Abnormal child and adolescent psychology 8th edition wicks test bank

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CHAPTER 7

MOOD DISORDERS TRUE OR FALSE 1.

The classical, or orthodox, psychoanalytic perspective suggested that depression was a phenomenon where the superego acts as a “punisher” to the ego.

2.

Depression in childhood has long been viewed as similar to adult depression.

3.

The classical psychoanalytic perspective suggested that children could not experience depression.

4.

The concept of masked depression posits that sad mood is often not present in children and adolescents.

5.

In the DSM-IV, depression and mania are described in the category of Mood Disorders.

6.

The term bipolar refers to depression where one pole is mild and the other pole is severe.

7.

In the DSM-IV description of mood episodes, a mixed episode refers to an episode containing a mixture of depression and anxiety symptoms.

8.

Mania is described as a period of abnormally elevated (or irritable) mood characterized by features such as inflated self-esteem, high rates of activity, speech, and thinking.

9.

Hypomania is a more severe form of mania.

10.

According to the research by Kazdin (1989), diagnosing depression in young people can be impacted by the criterion or assessment device used and the informant.

11.

When diagnosing a depressive episode, irritability can be substituted for depressed mood in children and adolescents.

12.

Double depression means that a person has dysthymia and major depression.

13.

Many youngsters who exhibit depressive symptoms, but fall short of meeting the diagnostic criteria for a depressive disorder, may still exhibit impairment in their everyday functioning.

14.

Bipolar disorder is the most frequently diagnosed mood disorder among children and adolescents.

15.

Reported prevalence rates probably over estimate depression in youth.

16.

Research indicates that 40 to 70% of youth diagnosed with major depressive disorder have a cooccurring disorder.

17.

Gender differences in major depressive disorders probably emerge between the ages of 12 and 14.

18.

Lower socioeconomic (SES) status is associated with lower rates of depression.

19.

Given cognitive, language, and other developmental differences, it is unlikely that depressive behavior in children will be similar to those of adults.

20.

Studies indicate that relapse or re-occurrence of depressive episodes is common in youth.

21.

Genetic influences are generally thought not to play a role in depression.

22.

A common psychological explanation of childhood depression is that depression derives from separation or loss.

23.

The term anaclitic depression refers to the cognitive components of depression.

24.

Youth with high negative affect and low positive affect who experience parental warmth will still develop depression.

25.

Numerous studies have found that youngsters from homes with a depressed parent are at no greater risk for developing a psychological disorder.

26.

Frank and Joe in the case study from the textbook both came from homes where a parent experienced depression. According to this case study, parental depression is debilitating to the child regardless of the environment.

27.

Peer status has been found to be associated with adjustment difficulties, including depression.

28.

Self-report instruments are the most common measures of depression.

29.

Research indicates that there are low levels of correlation between parent and child reports of measures of depression.

30.

Antidepressant medications have been principally developed and marketed for American youth.

31.

Tricyclic antidepressants such as imipramine are the medications most likely to be recommended for the treatment of depression in children.

32.

The Treatment of Adolescent Depression Study found that rates of remission for depression were high.

33.

The Treatment of Resistant Depression in Adolescents Study supports previous research findings that cognitive behavioral therapy plus medication is superior to medication alone.

34.

Current research indicates that universal prevention programs for depression are highly effective.

35.

Mania may be expressed as irritability in children and adolescents.

36.

Recent data indicates that the rate of bipolar disorder is increasing in young people.

37.

The heritability estimate of bipolar disorder hovers around 50 percent.

38.

The primary treatment for bipolar disorder is pharmacotherapy.

39.

The majority of depressed youngsters do not attempt or commit suicide.

40.

Suicide among younger children is occurring at a lower rate than two decades ago.

41.

Research indicates that as many as 25% of adolescents engage in non-suicidal self injury.

42.

A family history of suicidal behavior increases suicide risk.

43.

Suicide prevention programs have proven to be quite successful.

MULTIPLE CHOICE 44.

The distinction between depression as a symptom and as a syndrome is a. a distinction between a negative mood state compared to the negative mood state plus certain other problems that lead to impaired functioning. b. depression as a symptom of some other disorder compared to depression as a separate disorder. c. depression as a disorder that occurs by itself compared to depression as a disorder that occurs along with other disorders (e.g., anxiety disorders). d. a distinction between depression as manifested in young children compared to depression as manifested in adolescents.

45.

