UAC Magazine - May/June 2016

Spotlight on

turf

URBAN AG COUNCIL MAGAZINE GEORGIA

Keeping Georgia’s green industry informed

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UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

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MAY/JUNE 2016

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UAC Magazine Official publication of the Georgia Urban Agriculture Council

Board of Directors Dixie Speck, President

Solterra Landscape Todd Jarrett

Arbor Hill Nurseries Matt Lowe

Swift Straw Ken Morrow

Sod Atlanta Chris Nelson

Chattahoochee Nature Center Bob Scott

Irrigation Consultant Services Ray Wiedman

Outdoor Expressions Ron White TurfPride Tony Gibson, Past President

Gibson Landscape Services

Ex Officio Ellen Bauske

UGA Extension Public Service Assistant Bodie Pennisi

UGA Extension Horticulturist Clint Waltz

UGA Extension Turf Agronomist

Staff Mary Kay Woodworth

Executive Director Kathy Gatten Johnson

Marketing Director & Editor

A member of:

Georgia Urban Ag Council PO Box 817 Commerce GA 30529 P: 800.687.6949 F: 706.336.6898 E: info@georgiauac.com www.urbanagcouncil.com All contents copyright 2016

GEORGIA

MAY/JUNE 2016

UAC NEWS

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President/Executive Director message What did you miss? GALA awards banquet, CEFGA, Mar UAC dinner Telling the story and taking the prize Take award-winning photos 2015 GALA Judges’ Choice Award

BUSINESS 20 22 26 28

The zombie hire It’s about more than a warm body Planning for an uncertain environment Hot topics Get off the roller coaster 4 ways to better manage irregular income Building your service delivery model Powerful “must do”s

INDUSTRY 32 34 35 36 38

Sine Die The 2016 legislative session in review Smalley recognized for excellence Distinguished Teaching Professor TurfMutt program expands Contest winners will be announced in June SEGreen debuts this summer SNA’s vision for the future 2015 UGA Turfgrass Research Field Day Gather in Griffin August 4

URBAN AG

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Grass varieties What you need to know to make your turf selection Herbicide-resistant crabgrass and goosegrass ID and control Select for success Ask for certified sod Introducing TifTufTM Bermuda New standard in drought-tolerance Turf disease ID, cause and control Quick guide Turfgrass fertility Soil texture, organic matter, aeration, and pH

REGULAR FEATURES

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Save the date Pro Project Russell Landscape Group Have you met...Greg Huber, UGA Training Coordinator, Pest 411 Japanese beetles Federal posting requirements When applying pesticides, it’s the law What the tech? Making the most of Facebook

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

Atlanta Botanical Garden Georgia Agribusiness Council Georgia Arborist Association Georgia Association of Water Professionals Georgia Green Industry Association Georgia Urban Forest Council Georgia Water Alliance National Association of Landscape Professionals Southern Nursery Association

URBAN AG COUNCIL MAGAZINE

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UAC NEWS

Dear UAC Members and Supporters, Welcome to the TURF edition!

Professional landscapers in Atlanta quickly

learn that people here LOVE pristine-looking lawns. In fact, their expectation is that their lawn, no matter the environmental conditions (sun/no sun, water/no water, pets doing what they do), should look like the turf they see on PGA-level golf courses. We all know that many factors get in the way of those expectations.

Dixie Speck President

We find ourselves constantly in the position of educating our clients about the science of growing and maintaining turf, hoping that they will trust our expertise and be open to other options or expectations. If they believe our explanations are simply excuses for lack of knowledge or ability, the clients bounce from one landscaping company to another.

Designing, installing, maintaining, or consulting about landscapes requires that we and our employees (including those running the

mowers), need to stay updated on new turf types, diseases and weeds common to our service areas and how to treat them…and that’s just for turf!

The list starts over again for the trees and plant materials that we install and maintain.

Being a member of the UAC gives you opportunities and access for the continuing technical education you need, along with business-related topics for owners and managers.

Members receive UGA Landscape Alerts, which often have helped me gain a client’s trust.

I just find the alert on UGA’s CAES website that pertains to the issue and email it to my client. I have never had a client argue with the information provided in those alerts.

Be sure to look through every page of UAC Magazine every time it arrives so you don’t miss important information that can make you “The Expert” in your client’s eyes.

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MPROVEMENT ENT S M A R T H O M E I M P R O V E M E N T S TA R T S H E R E

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

Every month, we showcase great local projects, ideas and resources in our magazine and on our website at

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UAC NEWS

Equipment theft and employee safety “Tis the season” – reports of equipment theft are accelerating. According to

Snellings Walters’ Will Pharr, “There appears to be a ring of thieves…and they seem to know what they are doing. They understand what is on a well-equipped truck. They target that company, and other landscape companies’ fleets.” Even more concerning is the likelihood that an employee will be harmed during one of these thefts.

According to the Flanders Group, “Equipment theft is a billion dollar industry and that being said, it is a crime where the reward is greater than the risk. The majority of stolen equipment is never recovered and many of the thieves continue to get away with the thefts.

Recovery of equipment is difficult for several reasons. Some of the main reasons are: there is not a mandatory equipment database that police are able to rely on like with an automobile, identification of the equipment can be difficult, and the time of discovering that a theft has occurred can take days or sometimes weeks, depending on when the equipment is needed or used. In addition, equipment is not titled or registered like a car, so when someone buys used equipment it is difficult for them to know if it is stolen or not.”

Fighting back

1.

Train employees on company procedures to deter equipment theft.

In addition, discuss what to do in the event of a theft or robbery.

2.

Take inventory. Establish a routine of equipment inventory. Keep documentation and photo records of serial numbers, makes, and models of equipment.

3.

Parking strategy. Be strategic about where you park your vehicle on each jobsite and lunch destination. Park in welllighted locations visible to the work crew and avoid leaving equipment unattended in back lots or hidden areas that are conducive to theft.

Position trailers so they aren’t easily accessed or equipment easily swapped to another vehicle.

Mary Kay Woodworth Executive Director

4.

Deterrents. Lock vehicles, trailers, trailer tongues, and secure equipment when unattended. Don’t leave keys in trucks or commercial mowers.

5.

Tracking devices. Install tracking devices on large equipment.

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Be alert. Pay attention to suspicious activity.

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Insurance. Review your policy and ask your insurance provider about theft prevention.

Contact me today or go to the UAC website at www.urbanagcouncil.com for the “Equipment Theft Reporting Worksheet.” The more information we compile, the better our chances of getting noticed!

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

Todd Guilmette, president of Unique Environmental Landscapes, contacted UAC recently about equipment theft. He recommended gathering a list of losses and aggregating these losses as a tool to use with law enforcement, equipment manufacturers and others to stem the tide of theft and the resulting safety concerns. We have asked our members (as well as non-member companies) to provide specific information – items stolen, location, method of theft – so we can compile a list to share with local police departments and demonstrate the significance of these losses.

Here are some general equipment theft prevention strategies to consider:

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UAC NEWS

WHAT DID YOU MISS?

GALA February 23

Magnolia Hall, Piedmont Park

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

Atlanta, GA

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Photos by Chris Voith Photography

GEORGIA URBAN AG COUNCIL

Awards ceremony & banquet

GEORGIA LANDSCAPE AWARDS

UAC NEWS

WHAT DID YOU MISS? CEFGA “World of Landscape” March 17 - 18 GA International Convention Center Atlanta, GA

UAC Networking + Education dinner

“Horticulture through one man’s eyes” Dr. Allan Armitage

March 22 Chattahoochee Nature Center Roswell, GA

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

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It’s time to start taking photos!

UAC NEWS

Telling the story and taking the prize How to take award-winning landscape photos Details matter when you’re trying to win an award!

After all the hard work put into winning the contract and executing the job, you may look back at the finished product and think it’s an award winner. Get the judges to share your passion by following these steps: • Before/after photos are critical. When taking photos of the completed project, look back at your “before” shots and take the “after” photos from the same angle. That makes the transformation easily apparent.

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Spend time prepping the area. This is like advertising dollars. You might have to put down your own pine straw and freshen up some of the flower plantings. If the grass needs to be cut, pattern cut it.

Time of day is important. Study the site and the sun patterns. Find out when the area is illuminated without harsh afternoon sun.

Let that landscape mature. Sometimes the landscape installed in early spring is not ready for photos by the summer.

Waiting a year for it to mature will better convey the transformation to the judges.

Show all the seasons. When submitting a maintenance property for judging, try to cover all four seasons in your photos. That will help the judges see how you managed and manicured the landscape.

Todd Guilmette | Unique Environmental

The photographers we have used recently are wedding photographers by trade and as such, they are quick and generally effective (used to having a limited time to capture their subjects). We have tried to use traditional magazine photographers and, frankly, they agonize over so many of the shots that we get very little return for the money.

Jeremy Smearman | Planters, Inc.

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

Hire a professional photographer. It would be a shame to misrepresent your beautiful project with a photo that doesn’t do it justice.

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Follow these tips when taking your own photos: • Beg, steal or borrow the best camera you can. Even more important are the lenses. You’ll need at least an 18mm for wide shots and an 85mm for the tighter images.

• Use a tripod. Most landscapes should be shot with a large depth of field which could mean a slow shutter speed and therefore require the stability of a tripod.

• The light is always most flattering at dawn and dusk. You may have to take some in the morning and return late afternoon. Avoid the middle of the day, but if Photo by Sean Randall you can’t, wait for an overcast day.

• Take the extra time to make the property look perfect. Blow the leaves, cut the lawn, get rid of all the dead heads...

• To give living spaces more life, a bit of staging can go a long way. A pitcher of Sean Randall Photography water, some glasses and a book on a poolside table or the family dog sleeping on www.seanrandallphotography.com the lawn.

Plan your 2016 GALA entries now!

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Take your photos when the landscape is beautifully lit. Avoid harsh light that makes the leaves shiny and causes lots of dark shadows. The best time is usually around sunrise and sunset. Look up “golden hour” on the web. Find out ahead of time how the sun crosses the property. If the sky is overcast and white, take pictures of things that don’t include the sky: stonework, walls, plants, patios, woodland gardens. If you must shoot in the middle of a bright, sunny day, use a polarizing filter.

Learn the “Rule of Thirds.” The most important part of your photo shouldn’t always be in the center. Also, maximize your depth of field by including interesting things from very close to far away.

Review the judging criteria so you can take shots that illustrate how your landscape meets the criteria.

Avoid including distracting elements.

If there are dominant lines, like a tree trunk, place it off center. Take lots of photos from various positions. Carry a broom, plan to deadhead or trim, and work your visit around scheduled landscape maintenance visits.

Know how to use your camera. Read the manual. Invest in, or rent a digital

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UAC NEWS

single lens reflex camera and take some classes.

If your camera allows you to control the aperture, and you want everything in focus from the foreground all the way to the back, you will probably set your aperture to a larger number like 18 or 22. Since this will make your shutter speed slow, you need to use a tripod to avoid blur. Also, use a shutter mechanism, either wired or wireless, to prevent blur that results from pressing the button. Avoid windy days, as the movement of leaves, branches and flowers will cause a blur.

When storing and using your photos, let the original photo number remain in the file name. This will help you identify it for other uses, like brochures, powerpoints, client appreciation gifts, social media sites, your company website, and press releases.

Stephanie Olson Gordon | The Fockele Garden Company

There are a few things that we keep in mind when taking pictures and actually, the same principles apply when designing a garden.

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Tyne Martinez | Floralis Garden Design

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

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The equipment/camera/phone isn’t of huge concern to us. The impact of the image can come across in other ways given the higher quality of photographic imaging in current times.

We like to include other elements (stone walls, an interesting garden gate, etc.) to balance the busyness of the garden.

Keep it simple. A few strong elements are much more interesting to look at than a lot of small facets of the garden. If there is too much going on in the picture, or the garden, for that matter, the eye doesn’t know where to focus and the impact is lost.

• Lighting is key! Avoid mid-day sun, if possible. The softer light of morning and evening casts a warm glow on the photograph, where as harsh, mid-day sun will block out the details.

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UAC NEWS

GALA

2015 Judges’ Choice Award

GEORGIA URBAN AG COUNCIL

GEORGIA LANDSCAPE AWARDS

Before

Ed Castro Landscape

After purchasing the undeveloped 2.8 acre lot adjacent to their home to avoid over development in their neighborhood, our client wanted to restore the environmental health of the overgrown property while providing an inviting space for the entire neighborhood to enjoy.

With thorough removal of invasive species, re-grading to reduce erosion, development of trails, orchards and meadows, and other improvements, we were able to transform the unused property into a healthy, park-like green space for the homeowners and their neighbors to enjoy.

The area was repopulated with native species and attractive wildflowers to create a breathtaking meadow.

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

Ed Castro with designer Hannah Seaton

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The existing stone fireplace was refurbished and incorporated into a stone seating area that overlooks the lake.

Stone steps guide visitors through an herbaceous shade garden.

This stone bridge provides an architectural accent where the creek meets the lake, allowing for pedestrian access along the water’s edge.

Gravel trails meander through the woods and along lake edge, connecting the residential property, meadow, and fireplace area.

SAVE THE DATE

Visit urbanagcouncil.com for updates and to register.

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applied for

1117 Perimeter Center W | Atlanta, GA 30338

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DATE: Wednesday, June 29 TIME: 11:30 am - 1:30 pm, registration includes lunch PLACE: W.S. Pharr/Snellings Walters office

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lunch + learn

Check urbanagcouncil.com for topic

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AUG

UGA Turfgrass Research Field Day

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DATE: Thursday, August 4, 2016 PLACE: UGA Griffin Campus, 1109 Experiment St, Griffin GA 30223 Visit urbanagcouncil.com for registration link

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DATE: Tuesday, August 23 TIME: 5:30 networking/cash bar, 6:30 dinner & presentation PLACE: Heritage Sandy Springs

applied for Pe

Paul Thevarajoo, CSP, National Sales Trainer, OldCastle

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ACE: Accountability and Customer Experience

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UAC Networking + Education Dinner:

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cide Cred

6110 Blue Stone Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30328

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DATE: Tuesday, September 27 TIME: 5:30 networking/cash bar, 6:30 dinner & presentation PLACE: Heritage Sandy Springs

applied for

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its

Barry Rinehart, Compass Leadership Training

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Use C.A.S.H.Š,not Ca$h to improve under-performing employees

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UAC Networking + Education Dinner:

AUG

cide Cred

6110 Blue Stone Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30328

Georgia Landscape Awards Early Bird entry deadline - save $$!

GEORGIA LANDSCAPE AWARDS

DATE: Friday, December 2

DEC

2

Learn more, download forms, apply online: urbanagcouncil.com/gala-georgia-landscape-awards/submit-entry-uac-awards

GALA

GEORGIA URBAN AG COUNCIL

Georgia Landscape Awards Entry deadline

GEORGIA LANDSCAPE AWARDS

DATE: Friday, December 30

Learn more, download forms, apply online: urbanagcouncil.com/gala-georgia-landscape-awards/submit-entry-uac-awards

DEC

30

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

GALA

GEORGIA URBAN AG COUNCIL

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SAVE THE DATE PRO PROJECT

Pro project Russell Landscape Group AGCO, an agricultural equipment manufacturer based in Duluth, offers a line of tractors and equipment that are sold through more than 3,100 independent dealers and distributors in more than 140 countries worldwide. This commercial office complex is their world headquarters and demands excellence.

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

A business of this caliber wants all facets of their company to be represented with perfection, down to each blade of grass. We needed to work not only quickly, but intelligently, so our plan produced quick, visible results.

