Application dossier Granada Geopark project

GRANADA GEOPARK

APPLICATION DOSSIER FOR UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK

index E2.2.2. Assessment of cultural heritage

A – GENERAL INFORMATION A1. Name of the proposed Geopark A2. Location A3. Surface area (km2) A4. Short physical and human geography characteristics A5. Organization in charge and management structure A6. Contact person A7. Website A8. Social media B –DOCUMENTS CHECKLIST C – LOCATION OF THE AREA D – MAIN GEOLOGICAL HIGHLIGHT AND OTHER ELEMENTS E – IVERIFICATION OF UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK CRITERIA E1. Territory E1.1. Geological heritage and conservation E1.1.1. General geological description of the Granada Geopark project E1.1.2. Listing and description of geological sites within the Granada Geopark project E1.1.3. International, national, regional and local value of the sites of geological interest E1.1.4. Current and potential pressure on the geological sites E1.1.5. Current status of protection of geological sites E1.2. Boundaries E1.3. Visibility E1.3.1. Measures and infrastructures to assure the visibility of the proposed Geopark E1.3.2. Available languages information E1.4. Facilities and infrastructures E1.4.1. Quality of general information and service infrastructure in the Geopark project E1.4.2. Facilities available for the public E1.5. Information, education and research E1.5.1. Information and interpretation provide to the broad public E1.5.2. Information for non-specialist audience E1.5.3. Educational programmes

3 3 3

E2.3. Intangible heritage

3 4 6 6 6 6 6

E2.4. Involvement in topics related to climate change and natural hazards E2.4.1. Analysis of the situation

7 8 8 8 8 13

E2.1. Natural heritage E2.1.1. Analyse of the current situation of the natural heritage E2.1.2. Assessment of natural heritage E2.1.3. Protected areas or under UNESCO programmes (World Heritage Sites, Biosphere Reserves) E2.2. Cultural heritage E2.2.1. Analyse of the current situation of the cultural heritage

E2.4.2. Threats and actions for the mitigation and adaptation to these hazards of the proposed Geopark E3. Management E3.1. Legal form of the Geopark project E3.2. Management Plan E3.3. Management body E3.4. Budget E3.5. Staff E3.6. Geoscientist E3.7. The presence of women in the management of the proposed Geopark E4. Overlapping E5. Educational activities E6. Geotourism E7. Sustainable development and partnerships

13 16 17 17 17

E7.1. Sustainable development policy E7.1.1. Impact on local sustainable development E7.1.2. Overall evaluation related to sustainable development E7.2. Partnerships E7.2.1. Formal partnerships E7.2.2. Branding policy for local products

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E1.5.4. Scientific research E2. Other heritage

E2.3.1. Analyse of the current situation of the intangible heritage E2.3.2. Assessment of intangible heritage

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E7.2.3. Promotion of the partnerships E7.2.4. Quality and visibility of the branding policy E7.3. Full and effective participation of local communities and indigenous peoples E8. Networking E8.1. International cooperation E8.2. Network at national, regional and local level E9. Selling geological material F –INTEREST AND ARGUMENTS FOR BECOMING A UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK ANNEX 1: Self-evaluation document ANNEX 2: Copy of section E.1.1 “Geological heritage and conservation” ANNEX 3: An explicit endorsement of local and regional authorities and other entities ANNEX 4: Large scale map of the proposed Geopark ANNEX 5: 1-Page geological and geographic summary ANNEX 6: Bibliography ANNEX 7: Listing and description of geological sites within the Network at national, regional and local leve ANNEX 8: Scientific research projects in the proposed Geopark

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A

General information

A1 A2

Name of the proposed aUGGp: Granada geopark Location

A3 A4

Country: Spain | Region: Andalusia | Province: Granada Geographical coordinates: LO 2º12´20,89´´W/3º23´53,58´´W/ LA 37º7´33,02´´N/38º5´1,31´´N

Surface area (km2): 4.722

Short physical and human geography characteristics This surface area represents 37.36 % of the total territory of the province of Granada, measuring over 100 km lengthwise (SW-NE) and more than 40 km across (NWSE).

Approximately 15 % of the territory is occupied by sierras representing the borders of the Geopark; around 25 % of the surface area of the territory is represented by badlands, occupying the central part of the Geopark lengthwise and across, with the remaining 60 % mainly corresponding to an expansive high plateau (glacis) separating the two previous systems, sierras and badlands. (Fig. A311)

Physical environment

The Granada Geopark lies within the central sector of the Baetic Cordillera (SE of Spain); surrounded by some of the highest mountains on the Iberian peninsula (Prebaetic Massif and Sierra de la Sagra [2381 m], Sierra Mágina [2187 m], Sierra de Arana-Huétor [1940 m], Sierra Nevada [3484 m], Sierra de Baza-Filabres [2271 m], Sierra de las Estancias-Cúllar [1471 m], Sierra de Orce-María [1612 m]). All of these mountains make up a depression that represents most of the territory of the Geopark. It has traditionally been sub-divided into a western half (Hoya de Guadix) and an eastern half (Hoya de Baza) although in fact it comprises a single intramontane depression.

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and city councils, which belong to 4 districts within the province of Granada: Baza, Guadix, Huéscar and Montes. The project also boasts the participation of all the business associations of the region. Both the Regional Government (Junta de Andalucia) and the Provincial Government (Diputación Provincial de Granada) are part of the Granada Geopark.

The population of the municipalities that make up the proposed Geopark stands at 100,611 inhabitants. The cities of Guadix and Baza concentrate more than 40% of the inhabitants of the territory. the rest of the population is distributed among municipalities which, in many cases, do not exceed 2,000 inhabitants.

It is therefore a fundamentally rural area - 93% of the population live in areas with less than 50 inhabitants per square kilometre - with population centres huddled in the spectacular steppe-like and arid landscape of the north of Granada. (Fig. A361) The population structure is characterised by ageing above the provincial and regional average and a continuously declining birth rate. It is important to note the feminisation of the territory, especially among the older age groups. (Fig. A362) The evolution of the population shows a depopulation trend with an ongoing process of population loss in the territory. The emigration of young people and women seeking educational and employment opportunities in other areas is the main factor. In recent years, however, this trend has started to be curbed with the arrival of foreigners who choose to reside in the area.

According to demographic data, the territory’s population declined by 10.4% in the 1999-2016 period, in contrast with the results in the province and the region, where there was an increase in the population over the same period. More specifically, the most significant loss of inhabitants (8.2%) has occurred in the last decade (2005-2016).

Economic Activity

The proposed territory largely depends on rain-fed agriculture (15% of the local population work in farming), based on the cultivation of cereals, legumes, vines, olives and almonds. This activity accounts for most of the surface area and working population of the proposed Geopark. (See section E.7) In livestock farming, the extensive raising of the local Segura breed of sheep, perfectly adapted to the harsh conditions

The connection between these mountain ranges and the depression is via a gently sloping glacis with altitudes ranging between 1150 m at the edge of the depression and 900 m towards the interior, where the depression is still preserved (García Tortosa et al., 2007, 2011).

The most singular landscapes of the area proposed as Geopark, formed where the different watercourses that drain the depression meet the glacis, appear at altitudes between 900 and 550 m. This network of riverbeds comprises an arid and very rugged landscape with badlands as its outstanding feature. These includes canyons up to 250 m deep and the fluvial terraces of the main rivers which form alluvial plains known in this region as vegas (De la Cruz Pardo et al., 2010). (Fig. A321)

Fig A311. Characteristic landscape of the proposed Geopark.©Alberto Tauste

Human geopraphy.

The proposed Geopark involves the participation of 47 town

Fig A321. Negratín Reservoir with Cerro Jabalcón.©Alberto Tauste

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GRANADA GEOPARK

of the area, particularly stands out. There are several products unique to the territory guaranteed by the Designation of Origin (DO) and Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) labels.

(Fig. A363)

The craft of ceramics in Guadix and Purullena particulary stand out in the area. Equally important, however, is artisanal work with wood, esparto grass and the preparation of cured meats.

0-10 hab/km2 10-20 hab/km2

20-30 hab/km2 30-40 hab/km2 40-60 hab/km2 >60 hab/km2

Mining has also had an historical importance in this area with the exploitation of the metalliferous veins of the Marquesado del Cenete since Roman times.

Commercial activity and the tourism sector both have great potential, and are taking advantage of the exceptional nature of the territory and the wide range of possibilities for sustainable cultural and natural tourism.

Fig A361. Map of population density of municipalities affected by the delimitation of the proposed Geopark.

(2016)©INE,SIMA / IAEC. DIPGRA

PROPOSED GEOPARK

GRANADA PROVINCE

ANDALUSIA REGION

SPAIN

POPULATION DENSITY (HAB/KM2) DEMOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT (1999-2016)

17.73

72

96

92

-11.52

+12,6

+15,8

+15,8

POPULATION AGES 0-16 (%OF TOTAL) POPULATION AGES 65 AND ABOVE (%OF TOTAL)

14.27

17,5

18,3

16,1

22.08

17,2

16,3

19,7

Fig A362. Demographic Data 2016 ©INE,SIMA / IAEC. DIPGRA

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Fig A363. Products made in the territory guaranteed by protected designation of origin (PDO) and protected geographical indication (PGI).

Organization in charge and management structure The proposed Granada Geopark is a local development initiative at supra-municipal level, based on the exceptional value of the geological heritage and the cultural and natural resources of the area, and undertaken using a methodology of cooperation and participation of all the agents of the local population. The territory has been working on the project since 2002, and during this time, it has received increasing institutional, economic and social support.

The proposed Geopark is the result of a formal, public process organised to promote the participation and collaboration of all the territorial agents involved: Provincial Council of Granada, Regional Government of Andalusia, Town and City Councils and Local Entities, Associations of Local Authorities, Consortiums, Groups of Local Development, Citizenship and Civil Society, Economic Sectors and Collaborating Scientific Institutions (Geological and Mining Institute of Spain, University of Granada, University of Jaén). (Fig. A412)

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APPLICATION DOSSIER FOR UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK

PROMOTER GROUP Provincial Council of Granada Rural Development Association of Guadix Association of Rural Development Groups of the Altiplano Apromontes Consortium for the Development of los Montes Orientales SOCIO - ECONOMIC WORKING GROUP

SCIENTIFIC WORKING GROUP EPVRF-IGME University of Granada University of Jaen University of Alicante University of Sevilla Univesity of Murcia CEP Guadix MNCN-CSIC AEQUEA

INSTITUTIONAL WORKING GROUP Association of Local Authorities of the District of Baza Association of Local Authorities of the District of Guadix Association of Local Authorities of the District of Huéscar Association of Local Authorities of the District of Marquesado del Zenete Regional Goverment-Junta de Andalucía University of Granada.

Employers’ Association of the Altiplano Intersectoral Employers’ Association of Guadix, Employers’ Association of the District of Huéscar Altiplano Tourism Association Hotel and Tourism Association of the District of Guadix Andalusian Cave Association Association for Sustainable tourism of the Altiplanicies Granadinas, Winegrowers “Altiplano Sierra Nevada” Association “Artesanos Guadix” Association Baza Trade Association “Andalucía Emprende” Andalusian Public Foundation

Fig A412. Structure and members of the Working Groups

Management structure

Responsibility for the management and coordination of the proposed Geopark lies with the Granada Geopark Project Coordinating Committee, made up of representatives of the institutional, socio-economic and scientific agents involved in the project, through an agreement signed on 7 November 2017 and the addendum to it signed on 31 October 2018, which incorporates 13 new municipalities and the Association of Local Authorities of Marquesado del Zenete. This committee is supported by all the working groups created. (Fig. A421) The President of the Provincial Council of Granada occupies the presidency of the Coordinating Committee. Furthermore,

the Provincial Council of Granada will provide the technical secretariat of this committee. Responsibility for running the Geopark project corresponds to the Rural Development Groups, as territorial management authorities of development programmes in the area.

In this regard, the Strategy has been designed for the Granada Geopark project. It includes the steps that the signatories are going to take in accordance with their own lines of action and financial frameworks, via the complementarity and synergies between the planned actions.

Provincial Council of Granada Rural Development Association of Guadix Association of Rural Development Groups of the Altiplano Apromontes Consortium for the Development of los Montes Orientales Geological and Mining Institute of Spain (IGME) University of Granada University of Jaen Association of Local Authorities of the District of Baza Association of Local Authorities of the District of Guadix Association of Local Authorities of the District of Huéscar Association of Local Authorities of the Dsitrict of Marquesasdo del Zenete Employers’ Association of the Altiplano Intersectoral Employers’ Association of Guadix, Employers’ Association of the District of Huéscar Altiplano Tourism Association Hotel and Tourism Association of the District of Guadix Andalusian Cave Association Association for Sustainable Tourism of the Altiplanicies Granadinas

COORDINATING COMMITTEE Granada Geopark Project PRESIDENCY Provincial Council of Granada

MANAGEMENT Rural Development Association

SECRETARY´S OFFICE Provincial Council of Granada

GRANADA GEOPARK PROJECT STRATEGY

Education Programme

Fig A421. Structure and members of the Granada Geopark Project Coordinating Committee.

Sustainable Tourism Development Programmes

Scientific Programme

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GRANADA GEOPARK

A6

Contact person

Technical Secretariat

Myriam Prieto Labra Head of Development Service Provincial Council of Granada Avenida Andalucia s.n. 18015 Granada, Spain mprieto@dipgra.es www.dipgra.es 0034 958247867

Presidency

Jose Entrena Avila President of the Provincial Council of Granada C/Periodista Barrios Talavera 1. 18014 Granada (España) www.dipgra.es

Management

Juan José Manrique López Manager Guadix Rural Development Group Ctra. Murcia, s/n “Antigua Azucarera” 18500 - GUADIX (Granada) Tel: 0034 958 66 50 70 - 0034 958 66 10 48 juanjo@comarcadeguadix.com www.comarcadeguadix.com

A7

Website

www.geoparquedegranada.com

A8

Antonio Román Manager Altiplano de Granada Rural Development Group Mayor, 2 18830 Huéscar – Granada Teléf.: 0034 958742314 antonio@altiplanogranada.org www.altiplanogranada.org

B C

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Social media www.facebook.com/GeoparquedeGranada/ https://twitter.com/geo_cuaternario www.instagram.com/geoparquedegranada/ https://plus.google.com/u/0/105975255525699236728

Expression of interest Application dossier Self-evaluation form

ANNEXES TO THE APPLICATION DOSSIER:

Documents checklist

Location of the area

The proposed Granada Geopark is located in the south-east of Spain, specifically in the north of the province of Granada, within the region of Andalusia. (Fig. A21) The territory of the Geopark coincides in great measure with what are known geographically as the depressions of Guadix and Baza, or, from the geological perspective, with the Guadix-Baza basin, as well as a large part of the mountains making up these depressions or the basin. The northernmost part of the territory proposed for the Geopark, the sierras of Huéscar and Puebla are in turn the head of the catchment area of the Guadiana Menor.