The book reports a study by Kazdin where youth were designated as depressed or non depressed using three methods (DSM interview, parent CDI or child CDI). On the self report CDI, how did the depressed and non-depressed groups differ? a. b. c. d.

46.

__________ is the primary DSM diagnostic category for depression in youngsters. a. b. c. d.

47.

The depressed group was more hopeless.

The non depressed group had lower self esteem.

The depressed group made external attributions about negative events.

The non depressed group believed that change was controlled by external factors rather than themselves.

Major depressive episode Major depressive disorder Child and adolescent depressive disorder Primary depressive disorder

In diagnosing a major depressive episode in a child, DSM-IV requires that one of the symptoms present must be a. depressed (or irritable) mood or sleep problems.

b. depressed (or irritable) mood or loss of interest/pleasure. c. sleep problems or feelings of worthlessness (or guilt). d. changes in weight (or appetite) or thoughts of death.

48.

Tommy exhibits symptoms of irritable mood, poor appetite, disturbed sleep, low energy, difficulty concentrating, and feelings of worthlessness. These symptoms are fairly severe and have been present for about one month. They are interfering with Tommy’s functioning at school and with his peers. Tommy would most likely receive a DSM-IV diagnosis of a. masked depression. b. bipolar disorder.

49.

Jada exhibits symptoms of irritable mood, poor appetite, disturbed sleep, low energy, difficulty concentrating, and low self-esteem. These symptoms are not very severe but have been present for about one year. They are interfering with Jada’s functioning at school and with her peers. Jada would most likely receive a DSM-IV diagnosis of a. immature depression. b. bipolar disorder.

50.

c. major depressive disorder. d. dysthymic disorder.

c. major depressive disorder. d. dysthymic disorder.

Which of the following statements regarding empirically derived syndromes and depression is accurate? a. None of the empirically defined syndromes of the Achenbach measures includes depressive symptoms (behaviors). b. A separate syndrome of depression has emerged in the Achenbach measures. c. A syndrome of mixed anxiety and depression symptoms (behaviors) has emerged in the Achenbach measures. d. The empirical approach has identified a separate category for childhood depression.

51.

The most prevalent form of affective disorder among children and adolescents is a. bipolar disorder. b. cyclothymia.

52.

Among youngsters with unipolar disorders, about ______ experience major depressive disorder. a. 1 percent b. 10 percent

53.

c. 30 percent d. 80 percent

In the Oregon Adolescent Depression Project, Lewinsohn and his colleagues found that by age 19 approximately _____ of adolescents had experienced an episode of major depressive disorder. a. 2 percent b. 12 percent

54.

c. dysthymia. d. major depressive disorder.

c. 28 percent d. 56 percent

Which of the following statements regarding the relationship of age and gender to the usual findings regarding the prevalence of depression is correct?

a. There are no gender differences in children (ages 6-12) or in adolescents. b. There are no gender differences in children (ages 6-12), but in adolescence, depression is more common in boys. c. There are no gender differences in children (ages 6-12), but in adolescence, depression is more common in girls. d. Depression is more common in girls in both age groups.

55.

In a study by Kistner et al. (2007), a. b. c. d.

56.

European American girls reported the highest rate of depressive symptoms.

African American girls reported the highest rate of depressive symptoms.

European American boys reported the highest rate of depressive symptoms.

African American boys reported the highest rate of depressive symptoms.

Depression with onset in ______ is most similar to adult forms of the disorder. a. preschool b. early school age

57.

In the text the case study of Amy, the preschooler with depression, highlights which of the following symptoms? a. b. c. d.

58.

c. preadolescence d. later adolescence

Somatic symptoms and regression in toilet training Aggression Statements about wanting to die Disorganized attachment

Regarding the duration of episodes of major depressive disorder among adolescents, it is probably the case that a. the median duration of an episode is 2 weeks among community samples, and about twice as long for clinical samples. b. the median duration of an episode is 2 weeks among community samples, and about the same length in clinical samples. c. the median duration of an episode is 8 weeks among community samples, and over three times as long in clinical samples. d. the median duration of an episode is 8 weeks among community samples, and about the same length in clinical samples.

59.

When the role of hormones in depression is discussed, the discussion concerns hormones such as a. prolactin. b. norepinephrine.

60.

c. imipramine. d. monoamine oxidase.