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The owner’s objectives were to eradicate Bermuda growing in the fescue, update and repair the irrigation system and form a proactive and consistent partnership. When we started the contract in 2012 our first goal was to regain the feel of a class A office complex suitable for a Fortune 500 company. We met this through monthly and bi-weekly meetings with the customer to measure progress. This was a team effort and every department was involved to offer their support until all goals were met.

Through eradicating the Bermuda year after year and over-seeding the Fescue, we have moved back toward a clean and healthy turf.

Most of the irrigation heads (sprays and rotors) were four inch, and unable to extend beyond the top of the turf. We developed a plan that fit with their budget and we are working toward replacing these over time.

We noticed a trend of stuck irrigation valves. We regrouped with our team and customer to start phasing in scrubber valves. Working through these two key challenges have allowed us to regain a healthy turf and landscape AGCO can be proud of.

HAVE YOU MET

Greg Huber

Training Coordinator, UGA Center for Urban Agriculture My first job in the green industry was...

Christmas tree farming.

The biggest challenge in my career has been...spending less time in the dirt and more time in the office.

The people who have influenced my career are... my parents, who passed along

their skills and values and helped me go to college to study landscape architecture. Mike Breedlove and Breedlove Land Planning, who mentored and trained me in the profession. My supportive wife Beth who encouraged me to become a teacher.

One piece of advice I would give to someone entering the green industry today is...get a copy of the Georgia Certified Landscape Professional Study Manual and start learning your plant materials.

The one thing most responsible for my success is...

Greg Huber

My biggest career success so far has been... helping people improve their quality of

an attitude of gratitude for the blessings in life.

Griffin GA 30223 Phone: 770-229-3251

If I had it to do over again, I would...

If I could change careers, just for a month, I would...

life through education and training.

postpone college until the establishment of the HOPE scholarship program.

The thing I like most about my career is.... serving others, learning new things, working with nature.

My least favorite part of my job is....not

Address: 1109 Experiment Street

Email:

ghuber@uga.edu

Web:

www.ugaurbanag.com

deliver courtesy vehicles for the Ferrari dealership in Hawaii.

One thing that really annoys me is...

Ligustrum sinense (Privet).

having a skid loader to drive.

go fishing.

One thing most people don’t know about me is...that I lived in Alaska for a summer as an intern with Land Design North.

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

When I’m not working, I like to...

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PEST 411

Japanese beetles

ID, symptoms, and control in the nursery and landscape

by Kris Braman, Will Hudson, and Shakunthala Nair, University of Georgia The Japanese beetle (Popillia

David Cappaert, Michigan State University, Bugwood.org

Fig. 1. Japanese beetle Popillia japonica adult.

japonica Newman) (Scarabaeidae: Coleoptera), as the name suggests, is native to Japan and was introduced to the US through transport of plant material. It is a highly devastating pest, attacking a variety of landscape and garden plants, fruit trees, field crops and turf.

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

Identification and biology

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Adults are shiny and attractive, medium sized, ovoid shaped beetles, about 0.5 inches in length, with metallic green colored bodies and iridescent bronze-colored elytra Jim Baker, North Carolina State University, Bugwood.org (Fig. 1). The elytra do Fig. 2. Japanese beetle grub. not cover the body completely, thus exposing 6 small tufts of white hair along the sides of the abdomen, under the wing edges. This is an important identifying character that distinguishes these beetles from other similar looking ones. Females are typically slightly larger than males. The adults are weak, clumsy fliers, often falling several times when they hit obstacles in their path. However, they are known to travel long distances.

The beetles are first seen in late spring or early summer, feeding actively on various host plants.

The mature females lay eggs in clutches of 20-40, buried about 2-3 inches deep in the soil. Eggs are variable in shape, from spheroidal to ellipsoidal

or cylindrical, about 1/16 in long, and creamy white in color. They hatch by mid-summer and the grubs feed on plant roots. The grubs are stout and creamy white in color with a brown head and 3 pairs of legs, and are usually found in a curled position (Fig. 2). The posterior part of the abdomen has a grayish or black tinge due to accumulation of fecal matter. The full-grown grubs measure about 1 inch in length. By late fall, the grubs dig deeper into the soil for the winter.

When the weather gets warmer, the grubs move back towards the surface and resume feeding on plant roots. By late spring, they pupate in the soil. The pupae are pale in color and resemble the adult, but the wings and appendages are folded closely to the body. After 2 weeks, the adults emerge from the ground. The complete life cycle takes about one year, and the beetles usually have one generation per year.

Host plants

Japanese beetles feed on over 300 species of wild and cultivated plants in about 80 plant families. Among common landscape and garden plants, its preferred hosts include crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia spp.), rose (Rosa spp.), canna (Canna spp.), evening primrose (Oenothera spp.) and dahlia (Dahlia spp.). Trees like linden (Tilia spp.), crabapple (Malus spp.), elm (Ulmus spp.), birch (Betula spp.) and maple (Acer spp.) are frequently attacked. Larvae are also polyphagous and feed on roots of a variety of plants, but tend to be restricted by their limited mobility in the soil.

Damage symptoms

The most visible symptom of Japanese beetle damage is skeletonization of the foliage, which occurs when the beetles consume the leaf lamina leaving a skeleton of the veins intact (Fig. 3).

They also destroy flowers and fruit, and during population peaks, can defoliate entire trees.

The adult beetles usually begin feeding on the

PEST 411 topmost, youngest leaves of a plant irrespective of its height, and are most active during the day from mid-morning to early evening. Larval feeding of roots leads to symptoms resembling drought stress, and patches of wilting, discolored or dying plants or turf can be seen (Fig. 4). These small patches gradually expand and when the roots of such plants are examined, grubs can be seen. Grubs are also sought by birds and larger animals like raccoons and armadillos that add to the destruction when they dig for grubs.

Monitoring techniques

Defoliation caused by Japanese beetles is easy to identify. However it is better to start checking for beetles early in the season, before damage symptoms appear, so that the menace is effectively managed. Regular scouting for adults and grubs should be conducted starting in early spring. Use of beetle traps is a good way to monitor their populations. Japanese beetle traps use pheromones and floral lures, to attract both males and females. The clumsy flight of the beetles causes them to be caught up in the trap.

Larvae can be sampled in late spring (April) to late summer (September). Checking underneath pale brown or discolored areas in lawns or turf, or among roots of unusually wilting plants will reveal grubs. 10 to 12 grubs within one square foot area warrants treatment.

Control strategies

Japanese beetles are attacked by several natural enemies. Some are available commercially, while others are in various stages of testing.

William Fountain, University of Kentucky, Bugwood.org

Fig. 3. Skeletonization of foliage caused by Japanese beetle adult.

Chemical control often becomes necessary in managing this pest.

M.G. Klein, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org However, choosing Fig. 4. Damage to turf by animals feeding on pesticides should be Japanese beetles. done after assessing the situation and the risks/benefits associated with their use.

Short residual insecticides sprayed on foliage and flowers, effectively manages the adults, as do commonly available systemics. Longerpersistence insecticides applied to the soil in early summer are good for preventive control of grubs. Choose insecticides labeled for use against Japanese beetles and for application on the host plant referring to the Georgia Pest Control Handbook. Your local CES county office can help with specific recommendations. Follow all directions, particularly safety precautions on the insecticide label.

Trade and brand names are used only for information. The Cooperative Extension Service, The University of Georgia College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences does not guarantee or warrant the standard of any product mentioned; neither does the use of a trade or brand name imply approval of any product to the exclusion of others which also may be suitable.

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

Japanese beetles are not easy to control once they become established, especially during population peaks. Extensive host range and the differing habits and habitats of adults and larvae are factors that help them to escape and survive control measures. However, integrated pest management (IPM) programs with community participation can reduce their menace to a great extent. IPM programs utilize cultural, biological and chemical methods, and do not aim at total elimination of the beetles. Since their behavior is not always predictable, it is best to regularly monitor populations and adopt location-specific and need based strategies.

Grubs are affected by microbial biological control agents like entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema glaseri and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora), the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and B. popilliae (Milky spore), and fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana. A parasitic wasp (Tiphia vernalis) that attacks the grubs and a fly (Istocheta aldrichi) that parasitizes adult beetles are also reported.

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SAFETY WORKS

Federal posting requirements

When applying pesticides, it’s the law

by W.S. Pharr/Snellings Walters The laws that govern pesticide application are

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

sometimes complex and cover not only pesticide use, but also storage, reporting, recordkeeping, disposal, and more.

They also guarantee Understanding federal posting that pesticides on the requirements is very important and market have been evaluated for impacts can help the applicator avoid civil and/ on human health and or criminal penalties. the environment. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for implementing federal laws regulating pesticides. The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) places the EPA in control of evaluating products for sale and use in the United States.

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The EPA is also responsible for setting the posting requirements when using a pesticide.

Understanding federal posting requirements is very important and can help the applicator avoid civil and/or criminal penalties, including but not limited to: fines of up to $5000 per violation; suspension or revocation of professional licenses or restricted material permits; and civil or criminal prosecution.

Posting requirements

There are three cases that require posting of pesticide treated sites:

1.

Posting to comply with federal Worker Protections Standard (WPS)

2.

Posting to comply with pesticide label directions

3.

Posting to comply with state chemigation law (for pesticides applied through irrigation systems)

The posting requirements for an agricultural pesticide application require agricultural employers to provide adequate notification of applications to their employees.

Except for greenhouse applications which require posting at a minimum, these may be oral or posted unless the pesticide label requires both.

Employers must inform their employees which method of notification is used.

If an oral notification is used, WPS requires employers to inform worker and handler employees of the location and description of the treated area and the length of the Restricted Entry Interval (REI) in effect, employers should also make sure that there is no entry allowed during that period.

The warning must be made in a manner that the employee understands and it must be given before the application for employees who are already on the establishment and at the start of work periods for those entering the property after the application begins.

If a posted notification is used, a sign must be placed at the site just before the application and removed within three days of the expiration of the REI. The sign must be in English and Spanish although a language other than Spanish may be used if that is the predominant language of the employer’s affected workforce. The sign must be 14” x 16” unless it is being used for nursery or greenhouse applications.

The posting requirements for a landscape pesticide application requires a certified applicator to place a marker at the usual points of entry to the property.

SAFETY WORKS Markers must be placed at the time of the application, be a minimum of four inches by five inches and contain the words: “THIS LANDSCAPE HAS BEEN TREATED BY” as the headline and “FOR MORE INFORMATION PLEASE CALL” as the footer. The company name and the applicator’s phone number should also be included between the headline and the footer. The main purpose for these postings is to protect any individual who may enter a treated area.

also have their own legal requirements that may differ slightly from the federal provisions, all those applying pesticides are responsible for knowing both state and federal pesticide laws. For questions about pesticide safety and requirements contact your county agricultural commissioner; this article is for general guidance only.

The size of the smaller signs is dependent on the distance between signs and is as follows: Distance between signs

Required size

25 feet or less

4.5” x 5”

50 feet or less

7” x 8”

All states have signed cooperative agreements with the EPA that designate a state lead agency to enforce the provisions of FIFRA. All states

W.S. Pharr & Co./Snellings Walters is one of the largest independent insurance brokers in the Southeast. We have specialized in the green industry since 1987. We offer a unique blend of insurance companies and broker experience assuring you get the most for your insurance dollar.

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17

WHAT THE TECH?

Making the most of Facebook Use the power, but use it wisely How should you react to new Facebook reactions?

by Brooke Preston, Manta Contributor Facebook Reactions, the long-awaited

expansion to the one-note “like” button, is making the social site a much more emotional place. Now, users can react to any Facebook post with one of six emoji-like icons: “like,” “love,” “haha,” “wow,” “sad” and “mad.”

This is good news for users, who are now freed from responding to bad news (say, a friend’s broken leg) with a cold, blue “thumbs up.” It’s less clear what the change means for small business owners, who will now hear from customers with a variety of emoji that could be open to interpretation.

Here are three ways you can make Facebook Reactions work for your small business: Better monitoring. Business owners can now get a much clearer snapshot of customer sentiment and alter their messages to match. For example, if a new product announcement receives lots of “mad” emoji, you might want to reconsider the launch. Conversely, posts that garner a high volume of “love” or “haha” emoji help show what type of content your audience loves most.

1.

Customer service. Seeing a lot of “sad” or “mad” emoji on unexpected posts may indicate unhappy customers. It’s a sign that something’s not right, which provides a chance to connect directly with the consumer to say, “We’re concerned and want to hear more so we can help.” This not only has the potential to turn an unhappy customer into a satisfied one, it also indicates to other followers that you’re listening and care about their opinions and satisfaction.

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

2.

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engaging conversation. Now, you have a builtin way to poll your audience. For instance, a restaurant might post something like, “We’re considering participating in Meatless Mondays by offering only vegetarian entrees each Monday.

What do you think?”

Facebook video makes it easy to share your business story

by Brooke Preston, Manta Contributor You’ve probably read about how important video content is to attract the

attention of customers or improve your ranking with search engines. There’s just one problem: you’re a small business owner, not a Hollywood filmmaker. Now, a tool from Facebook promises to make video production easy—and free.

Facebook’s Your Business Story makes the process about as simple as logging into Facebook. To create your video, you select up to eight of your own photos, pick an instrumental music soundtrack (Facebook provides four choices), and write short text about your business (up to 90 characters).

You’ll need to have admin access to your business page; if you manage multiple Facebook pages, Your Business Story will ask you to select which account you want to use. After choosing your photos, music and text, Facebook generates and displays your video; from there, just click to make edits or share to your page.

Need extra inspiration before diving in? Here are a few tips for making the most of your Facebook video:



Deeper engagement. Instead of simply asking for likes and comments, you can ask your customers to share how they feel about a given topic, creating a deeper and more

3.

If want to use photos that aren’t yet saved to your Facebook page, you’ll need to upload those images to an album first in order to make them available for Your Business Story.



Since text will overlay on several screens of the video, photos without text or busy patterns work best.

WHAT THE TECH?

 

Once you post the video to your page you can no longer make edits, so review carefully before sharing.

There’s no limit to the number of Your Business Story videos a business can create, so you can always delete one and create it again—or create multiple videos to highlight your various locations, services or team members.

Facebook and the office

by Karen Vujnovic, Manta Staff Writer Facebook. Everyone’s on it—from tweens

to grandparents—but as a small-business owner, should you “friend” your employees and get a sneak peek into their private lives?

You may feel that you have a great rapport with your staff and perhaps even consider them friends. After all, you’ve shared plenty of personal information already, even at happy hours or company parties. But is Facebook the same as bonding over a team outing or a few cocktails?

Although there are no hard and fast rules, most experts advise against virtually snuggling up too closely with employees.

While you may like them, and they like you, it’s best to leave it that way. And having a clear divide between business and personal can help ensure that. Facebook often doubles as a soapbox, especially during a heated presidential campaign year. Many people share opinions— loudly—and things, even between the best of friends, can get ugly.

Manta is one of the largest online resources dedicated to small business.

Are you a small business? Create your free company profile at manta. com.

Before you try to expand your friend list, proceed with caution. It’s important to consider that everyone uses Facebook differently. Just because you don’t post every emotion, meal, break-up, family milestone or awkward beach photo—others do.

Furthermore, sending a friend request puts undo pressure on employees to accept. So, stick with those outside of work for Facebook, and use LinkedIn to connect to your staff.

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

19

BUSINESS

The zombie hire

It’s about more than a warm body

by Erin Saunders We’ve all been there. An employee

quits or the company is growing. You need to fill a role and fast. You post your position and hit up your network so you can get someone hired right away. You fill the position immediately.