Annex 1: Self-evaluation document Annex 2: An additional and separate copy of section E 1.1 Annex 3: An explicit endorsement of any relevant local and regional authorities and a letter of support from the National Commission for UNESCO or the government body in charge of relations with UNESCO Annex 4: A large-scale map of the aUGGp Annex 5: One-page geological and geographic summary Annex 6: Complete bibliography of the area in Earth Sciences highlighting international publications Annex 7: Listing and description of geological sites within the Granada Geopark project Annex 8: Scientific research projects in the proposed Geopark

The fluvial valleys, whose waters are fundamentally below and embedded in Plio-Quaternary continental sediments from the Guadix-Baza basin, provide access to most of the places of geological interest that make up this project. (Fig. A22)

Area of the proposed Geopark

The surface area represents 37.36 % of the total territory of the province of Granada, measuring over 100 km lengthwise (SWNE) and more than 40 km across (NW-SE). Approximately 15 % of the territory is occupied by sierras representing the borders of the Geopark; around 25 % of the surface area of the territory is represented by badlands, occupying the central part of the Geopark lengthwise and across, with the remaining 60 % mainly corresponding to an expansive high plateau (glacis) separating the two previous systems, sierras and badlands. (Fig. A311).

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APPLICATION DOSSIER FOR UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK

Fig A21. Map of the Location of the Granada Geopark

LONGITUDE

EAST

WEST

2º12´20,89´´W

3º23´53,58´´W

SOUTH NORTH 37º7´33,02´´N 38º5´1,31´´N 534,2 m (Guadiana Menor) 2.383 m (La Sagra)

LATITUDE ALTITUDE

Fig A23. Table of coordinates of the GG area

Fig. A21

D

Geoaprk Boundary 0 2,5 5

10

15

20

25 Kilometers

Fig A22. Demarcation Map of the GG

Main geological highlight and other elements

This territory is a living laboratory where research, study and interpret for visitors and for the local population, the geological processes that have led to the morphology and the spectacular landscape that we know today where a wild terrain, formed by thousands of badlands of different colors, occupies the central and geologically most important part of their area.

Geologically: • The semiarid nature of the region, with scarce vegetation on the slopes of its valleys, favours the observation and study of its exceptional geology and the sediments laid during the Quaternary period (the last 2,58 million of years). And besides, due to the strong erosive processes suffered, have been uncovered and emerged other much older periods, allowing as well the observation and interpretation of them.

• The proposed Geopark has more than 70 places of geological interest, several of them of international relevance:

important faults, sismites, padded lavas and a great variety of places of undoubted scientific, didactic and tourist attraction value. Some of them are being studied by different research institutions, at national and international level.

• It has one of the best Quaternary records of the continental Europe, represented by very well preserved fossils of large mammals, and it is also the geological period when hominids appear in the Earth. The human presence in the Geopark area, more than a million years ago, is corroborated by the presence of human remains and lithic industries associated in Orce. This is one of the most important paleo sites due to the “Orce man” (1,3-1,6 M years) finding, • The rich biodiversity is another feature: 1.129 flora and 1.500 fauna, with many endemic species, some of them in endanger and critical situation, and extinct in the rest of their natural range. Gypsum and salts are the origin of its floristique uniqueness, at the Iberian and even at the European

GRANADA GEOPARK

context. And the fauna is also conditioned by the geologic, climatic and ecologic features of the environment. This has favoured the existence of very rich communities of insects, amphibians, mammals and birds, specially steppe birds. That is why a large part of the Geopark is consider as an “Important Bird Area”. Very interesting for bird watching activities.

Geology has conditioned all the human evolution, culture, behavior, activities, and everything is related to this.

People should visit this Geopark because, as its slogan says, “The landscape is just the beginning” This Geopark also owns: • An unic trogloditic landscape, with a singular type of traditional cave-houses, that have been used since medieval period, and closely linked with the geology of the area. They are natural bioclimatic houses with constant temperature, about 18ºC throughout the year. Currently, this is one of the most important touristic attractive. More than 1.000 places of touristic accommodations, restaurants, interpretation centers, wine cellars, ridding centers or handcraft workshops are located in this singular and traditional kind of cave-building.

• Big amount of archaeological sites that allow us to know the past and many different cultures that established in this territory, whose vestiges are preserved and are being put in value (Neolithic, Cooper Age, dolmens, Bronze Age remains, Iberian, Roman theatre, Arabic baths, mudejar churches, medieval castles…). All this constitutes an important historical, artistic and cultural heritage that deserves be known and visited.

• Intangible heritage is an important asset of our Geopark.

Some local traditional fests and celebrations like “Cascamorras fest”(declared international tourist interest fest), or “Moors and Christians”fest and “The Holy Week” are part of the cultural heritage of the area and a great tourist attraction.

• Recovery and training of ancient skills and handicrafts. Artisan products with long tradition in the territory like ceramic, sparto grass (local vegetation), woodcraft, artisan bakery or cheese, are some of the workshops offered to scholars and visitors for their enjoyment and learning.

• The Geopark has a network composed by 22 divulgation centers (museums, interpretation centers, scientific facilities, tourism offices, etc..) that show a very diverse heritage (paleontological, archaeological, historical, cultural, ethnographic....) distributed throughout the territory. Each one of them works in coordination and offers information about the Geopark and the other centers of the network. The educational, recreational, scientific, cultural, eco-touristic or geo-conservational roll in the area classifies them.

• High quality local agrofood products. There are some quality brands at this area (brand “Granada Flavour”, “Altiplano” quality brand) wich include some designation of origin products (lamb “Segureño” meat, olive oil, wines and honey).

This allows us to enjoy a rich and healthy gastronomy, typical of the area.

• This area offers the possibility to practice outdoor and ecotourism activities in a very close contact with the nature and with a low impact in it: Astrotourism (very dark and high quality sky to observe stars and planets), geotourism and scientific tourism, hiking, trekking, climbing, biking, riding, canoeing, bird watching, rural tourism, adventure tourism, balloon flight, environmental education…. All of them offered by local business and linked with geological aspects.

• For visitors, this territory is an open world to discover and enjoy, with numerous and diverse attractions: unrepeatable

landscapes, remains of our history, evolution of the land, quality products, traditions and local hospitality.

• This project turns the territory into a tourist and educational product. It is a great opportunity for the sustainable development of the territory, creating employment opportunities for local people, taking advantage of a not used resource so far.

As well, it offers them the reason to be proud of their natural and cultural heritage, and of their own identity. They have safeguarded and protected this area for centuries and is now prepared for scientific research of its resources, tourism and educational activities and for the enjoyment and knowledge of the society as a whole.

• By last, it perfectly contributes to completing and conserving the diversity of geological resources of the existing Geoparks network, since it represents a geological, geomorphologic and paleontological context focused on Quaternary with one of the best records of the continental Europe.

It is a relevant complement to enrich the National and the European Geoparks network. And it is the first anadalusian Geopark that is not a natural protected area.

The result is an ancient cultural landscape of singular beauty that speaks us of the natural events that occurred with the passing of geological time, and in the course of human activity in historic times.

E

Verification of Unesco Global Geopark criteria

E1

Territory E.1.1 Geological heritage and conservation

E.1.1.1. General geological description of the Granada Geopark project.

The Quaternary is the geological period in the history of the Earth that covers the last two and a half million years of evolution of the planet and the life on it.

The Granada Geopark is a geological and natural area that contains the stone evidence of the geological history of a river and a lake that were active between 5.3 million and approximately 500,000 years ago during an endorheic stage, after which its sediments gradually eroded into a new exorheic stage that continues today. This second stage has shaped the current structure of the central and main part of the Geopark, characterised by tens of thousands of badlands.

In this area to the north of the province of Granada, therefore, a continental endorheic stage began 5.3 million years ago (on a Mesozoic basement -with rocks from the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous- and over rocks from the Neogene -of a marine period mostly prior to the Late Miocene-). The protagonists of its continental geological history are, essentially, a river (the palaeo Fardes) and a lake (the palaeo-lake of Baza), whose legacy consists of the exposed rocks in the present-day river valleys of North Granada.

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APPLICATION DOSSIER FOR UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK

For 5.3 million years, the palaeo-river (western sector) and the palaeo-lake (Eastern sector) gradually filled this large intramontane depression to the north of Granada with sediment, predominantly river sediments in the western sector -Hoya of Guadix- (associated with alluvial fan deposits, palustrine deposits and lacustrine deposits in its spatial and temporal evolution), and lacustrine sediments in the eastern sector -Hoya of Baza- (also associated temporally and spatially with alluvial fan deposits and palustrine deposits).

This dynamic generated an exposed and accessible layer of Quaternary rocks (mainly Early Pleistocene) with an average thickness of 100 m in the western sector, thanks to the evolution over time of the palaeo Fardes River, and even thicker in the central-eastern sector due to its collapse with respect to the western sector (with a potential thickness of Quaternary rocks of several hundred metres). The source of this old river, the palaeo Fardes, originated, as it does today, in the surrounding Sierra de Huétor, flowing into the lake in the central-eastern sector, which constituted its base level during the aforementioned endorheic stage, for approximately 5 million years.

Its mouth was basically located to the north of the mountain Cerro Jabalcón and was conditioned over time by the evolution of the Baza fault (located to the east of this mountain or inselberg and which was, and still is, responsible for the collapse of the eastern sector). The rocks deposited by this river and lake house numerous vertebrate fossil sites that inform us about the biological and environmental evolution during the Pliocene and the Pleistocene, and their records of the Early Pleistocene (basal Quaternary) are unique in the European context.

Approximately 500,000 years ago, when both sectors were characterised by an imposing and very large peneplain, created by the continuous filling of the topographically more depressed areas with sediment and the erosion of any relief created within the basin, the region became exorheic, as it was captured by a tributary of the Guadalquivir River which was to become the Guadiana Menor River as it is today. From then on and until the present, the Fardes and Guadiana Menor rivers and their many tributaries actively eroded the rocks, mainly detrital (in the western sector) or chemical (in the central-eastern sector), creating a vast and marvellously preserved landscape of badlands with only slight anthropic influence on the overall landscape, developed over rocks mainly from the Plio-Pleistocene.

a marine corridor known as the North Baetic Straits), marine rocks from the Palaeogene, and abyssal marine deposits from the Cretaceous and on shallow shelves from the Jurassic (from the Tethys Sea), a long Mesozoic era during which, in this part of the planet, rifting of tectonic plates was occurring, the most direct evidence of this being huge extensions of basaltic pillow lavas, which today make up part of the south-western mountains of the Geopark. Apart from at the valley floors, we can observe, touch and study all of the arrays of previous rocks and the geological domains to which they belong in the surrounding mountains that make up the intramontane depression traversed by these valleys, the protagonists of the area.

Geological Context The proposed Geopark is located in the central sector of the Baetic Cordillera, which occupies the south and south-east of the Iberian peninsula, covering an area approximately 600 km long and 200 km wide. The Baetic Cordillera may be divided into several large geological domains, including the External Baetic Zone and the Internal Baetic Zone (this latter also known, including other sub-domains, as the Alborán Domain).

Several Neogene basins formed in these domains, including the Guadix-Baza basin, to which the bulk of the Granada Geopark territory belongs. All these Neogene basins together could be considered as another large domain within the cordillera (Fig. E11). In the territory of the Granada Geopark, and forming part of the basement of the Guadix-Baza basin, the major domains and subdomains of the Baetic Cordillera are represented (the Prebaetic and Subbaetic are represented in the External Zone and the three main tectonic complexes, the Nevado-Filábride, the Alpujárride and the Maláguide-Dorsal in the Internal Zone).

The External Baetic Zone occupies the southern and south-eastern margin of the Iberian Massif where, during the Mesozoic and part of the Cenozoic, mainly marine sediments accumulated, which were subsequently deformed and then emerged. It is divided into the Subbaetic and the Prebaetic.

This latter was located closer to the edge of the plateau and its marine facies are not very deep, while pelagic and deep facies appear in the Subbaetic. The Prebaetic appears at the NW border of the Geopark (Sierras of Castril, Huéscar and Puebla de Don Fadrique). The Subbaetic emerges at the western, nor-

In view of the above, the Granada Geopark comprises an area in which that river and lake evolved geologically (an area in which its geological and palaeobiological evolution can be read) and delimited by the geographical extension of its physical development over time and fundamentally accessible via the fluvial drainage network of the most recent Quaternary.

The main attraction of the Granada Geopark is the geological history of a river (western sector) and a lake (central-eastern sector). A river and a lake that during part of their sedimentary stage left stone evidence of the ecosystems of the old Quaternary, while, during the stage of fluvial erosion of the modern Quaternary, the rivers have exposed rocks that, along with those of the border of the basin, tell the geological history of the last 250 million years. Sedimentary rocks have emerged in the current river valleys for 5 million years (old river plains and lacustrine shores inhabited by a spectacular array of large mammals).

But also emerging in the valleys of the Geopark are marine rocks from former deltas and reefs of 8 million years ago (when the Atlantic Ocean communicated with the Mediterranean Sea via

Fig.E11. Geological and geomorphological map of the Guadix-Baza basin where the limit of the proposed Geopark and the main geological domains and active structures related to the Geopark are indicated.