_______________ includes qualities such as the tendency to experience negative emotions, to be sensitive to negative stimuli and to be wary and vigilant. a. Paranoia b. Hypomania

c. Dysthymia d. Negative Affectivity 61.

Behavioral theorists such as Ferster and Lewinsohn have suggested that separation-loss may lead to depression because a. b. c. d.

62.

of aggression turned inward. of the loss of a significant source of positive reinforcement. of objection to the loss. it may set in motion a chain of self-punishment.

The statement, "research suggests that the link between loss and depression is indirect" means that a. the loss leads to anxiety or some other disorder and that these disorders, in turn, lead to depression. b. the loss may set in motion a chain of adverse circumstances that increase the risk for depression. c. the research shows a link to sadness and this indirectly suggests a link to depression. d. research indicates negative correlations.

63.

The ____________ perspective attributes depression to low social competence, cognitive distortions, and low self-esteem. a. psychoanalytic b. cognitive behavioral

64.

An explanatory style that blames negative events on _______, _______, and _______ attributes is hypothesized to be characteristic of depressed individuals. a. external, stable, and specific b. external, stable, and global

65.

c. internal, stable, and global d. internal, unstable, and global

Susie’s mother abandoned her when she was 5 years old. Now at age 8, Susie thinks that she has little control over her environment. This is an example of: a. b. c. d.

66.

c. biological d. family systems

anaclitic depression learned helplessness hopelessness projection

The hopelessness theory of depression would predict that youngsters with a negative attributional style, as compared to youngsters with a positive attributional style, would a. b. c. d.

be more depressed under low stress conditions, but not under high stress conditions. be more depressed under high stress conditions, but not under low stress conditions. be more depressed under both high and low stress conditions. be less depressed under both high and low stress conditions.

67.

Depressed youth who catastrophize, overgeneralize, personalize, and selectively attend to negative events are exhibiting a. learned helplessness. b. cognitive distortions.

68.

A patient who challenges and changes problematic cognitions is performing a. b. c. d.

69.

cognitive refocusing. brain training. reparenting. cognitive restructuring.

Which of the following have been associated with depression? a. b. c. d.

70.

c. anaclitic depression. d. hopelessness.

Rumination and avoidance Problem solving and social support High levels of perceived competence and physical ability Distraction and talking to others

The results of the research by Hammen and her colleagues comparing the long-term effects of maternal depression (MD) and maternal chronic illness (MCI) on children found that a. rates of psychological disorder in both MD and MCI children were higher than in children of non-ill mothers, but MD and MCI children did not differ from each other. b. rates of psychological disorder in both MD and MCI children were higher than in children of non-ill mothers and MD children had higher rates of psychological disorders than MCI children. c. rates of psychological disorders were higher only for the MD children compared to the MCI children and children of non-ill mothers. d. neither MD or MCI children differed from children of non-ill mothers in rates of psychological disorders.

71.

Weissman and her colleagues compared offspring of parents, neither of whom had a psychological disorder (low risk) and offspring of parents, one or both of whom had a diagnosis of major depressive disorder (high risk). These researchers found which of the following? a. High-risk offspring had increased rates of major depressive disorder. b. High-risk offspring had increased rates of major depressive disorder, particularly after puberty. c. Low-risk offspring had increased rates of phobias and alcohol dependence. d. Depressed offspring of depressed parents were more likely to receive treatment.

72.

Beardslee and his colleagues examined the impact of parental depression in a nonclinically referred population by conducting two measurements four years apart. Which of the following risk factors affected the likelihood of a youngster experiencing serious affective disorder in the time between the two assessments? a. Parental major depressive disorder

b. Parental major depressive disorder and parental nonaffective diagnoses (disorders) c. Parental major depressive disorder and the number of earlier child diagnoses (disorders) d. Parental major depressive disorder and parental nonaffective diagnoses (disorders) and the number of earlier child diagnoses (disorders) 73.

Research on interactional patterns in families with a depressed parent or child suggest that a. depressed behavior by a family member may be maintained because it serves to avoid conflictual behavior among family members. b. depressed behavior by a family member is reduced where there is marital conflict. c. no association exists between marital conflict and depression. d. a child is less likely to be depressed when he/she can mediate the conflict between the parents.

74.