Phew. Problem solved.

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

Not so fast. Finding the right hire is critical to a team’s success.

20

According to Fast Company, 41% of companies Kathy G. Johnson surveyed in the past year said a Not only does a bad hire cost your bad hire cost them organization money, there are at least $25,000. also indirect costs of lost worker Not only does a productivity, lost time due to bad hire cost your recruiting and training, negative organization money, impact on morale and business there are also indirect results. costs of lost worker productivity, lost time due to recruiting and training, negative impact on morale and business results. Whether you’re hiring part-time or full-time employees, taking a little more time in the recruiting and selection process can pay off with a quality, long-term employee.

identify your needs.

1. First, Before you start screening, you’re

going to want to understand your talent needs. Determine what skillset, experience, and personality is needed for your team. Then screen resumes and candidates based on the talent needs. If your applicants don’t have a

resume, make sure you’re asking questions about their background prior to setting up a formal interview. Once you have narrowed down the applicants, it’s time to start the interview process.

the interview.

2. Then, Prior to the interview, prepare.

Know what questions you are going to ask. Ask open-ended behavioral questions, questions that can’t be answered with a “yes” or a “no.”

You don’t care so much what they would do in hypothetical questions as much as what they have done in actual past situations. You can find examples here: https://www.quintcareers. com/sample-behavioral. Many times managers are worried about what they can’t ask.

While there are many questions you shouldn’t ask, there is one rule of thumb that will keep you on track: if it’s not job related, don’t ask it.

You can find specific examples here: http:// usatoday30.usatoday.com/careers/ resources/interviewillegal.htm.

When they arrive, connect with the person.

They are nervous—help put them at ease. The more relaxed they are, the more likely they are to be themselves and feel comfortable to answer your questions more openly. As much as possible, have a natural conversation. You’re asking questions, but you also want to get to know them on a personal level.

Help them understand more about the job.

Give them some background about the role and the organization. This will give them some time to settle in and will help them understand a little more about the position.

At the end of the interview, set expectations. Let them know what to expect as far as timing, selections process and follow-up.

BUSINESS No one likes to wait to hear how they did after the interview. Let them know when you will follow up and then follow through. You are not only selecting candidates, you’re representing your company to candidates.

After the interview, write down the pros and cons of your candidate. Keep notes and evaluation professional. Make sure they are “New York Times ready,” meaning you don’t want to put down anything that you would not want to see printed on the front page of the New York Times.

Also, the interview notes are confidential and you should store them in a safe and secure spot in case you need to refer to them in the future.

Now it’s time to check references. Ask your candidates for at least three prior managers you can contact as a reference. You’ll want to ask questions about their skills related to your opening, as well as about their work ethic and communication styles. You can find sample questions here: https://www.hcareers. com/article/employer-articles/checkingreferences-top-10-questions-to-ask.

the offer. Once you’ve 3. Finally, checked references and have decided on

your candidate, make the offer. Let them know the basics of the job—pay, benefits, work hour, who their manager is and their start date. This is also your chance to sell the organization to your candidate. You want them to be excited about their new job! Remember to follow up with candidates you didn’t select via phone or email.

The most important asset a business has is its people.

Don’t fall for the zombie effect. Be patient, follow a methodical recruiting and hiring process, and make sure you’re bringing the right person on board. You and your business will be better off for it.

About the author Erin Saunders is Sr. HR Business Partner with JLL. P: 303-931-0923 E: erin.saunders@am.jll.com

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

21

BUSINESS

Planning for an uncertain environment Don’t take your eyes off these hot topics

by Lynn C. Stewart

Last summer I had the opportunity to speak to UAC members about

some of the challenges and concerns I repeatedly encounter when assisting businesses, including members of the green industry, with their Kathy G. Johnson legal matters. As a So now more than ever knowledge, “seasoned” attorney planning, risk management and I strongly believe that helping keep my compliance remain important clients out of court components of running a successful or administrative business whether you are a small agencies is usually shop, or manage the Georgia division the best type of legal of a multi-state company handling assistance I can numerous jobs with an extensive and provide (yet I am diverse workforce. always willing to effectively advocate on their behalf when the need arises!)

by introducing legislation to nullify the rule. So now more than ever knowledge, planning, risk management and compliance remain important components of running a successful business whether you are a small shop, or manage the Georgia division of a multi-state company handling numerous jobs with an extensive and diverse workforce.

Watch these trends

Let’s first review some of the basics of planning and mitigating risk and then update some of the “hot” trends you still need to worry about:



Knowledge is power. Stay informed about the common contract and employment challenges typical in the green industry – utilize best practices.

 

Therefore my repetitive message - in this column, and in my practice - centers around knowing the contractual and employment issues that frequently impact businesses here in Georgia and then planning and implementing the most long-term cost-effective ways to manage the risk.

Last year the theme of the program was learn how to confidently comply with contractual and employment laws while still running your business.

Compliance works. Have the confidence to run your business in compliance with the law – it’s cheaper in the long run.

Be proactive. Senior management should take the time to review the proposals, contracts, lien waivers, releases, handbooks, job applications, job descriptions and safety policies actually used in the business to insure that these documents comply with current laws and actually fit the way you want to conduct business.

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016



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Regularly mitigate risk. A business may not currently comply with the law if it is still relying on the forms a former project manager brought with him from his last job or the office assistant located off the internet or obtained as a hand me down.



Not surprisingly, many of the regulatory uncertainties discussed last year have only been heightened by political considerations during this election year. Before the November elections federal agencies such as the Department of Labor are aggressively moving to implement certain agendas, including finalizing the revisions to the “white collar” overtime exemption criteria by rulemaking authority, and Congress is reacting

Consistent policy application. If you put a procedure or policy into place then make sure everybody in the organization complies.

Unfortunately it is not uncommon to have a project manager who still likes to use “his” forms. Once you spend the time and money to create legally compliant employment and contract documents that work in Georgia, and support your business model, then use them consistently.

BUSINESS



Commentators who were reading the tea leaves every time a DOL official gave a speech believe that the final rule could be published in the Federal Register as early as Summer 2016, with a short 60-day implementation window.

Train your supervisors. Your front-line staff needs regular refreshers to consistently comply with your policies on routine matters and still know the process to alert upper management promptly about potential problems. Regular tool box safety meetings are designed to insure repetition of the message about safety to your field employees – similarly plan to regularly engage your supervisors in contracting and employment compliance issues.



Create relationships. Routinely rely upon your subject matter specialists: the lawyers, CPAs, bankers and insurance brokers who know their business and how you operate your business – so they can immediately step in and provide help when a problem does occur.

Hot employment issues

Now here are some current employment-related issues likely to be “hot” this summer:



DOL rulemaking revision to white collar overtime exemption. On March 14, 2016 the DOL’s overtime rule was submitted to the Office of Management and Budget (OBM).

Although details of the final rule were unknown at the time this article was written, the proposed rule published for comment back in 2015 recommended setting the “salary” threshold for exempt employees at a level equal to the 40th percentile of earnings for full-time salaried workers ($49,542 annually when analyzed; forecast to be $50,440 annually when enacted) a massive increase from the $23,600 annual salary currently required. This significant salary increase caused numerous businesses and organizations to inundate the DOL with comments. Concerns were raised that the final rule may also require automatic increases, on an annual basis, to the salary threshold and a possible revision to the duties test – such as requiring managers who are deemed salaried exempt to spend a designated portion (at least half?) of their time on managerial functions.

Congress reacted to the submittal to the OMB for review by introducing legislation called The Protecting Workplace Advancement and Opportunity Act (S. 2707 and H.R. 4773) which would nullify the proposed rule and require DOL to conduct a comprehensive economic analysis of the impact of the mandatory overtime expansion, prohibit automatic increases to the salary threshold, and require that any future changes to the duties test be subject to public notice and comment.

Stay tuned... while the Republicans hope to slow down the entire process until a new administration is in place it’s still prudent to plan for strategies to effectively deal with a new rule which may necessitate changes to your workforce composition, work schedules, and pay scales.



UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

The final rule, if it is at all similar to the 2015 proposed rule, will substantially effect businesses such a construction, retail and hospitality, which employ large numbers of people. The green industry will definitely be impacted.

DOL/IRS focus on pay – minimum wage and overtime (“wage theft”). The DOL Wage and Hour Division continues to focus its education and enforcement efforts on insuring compliance with the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) minimum wage and overtime requirements. In Georgia the DOL has recently taken aim at the hotel industry because “[these] industry workers typically earn low wages and may struggle financially to meet basic needs.”

With comments such as “our initiative works to ensure that Georgia’s workers are protected against exploitation...” the tone taken by the DOL in publicizing its enforcement efforts strongly implies that unscrupulous business owners are deliberately choosing to “cheat” workers out of pay. The DOL notes that its initiative “raises awareness among workers, community organizations and other stakeholders to inform them of federal wage and hour laws and protections and to encourage participation in promoting industry-wide compliance.”

23

BUSINESS Since the green industry is labor intensive and employs many relatively low-wage workers, and it is actually surprisingly easy for business owners to unknowingly violate FLSA minimum wage and overtime regulations, it remains prudent to carefully review your pay practices and consult with experience employment counsel to make sure that your policies comply with the law.

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016



24

This article does not constitute legal advice. Each fact scenario differs and it is recommended that you consult with experienced legal counsel.

DOL/IRS focus on joint employment/ worker misclassification. In 2016 the DOL is also continuing its relentless focus on “misclassification” of workers as independent contractors. In January the DOL issued an Administrator’s memo on joint employment noting: “through its enforcement efforts, [its] Wage and Hour Division (WHD) regularly encounters situations where more than one business is involved in the work being performed and where workers may have two or more employers. More and more, businesses are varying organizational and staffing models by, for instance, sharing employees or using thirdparty management companies, independent contractors, staffing agencies, or labor providers.

As a result, the traditional employment relationship of one employer employing one employee is less prevalent. WHD encounters these employment scenarios in all industries, including the construction, agricultural, janitorial, warehouse and logistics, staffing, and hospitality industries.”

continue to take an expansive view of the relationship between workers and businesses, often finding that, even if there is another entity who provides the workers, the business is controlling the performance of the work and is thus is an employer who is jointly responsible for withholding of taxes and compliance with minimum wage and overtime requirements.

The days are long gone when a green industry business can control the performance of work, hire a crew boss to provide a group of workers who consistently perform regularly scheduled tasks which are core aspects of the business, and just “1099 them.”

Review your practices in light of the increased potential risk of costly back payments of wages and penalties. Only properly documented situations, where a true independent contractor relationship exists, supported by a valid written independent contractor agreement, can best withstand governmental scrutiny.

About the author

Basically, in today’s regulatory environment the DOL is always inclined to see an employment relationship; during audits the DOL will

Lynn C. Stewart is a partner with Schreeder, Wheeler & Flint, LLP in Atlanta, practicing employment law and counseling, and construction and general business litigation.

P: 404-954-9865 F: 404-681-1046 lstewart@swfllp.com

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ForGed From ScIence

25

BUSINESS

Get off the roller coaster

4 ways to better manage irregular income

by Caron Beesley Dealing with an inconsistent income is one of

the hardest and most stressful aspects of being a solo entrepreneur. One minute it’s a feast, next a famine, and it’s hard to predict which is coming next.

This isn’t just a problem for your nerves; not knowing where your next paycheck is coming from makes cash flow predictions impossible and budgeting a pipedream. Even if you work like crazy one month, the next month could bring a dry spell and all that hard income you pocketed away quickly gets reabsorbed into keeping you afloat.

This isn’t just a problem for your nerves; not knowing where your next paycheck is coming from makes cash flow predictions impossible and budgeting a pipedream.

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

While unpredictable income is not something that will ever go away, here are four things you can do to better cope with the highs and lows.

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your personal and 1. Keep business finances separate.

Any accountant will tell you that maintaining a separate bank account for your personal expenses (checking and savings) and business finances is essential. Not only does it make record keeping and tax preparation a lot easier, it also helps you manage and arrange your finances (aka budgeting).

If you have an online accounting system in place, you can also sync your business bank account with it and automatically import and track expense transactions – providing a dashboard

view of your cash flow. If you work with a tax preparer or CPA, it will also make getting them the reports they need a lot easier.

a salary. Once you have 2. Draw your business account set up, make a

habit of drawing funds from it on a scheduled basis, much like claiming a salary. Perhaps once a week or twice a month, transfer funds into your checking account to pay your personal bills.

How much you draw depends on your household budget, but a good rule of thumb is to calculate the bare minimum amount you need to pay off your personal expenses and other non-business obligations, like health insurance. This bare minimum should be your baseline salary.

While there may be times when you need to draw more out of your business bank account to pay for vacations and other expenditures, try to maintain a consistent schedule and salary amount – this will help avoid the temptation to be frivolous when times are more prosperous.

Set money aside for lean

3. months. If you do land a windfall

client, set aside the money in your savings account (not your personal checking account) so that you can draw on those funds to help tide you over (and alleviate stress) during lean months.

In this setup, you’ll pay your bills from your personal checking account, deposit payments from clients into your business account and use a separate savings account to deposit whatever’s left over after you’ve paid yourself a salary.

BUSINESS

4. Get an idea of your trending

About the author

income. Predicting cash flow isn’t

easy when you don’t know where your next client or project is coming from. However, historical analysis should give you some idea of what your average income is over 12-24 months and give you a better sense of the levels of income that you need to maintain moving forward. If your baseline income tracks lower than your personal budget, consider cutting expenses or finding new business.

In summary… Taking the time to gain insight into your expenses, understanding your income target and drawing a salary accordingly can make your finances a lot more sustainable. It’s a simple model, but it works.

W: april-marketing.com

Caron Beesley is a small business owner, a writer, and marketing communications consultant. Caron works with the SBA.gov team to promote essential government resources that help entrepreneurs and small business owners start-up, grow and succeed.

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27

BUSINESS

Building your service delivery model

The most powerful “must do”s to ensure success

by Steven Cohen, Consultant, GreenMark Consulting Group

This past December, I celebrated 40 years in the green industry. This

That said, it is imperative that you build a successful service delivery model. You MUST design and maintain a culture-centered workforce, because it is this workforce that is fundamentally responsible for the happiness of your customers.

milestone has brought forth many thoughts on what has worked - and not worked during my career. For this article, I would like to share one of my company’s greatest successes with the following powerful “must-do”s.

Early on, I knew that being different was all about distinguishing myself from the competition.

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

While price is, and will always be, a driving factor in consumer buying habits, there is one thing that remains a constant, and that is your service delivery model.

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Happy customers mean repeat business and referrals. Unhappy customers can harbor feelings of betrayal, which can lead them to engage in vengeful behaviors, such as venting their unhappiness via social media. And as you know, we live in a very “online” world.

That said, it is imperative that you build a successful service delivery model. You MUST design and maintain a culture-centered workforce, because it is this workforce that is fundamentally responsible for the happiness of your customers.

Accountability is king

In an informal study conducted by my firm in 2013, we found accountability to be one of the biggest problems within our landscape clientele.

In fact, we determined that 30 to 50 percent of employees were not held accountable for their performance, despite key performance indictors being in place. This can be, and is, an industrywide challenge for many companies.

Steps for ensuring accountability, though not new, still are sometimes challenging. Steps toward improving your team’s accountability include:

1.

Setting and communicating clear expectations. Be transparent with organizational vision, goals and expectations.

Aligning individual and team goals with departmental and organizational strategies. Everyone must work together toward a common goal of customer centricity. “Together Everyone Achieves More” (TEAM).

2.

Providing time, training, tools, and resources. If you do not make the time, you will never have the time. TEAM members must be trained, coached and mentored to deliver their best.