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thern and north-western sectors of the Geopark, both in the sierras (Arana, Mencal, Montes Orientales, Sierras of Huéscar, Puebla de Don Fadrique and Orce-Cúllar) and on some valley floors. The Subbaetic Trias, with red detrital sediments, versicoloured gypsums and carbonates, contains the oldest sediments of the External Zone of the cordillera, and its outcrops within the Geopark may be considered as some of the oldest in the park, at least of proven age. In general, the Jurassic rocks of the External Zone are represented by dolostones and limestone platforms, sometimes oolitic, nodular limestones generated on high seabeds that were created by the fracturing of said platforms, and marly limestones, white-toned marls and radiolarites, among other sediments deposited in deeper parts of the new seas and ocean beds that were being generated. In these deeper areas, and as vestiges of the new oceans formed by the fracturing of the lithosphere existing in this sector, volcanic and sub-volcanic rocks appear, represented within the Geopark in the Alamedilla sector. During the Cretaceous, white-toned marly sediments predominated, and sometimes with salmon hues, along with some deposits of radiolarites. The predominantly marly sediments continued during the Palaeocene, until the creation of the Neogene basins.

The Internal Baetic Zone, unlike the External Zone, has Palaeozoic rocks, over which sediments were also deposited during the Mesozoic and the Tertiary. The Internal Zone is divided into several tectonically overlapping complexes, which from top to bottom are the Maláguide-Dorsal, without alpine metamorphism, the Alpujárride and the Nevado-Filábride, both with alpine metamorphism. Most of the sediments that gave rise to the rocks of the Maláguide, Dorsal and Alpujárride were deposited far from their current position, towards the east and south-east, in some cases several hundred kilometres away, and were subsequently displaced to their present position.

The Maláguide complex is formed by a Palaeozoic base and a Mesozoic and Tertiary cover with predominantly red Triassic detrital sediments, over which appear dolostones and limestones, from the Triassic and the Jurassic, with more marly Cretaceous and Tertiary. The Maláguide emerges at the western border of the Geopark (eastern part of the Sierra de Huétor, close to Diezma) and at the eastern border (east of Cúllar). The metapelites of the base of the Maláguide, well represented to the east of Cúllar and attributed to a Paleozoic age, are the oldest rocks in the Geopark.

GRANADA GEOPARK

the Maláguide, the oldest rocks in the Geopark). Other schists, along with the phyllites, were formed with sediments from the Early Triassic, while most of the carbonates belong to the Middle and Late Triassic. The Alpujárride emerges in some of the sierras that make up the southwestern, southern and southeastern border of the Geopark, like the Sierra de Huétor-Sierra Nevada, Sierra de Baza and Sierra de las Estancias. We can also find rocks from the Alpujárride embedded in the intramontane depression at some valley floors near these sierras, like the Gor River valley, some badlands and ravines in the vicinity of Zújar and Freila, and in the watercourses of Cúllar, among other places.

The Nevado-Filábride complex emerges at the southern edge of the Geoparque, at its limit with the Sierra Nevada Natural Park (northern edge of Sierra Nevada), also at some valley floors embedded toward the depression from this southern edge, as well as at the westernmost foothills of the Sierra de los Filabres.

Its lithologies are similar to those of the Alpujárride, but with a different metamorphic degree. It has intercalations of amphibolites and serpentinites of which, as with the other rocks from the Internal Zone, we might find re-sedimented clasts in the Pliocene and Quaternary sediments of the Geopark. The origin of the rocks that form it was possibly closer to the southern edge of the Iberian Massif than the other complexes of the Internal Zone.

Finally, the Neogene Basins comprise a third domain within the cordillera. These started to form during the Early Miocene and have a character that is usually referred to in the bibliography as synorogenic, although deformations are still occurring today that affect these basins and the entire cordillera. These basins formed over both the Internal and External Zones or, as in the case of the Guadix-Baza basin, to which the majority of the Geopark territory belongs, over the contact between both (Fig. E12,E13). The best-preserved Neogene basins of the cordillera started to form in the Late Miocene and are intramontane basins, among which the Guadix-Baza and Granada basins are notable. The Guadalquivir basin is the "foreland basin" of the cordillera. During the Early and Middle Miocene, and even during part of the Late Miocene, this basin enabled the connection between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean via the North Baetic Straits, which joined the Guadalquivir basin to the Guadix-Baza basin (Colom 1952).

At least the last 250 million years of the geological history of our Earth are represented in the territory of the Granada Geopark, of which the last 2.53 million years, the Quaternary Period,

The Dorsal is a set of units that appear between the Maláguide and part of the external zones of the Baetic Cordillera and, above all, part of the Rif in North Africa. It comprises Mesozoic and Tertiary series in which carbonate materials dominate.

From a palaeogeographic point of view, a considerable section of the rocks assigned to the Dorsal could be considered as cover of the Maláguide (Sanz de Galdeano, 1997). At the centre of the Geopark, one of its sites of geological interest, the "Cerro del Jabalcón" mountain, is attributed to the Dorsal. Rocks belonging to the Dorsal subdomain also emerge at the easternmost part of Sierra Arana, in the far west of the Geopark.

The Alpujárride complex has metamorphism and its series type is made up of schists in the base, over phyllites and quartzites, sometimes with gypsums and intrusions of basic igneous rocks, and some significant sections of dolostones, limestones or marbles, with metapelite intercalations and also intrusions of igneous rocks. Part of the schists may be Paleozoic sediments affected by alpine orogeny (some outcrops of schists in the territory, of unknown age, may thus represent, along with those of

Fig.E12. General geologic sketch of the Betic Cordillera with its main geological domains and surrounding areas.

APPLICATION DOSSIER FOR UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK

are the true protagonists of the Geopark territory. In this period, one of the most complete stratigraphic sequences of Continental Quaternary on the planet took place within the area of the Geopark, with some of the best and most complete microvertebrate fossil sites in the whole of Europe (Arribas and Palmqvist, 1998; Arribas 2008; Arribas et al., 2009). Subsequently, geomorphological processes, with the help of tectonics, have generated the present day North Granada valleys, which have made it possible for us to read those last 250 m.y. of the History of the Earth, which we summarise below, in the rocks.

Geological History The Triassic is a special period of the Earth, as it was the last time that all the continents were united forming the supercontinent Pangaea. In the rivers of this supercontinent and in the shallow surrounding sea, Triassic rocks formed that emerge within the Geopark, such as red clays and versicoloured gypsums, which appear in the Castril River valley or the Fardes River valley. At the end of the Triassic, this supercontinent began to break up and the incipient seas and oceans started to form. Within the Geopark, the above-mentioned volcanic rocks in the Alamedilla sector (pillow lavas) are a magnificent remnant and example of the fracturing of the Earth's crust that occurred from the end of the Triassic to the Cretaceous. The sediments of the External and Internal Zones of the Baetic Cordillera were deposited on the shelves of the new continents and on the beds of the new oceans, during a long period of time that encompasses the Jurassic, Cretaceous and Palaeocene, with continuous changes in the position of the continents and in the size and depth of the oceans.

In the Tertiary, when the Baetic Cordillera still did not exist (and therefore Andalusia did not exist either) and most of its materials were still submerged, the compressions between Africa and Eurasia started and the alpine deformations began. In this process, the materials that make up the Internal Zone were displaced hundreds of kilometres to the west, becoming part of the Baetic Cordillera. In their advance, they pushed and deformed the materials of the External Baetic Zone. This part of geological history occurred during the Early and Middle Miocene, and this would be a stage that basically lasted the 10 my before the Middle Miocene. From then on, the last processes to have affected the Baetic Cordillera began, starting a new stage in our geological history, characterised by a kinematic situation that has continued up to the present, in which the main relationship between Iberia (Eurasian Plate) and Africa is one of approach, towards North Africa, at a speed of some 5 mm/year (DeMets et al. 1994).

Fig. E13. Simplified geological map of the easrtern Betic Cordillera showing the position of the Guadix-Baza basin.

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At the beginning of this new stage, some 8 million years ago, we start from a palaeogeography where the main reliefs of the Baetic Cordillera, that is, of the S.E. of the Iberian Peninsula, had already been formed, and the Neogene Basins had been generated, including the Guadix-Baza basin, all of them marine at that time.

Thus, the sector of the Geopark would have been part of a set of intramontane marine basins that surrounded large islands, which to a large extent are now our mountain ranges or sierras. The interconnection of these basins, for example between the Guadalquivir basin and the Guadix-Baza basin via the so-called North Baetic Straits, would also have enabled the marine connection between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. The marine materials of this stage can be found in numerous outcrops within the area of the Geopark, such as in the La Peza sector in the western part, to the west of Negratín in the western central sector, some valleys in the northern sector, to the south of Caniles in the eastern central sector, and in the most eastern part of the Geopark.

The penultimate stage of our geological history started between the end of the Miocene and the beginning of the Pliocene. This was the individualisation and genesis of the Guadix-Baza continental basin due to the definitive disconnection of our territory from the Mediterranean and from the Atlantic.

This disconnection was due to tectonic factors that from the Miocene produced a regional raising of the Baetic Cordillera, very obvious in our sector which, not without reason, is one of the regions with the greatest average altitude in the entire Iberian Peninsula. We can currently find marine sediments from the Tortonian at an altitude above 1000 m in the vicinity of the Geopark (Sanz de Galdeano and Alfaro, 2004). Although the entire region rose up, the differential movements due to tectonics and, above all, the large inherited topographical depressions, allowed the continuous accumulation of significant sequences of continental sediments. In all likelihood, the abrupt and widespread fall in the sea level, which affected all the planet's oceans during the Messinian, was also influential in the marine disconnection. The disconnection with the sea almost certainly did not occur simultaneously in the different sectors of the basin, although it would have been in a relatively short period in geological time.

Once the continental basin was originated, it had an endorheic nature, that is, the waters of the different fluvial systems, which collected the precipitations within the perimeter delimited by the watershed of the entire basin, did not have an outlet to the sea. During the Pliocene and a large part of the Pleistocene, the endorheic nature of the territory and the action of the Baza fault enabled the development of a large lake in the central-eastern half (García Tortosa et al., 2008-2011), generating important accumulations of carbonate and evaporitic sediments in this sector, while in the western half it was mainly fluvial environments and detrital sedimentation that developed (Vera, 1970). The fluvial systems of the western sector drained their waters towards the lake in the eastern sector via the paleo Fardes river. The differences in the sedimentary environments of the western and eastern sectors were controlled to a large extent by the Baza Fault, which enabled the subsidence of the eastern sector and which represented the base level of the western sector. There were also fluvial systems in the eastern sector, originating in the surrounding mountain ranges (Castril, Huéscar, Periate, Estancias, etc.), which furnished fluvial sediments. Small lacustrine systems also formed among the fluvial systems in the western sector.

Throughout the endorheic geological history of the basin, a large glacis surface developed from the edges of the basin towards the centre (García Tortosa et al., 2007, 2008, 2011). This area re-

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mained active until the time when the basin became exorheic, approximately 0.5 Ma (Scott and Gibert, 2009; García Tortosa et al., 2011). The transition from endorheism to exorheism, that is, the drainage of the region to the sea, represents the beginning of the last stage in our geological history. During the approximately 4.5 m.y. that the disconnection with the sea lasted, large mammalian fauna developed and coexisted on the glacis surface, in a landscape that would remind us of the present African savannah (Arribas and Palmqvist, 1998; Palmqvist and Arribas 2001). The glacis combined materials of very different ages, and thus it does not coincide with, nor is there, a silting level in the basin, with materials of very different ages being present in the upper part of the endorheic stratigraphic sequence in different sectors of the basin.

The glacis surface is, therefore, the last vestige of the endorheic stage of the basin (García Tortosa 2007, 2008, 2011).

The last stage in our geological history began approximately 0.5 Ma (Middle Pleistocene), when a tributary of the Guadalquivir River captured the endorheic basin, giving it an outlet to the Atlantic and transforming it into an exorheic basin, as we know it today. After the capture, this tributary would become the present Guadiana Menor, which along with the Fardes River drains most of the territory towards the Guadalquivir River (the municipal area of Huéneja, the southeastern area of the Geopark, shows the sole evidence of recent and incipient capture towards the Mediterranean). The fact that the basin was captured by this tributary of the Guadalquivir and not towards the Mediterranean through the Almanzora corridor (a much shorter route than the current one), was probably due to the fact that this tributary of the Guadalquivir took advantage of tectonic factors (faults in the Guadiana Menor sector that created zones of weakness), palaeogeographic factors (in the sector to the N.W. of the Negratín dome, as a palaeo-valley may have been generated in a north-south direction during the endorheic stage, also partly conditioned by tectonics) and lithological factors (the scant competition between the materials existing in the palaeo-watershed between both basins) (García Tortosa et al., 2007). This tributary started with a difference in level of over 500 m compared with the watershed between the Guadalquivir and Guadix-Baza basins (the current altitude of the highest terrace of the Guadalquivir in the area where the Guadiana Menor flows into it is around 340 m compared with the 940 m of the glacis near the catchment area).

The high average altitude of the depression the Geopark belongs to, the semi-arid climate and the high erodibility of the materials that make up the Plio-Quaternary fill of its central part have led to the firm embedding of the current fluvial network, of up to 200 m in some valleys. From the moment of the capture, erosion dominated the sedimentation within the basin, the dismantling of the glacis began, along with the still ongoing development of badlands, and the formation of the valleys and fluvial terraces that characterise the territory. Fortunately, the last chapters of this geological history can be discovered and read, which are directly linked to our own history, in these fluvial terraces.

Characteristics and demarcation for the proposed Geopark The intramontane depression to the north of Granada (Hoyas - rivers basins - of Guadix and Baza) reveals a geological singularity related to the Quaternary Period, as a large part of its endorheic sedimentary fill was produced during the Early Pleistocene and part of the Middle Pleistocene (Quaternary) and its erosive removal (exorheic stage) also took place during the Quaternary (part of the Middle Pleistocene to the present), but leaving an important stratigraphic record in the

GRANADA GEOPARK

fluvial terraces. This erosive removal has shaped these basins and created a landscape characterised by thousands of badlands that expose rocks: i) of the Mesozoic (Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous) and Cenozoic basement; ii) of the Cenozoic marine fill (basically Late Miocene); and iii) of the endorheic continental fill of the Pliocene and the Pleistocene (Early Pleistocene and part of Middle Pleistocene). The sedimentary units from the Early Pleistocene, of fluvial and lacustrine origin, are especially rich in deposits of large vertebrates (more than 150 sites identified), with chronologies that range from 2.5 to 0.9 Ma. Furthermore, there are fossil sites with vertebrates from the Middle Pleistocene.

On the other hand, there are also numerous fossil sites with marine invertebrates from the Late Miocene (to which a new site from the Mio-Pliocene can be added, with fossils of terrestrial and aquatic mammals, including dolphins).