The notion that the depressed mother may be emotionally unavailable and insensitive to her young child is important to which explanation of the maternal depression/child depression association? a. Cognitive modeling b. Ineffective parenting practices

75.

c. Attachment d. Social network

Research by Ivanova and Israel (2006) found a. family stability moderates the impact of parental depression in children’s internalizing problems. b. parental depression causes internalizing problems in children regardless of the family situation. c. inconsistency in family routines lead to internalizing problems in the child even if the parent was not depressed. d. family stability was not a statistically significant variable in regard to child adjustment.

76.

In the Kupersmidt and Patterson study of peer status and adjustment, a. b. c. d.

77.

peer status was not related to clinical difficulties for boys. rejected boys and girls had high rates of clinical difficulties. rejected boys, but not rejected girls, exhibited high rates of clinical level difficulties. rejected girls, but not rejected boys, exhibited high rates of clinical level difficulties.

In the Kupersmidt and Patterson study of peer status and adjustment, the group exhibiting the strongest relationships between peer status and depression in the clinical range was a. neglected boys. b. rejected boys.

78.

c. neglected girls. d. rejected girls.

Research on peer relation difficulties and depression indicates a. depression does not impact peer relationships until late adolescence. b. depressed youngsters still view peers positively. c. early disruptive behavior can affect peer relationships in childhood and lead to depression. d. depressed youngsters tend to be overconfident in their social skills.

79.

Self-report measures of depression in youngsters are particularly important because a. b. c. d.

80.

The Children's Depression Inventory a. b. c. d.

81.

is a structured interview employed to obtain a DSM diagnosis. is probably the most commonly employed self-report measure of depression in youngsters. is used to primarily assess the affective component of depression. lacks substantial research evidence for its usefulness.

Measures of a youngster’s depression completed by both the youngster and the parent a. b. c. d.

82.

mothers frequently deny that their children are depressed. fathers frequently deny that their children are depressed. it is important that the child publicly acknowledges that he or she is depressed. many of the key problems that characterize depression are subjective.

show low levels of correlation, and agreement is fairly constant across ages of youngsters. show low levels of correlation, and agreement may vary with the age of youngster. show high levels of correlation, and agreement is fairly constant across ages of youngsters. show high levels of correlation, and agreement may vary with the age of youngster.

Regarding pharmacotherapy for childhood depression, a. research supports the superiority of antidepressant medications in prepubertal children and adolescents. b. antidepressant medications have well-established guidelines for administration with youngsters. c. antidepressant medications are established as being safe for youngsters. d. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are the medications most likely to be recommended.

83.

The Treatment of Adolescent Depression Study (2007, 2009) found that initially a. b. c. d.

84.

using SSRIs alone was the best treatment for depression.

CBT alone was more effective than other types of treatment. the combined SSRI and CBT treatment worked best. the suicide risk was highest in the placebo (no treatment) group.

In the Stark et al., studies where 9-13 year old girls received a school based treatment for depression (Action Program), which of the following is true? a. The girls were taught to use coping skills if they were unhappy and did not know why. b. Behavioral activation referred to efforts made to identify behaviors that triggered depression. c. The cognitive behavioral program alone was not as effective as the program using parent training and cognitive behavioral therapy combined. d. Improvements were initially strong but were not maintained at a 1-year follow up.

85.

The findings of the study by Lewinsohn and his colleagues on the cognitive-behavioral treatment of depressed adolescents suggest that

a. treatment is effective only if parents are included. b. treatment is effective only if parents are excluded. c. post-treatment, only about 55 percent of treated youngsters, but 95 percent of control youngsters still met diagnostic criteria for depression. d. treatment gains are not maintained at two years following treatment.

86.

Research by Mufson and colleagues and by Rosselló and Bernal comparing the use of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with depressed Latino adolescents a. b. c. d.

87.

found that CBT was the most effective in treating depression. found that IPT, but not CBT, resulted in improvements in depression. found that both approaches were effective for depression, but IPT helped in additional ways. found that cultural influences were not relevant to the treatment of depression.

Research on CBT in adolescents indicates a. b. c. d.

the effectiveness rates are good immediately following the treatment, but diminish over time. the effectiveness rates are good immediately following treatment and at long term follow up. the severity of the depression appears unrelated to success. the treatment is more effective for teens with co-occurring disorders.

88 .

The term bipolar disorder refers to a. the experience of both high and low levels of depression. b. the presence of mania as well as depressive symptoms. c. the presence of depression in the context of confusion regarding sexual identity. d. depression that may result from extreme changes in seasonal weather conditions.

89.