3.

Empowering people to succeed.

Empowerment is driven by trust and accountability. Empower your TEAM to think, act and deliver.

4.

5.

Providing recognition and feedback. The hardest words are actually the easiest. “Thank you,” “Great job” and “I appreciate the effort” are just a few. Feedback, even when there’s a problem, can be positive. Say things like, “Next time we can do better,’ or ask, “What did we learn from this experience?”

BUSINESS

Mindset matters

Mindset is nothing more than a set of assumptions, or methods held by one or more groups of people. It is so ingrained that it creates a powerful incentive within these groups to continue to adopt prior behaviors.

The difference between leaders who inspire and those whose employees merely trade time for money has less to do with strategies and techniques than it does with the mindset with which they approach their responsibilities.

The best leaders are guided by the following beliefs:

want to do a good job and succeed. Employees should be taught and sustained, rather Discipline than used to mandate compliance. are the ultimate tool for Relationships influencing the performance of others. it work?” must always must be a two-way “Does street. Leadership is not defined, it is SHAPED. Once an organization becomes aligned, and these values are understood, success increases.

This is because:

TEAM with the best coaches and the most The aligned players has the best chance of reaching its fullest potential.

will continue to be inspired by what they People have become.

If you are not inspired each day with these values, there is no reason for you to be employed at our company.

EVERYONE should come to work with a purpose - other than a paycheck - and go home feeling satisfied and happy.

Sunday evenings, employees should look forward to going to work the next day.

We always had a mantra:

“Leaders lead, managers manage, supervisors supervise and everyone trains, coaches and mentors.”

This helps develop a culture of continuous learning. Quality work should be a daily expectation - not an exception.

Plan your steps

We learned that the managers who fostered our culture, our values and our desire to exceed customers’ expectations - at all levels - were unstoppable. These managers consistently created great results and were empowered to remove the obstacles before them. They challenged the status quo, challenged themselves, and challenged each other.

It really is about the mindset of being powerful and having a bring-it-on attitude!

To succeed in the landscape industry today, you must be flexible and have reasonably good planning and organizational skills.

Many people start a business thinking that they will turn on their computers, open the doors and just start making money – only to find that making money in a business is much more difficult than they thought. Avoid costly mistakes by taking your time and planning all the steps necessary to achieve success and deliver excellence to your clients.

Our culture and our managers lived by five steps, which we dubbed our “Five Steps to Success.”

Not only were these steps the operational standard, but each time we had a problem, we would go back, identify any steps that were missed, and why. Missing the step was less important to me; learning how to not miss that step again was paramount.

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

Know the “Three Ps”: Purpose, Passion & Pride

Develop a culture of continuous learning

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BUSINESS

Step #1

Organize

• Organize your mind.

• Organize your daily start-up.

• Organize your job plan.

Step #2

Manage

• Manage by being “in control.”

• Manage your TEAM members.

• Manage your jobs. Do not let the jobs manage you.

Step #3

Observe

• Observe the overall performance of the job.

• Observe the performance of your crew(s).

• Observe the end result.

• Observe how to improve.

Step #5

Deliver

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

• Deliver what was really sold.

• Deliver services that exceed the industry and market standards.

• Deliver services that exceed your customer’s expectations. Overachieve.

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You MUST ask yourself this question all the time, “How do I drive expectations and accountability?” Every move you make as a manager must be tied to the customer service experience and can eventually be calculated in revenue – earned, or lost.

If you approach each customer relationship with a positive, can-do attitude, and with the mentality that “the buck stops here,” you are in the right frame of mind.

Execute

• Execute the job based on the estimate.

Exercise financial control.

• Execute the job in accordance with your client’s expectations. Show them what makes you different.

• Execute the job based on proper management and best management practices. Assess your performance.

Step #4

Build your own success

Follow these five steps and you will find that your daily routine becomes more organized, and that the results achieved will help improve your service delivery.

In addition this mindset, you must take action.

Without a positive attitude AND action, your level of service will be satisfactory at best.

History has shown us over and over that by creating these types of customer-centric experiences you will often exceed the emotional expectations of your customers. In turn, the time, resources, and commitment you make will be well worthwhile. Furthermore, your organization’s business goals almost always will be met, allowing you to leverage your market for an increased share - and revenue.

So I ask you…Are you exceeding your client’s expectations?

About the author Steven Cohen, Principal of GreenMark Consulting Group, is a business management and operations consultant with more than 25 years of landscape/snow industry experience.

Steven has an extensive background in managing cross-functional business operations, business strategy and market growth projects. He prides himself as being both an analytical and a conceptual thinker who effectively partners with business owners to assess opportunities, facilitate strategic decisions, and drive successful implementations. GreenMark Consulting Group specializes in helping growthoriented companies see through challenges and map out operational and growth strategies. www. greenmarkgroup.com/www.greenmarkbootcamp.com

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

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INDUSTRY

Sine Die

The 2016 legislative session in review

by Bryan Tolar and Jonathan Harding, Georgia Agribusiness Council With the 2016 session of the Georgia General Assembly behind us, we can reflect back on the progress made for agriculture interests during this 40-day stretch at the State Capitol. These past 11 weeks have been a roller coaster as battles were waged on several fronts – many of which never make it into an article like this. We appreciate the active participation

by Georgia Urban Ag Council members along the way, proving once again that our success is a team effort. As a UAC member, you receive weekly reports on legislative activity during the session – a big benefit to keeping up with the needs and interests of your industry.

We’ll begin with HB 911, which was a battle for ag interests from the very start and a clear reminder that sometimes the best remedy is to kill the bill – and that’s what we did.

This bill would have made several changes to the Georgia Ag Tax Exemption (GATE) program, but included a laundry list of mandates on retailers. Change is not always a good thing, and HB 911 is a great example of that fact.

1.

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

We are grateful for several key leaders in the effort to stop this bill, including Lt. Governor Casey Cagle, Senate Ag Chairman John Wilkinson, House Majority Leader Jon Burns, House Ag Chairman Tom McCall and Representative Jimmy Pruett.

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So, the good news is that the GATE program remains the same, however, we must step up efforts to ensure the sales tax exemptions are on appropriate items and that retailers are not encouraging misconduct. This bill was not a warning, but a promise that if the program doesn’t show it is being used appropriately, changes will happen.

We appreciate UAC sharing the GATE Guidance document several times in the past. You can find it on our homepage at ga-agribusiness.org.

Please help the industry by discouraging abuses and protect the integrity of these tax benefits.

It is also important to also note that the Georgia Department of Agriculture received $200,000 to have inspectors visit GATE card holders and ag retailers to help provide assistance with compliance and look for trouble areas in this program. This is an excellent step to provide first-hand information and education about making this program function for agriculture and the state. We fully support this initiative.

Second, the 2017 state budget contains several benefits for ag interests as is evident with the addition of 12 new UGA CAES Extension agents, five Extension specialist positions, 4-H funding at Rock Eagle and more.

We are thankful to Governor Deal, House Appropriations Chairman Terry England and Senate Appropriations Chairman Jack Hill for their leadership, coupled with the support of so many budget leaders that continue to show their commitment to invest in agriculture.

2.

3.

Regarding investment in plant development, Rep. Sam Watson and Sen. Ellis Black championed HB 1030 which broadens the scope of those who are eligible to serve on the Georgia Seed Development Commission (GSDC). This bill will include licensees and/or those involved in production, conditioning, or marketing of seed, crops, turfgrass, or horticultural plants to be eligible for appointment to the GSDC board. No doubt this move will allow for an even stronger program that helps build and direct funds for reinvestment in new plant varieties. We appreciate the work of GSDC and the other UGA partners that combined their leadership to craft this legislation.

INDUSTRY

Other victories include: •

SR 1018 & HR 1343 send strong statements about the negative impacts of the Waters of the U.S. (WOTUS) regulations being pushed by the EPA.

•

HB 742 gives Georgia the necessary state language to take advantage of the Section 179 expense deductions passed by Congress.

•

HB 579 allows for golf carts, four wheelers, and other off-road vehicles to be used on roads if using them for agricultural or forestry pursuits. These vehicles would have to be outfitted with a “slow moving vehicle” emblem.

•

HB 779 addresses uses of drones by law enforcement and other state agencies and does not specifically address agriculture. It does establish a “drone commission” as the interest in regulating drone use becomes more prevalent.

2016 is an election year and several legislators who work hard to support agriculture interests have opposition.

Please let us know if you would like to discuss the roles each has played in supporting our industry initiatives.

We’ll be happy to provide insight to encourage or discourage your support for them.

Thanks for your support of agriculture and the UAC. Please call on us when we can be of service.

P: 800.726.2474 W: ga-agribusiness.org

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INDUSTRY

Smalley recognized for excellence

UGA horticulturist named Distinguished Teaching Professor

By Camie Williams, University of Georgia Tim Smalley, associate professor of horticulture in the University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, has been named a Josiah Meigs Distinguished Teaching Professors, the university’s highest recognition for excellence in Sharon Dowdy instruction at the CAES horticulture professor Tim Smalley undergraduate and leads his students on a walking plant ID tour graduate levels. on the UGA campus in Athens, Ga. Smalley was one of five UGA faculty members who were honored with the Meigs Professorship in early March.

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

The Meigs Professorship underscores the university’s commitment to excellence in teaching, the value placed on the learning experiences of students and the centrality of instruction to the university’s mission. The award, sponsored by the Office of the Senior Vice President for Academic Affairs and Provost, includes a permanent salary increase of $6,000 and a one-year discretionary fund of $1,000.

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“Our Meigs Professors are exemplars of the University of Georgia’s commitment to providing students with unparalleled learning experiences,” said Pamela Whitten, senior vice president for academic affairs and provost. “They have made enduring impacts on their students as well as on the institution as a whole.”

Smalley, who is known for teaching horticulture classes under the Meigs white oak tree, has revamped courses to engage students with learning experiences in and out of the classroom.

His Art and Gardens of the Grand Tour study-

abroad program has heightened students’ horticultural and cultural appreciation since 2001. Via leadership positions in curriculum, global programs and strategic planning, Smalley has shepherded changes to his departmental and college educational endeavors. He currently serves as the undergraduate coordinator for the Department of Horticulture.

Over his two decades at UGA, Smalley has taught courses in nursery management, landscape contracting and horticulture professionalism. He also teaches the popular Woody Landscape Plant Identification and Use course, which leads students across campus as they learn about the thousands of trees and shrubs that comprise the UGA Campus Arboretum.

Smalley received the 1994 D.W. Brooks Award for Teaching Excellence, is an eight-time recipient of the horticulture department’s Outstanding Teacher Award and is a member of the UGA Teaching Academy. He received the National Association of Colleges and Teachers of Agriculture’s Teaching Award of Merit in 1995 and the American Society for Horticultural Science’s Outstanding Educator Award in 2014.

Meigs Professors are nominated by their school or college and chosen by a committee consisting of 12 faculty members, two undergraduate students and one graduate student.

For more information about the Josiah Meigs Distinguished Teaching Professorships, see provost.uga.edu/index.php/resources/ professorships/josiah-meigs-distinguishedteaching-professorships.

About the author

Camie Williams is Public Relations

Coordinator in UGA’s Academic Affairs and Provost Office.

INDUSTRY

TurfMutt program expands

Contest winners will be announced in June

Learning how to take care of the planet and studying science just got more fun

with TurfMutt, an environmental stewardship and education program for kids, teachers and families. TurfMutt has announced its annual “Be a Backyard Superhero” contest, which awards a $5,000 grant to improve two winning schools’ green spaces, and the addition of new inclassroom materials for grades K to 5, including a new digital storybook titled “The West Coast Mission,” an online climate change game, and lesson plans for teachers at scholastic.com/ TurfMutt Created in conjunction with Scholastic, the global children’s publishing, education and media company, the TurfMutt program helps students in grades K to 5 learn about science and the environment from the perspective of the backyard, community and personal green spaces they enjoy every day. The program also provides students with an understanding of how these green spaces benefit the environment when cared for in a sustainable way.

To inspire kids to apply what they are learning to real life, the “Be a Backyard Superhero” essay contest offers students in grades K to 5 the opportunity to compete for a chance to win a $5,000 grant for a “green space makeover” at their school.

TurfMutt program materials are free and aligned to Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) standards. Lesson plans for teachers, take home sheets and learning activities are available. The program also offers a website and blog, interactive games and two digital storybooks.

A real-life rescue dog named Lucky is the superhero, TurfMutt. A cartoonized version of Lucky is “pawing it forward” by fighting environmental villains with the help of “The Outdoor Powers,” a band of cartoon superheroes.

In the classroom materials, TurfMutt and The Outdoor Powers are on a mission to “Save the Planet One Yard at a Time” and they invite children to join them on their adventures and chip in.

“This unique cartoon-based story-telling format makes science accessible, entertaining and motivating for students and their families,” said Ann Amstutz Hayes, senior vice president, Scholastic. “We have created teachable moments that are fun and appealing for kids and encourage them to engage in real-life reading and writing exercises related directly to the green spaces in their community.

The TurfMutt environmental education program, funded and managed by OPEI’s Research and Education Foundation, has reached 62 million students, teachers and families since 2009.

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

“With drought ransacking the West and many other parts of the country, understanding how to care for green spaces is more important than ever,” said Kris Kiser, president and chief executive officer of the Outdoor Power Equipment Institute. “The new digital storybook and climate change game help children understand the importance of taking care of these living landscapes and what they contribute to our communities.”

TurfMutt program materials are free and aligned to Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) standards. Lesson plans for teachers, take home sheets and learning activities are available. The program also offers a website and blog, interactive games and two digital storybooks.

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INDUSTRY

SEGreen debuts this summer

SNA’s vision for the future of the Southeast Green Industry The Southern Nursery Association (SNA) has announced plans for SEGreen,

SEGreen will look to the future for Southeast growers, landscapers, and retailers through a regional marketplace, education, and garden, nursery and retail tours.

a new event, debuting August 30 – September 1, 2016, at The Classic Center in Athens, Georgia.

SEGreen will look to the future for Southeast growers, landscapers, and retailers through a regional marketplace, education, and garden, nursery and retail tours. A host of the region’s top experts will participate, sharing their expertise and perspectives on the road ahead.

distributors, and service providers. The event is expected to draw more than 2,000 industry professionals.

SEGreen Marketplace will feature the The best plants and related landscape products. The product mix will include ornamental trees and shrubs, color, equipment and related landscape and outdoor living products, garden gifts and accessories, seasonal products, and more – all from the region’s top growers and suppliers.

for the grower, the landscaper, and the Education retailer will be divided into major areas of focus offering breakthrough concepts and hands-on training to further develop careers and expand business. The SEGreen Plant Conference will unveil some of the hottest new plants coming to market and offer a unique opportunity to learn from leading industry plant experts.

The SEGreen Landscape Conference will feature estimating, design, and installation

This year’s event will kick off with garden, nursery and retail tours on August 30. Included on the agenda is the SEGreen Marketplace, SEGreen Plant Conference and the SEGreen Landscape Conference (August 31 and September 1). SNA will be conducting annual business as well during SEGreen with the 61st SNA Research Conference (August 30 – August 31), the 118th Annual SNA Business Meeting (September 1), and the SNA State Officer’s Conference (September 2).

workshops for the novice or master alike.

SNA Research Conference will offer The cutting-edge content of the latest horticultural research.

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

on-floor education will feature new Plus, product demonstrations and reviews.

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SEGreen will enable participants to see more green in their future by providing a platform for learning about and sourcing new and innovative products, gaining knowledge about near and long-term industry dynamics, and cultivating new business relationships.