Geological singularities that define the Granada Geopark (the set of attributes shared in a single territory/space is the criterion that defines the limits of the geopark): General characteristics of the territory of the proposed geopark: • Geostructural units: External Zone of the Baetic Cordillera; Internal Zone of the Baetic Cordillera; Intramontane depression in one of the sectors with the greatest average altitude in the entire Iberian Peninsula.

• Geological periods represented: Paleozoic (Carboniferous and Permian), Mesozoic (Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous; in basement and inselbergs); Cenozoic (Palaeogene and Neogene, with marine Miocene and continental Pliocene; Continental Quaternary with endorheic and exorheic units; 88 GEODE-IGME geological age groups).

• Rocks represented: volcanic rocks (basalt), metamorphic rocks (mica schists, gneiss…) and the entire range of sedimentary rocks, both detrital and chemical (in total 49 specific types of rocks representing 403 sets of lithological/cartographic units, GEODE-IGME). Detrital rocks (conglomerates, sands and clays) occupy more than 50% of the surface area of the territory under consideration.

• Current morphogenetic systems: the denudative system predominates, in terms of area, with both the fluvial system and the structural-denudative system being represented.

Karstic-denudative and gravitational-denudative systems are also to be found. Anthropic forms are restricted to urban areas and two reservoirs (Francisco Abellán and Negratín).

• Geomorphological units: the glacis is predominant in terms of surface area while the badlands are foremost in vertical development. This is the most singular and extensive unit of the area. The fluvial terraces of the main valleys, watercourses and current riverbeds with their floodplains and should also be mentioned. The third most important unit is constituted in relation to the basement, among which the carbonate reliefs (hillsides, hills and carbonate mountains) predominate. Also developed in this landscape: residual reliefs over volcanic rocks, hills/small mountains over conglomerates and sandstones, conical hills, structural plateaux/ hills, canyons, ravines, inselbergs, karstic systems, scree and fragmentary rubble, among others.

• Edaphological units of the dominant soils: calcareous regosols and eutric regosols; calcareous fluvisols [overall predominance of sands (+50% of the surface area of the territory)]. Sands predominate in the western sector and clays and gypsums in the eastern sector.

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APPLICATION DOSSIER FOR UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK

• • • •

Majority hydric regime of the watercourses: seasonal.

Majority hydraulic regime of the watercourses: torrential.

Presence of salt flats: Barchel salt flats.

Inherited desertification: more than 15% of the surface area of the territory.

• Landscape area and environment: Intramontane depression, valleys of the Fardes and Guadiana Menor rivers and tributaries; glacis-steppe peneplains; Mencal and Jabalcón mountains and part of the mountains forming the intramontane depression.

Specific characteristics of the territory of the proposed Geopark (a collection of exclusive features only verifiable and coincident with the entire area of the geopark): • Exceptional continental sedimentary record of fossils from the Quaternary (basin fill from its endorheic stage). Average thickness of exposed rocks from the Early Pleistocene: 100 m. Including the complete Early Pleistocene and the basal part of Middle Pleistocene.

• Magnificent specimens of sedimentary deformation structures produced by the liquefaction of sediment during Quaternary earthquakes.

• Sedimentary record, in the exorheic stage (erosive removal), from the Middle and Late Pleistocene, and Holocene (includes alluvial, travertine and karst units).

• Topographical coherence in relation to the integrity of the geological landscape of the Geopark.

• Diversity of sedimentary systems (endorheic stage) and morpho-sedimentary systems (exorheic stage) from the Quaternary represented: in the endorheic stage (alluvial fans, anastomosed fluvial system, lacustrine and palustrine systems and mixed erosive-depositional glacis); in the exorheic stage (terraces from Middle and Late Pleistocene, calcareous travertine-tufa edifices/platforms from the Middle and Late Pleistocene to the Holocene, Holocene alluvial system and associated terraces and karst in the calcareous massifs - inselbergs - from the Mesozoic).

• In the context of the geopark, 4 inselbergs can be identified, comprised of Mesozoic rocks from the basement of the basin, three in the area of the fill of the Guadix Basin and one external but nearby, which served as a refuge for mountain animals in the Pleistocene (Cerro Mencal). The latter is an outstanding feature in the landscape of the geopark territory along with Cerro Jabalcón (the most relevant inselberg from the perspectives of topography and landscape).

• From the geomorphological perspective, more than 25% of the territory of the geopark is occupied by badlands [badlands in the area of Marchal and Guadix (in continental rocks - conglomerates and sands - from the Plio-Pleistocene), badlands in the area of Fonelas and Benalúa (in continental rocks - sands, silts and clays - from the Plio-Pleistocene), badlands in the Gorafe area (in continental rocks - conglomerates, sands and clays - from the Plio-Pleistocene), badlands in the Dehesas de Guadix area (in marine and continental rocks from the Mio-Pleistocene), badlands in the area of the Negratín reservoir and Cuevas del Campo (in marine and continental rocks - marls - from the Miocene) and badlands in the area of Benamaurel, Castillejar and Galera (in continental rocks - marls and gypsums - from the Plio-Pleistocene)].

• The basement includes non-metamorphic rocks from both the External Zone of the Baetic Cordillera, and metamorphic rocks from the Internal Zone. Among the metamorphic rocks, we can find marbles, schists, slates, quartzites and amphibolites that appear re-sedimented in the detrital rocks from the Plio-Quaternary.

• The historical anthropisation (agricultural, forestry and industrial uses and modifications) of the landscape in the geopark is non-existent in a high percentage of its area, and where these types of uses can be confirmed they are not very aggressive and are located in the areas of Recent Holocene alluvial systems, in the fertile plains of the rivers (e.g.

Fardes River and other tributaries of the Guadiana Menor River.) The valleys of the geopark territory show some of the lowest rates of anthropic alteration of the landscape of those present on the European continent.

• The entire territory comprising the Geopark is the geological testimony of the evolution of a river and a lake: of the sedimentary fill of an endorheic continental basin (fundamentally by a anastomosed fluvial system and a lacustrine system, with plentiful palaeobiological content), in which the record of large mammals from different stages of the Pleistocene stands out. In this context, the base level in said stage was located in the palaeo-lake of Baza, a base level conditioned over time by the evolution of the Baza fault, the tectonic landmark within the geopark.

E.1.1.2.Listing and description of geological sites within the proposed Geopark The SGI inventory of the geopark project has been undertaken (selection and appraisal) in line with previous works (inventory of Global Geosites Project 2002-2007/IGME; Andalusian Geodiversity Strategy/Department for the Environment of the Regional Government of Andalusia) and as a result of our scientific and technical work in this geographical context over 3 decades (Fonelas Project/IGME, Valle del Río Fardes palaeontological station/ IGME; and projects of Professor García-Tortosa). (Fig.E: E211, E212, E213, E214, E215) (See annex 7)

E.1.1.3.International, national, regional or local value of the sites of geological interest Sites of Geological Interest belonging to the Spanish Global Geosites project (Geosites) of the Spanish geological contexts of international relevance (Annex VIII-2 of Law 42/2007 of 13 December, on Natural Heritage and Biodiversity), 4 of them are represented in the North Granada Valleys: • Deposits of vertebrates from the Spanish Pliocene and Pleistocene.

• The rifting of Pangaea and the Mesozoic sequences of the Baetic and Iberian Cordilleras.

• The olistostromic units of the Baetic Foreland.

• Karstic systems in carbonates and evaporites in the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands.

The "Deposits of vertebrates from the Spanish Pliocene and Pleistocene" are especially notable, as the following 7 geosites of international relevance are located within this Geopark project (the legal protection measures for the protection of these "geosites" are explicitly stated): • VP014 (GG-08): Fonelas P-1 fossil site [Spanish State Heritage (Geological and Mining Institute of Spain, Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, Government of Spain); State geological reserve in the Guadix basin].

• VP015 (GG-61): Venta Micena fossil site (Asset of Cultural Interest - Bien de Interés Cultural, or BIC in Spanish, Department for Culture of the Regional Government of Andalusia).

• VP016 (GG-62): Barranco León-5 fossil site (Asset of Cultural Interest, Department for Culture of the Regional Government of Andalusia).

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REFERENCE GG-01 GG-02 GG-03 GG-04 GG-05 GG-06 GG-07 GG-08 GG-09 GG-10 GG-11 GG-12 GG-13 GG-14 GG-15 GG-16 GG-17 GG-18 GG-19 GG-20 GG-21 GG-22 GG-23 GG-24 GG-25 GG-26 GG-27 GG-28 GG-29 GG-30 GG-31 GG-32 GG-33 GG-34 GG-35 GG-36 GG-37 GG-38 GG-39 GG-40 GG-41 GG-42 GG-43 GG-44 GG-45 GG-46 GG-47 GG-48 GG-49 GG-50 GG-51 GG-52 GG-53 GG-54 GG-55 GG-56 GG-57 GG-58 GG-59 GG-60 GG-61 GG-62 GG-63 GG-64 GG-65 GG-66 GG-67 GG-68 GG-69 GG-70 GG-71 GG-72

GRANADA GEOPARK

GEOSITES Badlands of Marchal Badlands of Fonelas Badlands of Dehesas de Guadix Bandlands of Gorafe Bandlands of Negratín Cerro Mencal Cerro Jabalcón Palaeontological site Fonelas P-1 Palaeontological site Mencal-9 Palaeontological site Fonelas SCC-3 Palaeontological site Solana del Zamborino Karstic site of Darro Palaeontological site Negratín Palaeontological site Mencal-J Palaeontological site Huélago-C Glacis Mesa Bacaire Sima del Tajo del Mencal Fluvial system Belerda Lacustrine site Fonelas Travertines of Baños de Alicun Discordance of Gorafe Upper Cretaceous- Eocene of Alamedilla Pillow lavas of Alamedilla Baza fault Gor gully Loma de la Solana Cerro de La Lancha Delta Los Olivillos Seismites of Baza Calcarenites of Villanueva de las Torres Piping “Los Coloraos” Bentonites Cortijo de Victoriano Detrital sediments of Zujar Badlands of la Rambla del Moral Jurassic serie of Cerro Mendez Barranco del Alcaide Volcanic serie of Alicun de Ortega Thermal springs of Graena Guadix - Baza basin contact Olistostromic Unit of Negatrin Transit marine-continental sedimentation of Negratin Formations of Guadix and Baza Palaeontological site Baza-1 Badlands of Benalúa Rambla del Grado Salinas de Barchel Palaeontological site Tollo de Chiclana Guadix el Viejo Eocene-Oligocene serie Fuente Caldera Fluviales de Villanueva Miocene serie of Cerro Molicies Las Murallas Palaeontological site Titanochelon Coto Cave Sulphur mine of Benamaurel Gypsums of Benamaurel Palaeontological site Cúllar-Baza-1 Badlands of Guardal Seismites of Castillejar Gypsums of Galera Palaeontological site Venta Micena Palaeontological site Barranco León-5 Palaeontological site Fuente Nueva-3 Palaeontological site Barranco de las Cañadas Peña de Castril Gypsum mine of Galera Laguna de Bugéjar Rambla de los Pilares Seismites of Cañada Cascaborras-Puerto del Lobo- Barranco Duarte Baza fault (Cañada Gallego) The Mecina Extensional System (Cerro del Cardal) Guardal fluvial valley at Duda

MUNICIPALITY Marchal Fonelas/Guadix Dehesas de Guadix/Alicún de Ortega Gorafe Bácor/Freila/Zújar/Negratín/Cuevas del Campo Pedro Martínez Zújar Fonelas Villanueva de las Torres Fonelas Fonelas Darro Cuevas del Campo Pedro Martínez/Fonelas Huélago Fonelas/Guadix/Villanueva de las Torres Pedro Martínez Belerda (Guadix) Fonelas Villanueva de las Torres Gorafe Alamedilla Alamedilla Baza Gorafe Alamedilla Dehesas de Guadix Alicún de Ortega Baza Villanueva de las Torres Gorafe Villanueva de las Torres Zújar Cuevas del Campo Alamedilla Alamedilla Alicún de Ortega Graena Baza Freila Freila Baza Baza Benalúa Guadix Dehesas de Guadix Gorafe-Negratín (Freila) Purullena Pedro Martínez Villanueva de las Torres La Peza Gorafe Cortes y Graena Huélago Benamaurel Benamaurel Cúllar Castillejar y Galera Castillejar Galera Orce Orce Orce Huéscar Castril Galera Puebla de Don Fadrique Galera Galera Baza Ferreira Huéscar

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APPLICATION DOSSIER FOR UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK

INTEREST Geomorphological Geomorphological Geomorphological Geomorphological Geomorphological Geomorphological Geomorphological Palaeontological Palaeontological Palaeontological Palaeontological Palaeontological Palaeontological Palaeontological Palaeontological Geomorphological Paleoclimatology Stratigraphic Sedimentological Hydrogeological Stratigraphic Stratigraphic Petrological-Geochemical Tectocnic Geomorphological Geomorphological Stratigraphic Stratigraphic Stratigraphic Stratigraphic Geomorphological Sedimentological Sedimentological Geomorphological Stratigraphic Petrological-Geochemical Petrological-Geochemical Hydrogeological Stratigraphic Stratigraphic Stratigraphic Tectocnic Palaeontological Geomorphological Active geological processes Hydrogeological Palaeontological Geomorphological Stratigraphic Stratigraphic Stratigraphic Geomorphological Palaeontological Geomorphological Extractive-Metallogenic Sedimentological Palaeontological Geomorphological Sedimentological Sedimentological Palaeontological Palaeontological Palaeontological Palaeontological Geomorphological Petrological-Geochemical Geomorphological Stratigraphic Stratigraphic Tectocnic Tectonic Geomorphological

VALUE International International International International International Regional Regional International International International National National International Regional Regional Regional Regional National National National National National International National National Regional International International Regional Regional Nacional Regional Regional Regional Nacional International Regional Regional Regional Regional Regional Regional Nacional Regional Regional Regional International Regional Nacional Regional Regional Regional Regional Regional Regional Regional International Regional International National International International International International Regional Regional Regional International International International International Regional

ACTIVE RESEARCH

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MAIN USE Geotourism Geotourism Geotourism/Cultural Geotourism Geotourism Geotourism Geotourism Scientific/Educational/Geotourism Scientific Scientific Scientific/Geotourism Scientific/Educational Scientific/Educational Educational Educational Geotourism Scientific Geotourism/Educational Geotourism Scientific/Geotourism/Historic Geotourism Geotourism/Educational Scientific/Geotourism Geotourism/Educational Geotourism/Educational Educational/Cultural Scientific/Educational/Geotourism Scientific/Educational/Geotourism Educational Geotourism/Educational Geotourism Geotourism/Educational Educational Geotourism Educational Educational Educational Geotourism Educational Educational Educational Educational Scientific/Geotourism Geotourism Educational Educational Geotourism/Educational Geotourism Educational Educational Geotourism/Educational Geotourism/Educational Scientific/Educational Geotourism/Educational Geotourism/Educational Scientific/Historic Scientific Scientific/Educational/Geotourism Scientific/Educational/Geotourism Scientific/Educational/Geotourism Scientific/Educational/Geotourism Scientific/Educational/Geotourism Scientific/Educational/Geotourism Scientific/Educational Geotourism/Cultural Geotourism/Educational Geotourism/Cultural Scientific/Educational/Geotourism Scientific/Educational/Geotourism Scientific/Educational/Geotourism Scientific/Educational Scientific/Educational/Geotourism

Fig.E211.Listing of geological sites within the proposed Geopark

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Fig. E212

GRANADA GEOPARK

Fig. E213 Fig. E212. Impressive and extensive landscape of badlands excavated into conglomeratedsandy sediments of the Guadix Formation from the Late Pliocene-Pleistocene. © EPVFR-IGME Fig. E213. Upstream from the Negratín Cerrada there is a spectacular landscape of erosion gullies formed in marine rocks from the Late Miocene © EPVFR-IGME

Fig. E214

• VP017 (GG-63): Fuente Nueva-3 fossil site (Asset of Cultural Interest-"BIC"-, Department for Culture of the Regional Government of Andalusia).