Ana is 17 years old and experiencing a persistent elevated mood. She feels like her thoughts are racing. Ana reports that she needs less sleep than she did before. She has been buying an extensive new wardrobe and has been involved in sexual relations with several older men. She is doing poorly in school and is in conflict with her family and friends. Ana would most likely be diagnosed, according to DSM-IV, as experiencing a a. major depressive episode. b. manic episode.

90.

c. dysthymic episode. d. masked depressive episode.

Jake is 15 years old. Since about age 10, he has had periods of sadness, irritability and withdrawal. At times, he was so down that he could not get out of bed or make it to school.

Recently, he has begun to experience times where he felt energized and needed less sleep. He got caught up on his homework, joined three clubs at school and tried out for the basketball team. He asked “the best looking girl in the school,” a senior, to prom . His parents describe him as arrogant and irritable at times. He seems annoyed that people can’t keep up with him in conversation. Which of the following best describes Jake’s symptoms? a. Bipolar I b. Bipolar II c. Cyclothmia

d. Depression in remission 91.

The presentation of bipolar disorder in youth differs from the adult presentation in which of the following ways? a. b. c. d.

Youth have more distinct episodes.

Mixed mood episodes are rare in youth.

Youth have periods of relatively good functioning in between episodes.

Youth tend to have a rapid cycling pattern of episodes.

92.

Reported rates of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents range from ____ to ____ in clinical samples. a. 0-6 percent c. 10-14 percent b. 3-9 percent d. 17-30 percent

93.

Based on the work of Lewinsohn et al., and others, which of the following statements regarding bipolar disorders is correct? a. The median duration of the most recent manic episode was 10.8 months. b. Youngsters with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder had a later age of onset for their affective disorder than youngsters with major depression. c. The total amount of time with an affective disorder was longer for the youngsters with depression than for those with bipolar disorders. d. Approximately 2% of the adolescents had a chronic course (nonstop symptoms until age 24).

94.

Regarding the prevalence of suicide among children and adolescents, a. the rate of completed suicides among 5 to 14-year-olds decreased between 1980 and 2007. b. the rate of completed suicides among 15- to 19-year-olds increased considerably from 1980 to 2007. c. among 15- to 19-year-olds, the rate of completed suicides is higher for white males than for black males. d. risk of completed suicide is greatest for white females.

95.

The term “suicidal behavior” includes a. b. c. d.

96.

completed suicides. completed suicides and suicide attempts. completed suicides and suicidal ideation. completed suicides, suicide attempts, and suicidal ideation.

Based on the longitudinal study by Lewinsohn and his colleagues, which of the following statements regarding suicidal ideation among adolescents is accurate? a. b. c. d.

About 7 percent of adolescents had a history of suicidal ideation.

Suicidal ideation was more prevalent in adolescent men than in adolescent women.

The frequency of suicidal ideation was unrelated to future suicidal attempts.

Mild and relatively infrequent suicidal thoughts increased the risk for a suicide attempt.

97.

Based on the longitudinal study by Lewinsohn and his colleagues, which of the following statements regarding suicide attempts by adolescents is accurate? a. b. c. d.

98.

Which of the following statements regarding suicide in youngsters is accurate? a. b. c. d.

99.

The rate of completed suicide in youngsters is low as compared to adults.

Depression is a necessary condition for suicidal behavior.

Diagnostic heterogeneity is not characteristic of suicide completers.

Antisocial behavior/conduct disorders are rare among male adolescent suicide completers.

Which of the following statements regarding suicide risk is accurate? a. b. c. d.

100.

The risk for a reattempt is significantly diminished weeks after the initial attempt.

Attempts by females most often involved ingestion of harmful substances and cutting.

Suicide attempts made before puberty were the most common.

Approximately 2 percent of previous attempters reattempt suicide.

A history of prior attempts is unrelated to risk for future suicide.

There is no evidence that suicide is “contagious” in youth.

There is no evidence for higher rates of completed suicides in gay and lesbian youth.

The period 3 months after hospitalization for a suicide attempt is a time when youth are the safest (i.e., least likely to reattempt).

According to the Add Health Survey, which of the following is true regarding youth with samesex orientation and suicide? a. b. c. d.

A vast majority of the youth reported no thoughts or attempts of suicide.

The youth were no more likely to attempt suicide than their peers.

The youth were no more likely to abuse alcohol or experience depression than their peers.

The youth were no more likely to be victimized or have a family history of suicide.

BRIEF ESSAY QUESTIONS 101.

