017)

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The offices are distributes on the four levels of the building. The most responding individuals were in the first floor. The indoor problem is occurring in the different floors of the building, as the graph in figure 72 is showing.

Figure 139-office floor location. (Yamak, 2017)



The majority of the offices are located on the east façade of the building. The east façade is the main façade of the CCIAT. The south façade according to the site visit and examination had its problem too, but the survey was not answered by the users on this orientation.

Figure 140- Office floor orientation. (Yamak, 2017)

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Figure 141-ActiveMaintenance per year at the CCIAT glass extension.

Figure 142-maintenance Cost when occurring at the CCIAT glass extension.

Analysis and Conclusion figures 141-142: The figure 141 shows the Active Maintenance per year at the CCIAT glass extension, a peak value goes for 65.2% for the maintenance application only when needed, what reflect the neglecting of the building conditions and aiming of continuous enhancements. The figure 142 shows maintenance Cost when occurring at the CCIAT glass extension where a gap value varies between a half of the respondents answered 100-500 USD and 29.4 % of the respondents answered 20004000 USD. The answer reflect two cases, the first cheap maintenance of a casual damage, and a second major expensive damage. In both cases the maintenance is done only when needed.

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Figure 143-Occupants Clothing wearing layer and type.

Figure 144- Activity level of the occupants in their working space.

Figure145- General Thermal comfort satisfaction of the occupants at their working space.

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Analysis and Conclusion figures 143-145: The Figure 143 shows the Occupants Clothing wearing layer and type. On a fall season day, 40% of the answers were trousers and short sleeve shirt, almost equally with a percentage of 36 % answered trousers and long sleeve shirt, for sure we have to take into consideration the culture of Muslim women who were existing in a considerable number at the CCIAT as employees. The occupants clothing varies in the answers, and this is normal because of the individual comfort feeling for each person occupying the space.

The figure 144 shows the activity level of the occupants in their working space, where 40% of the respondents answered seated quite, and 28 % with a medium activity, what reflect the overall quite activity ambiance of the CCIAT Offices. This results indicates the need of a perfect comfort interior thermal condition.

The figure145 shows the general thermal comfort satisfaction of the occupants at their working space, the respondents reached 32% with the Dissatisfied and slightly satisfied answers and a 20% of a neutral conditions, these neutral can be considered as agreeing for a thermal enhancement also. And overall of 82% of the occupants may be considered as needing an enhancement for the indoor thermal comfort of the CCIAT offices.

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Figure 145- Discomfort source according to the occupants of the CCIAT glass extension.

Figure 143-Most often problem time during the day.

Figure 144- Preferable personal control at the work space of the occupants.

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Figure 146- Importance of the external urban and natural view for the CCIAT office occupants.

Analysis and Conclusion figures 149-152: The graph in the figure 151 shows that the most often problem time during the day. According to the survey, the thermal problem is occurring on its peak between 11 am and 2 pm, where 64% of the occupants voted for this result, also 24% voted for a problem occurring in the morning hours and 16% voted from the afternoon from 2 pm until 5 pm. What demonstrate the validity of the environmental analysis done before using Ladybug.

The discomfort source according to the occupants of the CCIAT glass extension is shown in the figure 150, where the occupants describes the discomfort as the space being too cold 44% or too hot 40 % also 24 % of the participants said that their workspace is hotter/colder than other areas.

What reflects a thermal comfort problem at the CCIAT interior offices.

The figure 149 describes the preferable personal control at the work space of the occupants. The occupants shows their interest in controlling the window blinds and shading device in a percentage of 72%, also 40% expresses their need to control the thermostat of their space. What can add the idea of letting the space occupants control the proposed shading device according to their needs.

The survey participants expressed their interest in conserving the external urban context view, where figure 143 shows that 48 %of the answers came supporting the availability of a natural view while working hours. This result requires from the design proposal to consider the visual transparency factor when applying the bioclimatic faรงade material also the fixation technology, where the option of using kinetic or static faรงade elements responding not only to the thermal factor but also to the visual factor.

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