• VP018 (GG-64): Palaeontological site at Barranco de las Cañadas, Barranco de las Quebradas and Cortijo de la Calahorra (PGOU - General Urban Development Plan).

• VP019 (GG-57): Cúllar-Baza-1 fossil site (Asset of Cultural Interest-"BIC"-, Department for Culture of the Regional Government of Andalusia).

• VP020 (GG-11): La Solana del Zamborino fossil site (Asset of Cultural Interest-"BIC"-, Department for Culture of the Regional Government of Andalusia).

Moreover, and within the context "The rifting of Pangaea and the Mesozoic sequences of the Baetic and Iberian Cordilleras", 2 geosites of international relevance are located within this Geopark project:

Fig. E214. The 2 million-year-old (magnetostratigraphy and biostratigraphy) Fonelas P-1 fossil site corresponds to the sedimentation of a floodplain of an abandoned meander within a fluvial system© EPVFR-IGME Fig.E215. To outcrop of basic volcanic rocks with pillow lava structures surrounded by pelagic marine marly and marly-limestone materials from the Cretaceous.© Francisco Garcia Tortosa

•

• MZ012f (GG-23): Pillow lavas at Alamedilla (PGOU).

• MZ012e (GG-36): Barranco del Alcaide (PGOU).

Finally, and in relation to the Geodiversity of Spanish Territory (Law 42/2007), it is worth emphasising that 5 of the 8 most representative geological units in Spain are found in the territories encompassed within the Geopark project: • Unique geological structures and formations in the basement, allochthonous units and Meso-Cenozoic cover in the Alpine Cordilleras.

• Unique geological structures and formations in the continental and marine Cenozoic basins.

• Deposits, edaphic terrain and unique eroded forms representative of the action of the climate.

• Deposits and unique eroded forms of fluvial or aeolian origin.

• Karstic systems in carbonates and evaporites.

•

•

•

•

E.1.1.4.Current and potential pressure on the geological sites within the proposed Geopark At territorial level, the hazards that could affect the conservation and protection of the geological, natural and topographical heritage of the area include the following:

•

• Looting or pillaging of archaeological and paleontological sites.

The commercialization of original and unique objects acquired from pillaging is the main reason for the constant search for

• •

•

Fig. E215

artefacts and artwork from the past. This has led to the existence of criminal activity with very negative consequences for the heritage of the proposed Geopark. National and regional legislation protects the defense of Spanish heritage against exportation and exploitation (Law 16/1985 of Historical Spanish Heritage and Law 14/2007 of Historical Andalusian Heritage).

Similarly, the law entails the express regulation of the destruction of archaeological and paleontological remains, as well as that of sites that represent an irreparable loss of information (article 109 n.) due to illegal excavations.

Creation of transportation infrastructure in the territory. The possible rail connection between Guadix and the Province of Murcia, the construction of a high-speed line between the provinces of Almería and Jaén, which would pass through Guadix, and the Mediterranean Corridor route between Almería and Granada were recently assessed. It should be highlighted that in these cases there is still time to intervene in the impact evaluation and public participation process to avoid harm to the territory’s Sites of Geological Interest.

Non-organised tourism and leisure activities in at-risk areas, which, by their nature, are susceptible to irreversible damage (off-road all-terrain vehicles).

Land clearance and movements for construction and/or expansion of farmland, especially due to the planting of almond trees.

Artificial erosive processes resulting from ploughing and terracing for agricultural purposes and the planting of pine trees in areas beyond their natural area of distribution, or even within it, with the use of inappropriate planting systems (terracing).

Over-use of aquifers. Specifically, the excessive use of the aquifer supplying the Baños de Alicún may alter the continuity or functionality of the travertine system.

Topographical impacts linked to extraction activities, industrial estates and second homes located around the A-92N motorway due to the access this road provides.

Development of the production of new photovoltaic, thermosolar or wind energy infrastructure could severely affect the conservation of the landscape and Sites of Geological Interest.

Introduction of mining activity and quarries in the area.

Dam construction projects in the territory.

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APPLICATION DOSSIER FOR UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK

• Depopulation trends and the ageing of the population jeopardize the continuation of customs and practices and the historical conservation of the territory.

E.1.1.5.Current status of protection of geological sites within the proposed Geopark The conservation of Geodiversity and Geological Heritage is protected by national, regional and provincial legislation. Regarding the proposed Geopark, it is necessary to draw attention to the following legal tools that safeguard the protection of the proposed area.

Of the 72 proposed Sites of Geological Interest (SGI): • 45 SGIs have specific established legal restrictions that prohibit the gathering of fossils, minerals and samples.

• In addition, 37 SGIs are part of the Inventory of Geodiversity and Geological Heritage of Andalusia and are protected by the Andalusian Strategy for Comprehensive Geodiversity Management.

• 24 SGIs are protected by the Public Mountains of Andalusia Catalogue and the Andalusia Forestry Law. • 15 SGIs are protected by the Special Plan for Protection of the Physical Environment and the Protected Spaces and Assets of the Province of Granada Catalogue, which determines the necessary measures in urban planning to assure the protection of the physical natural environment. The Plan sets out how the ground can be used in protected areas and establishes specific rules for the performance of activities all over the territory.

• 7 SGIs are protected by Law 14/2007 of Historical Andalusian Heritage through the Asset of Cultural Interest regulatory protection in the category of Archaeological Area.

General Catalogue of Andalusian Historical Heritage.

• 2 SGIs are Natural Monuments protected by the regional government through Law 4/1989 of Conservation of Natural Spaces and Wild Flora and Fauna and Law 2/1989, which approved the Andalusian Inventory of Protected Natural Areas and established additional measures for their protection.

• As 20 SGIs are not yet subject to protection, the proposed Geopark is currently working on the following protection measures at the local level for the most representative sites: - Subsidiary rules for protection and local use of Sites of Geological Interest.

- Signage with recommendations for use for the sites of geological interest with the highest risk of alteration and deterioration.

that comprises it, the infrastructures it has and the geotourism activities that take place in it, the following can be mentioned: • A website is available, in which the visitor can browse it finding information about the Geopark project, places of geological interest and other heritage resources, sports, educational activities, contact, headquarters of the Geopark, ... Currently, this website is being improved, making it accessible to all profiles of people who may be interested in visiting and knowing the proposed Geopark. So it is adapting to other languages and for people with physical, auditory and visual disability, since from the Geopark of Granada it is understood that the heritage belongs to everyone and therefore, the information on it must reach the maximum number of people.

• The social networks of the Geopark proposed are Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. To give visibility to the project, it has participated (June 2017 and June 2018) in the international Twitter event (Talking about Twitter), which takes place every year in Granada. The presence of the proposed Geo-

Fig.E1 Talking aobut Twitter Event (June 2017)

E.1.2. Boundaries

The territory proposed as the Geopark includes the current fluvial valleys (the main protagonists of our Geopark) generated during the Quaternary in the north of the province of Granada, as well as a large part of the Guadix-Baza basin and part of the mountains that enclose it.

This all includes the administrative limits of the districts of Guadix, Baza and Huéscar, coinciding with the framework of local action groups area of work, except their natural protected areas, since they have their own development plans and management bodies. (See Annex 4).

E.1.3. Visibility

E.1.3.1.Measures and infrastructures to assure the visibility of the proposed Geopark In the proposed Geopark, numerous actions have been launched to give visibility. Taking into account the heritage

Fig.E2 Talking about Twitter Event (June 2018)

park (Fig E.1, E.2) is very active, involving the participants of the event in a contest, through the Twitter network, generating a great dissemination of the project.

• The Communication Plan of the project has been implemented to promote the initiative and encourage the involvement of civil society as well as civic, business and cultural associations and trade and tourism networks, in the candidacy of the Granada Geopark.

• Presentation of promotional video of the Geopark that had a reach of 150.000 people. (Fig: Promotional video). This video was edited in Spanish and English and it is subtitled in both languages.

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GRANADA GEOPARK

• Participation in different promotional events at national and international level (See Section E.7.2.Promotion of the Partnerships)

• The Granada Geopark has a signaling manual to homogenize Geopark signals at the urban area of all the municipalities that are part of the geopark, regional and local roads, as well as the places of geological interest and natural viewpoints.

The Regional Government has granted the Geopark of Granada with 166.000€ to start making the signage of the territory. For its part, the Ministry of Tourism has granted the Geopark project with 2.800.000€, of which 350.000€ are directed to implement smart signage in the territory, as well as in the tourist information office of the province of Granada.

• Information panels have been placed in the main geological interest sites. Its content aimed at non-specialised public in Spanish and English. (Fig. E.3).

• Pocket maps were design. These maps provide information about the most relevant geological interest sites as well as information related to cultural heritage and other services as accommodations, transport… The Geopark proposed has thematic pocket maps related to cultural heritage, experiences, sport, routes… These maps can be found in several languages (Portuguese, French, Italian…). (Fig: E.4) • Merchandise was created and distributed for the purpose of better reaching the local and provincial population. (t-shirts, bags, caps,…)

• Through the participation of the Provincial Council of Granada in the CHRISTA project (Interreg Europe Programme), aimed at the exchange of best practices within the framework of heritage protection and conservation through the development of sustainable, innovative and responsible tourism, four videos have been published that promote the varied cultural and natural heritage of the territory, strengthening the dissemination and knowledge of the territory of the proposed Geopark. These videos have been edited in English and Spanish and they are subtitled in both languages as well.

• The creation of the Divulgation Centre Network has been another of the activities that has helped to raise awareness of the importance of bringing knowledge to the local population and the visitors to the area. In the framework of this action, identification plates (as Heritage Divulgation Center of the Geopark)have been designed and placed in each of the centres that form the network. As well as a directory of the centres placed inside each one of them, to facilitate the visitor the information and the possibility of arranging visits with these other centres. (Fig E.5, E.6) • The Participation Plan of the Granada Geopark project is manifested in the Organisation and Structure of Management. This structure represents a methodology for cooperation and participation with all the stakeholders in the local population, reflected in the composition of the Working Groups: Scientific, Institutional and Socio-economic. (See section E.3 Management)

Fig E.5. Plates of the Divulgation Centres Network.

goo.gl/HBf52G Fig.Vídeo Promotional video of the proposed Geopark project

Fig.E3 Information Panels

Fig.E4 Pocket Map

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APPLICATION DOSSIER FOR UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK

the support of the Provincial Tourism Board and the Provincial Tourism Office.

Centro de Interpretación del Cordero Segureño (CICOS)

Museo Arqueológico Municipal y Oficina Turística de Baza  Calle Alhóndiga 1, Baza.  689115983 / 680435142  losanqui58@gmail.com  www.museoarqueologicobaza.es Accesibilidad motriz y tecnológica.

 Calle San Francisco 43, Huéscar.  958740036  alcaldia@aytohuescar.com  www.huescar.es/queVisitar/single5.html Accesibilidad motriz y tecnológica.

Museo del Ilustrador José de Huéscar y Garví

Centro de Interpretación de los Yacimientos Arqueológicos de Basti (CIYA)  Carretera de Murcia, junto Área de Servicio "El Pelao", Baza.  689115983 / 680435142  losanqui58@gmail.com  www.bazaturismo.com Accesibilidad motriz y tecnológica.

Baños Árabes de Baza  Calle Acequita s/n, Baza.  671568518  jmanuel.guillen@juntadeandalucia.es  www.juntadeandalucia.es/cultura/enclaves/enclave-monumental-banos-arabes-de-baza

Centro de Interpretación Micológico  Calle San Sebastián s/n, Caniles.

 958710903 

 Manuel García Sanchez s/n, Gorafe.  616944605  turismocimgorafe@gmail.com  www.gorafe.es Personas con dificultades físicas o familias con cochecitos de bebe.

Trópolis  Avd. José Fuentes s/n, Alcudia de Guadix, Valle del Zalabí.  665611436   www.tropolis.es Accesibilidad motriz.

 Ctjo. Almagruz, s/n, Purullena.  658923971  almagruz@gmail.com  www.almagruzhabitattroglodita.blogspot.com Accesibilidad sensorial, motriz, cognitiva, tecnológica

Centro de Interpretación Covarrones y Tía Micaela 646556247



 Carretera de Granada 80, Purullena.  646556247  cuevamuseo@outlook.com  www.cuevamuseo.com

 Plaza de la Constitución 15-18, Guadix.  958662804 

otguadix@gmail.com

Ascensor y rampa

Yacimiento Arqueológico de Castellón Alto  Paraje Carrachila s/n, Galera.  671568518  jmanuel.guillen@juntadeandalucia.es  www.juntadeandalucia.es/cultura/enclaves/enclave-arqueologico-castellon-alto

Yacimiento Necrópolis de Tútugi  Carretera de Riego Nuevo s/n, Galera.  671568518  jmanuel.guillen@juntadeandalucia.es  www.juntadeandalucia.es/cultura/enclaves/enclave-arqueologico-tutugi Accesibilidad motriz.