SEGreen will attract all industry segments across the Southeast – breeders, growers, landscapers, retailers, researchers, manufacturers,

“SEGreen is truly a vision of the future, offering attendees a new opportunity to see leading ‘green’ people, see the newest and most innovative ‘green’ products, and see more ‘green’ in their bottom line, ” said Karen Summers, SNA Executive Vice President. “And Athens has a lot to offer – from art, shopping, dining and nightlife to gardens, local nurseries and retail garden centers. It has the vibe and energy to attract a large audience and build a fresh, new regional event,” she added.

For further information, contact the Southern Nursery Association, PO Box 801454, Acworth, GA 30101, 678.809.9992, mail@sna.org, or visit the SNA Website at www.sna.org.

The secret of our strength is YOU! As a member of Georgia’s premier association for green industry professionals, you have the power to make your industry stronger.

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Tell a colleague about Georgia UAC today!

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With your help, we can grow even stronger.

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INDUSTRY

2016 UGA Turfgrass Research Field Day Gather in Griffin on August 4

No matter what your relationship with turf, there’ll be

something for you at the 2016 University of Georgia Turfgrass Research Field Day on August 4 in Griffin, GA.

Turfgrass Research Field Day DATE: Thursday, August 4, 2016 PLACE: UGA Griffin Campus

1109 Experiment St

Griffin GA 30223

Pesticide credits and CEU’s will be available for this event.

This bi-annual event (held in evennumbered years) is designed for all individuals interested in turfgrass management including people involved in professional lawn care, golf course management, park and recreation departments, school grounds maintenance, landscape architecture, garden centers, and institutional grounds management.

Attend this event for the latest information on how to care for residential and commercial lawns, athletic fields and golf courses, parks and recreation fields from UGA researchers and extension specialists. Insect and weed control will be covered.

Field days also include information on newly released UGA turfgrasses and grasses that are being studied and bred. Take a tour, earn Georgia pesticide recertification credits, meet and interact with UGA research faculty and get answers to your questions, all in ONE day at 2016 Field Day! Attendee registration will be available May 1. Visit urbanagcouncil.com for a link to UGA’s online registration.

For turfgrass and landscape vendors and suppliers, this is an outstanding marketing and networking event. During the lunch break, the outdoor exhibit space is available for your displays and demonstrations, and ad space in the field day program is available for you to connect with this group of attendees. To exhibit and/or advertise, go to urbanagcouncil.com/marketing and download the UAC Media Guide and Media Contract (see below).

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

2016 UAC media guide

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Looking for a way to reach out to UAC members?

Let us guide the way.

Download your copy today:

urbanagcouncil.com/marketing

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^ Good Shade Tolerance ^ Fine Leaf Texture With a Dark Green Color ^ Extremely Wear Tolerant ^ Minimal Thatch Problems

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UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

^ Exceptional Cold Tolerance ^ Excellent Traffic Recovery ^ Top Rated for Shear Strength Tolerance

Find A Producer Near You

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URBAN AG

Grass varieties

What you need to know to make your turf selection

by Turfgrass Producers International For more information or to purchase grasses shown below, contact your local grower.

Bermudagrass Characteristics: Warm-season grass - fine to

medium leaf texture, dark green, dense and low growing via rhizomes and stolons some varieties tolerate very low maintenance, while others produce lawns of exceptional beauty when given extra care - root system is extensive and very deep.

height is 1-2 inches for a quality lawn. Slow growth results in less mowing. Mow regularly with a sharp rotary or reel mower, allowing clippings from frequent mowing to remain on the lawn. Never remove more than 1/3 of the shoot growth at one mowing. Minimal thatch build-up, seldom requires dethatching.

Soil & fertilizer needs: Prefers an acidic soil

hot, dry or tropical climates - recommended for residential and commercial landscapes, golf courses, sport fields, parks and recreation areas ideal for homes with children and pets.

Temperature tolerance: Excellent heat

Disease, weed & insect control:

tolerance up to 110(F., performs best during periods of heat - has a winter dormancy period, turns tan to brown at temperatures below 55(F. Poor cold hardiness.

Drought resistance: Superior - highly

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

Mowing & thatching: Optimum mowing

pH of 5 to 6.5 - is well adapted to infertile, welldrained soil - very low fertilizer requirement.

Fertilize 1 or 2 times a year, spring and fall, with a complete fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphate and potassium - apply nitrogen at 1-2 lbs per 1,000 sq. ft. per year.

Recommended usage: Best adapted to

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that results in shallow roots, permitting weed germination and growth.

Aggressive enough to compete with weeds, reducing the need for chemical controls.

Minimal disease and insect problems that can be chemically controlled.

drought resistant, but also responds to irrigation in dry periods. Can go into summer dormancy when irrigation is withheld; upon return of moisture supply, will green up again. Some varieties have better tolerance to heat and drought.

Centipedegrass

Shade adaptation: Poor - requires full sun

Recommended usage: Good general-

for most of the day to grow properly - should not be used in a shady site.

Wear resistance: Excellent - withstands wear better than most grasses - can tolerate heavy traffic and when injured recovers more rapidly than other grasses.

Maintenance

Water needs: Moderate - apply at least 1 inch

of water as a deep soaking every 4 to 7 days to encourage a deep, healthy root system during hot or dry periods. Avoid frequent, shallow watering

Characteristics: Warm-season grass - dense,

medium to dark green turf - produces an attractive lawn with a medium to coarse textured grass blade - a very low maintenance grass. purpose grass for lawns - best adapted to hot, humid and tropical climates, grows well where rainfall is high and summers are warm and humid - popular because of low maintenance.

Temperature tolerance: Grows well in full

sun - very tolerant to high temperatures, up to 100(F, but sensitive to low temperatures, going dormant through winter months at temperatures below 55(F. Cold hardiness ranks between bermudagrass and St. Augustinegrass.

Drought resistance: Moderate - is sensitive to drought, but has a rapid recovery rate. Can

URBAN AG go into summer dormancy when irrigation is withheld, upon return of moisture supply, will green up again.

shoot growth at one mowing. Minimal thatch build-up, seldom requires dethatching.

Shade adaptation: Good - some varieties

pH of 5 to 6.5 - is well adapted to infertile, welldrained soil - very low fertilizer requirement.

Fertilize 1 or 2 times a year, spring and fall, with a complete fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphate and potassium - apply nitrogen at 1-2 lbs per 1,000 sq. ft. per year.

Soil & fertilizer needs: Prefers an acidic soil

maintain adequate turf quality in 60% shade tolerant of pine tree shade.

Wear resistance: Poor - slow growth pattern

- will not withstand heavy wear - recovers slowly from damage.

Disease, weed & insect control:

Maintenance

Water needs: Moderate - apply at least 1 inch

of water as a deep soaking every 4 to 7 days to encourage a deep, healthy root system during hot or dry periods. Avoid frequent, shallow watering that results in shallow roots, permitting weed germination and growth.

Mowing & thatching: Optimum mowing

height is 1-2 inches for a quality lawn. Slow growth results in less mowing. Mow regularly with a sharp rotary or reel mower, allowing clippings from frequent mowing to remain on the lawn. Never remove more than 1/3 of the

Aggressive enough to compete with weeds, reducing the need for chemical controls.

Minimal disease and insect problems that can be chemically controlled.

St. Augustinegrass Characteristics: Warm-season grass - light to

medium green color, coarse leaf texture, creeping growth habit, via stolons - robust, fast growing, establishes rapidly - level of maintenance is low to moderate.

Everything you need to maintain the best turf possible.

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UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

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URBAN AG Recommended usage: Well adapted to

coastal regions with hot, tropical climates used in residential, commercial and industrial landscapes.

Temperature tolerance: Thrives in heat,

adjusting well to temperatures up to 105(F - goes dormant and turns tan colored during winter when temperatures drop below 55(F. Very poor low temperature hardiness.

Drought resistance: Excellent to fair - wide

range in drought avoidance among varieties. Can go into summer dormancy when irrigation is withheld; upon return of moisture, will green up again.

Shade adaptation: Excellent to poor -

varieties show wide range in shade adaptation.

Wear resistance: Moderate - rapid, resilient and stoloniferous growth habit.

Maintenance

Water needs: Moderate to high, thrives on

wet sites - apply 0.5 to 1 inch of water as a deep soaking every 3 to 6 days to encourage a deep, healthy root system during dry or hot periods.

Avoid frequent, shallow watering that results in shallow roots, permitting weed germination and growth.

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

Mowing & thatching: Optimum mowing

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height 2-3 inches for a high quality lawn, mow too low and weeds are likely to gain a foothold.

Mow regularly with a sharp rotary or reel mower, allowing clippings from frequent mowing to remain of the lawn. Never remove more than 1/3 of the shoot growth at one mowing. A mild vertical cutting may be needed during the warmer months on a vigorous turf that has received high nitrogen fertilization.

Soil & fertilizer needs: Grows on a wide

range of soils, but prefers neutral to alkaline soils - has excellent saline salt tolerance. Fertilize twice a year, spring and fall, with a complete fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphate and potassium. May also apply 2 to 3 summer applications of nitrogen fertilizer, using 1 lb. nitrogen per 1,000 sq. ft. Apply nitrogen at 2 to 6 lbs. per 1,000 sq. ft. per year. Too high a rate of nitrogen fertilization can increase thatch buildup, encourage chinch bugs and brown patch damage.

Disease, weed & insect control: A

well-maintained turf will provide the best weed control. Some varieties are resistant or tolerant of chinch bugs and to the St. Augustine decline (SAD) virus. Most fungal diseases of St. Augustinegrass can be controlled with fungicides.

Tall Fescue Characteristics: Cool-season grass - medium

to dark green color, moderate density - more extensive root system than any other cool-season turfgrass. Texture ranges from coarse to medium for newer turf-types. A bunch-type grass.

Recommended usage: Very good transition

zone grass - adapted to moderately cold winters and warm summers - good tough play lawn - recommended for a wide variety of uses, including residential and commercial landscapes, roadsides, parks, recreation areas, and sports fields.

Temperature tolerance: Good heat

tolerance for a cool-season grass - grows in a wide range of temperatures in the transitional climatic zone between cool and warm climates less cold hardy than most cool-season grasses.

Drought resistance: Good - one of the

better cool-season turfgrasses, fairly deep root system helps avoid drought. Can go into summer dormancy, with brown leaves, when irrigation is withheld; upon return of moisture supply, will green up again. Some varieties have better tolerance to heat and drought.

Shade adaptation: Good in transition zone

- prefers full sun - moderately tolerant to partial shade. Of the cool-season grasses, only fine leafed rescues rank higher in shade adaptation.

Wear resistance: Good - suitable for

moderate recreation and foot traffic areas exhibiting good initial wear recovery, especially in spring and fall when growth is rapid.

Maintenance

Water needs: Moderate - apply 0.5 to 1 inch of water as a deep soaking every 3 to 7 days to encourage a deep, healthy root system during dry or hot periods. Avoid frequent, shallow

URBAN AG watering that results in shallow roots, permitting weed germination and growth.

Mowing & thatching: Optimum mowing

height of 2 to 3 inches for a high quality lawn.

Mow regularly with a sharp rotary or reel mower, allowing clippings from frequent mowing to remain on the lawn. Never remove more than 1/3 of the shoot growth at one mowing. Tall fescue forms very little thatch.

Soil & fertilizer needs: Adapts to a wide

range of soil conditions - has rather deep extensive root system for a cool-season grass that makes excellent use of soil moisture and mineral nutrients - good tolerance to saline soil conditions. Fertilize twice a year, spring and fall, with a complete fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphate and potassium - apply N at 2 to 4 lbs. per sq. ft. per year. Will respond well to high nitrogen applications to achieve a higher quality turf. Water thoroughly after fertilization.

Disease, weed & insect control: Varieties are available that are resistant to net blotch, brown patch and crown rust. For weeds, chemical controls are most effective during fall and spring.

Zoysiagrass Characteristics: Warm-season grass - leaf

texture from fine to medium coarse - color ranges from light to medium green - forms a dense, low maintenance lawn - spreads by stolons and rhizomes - shoot growth rate is slow.

Easy to maintain.

Recommended usage: Hot, humid and

Temperature tolerance: Tolerates heat

exceptionally well up to 100(F, - subject to winter dormancy as it turns tan to brown at temperatures below 55(F, Zoysia japonica has fair cold hardiness, the best of the zoysias, but still ranks lower than cool-season turfgrasses.

Drought resistance: Moderate to good

- remains green and resists short periods of drought - takes heat as well or better than any other grass. Can go into summer dormancy

Shade adaptation: Good - slow growing in

partial shade, but much better than some warmseason grasses.

Wear resistance: Superior - exceptionally

hardy, has the best wear resistance of any grass tolerates heavy traffic - but slow to recover from severe thinning.

Originally published by Turfgrass Producers International.

Reprinted by permission. For more, information, visit www. turfgrasssod.org.

Maintenance

Water needs: Low to medium - apply at least 1 inch of water as a deep soaking every, 4 to 7 days to encourage a deep, healthy root system during dry or hot periods. Avoid frequent, shallow watering that results in shallow roots, permitting weed germination and growth.

Mowing & thatching: Optimum mowing

height 1/4 to 1 1/2 inches for a high quality lawn, slow growth rate reduces mowing frequency.

Mow regularly with a sharp rotary or reel mower, allowing clippings from frequent mowing to remain on the lawn. Never remove more than 1/3 of the shoot growth at one mowing. Periodic vertical cutting may be needed to control thatch accumulation if high nitrogen level is applied.

For more information about lawns and lawn care visit The Lawn Institute at www. thelawninsitute.org.

Soil & fertilizer needs: Tolerates high

salinity and infertile soil relatively well. Fertilize twice a year, spring and fall, with a complete fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphate and potassium. May also apply 1 or 2 summer fertilizer applications in climates with a long growing season. Apply N at 2 to 5 lbs per 1,000 sq. ft. per year. Water thoroughly after fertilization.

Disease, weed & insect control: Some

varieties have good resistance to diseases such as rust and leafspot, and to billbugs. The dense turf produced by zoysiagrass prevents most weeds from appearing.

All information is based on average/normal conditions; individual sites and situations may differ.

Therefore, contact your local nurseryman or county Extension Office if more detailed information is needed on specific maintenance questions.

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

tropical climates - can withstand very heavy usage - recommended for residential and commercial lawn sites.

when irrigation is withheld; upon return of moisture supply, will green up again. Some varieties have better tolerance to heat and drought.

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URBAN AG

Herbicide-resistant crabgrass and goosegrass Identification, management, and control in Georgia turf

by Dr. Patrick McCullough, University of Georgia Herbicide resistance is an emerging issue that affects lawns, golf courses, sod farms, and other turf areas in Georgia. Weeds do not become resistant to herbicides; rather, the traits associated with resistance are naturally present in a segment of the population. Resistance develops from repeated use of the same herbicide or mode of action over years. The most common mechanisms for resistance are through an altered target-site or enhanced herbicide metabolism.

Other resistance mechanisms may include reduced absorption, herbicide sequestration, or overproduction of the target site enzyme.

We have identified sethoxydim (Segment) resistant southern crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris) and goosegrass (Eleusine indica) in Georgia turf. These biotypes are also cross-resistant to other herbicides with the same mode of action (acetyl Co-A carboxylase or ACCase enzyme inhibition). The aryloxyphenoxypropionate

Sethoxydim has been widely used in Georgia for grassy weed control in centipedegrass lawns, roadsides, and sod farms. Decades of exclusive sethoxydim use in certain areas have led to the emergence of ACCase-resistant goosegrass and southern crabgrass (Pictures 1 and 2).

