The last four decades have witnessed the emergence of CTC Complexity Theories of Cities a domain of research that applies the various complexity theories to the study of cities. Studies in this domain have demonstrated, firstly, that similarly to materialand organic complex systems cities too exhibit the properties of natural complex systems: they are open, complex, bottom-up, have fractal structure and are often chaotic. Secondly, that many of the mathematical formalisms and models developed to study material and organic complex systems apply also to cities.But there is a dilemma in the current state of CTC: Cities are large scale artifacts, composed of smaller scale artifacts (buildings, roads, bridges ), each of which is composed of still smaller artifacts and so on. And yet, artifacts are essentially simple systems.This book argues that the activities and interactions of the human urban agents transform the artifact city into a complex system city . Cities differ from natural