Museo Etnográfico Arqueológico  Plaza de la Iglesia 1, Puebla de Don Fabrique.  652652046  mdsola5@hotmail.com  www.ayuntamientopuebladedonfadrique.es Accesibilidad motriz, cognitiva, tecnológica e idioma (Inglés).

Centro de Interpretación Primeros Pobladores de Europa Josep Gilbert  Camino San Simón s/n, Orce.  676340931  oficinadeturismoorce@gmail.com  www.orce.es/es/ Accesibilidad sensorial y tecnológica.

Centro de Interpretación Cerro de la Virgen de la Cabeza  Virgen de la Cabeza s/n, Orce.  676340931  oficinadeturismoorce@gmail.com  oficinadeturismodeorce.blogspot.com Accesibilidad sensorial, motriz, cognitiva y tecnológica.

Oficina Municipal de Información Turística de Orce, Palacio de Los Seguras

Centro de Interpretación Cuevas de Guadix - Cueva Museo  Plaza Padre Poveda s/n, Guadix.  958665569  cuevamuseoguadix@gmail.com  www.mcicuevasdeguadix.blogspot.com Accesibilidad sensorial, motriz, cognitiva y tecnológica

Cueva Museo del Pueblo de Benalúa  Calle Nueva 8, Benalúa.  678657970   www.benalua.es Accesibilidad tecnológica.

jmanuel.guillen@juntadeandalucia.es

Accesibilidad motriz.

Accesibilidad motriz.

Oficina de Turismo Comarca de Guadix

turismocastril@hotmail.es

 Calle San Marcos 9, Galera.  671568518 

alcaldiadecortesygraena@gmail.com

Cueva Museo La Inmaculada

alcaldia@aytohuescar.com

Museo Arqueológico de Galera

reservas@tropolis.es

Centro de interpretación "Hábitat Troglodita Almagruz"

alcaldia@aytohuescar.com

Accesibilidad sensorial, motriz, cognitiva y tecnológica.

a.arribas@igme.es

Centro de Interpretación del Megalitismo



 Calle Alhóndiga 2, Huéscar.  958740036   www.huescar.es

 Calle Iglesia s/n, Castril.  673718087 

Estación Paleontológica Valle del río Fardes  Camino del Pocico s/n, Fonelas.  913495743 / 629930811   www.igme.es/epvrf/estacion Accesibilidad motriz y tecnológica.

 958740036

Oficina Municipal de Turismo de Castril

delaons@hotmail.com

Accesibilidad sensorial, motriz, cognitiva y tecnológica

 Plaza Olmo 6, Cortes y Graena. 

 Calle Alhóndiga 10, Huéscar.  www.huescar.es

Oficina de Información Turística de Huéscar, Torre del Homenaje

fabiantv@yahoo.es

It should be noted that all the facilities that offer information and services for visitors, have professional staff with specific training in the spatiality field, and in accessibility for disable people, facilitating their visits. In most cases, they also have language skills.

 Calle Las Tiendas 18, Orce.  676340931  oficinadeturismoorce@gmail.com  oficinadeturismodeorce.blogspot.com Accesibilidad motriz.

Centro de Recepción del visitante y Ecomuseo de Castilléjar  Barrio Cenete 4, Castillejar.  687934851  emiliosama@hotmail.com  www.ecomuseocastillejar.wordpress.com Accesibilidad motriz, cognitiva y tecnológica.

Fig E.6 Directory of Divulgation Centres Network

E.1.3.2.Available languages information The information of the Granada Geopark is available in the different documents of promotion of the territory in several languages, mainly in English and Spanish and even the tourist guides on specific products such as experiences, hiking routes, bicycle routes, bird watching, guide archaeological site of Guadix, ... have also been published in other languages, such as Portuguese, French, German or even in Italian.

E.1.4. Facilities and infrastructures

E.1.4.1. Quality of general information and service infrastructure in the Geopark project.

General information about museums, visitor centers, tourist offices and other public service infrastructures is available on the Geopark website as well as the information provided by

E.1.4.2.Facilities available for the public To offer general information about the proposed Geopark and its resources exists a network of facilities and infrastructures open to visitors.

Main offices of the Geopark project 1 Office of the District of Guadix Rural Development Group (Guadix) A non-profit association managing initiatives aimed at supporting entrepreneurs and creating and improving small public infrastructure. It also encourages all projects that promote natural and cultural heritage by creating employment, wealth or improvement to the quality of life in the district of Guadix and contributing to equality of opportunity between men and women.

2 Offices of the Altiplano de Granada Rural Development Group (Baza and Huéscar) A non-profit association aiming to serve as a nucleus of convergence and representation for all the institutions, organizations and interested parties, public and private, interested in the comprehensive development of the municipalities composing the area of action.

All of these locations have offices, classrooms and spaces for events, seminars and training activities.

Tourist Information Offices The territory has 8 Tourist Information Offices offering information about touristic attractions in the territory as well as cultural, scientific and educational activities conducted in the proposed Geopark. They also offer general information about existing services and facilities for tourism (accommodation, hospitality, communications, landmarks, etc.).

Museums and Visitor Centres Valle del Río Fardes Palaeontological Station (Fonelas) An exceptional facility belonging to the Geological and Mining Institute of Spain, it conducts parallel research, dissemination and specialized teaching in the field. Since beginning its research in 2001, more than 3,000 fossilized bones representing 38 animal species, including 24 large mammals, have been found. It is one of the few facilities of its kind to allow the in situ study and observation of the paleontological remains found. The excellent conditions for observing the landscape from the station allow for broadening the educational content and showing the evolution of the geology and landscape of the territory. Visits for students, the scientific community and groups of visitors are conducted daily.

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Basti Archaeological Sites Visitor Centre (ASVC) (Baza) Forming part of the Cerro Capero archaeological complex, it is the location of the Ibero-Roman city of Basti and the necropolises of Cerro Santuario, where the Lady of Baza statue was found in 1971, and Cerro Largo. The ASVC, in its more than seven-hundred square metres of exhibition area, boasts the most up-to-date audiovisual technologies for museology services, offering visitors a magnificent approach to understanding the social, cultural, economic and religious processes of the successive cultures that settled in Basti and its surrounding area.

Josep Gibert First Settlers of Europe Visitor Centre (Orce) The Centre, through its exhibition, allows the visitor to go on a journey into the past, going back 1.5 million years to learn about the climate, flora and exotic fauna with which our most distant ancestors lived side-by-side in the Geopark territory. The Centre is nurtured by the scientific material and information generated at the Sites of Geological Interest of international relevance found in the municipality: The fossil sites of Venta Micena, Barranco Leon-5 and Fuente Nueva-3. There are guided tours for tourists and school groups, as well as general scientific dissemination activities (“Science in Your Town”) and it also has a large space for the development of research activity.

Megalithic Park and Megalith Visitor Centre (Gorafe) This area concentrates more than 240 Neolithic dolmens scattered over 10 necropolises, making it one of the largest concentrations of prehistoric burial mounds in Europe. The Gorafe Megalithic Park was created in 1998 in order to protect and promote them. It includes the Megalith Visitor Centre and the Star Park (certified by the Starlight Foundation), where astronomical observation activities are conducted. Visitors can also go trekking and cycling in nearby areas. Its privileged location makes it a mirador, or viewpoint, overlooking the vast, spectacular badlands of clay and sand of reddish and pinkish tones. It plays an important role in geoeducation in the territory, especially through the guided tours for schools.

Archaeological Museum (Galera) The Museum of Galera offers an archaeological tour stretching from the Copper Age to our most recent past. The well-known partially mummified remains of grave number 121 at the Castellón Alto Archaeological Site (“the Galera Mummy”) are exhibited in the first room. They are oldest and best-preserved prehistorical human remains after Ötzi, the 5,000 years old mummy discovered frozen in the Alps in 1991. It also boasts an ethnographic room where there is a tour of centuries-old winemaking techniques, esparto grass and hemp goods and traditional housing. There are also reproductions of pieces of ceramic pottery found in the archaeological sites of the area available for sale.

GEOEDUCATION

GEOTOURISM

GEOCONSERVATION

RESEARCH

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Municipal Archaeological Museum (Baza) The Baza Museum is located in the heart of the city’s historical centre, declared an Asset of Cultural Interest in 2003, in the area of what was the Muslim city of Baza. It occupies two adjoining historical buildings from the 16th century (one of them an old alhóndiga or grain exchange). The museum has eight permanent exhibition rooms distributed over more than 1,000 m2 of usable floor space. The visitor can take a complete tour through the history and archaeology of Baza and its district from prehistory to the Modern Age, observing Iberian culture, the Roman world, Visigoths and the Middle Ages.

In addition to these rooms, the museum has two spaces for temporary exhibitions in the courtyard and upper gallery of the Alhóndiga building. Once a year, the Lady of Baza Week is held, showcasing cultural and leisure activities.

Castellón Alto Archaeological Site (Galera) The town of Castellón Alto is shaped by the El Argar culture, in a late period of the Bronze Age (1900-1600 BC), where between eighty and one hundred people might have lived. Today, it is partially rebuilt and tours allow visitors to discover what daily life was like in an agrarian town in 3,500 BC. The Castellón Alto Archaeological Site is integrated into the Andalusian Network of Cultural Spaces (ANCS).

Eco-Museum (Castillejar) A space dedicated to the promotion and interpretation of the unique landscape and trades of the characteristic and particular ecosystem of the proposed Geopark. The Castillejar Eco-Museum showcases the interaction between nature and human beings, illustrating their coevolution and traditional ways of using the land, in order to preserve its ecodiversity. Its activities are focused on preservation, dissemination and recovery of the environment and a lifestyle tied to the land that is characteristic of northern Granada. Visits to the exhibitions, guided tours, training, workshops and activities adapted to groups and visitors are conducted.

Arab Baths Visitor Centre (Dólar) Following the restoration and renovation of the remains preserved under the old Town Hall building, the Arab baths have been turned into a museum for use as a visitor centre based on the theme “Water in Al-Andalus”. The tour through the history of the Arab baths, their significance and operation, allows us to approach one of the elements that was key to the birth and development of Al-Andalus: water. The wealth and splendour achieved by Islamic culture cannot be understood without this basic element of life.

TEACHING

ECOTOURISM

CULTURAL TOURISM

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Almagruz Troglodytic Habitat (Purullena) A complex of human habitats ranging from prehistoric settlements to contemporary cave-house dwellings. Additionally, it has a visitor centre where educational activities and projects are conducted for schoolchildren from the area.

Archaeological and Ethnographic Museum (Puebla de Don Fadrique) The Museum offers a tour through the prehistory and history of the area with an innovative thematic approach. Visitors can enjoy a virtual tour to the Cerro Del Trigo Roman Camp, an archaeological site of more than one hectare founded in 100 B.C. with the purpose of re-organizing the territory of Bugéjar after the destruction and subsequent abandonment of the two main Iberian cities and maintaining control of the path of the Via Heraclea through this area. The museum also has different rooms focused on ethnography in which visitors can take a tour of the traditional crafts through scenes represented in scale models.

Arab Architecture Visitor Centre (Ferreira) The Ferreira Castle houses this modern and innovative visitor centre in which visitors can tour the different monuments and preserved buildings of Marquesado del Cenete (baths, castles, watchtowers and cisterns), explaining the distinctive traces of Muslim architecture in a pleasant and educational way.

The visit is structured into ten spaces where different aspects of the Islamic past of Marquesado are portrayed. A journey in time to discover the gastronomy, agriculture, livestock and way of life of the al-Andalus populations who occupied these lands for eight centuries. The defensive tower where the centre is located lends it a special relevance as it allows visitors to learn about the architectural and functional evolution of this monument from its construction in the 12th century until today.

Tútugi Archaeological Site (Galera) Together with the Cerro del Real site, it forms part of the Ibero-Roman city of Tútugi. The necropolis has been known in archaeological terms since 1920. The tumular complex of Tútugi, probably one of the largest of the Iberian world, contains more than one hundred tombs, varied as much in the building structure as in the quality of their dowries. It was here that the famous alabaster statuette of a divinity known as the Lady of Galera appeared. Near the city of Tútugi and its necropolis are a number of small sanctuaries where some type of ritual was performed. Visits for students, the scientific community and groups of visitors are conducted daily.

Caves Visitor Centre (Guadix) This resource offers visitors an in-depth look at the origins of troglodytism in the world, focusing the exhibition content on the different cave neighbourhoods of Guadix and the district, with its unique characteristics.

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Castle Archaeological Site (Castril).

Although the peak where it is located contains occupation remains from prior to the Moorish period, the most obvious occupation is from the 11th century onwards, and especially during the Nasrid era and after the Christian conquest. Today the remains provide evidence of a rectangular floor plan with towers, cisterns and walls forming part of a defensive system extending through neighbouring areas of the peak; at its highest point lies the Cristo del Sagrado Corazón, rebuilt after being damaged by a lightning strike some years back. The remains are accessed via the tourism office located next to the church. It is important to highlight that the historical centre of Castril has been declared a “Complex of Historical Interest” and is worth a leisurely stroll.

“Segureño” Lamb Visitor Centre (SLVC) Offering visitors an exhibition on everything concerning a unique product from the area, Segureño Lamb.

Located at the ancient Church of the Convent of San Francisco, in its rooms visitors can learn about the characteristics of this local breed, its history and everything connected to its rearing, as well as the exceptional characteristics of its meat and recipes for cooking it, both traditional and modern.

Information about the Geopark project can be obtained in all of them.

In addition to the facilities and equipment described, the territory boasts a wide range of additional infrastructures that complement these varied tourist attractions (Recreational Areas, Sports Centres, Mudéjar Churches, Castles, Historic National Monuments, Monasteries, Wineries, Arab Baths and Natural Thermal Resources).

Training centres 1 International School of Rural Tourism and Nature (ENTURNA) A centre of generation and knowledge in the field of rural and nature tourism, contributing to the training of businessmen and women, entrepreneurs, workers, students and the population of the territory.

2 Teacher Centres (Guadix and Baza) Centres for the ongoing training of teachers of the Andalusian education system with the pedagogical and managerial autonomy needed to adapt teaching to the latest educational needs of students. Training activities for teachers of the educational programme of the proposed Geopark are carried out and coordinated at their facilities.