Turf managers must have an appreciation for programs that delay resistance development in weed populations for long-term successful control. Alternative herbicides to ACCaseinhibitors have significant limitations for use in certain turfgrass species. As more resistant weeds are identified, turf managers will need to incorporate cultural, mechanical, and alternative chemical control strategies to optimize the potential for controlling ACCase-resistant biotypes of crabgrass and goosegrass after emergence.

Picture 1. ACCase-resistant (left) and susceptible

Picture 2. ACCase-resistant and susceptible

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

As susceptible biotypes are controlled from herbicide use, the resistant plants spread and become the predominant biotype in the field. This type of selection pressure shifts weed populations from susceptible to resistant biotypes over time.

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(AOPP) herbicides fenoxaprop (Acclaim) and fluazifop (Fusilade) are used in cool-season turfgrasses and zoysiagrass for postemergence goosegrass control. Diclofop (Illoxan) is an AOPP herbicide used in bermudagrass for selective control of goosegrass, ryegrass (Lolium spp.), and other grassy weeds. Sethoxydim is a cyclohexanedione herbicide that selectively controls grassy weeds in centipedegrass and fine fescues.

(right) biotypes of goosegrass at three weeks after a sethoxydim application.

southern crabgrass at three weeks after a sethoxydim application.

URBAN AG Table 1. Herbicide alternatives to ACCase-inhibitors for postemergence control of crabgrass and goosegrass in turf.

Recommendations for postemergence control of ACCase-resistant crabgrass.

The initial Tenacity application should be made at 8 fl oz of product per acre with a non-ionic surfactant at 0.25% vol/vol (Table 1). Tenacity must be applied twice to control tillered crabgrass plants in summer. The sequential treatment may be applied between 5 to 8 fl oz of product acre at approximately 3 weeks after the initial treatment. Pylex should be applied from 1 to 1.5 fl oz of product per acre with a crop oil concentrate at 0.5 to 1% vol/vol. Sequential

Quinclorac (Drive, others) is the active ingredient in Drive and numerous combination products (ex. Q4 Plus, One Time, Solitare, others) that provides postemergence control of crabgrass. Established Kentucky bluegrass, tall fescue, and zoysiagrass are tolerant to quinclorac applications, and should be considered if resistance to ACCase-inhibitors, such as fenoxaprop, is suspected. Quinclorac should be applied at 0.75 lb of active ingredient per acre with a crop oil or methylated seed oil adjuvant.

Quinclorac is most effective on crabgrass that is 1 to 2-tiller or younger, and repeated applications will be required to control multi-tiller crabgrass in summer. Quinclorac also controls broadleaf weeds, such as white clover (Trifolium repens), but does not control goosegrass.

Monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA) is an organic arsenical that may be applied from 1 to 2 lb of active ingredient per acre to Kentucky bluegrass, tall fescue, and zoysiagrass as an alternative to ACCase-inhibitors for crabgrass

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

Most herbicide alternatives to ACCase-inhibitors control crabgrass prior to tillering and require sequential applications. Tenacity (mesotrione) and Pylex (topramezone) inhibit carotenoid biosynthesis in susceptible grassy weeds. Injury symptoms include foliar bleaching (whitening) that may persist for approximately two weeks after treatments (Picture 3), followed by death of susceptible weeds. Tenacity and Pylex may be used for crabgrass control in centipedegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and tall fescue.

applications after three weeks may be required to control mature crabgrass.

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URBAN AG

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

control. Similar to quinclorac, single applications may effectively control immature crabgrass, but sequential applications will be required to control multi-tiller plants.

Turf managers need to apply MSMA with a non-ionic surfactant at 0.25% vol/vol if the Picture 3. Control of sethoxydim-resistant formulated product southern crabgrass with topramezone (Pylex) does not contain an in centipedegrass. adjuvant (see product label). In the U.S., MSMA has restricted uses in golf course, highway rights-of-way, and sod farms (U.S. EPA 2013). One spot application of MSMA, not to exceed 25% of the total area per year, is allowed on golf courses, while two applications are allowed on sod farms and roadsides. Residential lawns and athletic fields have lost all uses of MSMA. The potential loss of MSMA in the future could limit the modes of action available to end-users for resistant management.

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Dimension 2EW (dithiopyr) may also provide an alternative to ACCase-inhibitors for postemergence crabgrass control in warm and cool-season grasses. Turfgrass managers primarily use Dimension for preemergence crabgrass control, but applications have potential to provide early-postemergence control in spring. Dimension must be applied to seedling crabgrass for best results. Applications to tillered crabgrass provide erratic levels of postemergence control in early summer. Areas treated with Dimension should receive irrigation within 24 hours to minimize losses in late spring or summer.

Recommendations for postemergence control of ACCase-resistant goosegrass

In Georgia, sethoxydim-resistant goosegrass has been identified in centipedegrass (McCullough et al. 2016). This biotype is also cross-resistant to the ACCase-inhibitors diclofop (Illoxan),

fenoxaprop (Acclaim) and fluazifop (Fusilade).

Therefore, rotating herbicide modes of action may be critical for managing ACCase-resistant goosegrass in bermudagrass, tall fescue, and zoysiagrass.

Pylex (topramezone) provides excellent postemergence control of goosegrass in centipedegrass, tall fescue, and other tolerant species (Table 1). Applications of Pylex at 1.5 fl oz per acre in field experiments have effectively controlled (>90%) ACCase-resistant goosegrass in Georgia. End-users should include a crop oil adjuvant with treatments, and monitor areas for regrowth after approximately three weeks to determine if a sequential application is needed. Tenacity (mesotrione) may control seedling goosegrass plants but does not control mature goosegrass. Therefore, Pylex is the best alternative to sethoxydim in centipedegrass and the best alternative to Acclaim or Fusilade in tall fescue for postemergence goosegrass in lawns and sod farms.

The recent discontinuation of Illoxan (diclofop)

by Bayer will limit options for postemergence goosegrass control on golf courses. Illoxan is an ACCase-inhibitor that controls goosegrass in bermudagrass, but is ineffective on biotypes with resistance to ACCase-inhibitors (McCullough et al. 2016). MSMA controls goosegrass at an early stage (prior to tillering) in tolerant turfgrass species, including bermudagrass. The addition of Sencor 75% (metribuzin) with MSMA treatments enhances postemergence control of mature goosegrass in bermudagrass turf. These treatments often require repeat applications for acceptable control and are injurious to bermudagrass in summer. The MSMA plus Sencor combination is not recommended on any other turfgrass species due to excessive injury potential.

Revolver (foramsulfuron) and Tribute Total (foramsulfuron + thiencarbazone + halosulfuron) may be used in bermudagrass and zoysiagrass as alternatives to ACCase-inhibitors.

These products contain acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors used for controlling other grassy weeds including annual bluegrass (Poa annua). Two applications of these herbicides are

URBAN AG required for effective postemergence control of established goosegrass populations.

Do NOT apply Revolver with a nonionic surfactant or crop oil concentrates because of potential antagonism with the formulated product.

Sulfentrazone is an active ingredient found in Dismiss, Blindside, Solitare, and other combination products. It is a chlorophyll synthesis inhibitor that provides earlypostemergence control of seedling goosegrass.

However, sulfentrazone provides erratic control of established goosegrass and tank-mix partners are recommended to improve efficacy.

Enhancing the efficacy of herbicide alternatives to ACCase-inhibitors.

Foliar bleaching of grassy weeds from Pylex and Tenacity may be objectionable for intensively

managed tall fescue lawns. Sequential applications of these herbicides are often required to control multi-tiller plants, which may extend the duration of foliar bleaching associated with crabgrass or goosegrass control.

These effects could preclude use by end-users who are concerned over turf aesthetics. The addition of Turflon Ester (triclopyr) at 1 to 2 pints per acre enhances the efficacy of Tenacity for controlling multi-tiller crabgrass in tall fescue. Smooth crabgrass (Digitaria ischaemum) bleaching can be almost completely eliminated when Turflon Ester is included with Tenacity at 4 or 8 fl oz per acre (Yu and McCullough 2016).

Smooth crabgrass control was also improved from ~65% by Tenacity alone, to greater than 90% when Turflon Ester was applied in tankmixtures. Enhanced control from the tankmixture is associated with faster foliar absorption of Tenacity when applied with Turflon Ester (Yu and McCullough 2016). Bleaching of crabgrass may also be minimized by reductions in Tenacity movement in the plant when applied with Turflon Ester.

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

47

URBAN AG pulling or digging plants can help Hand control populations, especially in turfgrass

Centipedegrass managers can also enhance the effectiveness of the bleaching herbicides, Pylex and Tenacity, by tank-mixing a triazine herbicide with applications. The addition of atrazine and simazine at 0.5 to 1 lb active ingredient per acre can be applied with standard use rates of Pylex and Tenacity. The synergistic effects occur from enhanced levels of free radical damage to susceptible weeds caused by the inhibition of photosynthesis and carotenoid biosynthesis. These physiological effects enhance injury to weeds from Pylex or Tenacity alone, and have shown to improve control of weeds like goosegrass. These combinations are recommended for centipedegrass only.

species that are susceptible to herbicide injury.

However, this may be ineffective under severe weed infestations or in large fields.

cultural practices to promote Modifying turfgrass competition with crabgrass and

goosegrass may reduce herbicide use for longterm management. For example, withholding water until desirable turfgrasses exhibit initial symptoms of drought stress can reduce the establishment of annual grassy weeds.

mowing or adjusting the height Regular of cut may help reduce scalping if weather

Tank-mixing two herbicides with different modes of action will enhance the potential to control ACCase-resistant crabgrass and goosegrass. For example, a superintendent who needs to control goosegrass with suspected resistance to ACCase-inhibitors in centipedegrass could apply Segment (sethoxydim) with Pylex. The additional mode of action in tank-mixtures increases the potential to control resistant biotypes that may be present in the population. Incorporating other modes of action in sequential programs would delay the onset of resistance to multiple modes of action as well.

precludes mowing operations in summer.

Raising the mowing height for tall fescue to three inches or higher will help promote turfgrass competition with crabgrass and goosegrass seedlings to reduce populations in spring and summer.

returning clippings is recommended While to recycle nutrients to the soil, removal of

clippings may reduce the spread of viable seed of crabgrass and goosegrass in late summer and fall.

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

is often found in areas with Goosegrass heavy soil compaction and limited turfgrass

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Superintendents should have an appreciation for the herbicide mode of action when selecting products for controlling crabgrass and goosegrass. Most labels have the herbicide Group Number on the front page to identify the mode of action. The Group Number and modes of action are listed for herbicides discussed in Table 1. Although product rotation is strongly recommended, costs, efficacy, and injury potential may be significant limitations to using various modes of action in many species.

Preventing the establishment of herbicide-resistant crabgrass and goosegrass Integrated management programs consisting of sound cultural practices and preemergence herbicides can help control crabgrass and goosegrass in turf.

competition. Core aerification in heavily trafficked areas could alleviate turfgrass growth limitations and promote competition with goosegrass. Aerifications should be conducted during active turfgrass growth and favorable periods for quick recovery. Voids left in turf with exposed soil following aerifications may permit weed invasion during periods of peak germination. Warm-season grasses should have enough time to recover from summer aerifications to promote turf density to reduce crabgrass and goosegrass establishment.

herbicides are critical for Preemergence controlling crabgrass and goosegrass in turfgrass systems. Dinitroaniline (DNA) herbicides and Dimension (dithiopyr) are widely used for preemergence control of crabgrass in turfgrass, but often provide erratic levels of goosegrass control. Furthermore, DNA-resistant goosegrass has been identified in Georgia and other southern states that is not controlled by Dimension, Barricade (prodiamine), Pendulum

URBAN AG (pendimethalin), or other mitotic inhibitors.

Specticle (indaziflam) and Ronstar (oxadiazon) effectively control crabgrass and goosegrass, but have significant limitations for use in turfgrass.

Specticle is only labeled for use in warm-season species and may cause excessive turf injury when applied at high rates on soils with low (<1%) organic matter. Ronstar may be applied to most major warm and cool-season turfgrasses, except centipedegrass. It must be made in a granular formulation during active growth due to excessive injury potential from sprayable applications. Sureguard (flumioxazin) has the same mode of action as Ronstar and is labeled for dormant bermudagrass. It provides effective preemergence crabgrass control but results have been erratic for controlling goosegrass in the southern U.S. Applications of Sureguard are also injurious to bermudagrass after greenup in spring. These limitations, along with herbicide costs, may present challenges to controlling goosegrass with preemergence herbicides in turfgrass.

As the identification of herbicide-resistance increases in turfgrass weeds, there will be an emphasis on incorporating cultural, mechanical, and alternative chemical control strategies in management programs. It is critical that turf managers routinely scout their fields to identify biotypes of weeds that exhibit population segregation after herbicide applications. Early detection of resistance is critical to prevent the spread and growth of these biotypes in turf.

There are currently no new herbicides under development that offer alternative mechanisms of action to products currently available in turfgrass. Practitioners must plan management programs that emphasize the rotation of herbicides with various modes of action that will delay the further spread of resistant biotypes in new turf areas.

Coming in the July/August issue: control for Poa annua

Dr. Patrick McCullough is an associate professor and extension specialist in weed science in the Crop and Soil Sciences Department at the University of Georgia.

supersod.com D R O U G H T R E S I STA N T B E R M U DAG RASS

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

SAVE WATER SAVE MONEY

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URBAN AG

Select for success

When only the best will do, ask for certified sod

by Billy Skaggs, GCIA Certification Program Manager For landscape and turf professionals,

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

the return of warm weather means many things – some good and some not-sogood. On the positive side, spring and early summer means new clients, new When ordering sod or bidding jobs, projects, increased be sure to specify Georgia Crop demand for services, and - hopefully Improvement Association “blue tag” increased profits! On certified grass. The blue certificate the flipside, these assures you that the sod provided increased demands by your grower has met a rigorous add up and can make set of inspection criteria designed to for a stressful time. In promote high-quality, true-to-variety, particular, contractors and weed-free turfgrass. can be left scrambling to source high-quality landscape materials and other inputs to get the job done.

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When it comes to purchasing plant materials, Georgia is fortunate to have many excellent nursery growers scattered across the state and, equally important, numerous wholesalers and brokers to connect you with just the right annuals, perennials, shrubs and trees. As for sod growers, we’re also fortunate to have approximately 40 turf farms right here in Georgia.

Every variety has unique characteristics that allow the variety to perform better under certain conditions. Some varieties have better shade tolerance, cold tolerance, salt tolerance, insect resistance, better wear ability, mowing height tolerance, etc. Variety contamination by common and other turf-type grasses, weeds and other plants compromise a variety’s unique qualities. Selecting the proper variety for your management and location may be the most important decision you make relating to the success of a project.

Free Buyers Guide

The Georgia Crop Improvement Association (GCIA) publishes the annual Georgia Certified Turfgrass Buyers Guide, available free to all landscape and turf professionals. Download your copy at www.georgiacrop.com.

Whether a landscape contractor, sports field company, or golf course manager, the 2016 GCIA Certified Turfgrass Buyers Guide contains tons of information useful for today’s turf professionals:

list of certified varieties available at Complete Georgia sod farms.

•

11 bermudagrass varieties, 10 zoysiagrass varieties, six paspalum varieties, one centipede variety

of each variety along with the sod Descriptions farms growing them.

When it’s time to purchase sod, there are two questions that often come up: What variety is best for a particular application? Who has the variety I’m looking for?