What is masked depression? Why has the concept been important to the study of depression in children?

102.

Briefly describe the 4 mood episodes outlined in the DSM-IV.

103.

What are the issues regarding how to best define and classify depression in children and adolescents?

104.

Describe the experience of depression in children. What behaviors might adults report seeing in these children? What other disorders are often present?

105.

Briefly describe the developmental course of depression by describing features in three different developmental periods and how they compare to each other and to adult depression.

106.

Briefly describe the research findings on brain functioning and neurochemistry in relation to depression. How do these results apply to children and adolescents?

107.

Briefly compare the psychodynamic and cognitive behavioral conceptions of the relationship between separation/loss and the development of depression.

108.

Briefly describe three different mechanisms that may account for the link between parental depression and depression in a child.

109.

List 5 of the 11 categories that may be used to rate behaviors when observing a social interaction task.

110.

Describe the core elements of the Action program used to treat 9-12 year old girls with depression.

111.

Describe the differences between Bipolar I, Bipolar II and cylothymia.

112.

Briefly describe four characteristics of manic episodes or bipolar disorder in prepubertal youngsters or adolescents that indicate how they may differ from the presentation in adults.

113.

Describe the symptoms that may be displayed by a youngster with bipolar disorder. What cooccurring problems are possible?

114.

What variables are involved in treating bipolar disorder?

115.

Review the risk factors associated with suicide.

ANSWER KEY 1.

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T, F, T, T T, F, F, T, F, T, T, T, T, F, F, T, T, F,

p. 144, factual p. 144, factual p. 144, factual p. 144, conceptual p. 144, factual p. 144, conceptual p. 144, factual p. 144, factual p. 144, factual p. 145 (Table 7.1), applied p. 146, factual p. 146, factual p. 146, factual p. 147, factual p. 148, factual p. 149, factual p. 149, factual p. 149, factual

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T, p. 149, conceptual T, p. 151, conceptual F, p. 151, factual T, p. 153, factual F, p. 153, conceptual F, p. 153, conceptual F, p. 156, factual F, p. 158, applied T, p. 158, factual T, p. 159, factual T, p. 159, factual F, p. 160, factual F, p. 160, factual F, p. 161, factual T, p. 161, factual F p. 164, factual T, p. 165 (Scott case study), conceptual T, p. 167, factual F, p. 169, factual T, p. 170, factual T, p. 170, factual F, p. 171, factual T, p. 172 (Accent), factual T, p. 173, factual F, p. 174, conceptual A, p. 144, conceptual A, p. 145, applied B, p. 146, factual B, p. 146, factual C, p. 146, applied D, p. 146, applied C, p. 146, conceptual D, p. 147, factual D, p. 147, factual C, p. 148, factual C, p. 148, factual D, p. 149, applied D, p. 150, factual A, p. 150 (Accent), applied C, p. 151, factual B, p. 152 factual D, p. 152, conceptual B, p. 153, factual B, p. 154, factual B, p. 154, conceptual C, p. 154, conceptual B, p. 154, applied B, pp. 154-155 (Figure 7.3), conceptual B, p. 155, conceptual

68.

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D. p. 155, conceptual A, p. 155, factual B, p. 156, applied B, p. 156, factual D, p. 156, factual A, pp. 156-157 (Mary case study), conceptual C, p. 157, conceptual A, p. 157 (Figure 7.4), applied B, p. 158, applied C, p. 158, applied C, p. 159, conceptual D, p. 159, factual B, p. 159, factual B, p. 159, factual D, pp. 160-161, factual C, p. 161, factual A, p. 162, applied C, p. 162, applied C, p. 163, applied A, p. 164, conceptual B, p. 165, factual B, p. 165, applied B, p. 165, applied D. p. 165, factual D, p. 167, factual A, pp. 168-169, applied C, p. 171, factual D, p. 171, conceptual D, p. 171, applied B, p. 171, applied A, pp. 171-173, conceptual C, pp. 173-174, conceptual A, p. 174, conceptual p. 144, conceptual p. 144, conceptual p. 146, conceptual p. 147 (Accent), conceptual pp. 149-151, conceptual p. 152, conceptual pp. 153-155, conceptual pp. 156-157, conceptual p. 160 (Table 7.2), factual pp. 161-162, factual p. 165, conceptual p. 167, factual pp. 166-167 (Table 7.4), conceptual p. 170, factual pp. 173-174, factual