48 Guadalinfo centres spread throughout the territory Spaces belonging to the Social Innovation Network of Andalusia dependent on the regional government.

They conduct activities related to training in digital competencies and promote collective initiatives of social revitalisation, community awareness and promotion of the environment. They are engaged in employability, digital literacy, promoting innovative culture, citizen participation, improving quality of life, entrepreneurship, business digitization and electronic administration.

6 Andalusian Centres for Enterprise (Baza, Guadix, Huéscar, Benalúa, Cuevas del Campo and Alquife) Public foundation attached to the Ministry for the Economy and Knowledge of the Regional Government of Andalusia. In charge of developing free services for promoting and supporting the creation and consolidation of businesses and employment in the territory.

Geopark Miradors Network Currently includes the following viewpoint spaces: Mirador del Negratín (Cuevas del Campo), Mirador del Jabalcón (Zújar) , Mirador Cuevas de los Amos (Castillejar), Mirador del Llano de Olivares, Megalithic Park (Gorafe), Mirador of the Megalith Visitor Centre (Gorafe), Mirador del Balneario de Alicún (Villanueva de las Torres), Miradors of the Route of Mencal (Pedro Martínez), Mirador de Benalúa, Mirador del Águila (Fonelas). (Fig. E14) Interpretation panels in relevant sites (Fig. E7) Accommodation The proposed Geopark has 5,169 tourist accommodation locations divided into the categories Hotels, Hostels, Inns, Apartments, Campsites and Rural Accommodation. (Fig E15) Among the different tourist accommodations, the cave-houses stand out as habitats inextricably linked to the geological nature of the territory. Cave-houses represent important cultural, ethnological, artistic, social and topographical values, unique to this territory. Cave-houses have become one of the biggest tourist attractions in the proposed area. Built depending on the shape and size of the excavated terrain, they represent a unique bioclimatic living space. The territory currently has 1,000 touristic cave-house accommodations. Additionally, these unique and distinctive spaces are used for activities such as visitor centres, restaurants, wineries, equestrian centres and artisan workshops.

Planned facilities and equipment The proposed Geopark plans to expand the Miradors Network, whether through informative signage at existing sites in the territory, or through the creation of new spaces for the dissemination and promotion of geological heritage. Similarly, it also plans to develop small, public infrastructure intended for particular uses: trails, road itineraries, mountain biking, horseback riding, etc.

The proposed Geopark also plans to develop a network of astronomical observation points that locally interrelate different heritage, nature and immaterial resources through scientific and astronomical interpretation. First, a map has been produced to identify the optimal points for astronomical observation in the territory, with criteria focused on quality of the local night sky and conditions of accessibility, linking them to the Sites of Geological Interest. (Fig. E16)

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Fig. E.7. Interpretation panels at Baños de Alicún Hot Spring Fig.E14. The proposed Geopark has spectacular viewpoints overlooking the surrounding landscape territory ©Alberto Tauste

Fig.E16. Astronomical observation from the viewpoint "Peñon de la Era" (Alamedilla) ©Azimuth Spain

Fig.E15. Characteristic landscape of the territory formed by cave houses ©GDR Guadix

• I nformation panels present in the most relevant places of the territory.

• Divulgation Centres network • Educational program • Guided tours offered by the Geopark.

E.1.5.2. Information for non-specialist audience The panels present in the territory are available for a non-specialist visitor. It provides the information in two languages, Spanish and English. They have divulgative explanations, avoiding the use of too scientific language and, trying to spread the Geopark and its heritage to reach to all profile of visitors , including disabled people. (Fig.E.8.)

E.1.5.3.Educational programmes The Educational Programme of the Granada Geopark is very complete:

Environmental education programme:

Fig.E8. Information panel of Sismites

E.1.5 Information, education and research

E.1.5.1. Information and interpretation provide to the broad public The information provided on the Geopark, its infrastructures, resources and proposed activities is made through the following ways: • Proposed Geopark web • Municipalities Web • Official web of the Provincial Council of Granada and Local Actions Groups • Social media • Printing press and radio • Brochures • Pocket maps • Promotional videos For its part, the interpretation of the proposed Geopark and its natural and cultural resources is made through the:

The 90% of the municipalities part of this Geopark project develop Agenda 21 or have signed commitments on sustainability (Aalborg +10, Local Pact for Sustainability, Gramas Network,…)

Therefore, it has common objectives with the 2030 Strategy. To achieve these objectives, an environmental education program has been launched consisting of activities aimed at: promoting knowledge of the territory as a basis for its conservation and sustainable development, creating an identity in the Granada Geopark and empower the local community, face with local and global environmental challenges and raise awareness of the geological heritage and its connections with the biodiversity, history and culture of our territory. The actions on environmental education, according to the diagnosed needs, are focused on the educational community, the tourism sector and the social agents of the territory.

The line of collaboration with the CEP (Teacher Centres) begins with the development of a pedagogical material, conferences organization and field trips. Then, a curricular adaptation work is carried out, elaboration of didactic units, with the design of practices and geological activities directed to the primary and secondary students of the educational centres of the proposed Geopark, finalizing with the elaboration of an annual programming and continuous evaluation.

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The lines of environmental education activities aimed at the tourism sector are very diverse, such as: Geoloday (May 2018), World Environment Day, World Wetlands Day, organization of guided tours and archaeological workshops for families, environmental information and cycle of conferences in the municipalities of the territory.

In relation to the environmental line of work with social agents, the following stand out: guided visits to places of geological interest of local entrepreneurs and young entrepreneurs, associations. Creation of an environmental website for students of the intermediate-level training cycle "Technician of driving physical-sports activities in the natural environment” http://www.tecnicosaventura.es/. Creation of a website by the students of the Guides of the Granada Geopark course, https:// vivegeoparquegranada.com/. Nature guide course in Bácor, Course to learn how to cultivate the land (organic farming).

Organization of courses on Geopark about natural and cultural heritage: • Activities 1st Geopark Geology Course. Organised by Granada University at Paleontological Station of Fonelas (July 2018).

• 1st Geopark Guide Course. June-August 2018. (Part of a training programme for unemployed young people) • Rural Accommodations models in Andalusian Course. (Cave-houses) (May 2018) • Interpreter guide course: The integral interpretation of the landscape of the north of the province of Granada (Granada Geopark) (November de 2018) • "Urban geopark itinerary" Course (July 2018) • "Itinerary through a Vega of the Geopark" Course (July 2018) • XIII Training days of Astrotourism. Skies of Gorafe (September 2018) • Flamenco concert (septiembre de 2018) • VI Photographic challenge. The “house of the desert”. Gorafe (September-October 2018) • Workshop of natural photography in Gorafe “landscaping and nocturnal” (November 2018) • Training activity on entrepreneurship and online marketing in Bácor–Olivar. (17 October 2018) Training activities at the Paleontological station of Fonelas, Fardes River Valleys, 2018: • Guided visits and training activities with students of special education centre “La Esperanza”, 30 students (May 2018) • Guided visits and training activities with students of secondary education centres, 221 students, from January 2018.

• Guided visitis and training activities with students of University: Master´s Degree (Pablo de Olavide University, Sevilla) february 2018. ETSI Architecture (Granada University) March 2018, Environmental Sciences (Jaén University) April 2018, Geological Sciences (Granada University) April 2018. Master´s Degree “Analysis, Conservation and Restoration of Physical and Biotic Components of Habitats” (Jaén University) May 2018. I Geology Course in the Granada Geopark (Mediterranean Centre, Granada University) July 2018. 187 students.

• Guided visits and training activities with students of non-formal education: Touristic Guides of the Geopark (Provincial Council of Granada) July 2018. Archaeological Volunteer Field Roman Theater of Guadix (Guadix Municipality) July 2018, Touristic Guides Course (Regional Government) September 2018. 46 students.

• International scientific activities: − International Congress of Mountain CIMAS 21 (Granada University), March 2018.

− Preparing the organization of the Symposium on Teaching Earth Sciences in the year 2020.

Finally, add that from December 2016 to November of 2018, the tourist visits to the Paleontological Station already surpass the 5,500 visitors.

From the beginning, numerous training activities have been developed in the territory not only in relation with geology but also with other cultural and natural resources: • Environmental knowledge programme for schools: “Know Your Region and Discover Your Past” (2003-2006) • Seminars on touristic use of geodiversity (2006) • Exhibition: “Human Beings and the Environment: Prehistoric Fauna” (2006) • Geotourism itinerary “Geology in the District of Guadix 2011. The most dynamic landscape in Europe”. (2006) • Seminars: “Geoparks and Geodiversity and Sustainable Development of the Quaternary Geopark Northern Granada Valleys Project”. (1 seminar on Exchange of Experiences with Spanish Geoparks, 1 seminar on guided tours to the Granada Geopark project) (2017) • Training in the methodology for the creation of tourism products for enterprises in the territory. (2017) • Training Course of Education Programme “Didactic possibilities of Granada Geopark “ (2017) For the 2018-2019 academic year, special emphasis will be placed on primary school teachers and training activities will be developed in collaboration with the Science Park of Granada. On the other hand, educational events are planned at the national level (Congress of the Spanish Association of Teachings in Earth Sciences) and international (study visit of 100 members of the Lyon de la Association des Professeurs de Biologie et Geologie [APBG], October 2019).

Interaction with the University sector is increasing through dissemination activities (Portuguese and Brazilian rectors visited the Granada Geopark in the framework of the Tordesillas Group meeting held in Granada in November 2018) and educational activities, both in the geopark ( visits planned or already made by various groups of Seville, Granada, Jaén and Pablo de Olavide Universities), as well as in the Universities themselves (seminar at the Seville University). (See subsecction E.1.5.3 Scientific research) Within the territory of the Geopark and with the participation of its scientific committee, the following scientific research lines are developed: • Integral characterization of active faults. Line of work in development.

• Faunistic and ecological changes in the critical events of the Pleistocene (2.1-2.0 Ma y 1.0-0.9 Ma). Line of work in development.

• Characterization of the climatic curve of the Pleistocene through the analysis of isotopes of oxygen and carbon (in teeth of mammals and carbonated units). Incipient work line.

• Paleoenvironments and seasonal trends during the Holocene. Line of work in development.

• Primitive human occupations of Western Europe. Line of work in development.

• Geological effects in the prehistoric and historical record (paleo-floods and seismic effects). Line of work in development.

• Geology applied to the study and protection of historical quarries. Incipient work line.

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• Human occupation of the territory (Holocene-present).

Line of work in development.

• Comprehensive analysis and characterization of biodiversity: assessment of strengths and proposal of corrective measures. Line of work in development.

• Recovery of historical sets.

For more details about the research projects in which the scientific entities cited above have participated, see Annex 8.

Other heritage E.2.1: Natural heritage

E.2.1.1.Anlayse of the current situation of the natural heritage

Fig E331. General view of the semi-desert vegetation that grows on the gypsum marls of the Hoya de Baza (Barranco del Espartal). ©Jose Ant. Garrido

A Steppe Landscape The Geopark is located in the centre of the largest and most extensive steppe plateau in Andalusia. This steppe constitutes one of the most primitive elements of the landscape in the Iberian Peninsula and maintains a uniqueness and biodiversity that makes it very important landscape from a scientific and environmental point of view.

After the Messinian period the steppe ecosystems shrank and suffered delicate subsistence problems with the progressive cooling down that gave rise to the Quaternary glaciations.

And once the climate started to improve after the last glaciation, these ecosystems were mainly associated with saline areas and gypsum while the forests occupied the terrain with more favourable soils. The origin of the most important gypsum outcrop of the Geopark, located at Hoya de Baza, is evaporitic. It formed in a salty and continental lacustrine environment during the Plio– Pleistocene. These gypsums and salts habitats are really of major interest for the European Union, because are home to numerous unique species, adapted to these particular and semi-desert conditions.

Nowadays, one part of the proposed Geopark includes mountainous areas covered in replanted pine woodlands and the remains of holm or gall oak groves, as well as an extensive glacis, highly humanised but which still conserves some cultivated dehesas (pastures) with scattered holm oaks. Nevertheless, the most relevant biotic elements are concentrated in the valleys inside the basin. Their current biodiversity is strongly conditioned by the semi-arid and the continental nature of its climate. (Fig. E331) This has favoured the development of a very rich biota (at least 1,500 animal species and 1,129 species of flora (Cueto et al., 2014; Garrido-García, in prep.) including numerous species that are exclusive or almost exclusive to the Geopark, such as the plant Centaurea saxifraga or the snail Helicella zujarensis (exclusive to Cerro Jabalcón), the plant Limonium alicunense (which only lives in the vicinity of the spa at Alicún), the plants Sonchus crassifolius and Limonium majus and the butterflies Heterogynis andalusica and Euchloe bazae (restricted to the saline habitats of Hoya de Baza) and the plant Arenaria arcuatociliata (more widely distributed in the river basins) (Ruiz Ruiz et al., 2009; De la Cruz Pardo et al., 2010; Blanca et al., 2011; Garrido-García, 2016). (Fig. E332) The biota also includes very endangered species which, after becoming extinct in the rest of their natural range, have their last refuges in this territory (e.g. the snail Orculella aragonica and the plant Clypeola eryocarpa).

Fig A332. The Heterogynis andalusica butterfly lives only in the semi-desert of Hoya de Baza. © Jose Ant. Garrido

The area has very diverse vegetation cover, which includes 30 habitats included in the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC, and among which can be found some of the best European examples of Iberian gypsophile plant communities (habitat 1520) and halo-nitrophilous scrubs (habitat 1430) (De la Cruz Pardo et al., 2010). Predominates semi-desert as the most characteristic habitat in the Geopark and is populated by esparto grasses, albardines and diverse scrub species. Over carbonate conglomerates and rocky substrata, which favour the development of the only natural forests in the Geopark, made up of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) accompanied by juniper trees (Juniperus oxycedrus) and kermes oaks (Quercus coccifera) and, more rarely, savins (Juniperus thurifera, Juniperus phoenicea) and holm oaks (Quercus rotundifolia). These pine forests have spread artificially through afforestation. Finally, diverse forms of riverine vegetation appear in the alluvial plains. (Fig. E334) In short, the flora contained in the Geopark is unique, strictly Iberian, at least in the European context, and is therefore one of Andalusia and Spain's main contributions to biodiversity within the European Union.