New varieties with better pest resistance, shade tolerance, lower requirements for water, fertilizer and mowing are continually being introduced into the market. Knowing which variety best meets your particular needs is critical.

Benefits of certification

As new varieties hit the market, remember that many of these are protected by a plant patent, the Plant Variety Protection Act, and/or a contractual license agreement. As a result, these varieties may only be sold by licensed growers as a class of certified grass. A few examples of protected turf varieties include Celebration, TifEagle, TifGrand, Jamur, Zeon, and the newlyreleased TifTuf (see the next article in this issue for more information on TifTuf).

URBAN AG While variety selection is important, another crucial consideration is, “How do I know I am getting a quality product?”

Here in Georgia, GCIA is the organization that ensures farmers, producers, turfgrass professionals and homeowners can purchase high quality seed and turfgrass which are free of noxious weeds, genetically pure, and guaranteed to perform.

GCIA is a non-profit organization, operating as an agent for the University of Georgia.

Certified seed and turfgrass are produced and increased under a limited generation concept that is supervised by GCIA. There are three classes of certified seed and turfgrass: • foundation material which is produced from breeder stock; • registered material produced from foundation stock; and • certified material produced from registered stock.

The Georgia Department of Agriculture’s “certificate” should not be confused with the GCIA “blue tag certificate.”

The Georgia Department of Agriculture issues a certificate for “apparent freedom” from insects, diseases, or other pests; however, this certificate in no way indicates varietal purity.

When only the best will do, many landscape architects specify Georgia certified “blue tag” turfgrass on their projects. When ordering sod or bidding jobs, be sure to specify Georgia Crop Improvement Association “blue tag” certified grass. The blue certificate assures you that the sod provided by your grower has met a rigorous set of inspection criteria designed to promote high-quality, true-to-variety, and weed-free turfgrass.

www.georgiacr

op.com

Online resources

Each generation increase is field-inspected by GCIA. In 2015, over 7,500 acres of sod was inspected and certified in Georgia.

For more information on certified turfgrass, visit GCIA online at www.georgiacrop.com. There you will find links to the GCIA Turfgrass Buyers Guide, Certified Turf Production Manual, and other turf articles and links.

Turfgrass certification is the only quality control offered for the protection of the sod buyer, as state and federal laws do not address vegetatively produced crops.

Also, we invite you to visit us on Facebook at www.facebook.com/ GeorgiaCropImprovementAssociation.

Visit GCIA’s website to download your Buyers Guide.

Your turf questions and suggestions are always welcome!

GCIA’s inspection program

GCIA’s inspection program ensures that your sod was grown and inspected under a rigorous set of guidelines designed to promote on-going varietal purity and uniformity.

About the author Billy Skaggs is the Certification Program Manager for the Georgia Crop Improvement Association.

P: 706-542-2351 C: 770-519-7124 E: billy.skaggs@georgiacrop.com

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

Our turfgrass growers produce “blue tag” certified sod which is field-inspected at least three times yearly by knowledgeable, trained inspectors. Each inspector is trained to recognize off-type plants, other crops, noxious and objectionable weeds, which can create unsightly and costly problems in turf.

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URBAN AG

Introducing TifTuf TM Bermuda

The new standard in drought-tolerant grasses

by Brian Schwartz, UGA As we enter the new growing season it’s time to introduce you to TifTuf, a new Bermudagrass that we’ve actually been observing and testing for decades.

A brief history

Wayne Hanna bred TifTuf in 1992 and has since made visual observations and comparisons in his research plots at UGA’s Tifton campus. When I joined the turf research program in 2009, I began more rigorous scientific testing because I wanted to understand what led to Dr. Hanna’s initial observations. This new, but well-tested, turfgrass was jointly developed by The University of Georgia and USDA-ARS. Now, TifTuf has more data behind it than any other turfgrass, we have licensed growers, and these growers have built up stock and have released it for sale.

tolerance of turf. Out of the three mechanisms for drought tolerance (avoidance of drought by growing deeper roots, escape of drought by going dormant, and tolerance of drought which is a physiological adaptive mechanism), TifTuf tolerates drought because it simply uses less water due to physiological adjustments during times of drought.

During 2011 and 2012, we tested this drought tolerance in Tifton and Atlanta using soil

Top benefits of TifTuf Drought tolerance

Picture 1. TifTuf (green) vs. Tifway (turning

brown) after six weeks of drought in Ft. Valley.

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

TifTuf offers a significant improvement in drought tolerance over all older bermudagrasses, and is the new standard for judging drought

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Table 1. Comparison of water usage. (DT-1 = research name of Tif Tuf)

URBAN AG moisture probes that proves TifTuf uses less water underneath the soil in comparison with other Bermudas, such as Tifway. Table 1 shows how TifTuf uses a substantial 38% less water than Tifway.

We also have unirrigated test plots of TifTuf vs. Tifway side-by-side at Ben Copeland Jr.â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Super-Sod TifTuf test field in Ft. Valley. Picture 1, taken during the six-week summer drought of 2015, shows how TifTuf maintains acceptable standards of quality during periods of drought.

Wise investment Return on Investment (ROI) studies have been done across Georgia showing how TifTuf can pay for itself in X number of years, using data from municipalitiesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; water costs (see ROI Table).

This data can be used to sell your customers on making a water- and wallet-wise investment in a new TifTuf lawn.

ROI Table.

Dr. Clint Waltz, Professor and Turfgrass Extension Specialist, University of Georgia, Griffin Campus

The above three examples illustrate how TifTuf has become the new standard for drought tolerant turfgrasses. We have further supporting information on drought stress in Florida; I can provide this information upon request.

Aesthetics TifTuf is not just some tough, but commonlooking Bemudagrass. The texture is very fine and the leaf color is vibrant bright green. When a customer needs to replace or match a section of Tifway, TifTuf can easily blend in next to existing Tifway, with no visual difference noted . . . except when drought sets in!

Wear tolerance

better. Second, it quickly recovers from sustained damage when watered and fertilized to promote recovery.

Cold tolerance = longer growing season TifTuf stays greener longer, not only under drought stress, but due to its greater cold tolerance during the transition times of spring green-up and fall dormancy.

During spring green-up, TifTuf breaks dormancy strong and healthy (see Table 3) and often earlier than other Bermudas. For fall dormancy, it stays greener further into the autumn, by several weeks longer than others (see Table 4).

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

Drought tolerance is a fantastic trait, but I wanted to see how TifTuf holds up under the stress of sports play compared to Tifway and Celebration Bermudagrasses. To that end, we copied and improved a machine developed by Michigan State called a CADY Traffic Simulator to mimic the wear-and-tear inflicted by the heavy traffic of games. Table 2 shows how well TifTuf holds up compared to Tifway and Celebration. Two advantageous traits are going on with TifTuf regarding wear tolerance. First, the canopy is dense and the leaves are upright; both morphological features helping it hold up

Table 2. Comparison of wear tolerance. (DT-1 = research name of Tif Tuf)

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URBAN AG Shade tolerance

Table 3. Spring green-up ratings.

Since shade-tolerance is not the first thing I think of when I think of Bermudagrass, I wanted to see what happened in real-world situations.

In 2012, we planted TifTuf in a home lawn in Tifton with pine and dogwood trees and found that by 2014 it was still growing well in the shade (see Picture 2). Since it was so unlikely that TifTuf would be doing well in this situation, we then used Light Intensity Meters and measured the intensity of the sun underneath the pines at 50% light transmission and underneath the dogwoods the intensity was even less at 25% light transmission - yet, TifTuf was growing well!

(See Table 5.)

We have started further shade trials on TifTuf and more comparative information between varieties will be available soon.

Table 4. Comparison of fall dormancy.

(DT-1 = research name of Tif Tuf)

Conclusion

TifTuf is a beautiful grass that has many assets, chief of them is its drought tolerance that will allow homeowners and building, municipality, campus, and sports fields managers to conserve water resources. Because TifTuf maintains acceptable quality longer during a drought, fewer irrigation “events” will be needed, resulting in greater water savings over time.

Data and charts supporting this info are available online: www.supersod.com/sod/bermudasod/tiftuf-bermuda.html

Picture 2. Shade tolerance in Tifton, GA. UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

Super-Sod and NG Turf have sod available for immediate delivery this spring with three other Georgia growers entering production over the next year (details available from The Turfgrass Group, www.theturfgrassgroup.com).

About the author

Table 5. Light intensity in Tifton, GA lawn.

54

For original copies of these charts for use in sales presentations, please email me, Brian Schwartz, at tifturf@uga.edu.

(DT-1 = research name of Tif Tuf)

Brian Schwartz is Associate Professor in UGA’s Crop and Soil Science Department in Tifton, GA. E: tifturf@uga.edu

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Turf disease ID, cause and control

Quick guide to major turfgrass disease in Georgia

by Dr. Alfredo Martinez-Espinoza, University of Georgia

Large Patch

recurring in the same location and expanding in diameter year after year. R. solani infection of warm-season grasses occurs on the leaf sheaths, where water-soaked, reddish-brown or black lesions are observed. Foliar dieback from the leaf tip towards the base occurs as a direct result of these leaf sheath infections. The centers of the patches develop thin and sunken areas that may be invaded by weeds.

Control Alfredo Martinez-Espinoza, UGA

Causal agent Large patch is caused by the soilborne fungus Rhizoctonia solani AG 2-2 LP.

Susceptible turfgrasses The disease can infect all species of warm season turfgrasses, including St. Augustinegrass, zoysiagrass, centipede and bermudagrass.

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

Conditions promoting disease

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The disease is apparent during the spring and fall, when warm-season turfgrasses are entering or exiting their period of winter dormancy. R. solani occurs whenever the temperature of the thatch layer is between 50ยบF (10ยบC) and 70ยบF (21ยบC), and continuous moisture is available for at least 48 hours. Excessive moisture levels in the soil, thatch, and lower turf canopy encourage large patch development. Factors such as poor drainage, shade, restricted air movement, or excessive irrigation increase the severity of this disease.

Symptoms Rhizoctonia large patch is the most common and severe disease of warm season grasses across the state of Georgia. Circular patches of affected turf are easily observed, ranging in diameter from less than 3.3 ft. (1 m) up to 26.4 ft. (8 m). Leaves of recently infected turf, located at the periphery of the patch, may appear bright yellow and/or orange in color. Some patches may be perennial,

Management strategies include: establish a turfgrass species best adapted to your geographical area and situation; prevent excessive moisture levels in the thatch and soil is an essential aspect of large patch management; prevent and/or alleviate soil compaction, implement a sound fertility program according to recommended guidelines for your particular turf species and an updated soil test; and mow grass at proper mowing height for that species.

Brown Patch

Alfredo Martinez-Espinoza, UGA

Causal agent Brown patch is caused by the soilborne fungus Rhizoctonia solani AG 1-A on cool season grasses.

Susceptible turfgrasses The disease can infect all species of cool season turfgrasses, including tall fescue, bentgrass and ryegrass in Georgia.

URBAN AG Conditions promoting disease In Georgia, brown patch is most severe during extended periods of hot (nighttime temperatures of over 70F and daytime temp of 90F), humid weather (least 10 to 12 hours of humidity) of the summer. It is a damaging disease in tall fescue and bentgrass in the state. Poor soil drainage, lack of air movement, shade, cloudy weather, dew, over-watering, and watering in late afternoon favor prolonged leaf wetness and increased disease severity. The disease is particularly severe in turf that has been fertilized with excessive nitrogen as well as inadequate levels of phosphorus and potassium can contribute to exacerbate the disease.

Symptoms Rhizoctonia brown patch is the most common and severe disease of cool season in the state of Georgia. Brown patch appears as circular patches that are brown, tan, or yellow in color and range from 6â&#x20AC;? to several feet in diameter. Leaf lesions that are irregular, tan colored with dark brown borders are evident. Brown patch develops in circular patches, ranging from a few inches to several feet in diameter.

Control

Alfredo Martinez-Espinoza, UGA

Causal agent Sclerotinia homoeocarpa.

Susceptible turfgrasses All species of warm- and cool-season turfgrass are susceptible. Tall fescues, Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, bentgrass, centipede, zoysiagrass and bermudagrass hybrids are particularly susceptible.

Conditions promoting disease Dry soil conditions, extended leaf wetness and low nitrogen levels in soil.

Symptoms Circular straw-colored infection centers are only a few inches across, although spots may merge, resembling brown patch. Live blades may have straw-colored lesions along one edge. Lesion moves across blade, causing tip to dieback.

Abundant white fungus growth may be seen in these areas during periods of severe disease development which is evident early in the morning when dew is present.

Control Fertilize as necessary; water adequately. Use an adequate level of nitrogen, particularly in the spring and early summer. Mow grass at regular intervals. Irrigate turf early in the day to allow the foliage to dry as quickly as possible. Reduce thatch. Increase the air circulation. Irrigate deeply and infrequently to avoid drought stress.

Recommended fungicides can help prevent further infection while corrective cultural measures are taken.

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

Establishment of a turfgrass species best adapted to your geographical area and more specifically to your location, situation or landscape is one the most effective means for management of large patch. Selection of a cool season grass variety with a high level of brown patch resistance is a critical. Avoid excess nitrogen fertilization when conditions favor disease development. Especially, avoid applying nitrogen to cool-season grasses in late spring or summer. Adequate amounts of potassium and phosphorus by applying these nutrients based on soil test results are essential for disease management. Minimize extended leaf wetness. Avoid barriers that provide extended periods of time of leaf wetness by reduced air movement and sunlight. Removal or pruning of trees and other barriers will help minimize leaf wetness and discourage brown patch development. Good surface and soil drainage will help reduce the incidence of brown patch.

Dollar Spot

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Helminthosporium Leaf Spot

Pythium

Lee Burpee, UGA

Causal agent Pythium spp.

Susceptible turfgrasses Annual bluegrass, tall fescue, perennial ryegrass and varieties of bentgrass, bermudagrass, centipede, zoysiagrass and St. Augustinegrass.

Conditions promoting disease Excessive soil moisture caused by over irrigation or heavy rain showers. Several Pythium species favor temperatures between 32 degrees F and 50 degrees F while others thrive in temperatures between 70 degrees F and 90 degrees F.

Symptoms Small, irregular spots may enlarge and appear dark and water-soaked in early stages. White, cottony mycelia may be evident. Turfgrass in affected spots dies rapidly, collapses, and appears oily and matted. Webbing may be evident early in the morning in some turfgrass species.

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

Control

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Correct over-watering and/or drainage problems. Apply optimum amounts of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium. Reduce mowing frequency and use lightweight mowers. Apply low amounts of nitrogen in the spring when roots are forming. Minimize the amount of shade. Improve the drainage of the turf.

Reduce soil compaction through aeration by using lightweight equipment. Recommended fungicides can help prevent further infection while corrective cultural measures are taken.

Note that correct diagnosis is important because Pythium control requires specific fungicides.

Alfredo Martinez-Espinoza, UGA

Causal agent Drechslera spp., Bipolaris spp. (formerly Helminthosporium spp.)

Susceptible turfgrasses

Perennial ryegrass, tall fescue and all varieties of bentgrass, bermudagrass, zoysiagrass and centipede.

Conditions promoting disease Low potassium, extended leaf wetness and/ or nitrogen levels in soil. Drechslera is favored by cool wet weather whereas Bipolaris is active during warm weather of midsummer. It occurs in areas that experience more than 10 hours a day of foliar wetness for several consecutive days. Disease is also favored by high amounts of nitrogen and a low mowing height. It also becomes more severe in dry soils.

Symptoms Small, dark spots or streaks on grass blades and sheaths. Leaf spots more numerous near collar area of leaf blade. Severely affected turfgrass may become brown and thin.

Control Have soil test done; Reduce turf stress by using lightweight equipment. Increase air circulation to speed turf â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s drying process. Avoid the application of high rates of water-soluble nitrogen in the spring. Minimize the amount of shade. Irrigate turf deeply and as infrequently as possible. Reduce thatch in the early spring or fall for cool-season turfgrass and in the summer for warm-season turfgrass. Recommended fungicides can help prevent further infection while corrective cultural measures are taken.

URBAN AG spring. The most rapid growth of O. narmari in soil occurs at 50-68F (10-20C). Appearance of symptoms is correlated to freezing temperatures and periods of pathogen activity. Spring dead spot is typically more damaging on intensively managed turfgrass swards (such as bermudagrass greens) compared to low maintenance areas.

Spring Dead Spot

Symptoms

Alfredo Martinez-Espinoza, UGA

Causal agent The disease is caused by fungi in the genus Ophiosphaerella (O. korrae, O. herpotricha and O. narmari).

Susceptible turfgrasses

These fungi infect root in the fall predisposing the turf to winter kill. Symptoms of spring dead spot are noticeable in the spring. As the turf â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;greens-up,â&#x20AC;&#x2122; circular patches of turf appear to remain dormant, roots, rhizomes and stolons are sparse and dark-colored (necrotic). No growth is observed within the patches. Recovery from the disease is very slow. The turf in affected patches is often dead, therefore recovery occurs by spread of stolons inward into the patch.

Control

The disease infect primarily bermudagrass but can attack zoysiagrass

Conditions promoting disease The causal agents of SDS are most active during cool and moist conditions in autumn and

Management practices that increase the cold hardiness of bermudagrass generally reduce the incidence of spring dead spot. Severity of the disease is increased by late-season applications of

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URBAN AG nitrogen during the previous fall. Management strategies that increase bermudagrass cold tolerance such as applications of potassium in the fall prior to dormancy are thought to aid in the management of the disease. Maintenance of proper and balanced fertility is essential for disease management. Excessive thatch favors the development of the disease. Therefore thatch management is important for disease control, implement regular dethatching and aerification activities. There are several fungicide labeled for control of the disease.

Gray Leaf Spot

Alfredo Martinez-Espinoza, UGA

Causal agent

Fading Out

Pyricularia grisea

Susceptible turfgrasses Wide host range. However is of primary importance on St. Augustinegrass and perennial ryegrass. Bermuda, centipede, bentgrass and various species of fescue are affected.

Conditions promoting disease High humidity, warm temperatures, high nitrogen levels.

Alfredo Martinez-Espinoza, UGA

Causal agent Curvularia spp.

Susceptible turfgrasses Perennial ryegrass, tall fescue and all varieties of bentgrass, bermudagrass, zoysiagrass and centipede

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

Conditions promoting disease

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Similar to Helminthosporium leaf spot.

Usually weakly pathogenic unless turfgrass is predisposed to high temperatures stress.

Symptoms Vary with type of grass. Fescue- indefinite yellow/green dappled pattern extending down from leaf tip. Affected area turns brown, then gray, then dies. Reddish brown margin may or may not be present. In Bentgrass, affected parts of blades are tan instead of brown or gray.

Control Have soil test done; mow during dormancy and remove clippings. Recommended fungicides can help prevent further infection while corrective cultural measures are taken.

Symptoms On St. Augustinegrass, gray leaf spot first appears as small, brown spots on the leaves and stems.

The spots quickly enlarge to approximately Âź inch in length and become bluish-gray in color and oval or elongated in shape. The mature lesions are tan to gray in color and have depressed centers with irregular margins that are purple to brown in color. A yellow border on the lesions can also occur. Severely affected blades wither and turn brown.

Control Avoid medium to high nitrogen levels during mid-summer. Irrigate turf deeply and as infrequently as possible to avoid water stress.

Allow water to remain on leaves for only a short period of time. Reduce thatch by vertical cutting.

When possible, plant turfgrass that is resistant to gray leaf spot. Avoid using herbicides or plant growth regulators when the disease is active.

Recommended fungicides can help prevent further infection while corrective cultural measures are taken.

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Fairy Ring

Take-All Root Rot

Alfredo Martinez-Espinoza, UGA

Alfredo Martinez-Espinoza, UGA

Causal agent

Causal agent

Mushroom-producing fungi (Basidiomycetes).

Gaumannomyces graminis

Susceptible turfgrasses

Susceptible turfgrasses

The disease is particularly damaging on centipede and St. Augustinegrass in south and coastal Georgia.

Conditions promoting disease Presence of fungus and moist, warm weather.

Cool wet weather promotes fairy ring of Bentgrass.

Symptoms Circular or semi-circular band of darker-thanusual green grass. Grass inside ring usually is not as vigorous and may be declining. Grass may be dead inside young rings; a band of dead grass with greener grass in the middle may be seen in older rings. During rainy, moist conditions, a ring of mushrooms may appear.

Control

Conditions promoting disease Take-all root rot typically occurs in wet conditions and in areas with soil pH at pH 6.5 or above. This disease is more severe on less fertile and sandy soils.

Symptoms Take-all root rot causes wilted circular patches that are brown or bronze-colored and measure up to several feet in diameter. Infected plants have dark-brown roots.

Control Use acidifying fertilizers. Apply moderate to high levels of phosphorous, potash and minor elements where these nutrients are depleted from the soil. Avoid the use of lime. Improve the drainage of the turf. Reduce thatch.

Recommended fungicides can help prevent further infection while corrective cultural measures are taken.

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

Spike turf in the darker green area(s) using an aerator. Thoroughly saturate the area with water to leach the fungal toxins further into the soil and away from grass roots. Water and fertilize declining area inside ring appropriately to stimulate new growth. Reduce thatch by vertical cutting. Recommended fungicides can help prevent further infection while corrective cultural measures are taken.

Bentgrass, St. Augustinegrass, bermudagrass and centipedegrass are susceptible. Bluegrass and fescues are rarely affected in Georgia.

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URBAN AG

Rust

Slime Mold

Alfredo Martinez-Espinoza, UGA

Causal agent

Causal agent

Puccinia spp., Uromyces spp.

Various species.

Susceptible turfgrasses

Susceptible turfgrasses

Kentucky bluegrass, ryegrass, bentgrass, zoysiagrass, bermudagrass and fescue.

All turfgrasses.

Conditions promoting disease

Wet, rainy weather.

Rusts occur in early spring through midsummer. Rusts favor moist, low-light areas.

Depending on the species, rusts favor temperatures between 65 degrees F and 85 degrees F. Severe rust infections occur on slowgrowing turfgrass particularly those with low nitrogen levels and/or plant water stress.

Symptoms Light-yellow flecks on the leaf blades and sheaths. The flecks enlarge, elongate, and turn yellow in color. The infected areas raise above the epidermis and then rupture, releasing spores that are yellowish-orange to reddish-brown in color.

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

Control

62

Alfredo Martinez-Espinoza, UGA

Apply adequate levels of nitrogen. Remove clippings from turf. Reduce thatch. Reduce shade and improve air circulation. Regulate irrigation to minimize the amount of time moisture remains on the leaf surface. Water deeply and infrequently. Recommended fungicides can help prevent further infection while corrective cultural measures are taken.

Conditions promoting problem Symptoms Grass blades covered with black, bluish-gray, yellow, or tan fruiting bodies. May look like soot on grass. Affected patches of grass do not normally die or turn yellow and signs of the fungi usually disappear within 1-2 weeks. Color of fruiting bodies can range from white, gray purple yellow, orange or red. The fungi are not parasitic, but they may shade the individual grass leaves to the extent that leaves may be weakened by inefficient photosynthesis.

Control Remove slime mold by mowing. Raking and disposing of the slime mold is usually all that is required. The slime mold will go away in warmdry weather conditions.

URBAN AG Symptoms

Nematodes

Nematodes attack the root system, so aboveground symptoms may include appearance of drought stress or nutrient deficiency. Root system may be stubby, coarse, and possibly blackened somewhat.

Control

Alfredo Martinez-Espinoza, UGA

Causal agent

Have a soil test done, send root zone soil sample to a Nematology lab to quantify and identify the nematode species. Negative nematode effects will only occur if soil population numbers exceed estimated damage thresholds levels. Fertilize if necessary and water appropriately to keep grass as vigorous as possible. Nutrient deficiencies and soil compaction can inhibit root development and increase turf sensitivity to nematode damage.

Various species.

Conditions promoting problem No specific conditions; damage more noticeable during hot, dry periods.

About the author Alfredo Martinez-Espinoza is Extension Plant Pathologist at the University of Georgia.

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Turfgrass fertility

Soil texture, organic matter, aeration, and pH

by Becky Griffin, UGA Extension Associate, and Clint Waltz, UGA Extension Turfgrass Specialist Successful lawn care requires a basic understanding of soil properties. Soil

Figure 1. Composition of ideal soils.

is alive and dynamic.

It is a complex relationship of soil minerals, organic matter, soil inhabiting organisms, and plants along with water and air (Figure 1).

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

The mineral component, the largest, is made up of sand, silt, and clay particles. Organic matter is an important part as it contributes to moisture and nutrient retention. Containing fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, algae, protozoa, nematodes, earthworms, and small mammals, soil is a prime habitat for biological activity.

Plants use the soil to anchor themselves and as a reservoir for water and nutrients. A healthy plant starts with healthy soil.

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The physical condition of a soil plays an extremely important role in turfgrass growth.

Soils in good physical condition contain a balanced ratio of water, air, mineral content, and organic matter. Such soils promote deep root development, which is needed for establishing and maintaining a healthy lawn.

Table 1. Volume of organic matter to add to clay soil Material

Cubic yard per 1,000 ft2

Depth (in.) before incorporating 3-4 inches deep

Sawdust

1.5 to 3

0.5 to 1

1.5

0.5*

Composted yard trimmings

1.5 to 3

0.5 to 2*

Composted sludge

1.5 to 3

0.5 to 1

Composted animal manure

*add 2 pounds of nitrogen per 1,000 ft2

Too often when a lawn is graded, the topsoil is removed, leaving the clay subsoil exposed.

This subsoil may contain a high amount of clay, lack organic matter, and become hardened and compacted when dry. This is common in the northern half, or Piedmont, of Georgia. It is difficult to establish and maintain a lawn under these conditions. The best means of improving this problem is by cultivating the soil thoroughly.

Deeper is always better, but a minimum of 3-4 inches in depth is recommended. The addition of organic matter in such soils is also beneficial.

Organic matter

Organic materials such as compost, well-rotted (10-years-old) sawdust, decomposed leaves, grass clippings, shredded pine bark, or composted animal manure can improve a soilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s physical and chemical properties and water-holding capacity.

Even a relatively small addition of organic matter (from 0.3% to 3%) can improve these properties.

The information in Table 1 is a guideline for application rates of some of these organic materials.

It is important to remember that for a plant to use fertilizer efficiently, it must have a welldeveloped root system.

Poor growth of lawns is quite often due to factors other than soil fertility. No amount of soil testing and fertilizer application will overcome physical problems related to the plant root system.

This includes low areas in the lawn where there is excess soil moisture or compacted areas that do not allow adequate water and air movement into the soil. Soil testing and fertilizer application also cannot overcome problems associated with excess shade, thatch, or improper management.

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Aeration

Aeration, or coring, is a way to combat soil compaction. An aerator removes plugs of soil from the lawn. This results in improved water, nutrient, and air movement. It also stimulates decomposition of organic matter. Aeration can be done anytime the grass roots are actively growing. For warm season grasses, soil temperatures at the 4-inch depth should be at least 65 degrees F and rising.

For home lawns, aeration may need to be performed only once a year. However, a lawn can benefit from aeration several times a year.

Many of our most attractive public gardens aerate their warm-season turf four times a year— in May, June, July, and August.

Soil acidity

Soil acidity is a chemical factor that can affect grass growth. Soil pH, the measure of hydrogen ion activity in a solution, is important for soil

nutrient availability.

The pH scale is graduated from 0 to 14. The midpoint (7) separates acid from alkaline. Any number below 7 is acidic—the lower the number, the more acidic.

A soil pH above 7 denotes alkaline soil conditions. The pH scale is logarithmic; a soil with a pH of 5.0 is 10 times more acidic that one with a pH of 6.0 and 100 times Figure 2. Nutrient availability for root more than a pH of 7.0. absorption based on soil pH. (Source: Georgia A soil pH that is too Master Gardener Handbook, 7th ed., 2011.) low or too high can decrease the amount of nutrients absorbed by plant roots (Figure 2).

Lime can be used to increase the soil pH, while sulfur can be used to decrease it.

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Figure 3. Acidity of soils in Georgia in 2013.

(Data source: UGA Soil, Plant, and Water Analysis Laboratory.)

Soil pH also influences many reactions in soil, such as microbial activity. Most turfgrasses grow best in soils with a slightly acidic pH. Most soils in Georgia, however, are too acidic, and lime is often needed to maintain ideal growth conditions (Figure 3).

In the rare circumstances that the soil pH is too high (e.g. greater than 7.8) and needs to be lowered, elemental sulfur and other sulfur sources can be used. If the pH is below 7.8, ammoniacal nitrogen sources (ammonium sulfate, urea, diammonium phosphate, etc.) should be used to gradually lower the pH. Elemental sulfur should not be applied to a mature turfgrass above a rate of 5 lb/1,000 ft2.

Even at that rate, foliar burn and discoloration of grass is a possibility; sulfur should be used with caution.

UAC MAGAZINE | MAY/JUNE 2016

Multiple applications at lower rates (e.g. 2 lb S/1,000 ) every eight to 10 weeks can help prevent injury. Furthermore, immediately following the sulfur application, irrigate with 0.3 to 0.5 inches of water to move the sulfur off the foliage and into the soil. This directs the sulfur

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Table 2. Recommended soil pH for Georgia Turfgrasses Turfgrass

Recommended soil pH

Bermudagrass

5.5 - 6.5

Zoysiagrass

6.0 - 7.0

St. Augustinegrass

5.5 - 6.5

Centipedegrass

5.0 - 6.0

Tall Fescue

5.5 - 6.5

Kentucky Bluegrass

6.0 - 7.0

to where itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needed and mitigates foliar burn.

Consider another soil test following the second sulfur application to help determine if a third is needed.

A soil test is the best way to find your soilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lime, or sulfur, requirements. Soil testing can be done through your local UGA Extension office, or a mail-order sampling kit can be obtained online at www.SoilTest123.com.

The recommendations in Tables 2 and 3 can be used in the absence of soil test information.

Summary

A healthy lawn starts with healthy soil. An understanding of soil basics can result in thriving turfgrass. Soil is alive, dynamic, and complex.

The addition of organic matter, aerating to relieve soil compaction, and managing soil pH are all keys to healthy soil. For additional information, contact your county Extension office at 1-800-ASK-UGA1.

Adapted from original manuscript prepared by Gil Landry, retired UGA Extension agronomist; C. Owen Plank, retired Extension agronomist; and Clint Waltz.

Table 3. General lime recommendations for lawns Soil type

Pounds per 1,000 ft2

Sand

40

Sandy loam

50

Clay

70*

Clay loam

70*

Sandy clay loam

70*

*For amounts greater than 50 lb/1,000 ft2, split the rate in half and make two applications, four months apart. For example, the clay soil recommendation would be split into two 35 lb/1,000 ft2 applications.

Note: DO NOT apply lime to centipedegrass unless indicated by soil test results. Apply NO more than 50 lb/1,000 ft2 of lime in a single application.

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