The fauna has been the subject of numerous studies (see, as a summary, Megías et al., 2011; Valera et al., 2011). A great variety of insects lives in the semi-desert. Of particular environmental importance are the beetles of the Tenebrionidae, Meloidae, Scarabaeidae and Chrysomelidae families, and also ants, grasshoppers and butterflies, with more than 200 recorded nocturnal species and locations where at least 30 diurnal species coexist.

Of special interest among the vertebrates are mountain goats, red-billed choughs and black wheatears, and very important populations of golden eagles, Bonelli's eagles, peregrine falcons, eagle owls and jackdaws, and a growing presence of griffon vultures. And the semi-deserts are breeding and feeding areas for significant populations of larks (crested and Thekla larks, greater and lesser short-toed larks, calandra larks), rollers, black-eared wheatears, corn buntings, European bee-eaters, red-legged partridges and trumpeter finches. It

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also serves as a winter refuge for species that raise their young in the nearby mountains, such as the black redstart, the leaf warbler and the Eurasian skylark. Together, these rich communities of birds have led a large part of the Geopark to be considered an Important Bird Area at the national and European level. (Infante et al., 2011).

The fluvial valleys include as well animals like aquatic birds and invertebrates, fish, amphibians, otters and Mediterranean water shrews and also provide food for species that take refuge in the neighbouring badlands (badgers, foxes, beech martins and several species of bats). Finally, there are areas where rabbits flourish, which enable the presence of specialised predators such as the wild cat, and also the Iberian lynx. The latter lived in the area until the 1970s and are starting to be spotted occasionally nowadays. (Fig. E335)

Fig E334. On the limestone conglomerates and rocky substrate grow the only natural forests of the Geopark, dominated by the pines (Canyon of Arroyo de Baúl)© Jose Antonio Garrido.

Valorization and interpretation of this natural heritage is done through the educational program of the Geopark. In addition, the territory contains public resources (Museums and Visitor Centres) that carry out research, conservation, dissemination and teaching.

These resources conform the Network of divulgation Centres of the Proposed Geopark and make up part of the working group in charge of conservation and protection of heritage.

(See section E.1.4)

Promotion Made using the different tools available in the proposed Geopark: the Geopark website and websites of the municipalities involved, social media, press and radio, brochures, maps, promotional videos…

Maintenance In the natural heritage sector, the territory relies on the Nature Protection Service (SEPRONA) as the public safety body of the Government of the Spanish State. This includes 12 agents in the territory specifically dedicated to the conserva-

Fig E335. Rivers and associated irrigation systems allow the presence in the Geopark of aquatic fauna, such as gallinetas (Gallinula chloropus).© Jose Antonio Garrido

tion of nature and the environment, hydraulic resources, hunting, fishing and forest. In addition, there are 29 Environmental Agents of the Regional Government of Andalusia whose mission is the protection and monitoring of the natural and environmental heritage. Finally, at local government level, there are 6 municipal environmental technicians with the mission of achieving the sustainable development of the municipalities of the proposed Geopark and a suitable quality of life for their citizens. The collaboration between the Central, Regional and Local Governments makes possible the implementation of annual maintenance and conservation measures for the natural heritage of the proposed Geopark.

E.2.1.2.Assessment of natural heritage

SITES OF NATURAL INTEREST

DESCRIPTION

FORTHCOMING GEOSITES

FLORA EU Habitats of Priority Interest - 1520 Iberian Gypsophilous Vegetation (Gypsophiletalia) EU Habitats of Priority Interest - 1510 Mediterranean Salt Steppes (Limonietalia) Inventory of wetlands of Andalusia - Salt marshes at Margen Inventory of Wetlands of Andalusia Barranco del Agua, Galera

Both are outstanding for their uniqueness in the European context and are home to scarce and exclusive plant formations at both local and Iberian level 1520 is spread over a large part of the Geopark, although somewhat less in the central area 1510 is to be found over a large area of the eastern part of the Geopark It is very important for the plant and animal communities living there

Practically all, except those located in the centre of the Geopark Practically all those located in the eastern half of the Geopark

GG-58 GG-59 GG-60 GG-66 GG-68 GG-69

FAUNA AREAS OF IMPORTANCE FOR MAMMALS ZIM 130 Prebaetic Andalusian Sierras

GG-65

ZIM 146 Sierra Nevada-Sierra Arana ZIM 148: (Hoya de Guadix)

ZIM 149: River of Hoya de Baza ZIM150 Sierras of Baza and Filabres

Conservation Programme of Spanish Society for the Study and Conservation of Mammals (SECEM)

GG-01; GG-12; GG-51; GG-53; GG-65 Todos los de la cuenca del rio Fardes salvo GG-01, GG-38 y GG-51 GG-39; GG-42; GG-55; GG-56; GG-59; GG-60; GG-62; GG-63; GG-64; GG-65; GG-66; GG-68; GG-69; GG-70 GG-43

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IMPORTANT BIRD AREAS IBA 211: Puebla de Don Fadrique/Las Cañadas IBA 213: Hoya de Baza

IBA 214: Hoya de Guadix

Áreas importantes para la conservación de las aves en España y Europa, propuestas por la Sociedad Española de Ornitología (SEO) y BirdLife International

IBA 222: Sierra Nevada

GG-61; GG-62; GG-63; GG-64; GG-67 GG-42; GG-55; GG-56; GG-57; GG58; GG-59; GG-60; GG-66; GG-68; GG-69; GG-70 Todos los de la cuenca del rio Fardes salvo GG-01, GG-38 y GG51 y GG-53 GG-01; GG-38; GG-51; GG-53

IBA 453: Llanos de la Calahorra-Valle del Zalabí Areas of Importance for Steppe Birds of Andalusia: • 17 (Hoya de Guadix) • 18 (Hoya de Baza)

---

Conservation Programme for Steppe Birds of Andalusia These are extremely important due to their size and the variety and uniqueness of the steppe birds living there

• 19 (Cañadas-Los Llanos) Important Area for the Conservation of Invertebrates in Andalusia (IACI): Zona 2: Sierra de Orce y María Important Area for the Conservation of Invertebrates in Andalusia (IACI): Zona 3: Sierra de Cazorla, La Villas y Sierras Norte de Granada Important Area for the Conservation of Invertebrates in Andalusia (ZICI) Area 4 - Baza Depression Site of Community Importance ES6160015 “Guadiana Menor River-upper section ” Site of Community Importance ES1640006 “Sierra de Arana”.

Site of Community Importance ES6140010 “Sierra de Baza Norte” Site of Community Importance ES1640002 “Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas”

Special Conservation Area ES6140005 “Sierra del Nordeste (Sierra de la Sagra)”

Inventory of wetlands of Andalusia ­Tail of the Negratín Reservoir

GG-02; GG-04; GG-05; GG-11; GG-13; GG-16; GG-19; GG-20; GG21; GG-25; GG-31; GG-32; GG-40; GG-41; GG-45; GG-46; GG-47 GG-42; GG-55; GG-56; GG-58; GG60; GG-66; GG-68; GG-69, GG-70 GG-64; GG-67 GG-58, GG-60, GG-61, GG-62, GG-63, GG-66, GG-68, GG-69

Action Plan for the Conservation of Endangered Invertebrates in Andalusia It is very important due to the variety and uniqueness of the insects living there

GG-64, GG-65, GG-66 GG-42; GG-55; GG-56; GG-57; GG58; GG-59; GG-60; GG-66; GG-68; GG-69; GG-70 GG-05; GG-13; GG-40; GG-41; GG-46; GG-47

Stands out in the Natura 2000 network of Andalusia due to its special importance for the conservation of several fish species included in the annexes of the Habitats Directive

GG-12; GG-18 GG-43 GG-65

The natura 2000 de Andalucía network particularly stands out due to its importance for the conservation of holm oak groves, deciduous forests, high mountain pine forests, pasture lands and riparian and rupicolous vegetation. It stands out as a potential area of conservation for the native river crab, the presence of numerous lepidoptera of interest, necrophagous birds, native amphibians and chiroptera It is very important for the conservation of some species of aquatic and steppe birds

GG-64, GG-65, GG-67

GG-07 GG-39 GG-42 GG-55 GG-70

LANDSCAPE OUTSTANDING LANDSCAPES

Special Plan for Protection of the Physical Environment (PEPMF)for the Province of Granada They have special protection

OL -3 (Vicinity of the Spa at Alicún de Ortega) OL-4 (Garganta de Gorafe) OL-5 (Mencal) OL-6 (Cerro de Jabalcón)

These are areas where the landscapes have an acknowledged uniqueness and they act as visual transmitters or receptors of great aesthetic interest

OL-7 (Bacor Olivar Badlands) OL-10 (Guadix Badlands) Mountain Complexes of Environmental Interest CS-5 (Sierra Nevada) CS-9 (Sierra de Arana y Cogollos) CS10 (Sierra de Baza) CS11 (Sierras de Orce y Periate) CS12: (Sierras del Nordeste) CS13 (Sierra de Madroñal) UNIQUE AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES AG-4 (Vegas of Hoya de Guadix) AG-6 (Vegas of Gor)

GG-03 GG-04 GG-20 GG-21 GG-25 GG-06 GG-07 GG-33 GG-42 GG-70 GG-05 GG-13 GG-41 GG-53 GG-44

Special Plan for Protection of the Physical Environment (SPPPE) for the Province of Granada They have special protection Large expanses of mountains of regional aesthetic interest, fundamental for the conservation of biodiversity and water supply for populations and crops.

GG-5 GG-12 GG-43 --GG-65 ---

Special Plan for Protection of the Physical Environment (PEPMF) for the Province of Granada They have special protection These are areas representative of agricultural landscapes of outstanding natural beauty

GG-01; GG-18, GG-19; GG-38; GG44; GG-45; GG-48; GG-53 ---

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AG-7 (Vega of Zújar) AG-8 (Vegas of Huéscar-Castril and Guardal) AG-9 (Depresión de la Puebla de Don Fadrique) Andalusian Network of Protected Natural Areas: El Marchal Badlands Peña de Castril Marchal Badlands Peña de Castril

These are areas representative of agricultural landscapes of outstanding natural beauty

Areas considered to be Natural Monuments for their aesthetic relevance

GG-33 GG-39; GG-42; GG-55; GG-56; GG-59; GG-60; GG-62; GG-63; GG-64; GG-65; GG-66; GG-68; GG-69; GG-70 --GG-01; GG-38 GG-65

Andalusian Network of Protected Natural Areas (RENPA)They have special protection These are natural areas or elements basically made up of formations of recognised uniqueness, rarity or beauty that deserve to be subject to special protection.

GG-01 GG-38 GG-51 GG-53 GG-65

E.2.1.3. Protected areas or under other UNESCO programmes (World Heritage Sites, Biosphere Reserves).

ing especially characteristic. The Alcazaba (citadels) of Guadix and Arabic baths in Baza are examples. (Fig. E353)

The proposed Geopark is the only one in Andalusia that has not any areas recognized as protected area or under other UNESCO programmes. Several Natural Parks and a National Park are located surrounding the Geopark. All of them have their own development plan and management bodies.

At the end of the medieval period, the Castilian Crown then introduced, in Guadix, the main institutions of political, military and religious control, through the extensive jurisdiction of a Crown official known as “corregidor”.

E.2.2 Cultural Heritage

E.2.2.1.Analyse of the current situation of the cultural heritage History and Culture The unique physical and geological conditions of the territory have influenced its history, along with successive waves of occupation and organisation from prehistoric times up to the present day. These special conditions provide the proposed Geopark with an extraordinary heritage value, where the archaeological and paleontological sites are crucial to understanding the human settlement processes in the European continent.

The strong personality of the groups that inhabited these lands, manifest in the clear awareness of the existence of life after death, is projected by the megalithic structures at Gor and Gorafe. In the same way, the sites at Cerro de la Virgen (Orce), El Malagón (Cúllar) and Castellón Alto (Galera) provide evidence of communities that were located in characteristic settlements at altitude, ordered with an incipient sense of urban planning. More recent prehistory was characterized by the presence of the Argaric culture in the south-east of the Iberian Peninsula. Meanwhile, the start of the orientalisation of these lands was embodied in the Iberian necropolis at Tútugi, where a monument was erected to the cult of death, and at Cerro del Santuario, in Baza, where the discovery of female images of the funerary cult reaffirm this close relationship with the territory, from a clearly symbolic perspective with a strong magical and religious component.

Subsequently, many civilizations have passed through the territory leaving their imprint and culture.

The Catholic Church was responsible for the promotion of a development of the arts at its service, which made this region one of the wealthiest dioceses in terms of artistic heritage.

Guadix cathedral and the collegiate church at Baza, along with outstanding examples of late Gothic, Renaissance and Mudéjar religious architecture in the province. (Fig. E351) (Fig.E352) During the 18th and 19th centuries appeared new factories, railway infrastructures and agricultural holdings that

Fig E351.Guadix Cathedral. ©Tourism Board

Fig E352. Convent of Santo Domingo.One of the finest examples of Mudejar coffered ceilings in Guadix.©Provincial Council of Tourism

From Roman times, an important roman theatre in Acci (Guadix) and the exploitation of mining resources (Alquife), e.g.

The transition from Antiquity to the Middle Age was recorded by the testimonies of early Christianity, which was represented by the bishop of Guadix at the Synod of Elvira in the 4th century.

From 711 onwards, the Muslim presence left an indelible mark in places that have maintained toponyms, physical features and traditions, with the style of urban architecture beFig E353. The Arab baths of Baza date back to the 13th century (Almohad period). ©Provincial Council of Tourism

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GRANADA GEOPARK

were added to existing ones make up an important industrial heritage, to which the mining tradition must be added as one of the most extraordinary values and best-defined signs of collective identity.

There is a rich catalogue of constructions linked to the traditional agricultural economy should not be overlooked, and others related to the culture of water. These are testimonies that have endured and reflect different historical periods and the social, cultural and economic conditions that typify them.

Geology and troglodytism It is important to highlight the troglodytic landscape that enrich the Geopark with a unique form of human habitat.

Thanks to the existence of materials such as clays and marls, very impermeable and easily excavated, intercalated with other harder materials (such as limestones or cemented conglomerates), has enabled the extensive development of caves as dwellings in this region. Thus, the inhabitants of the area used the steep slopes of the badlands to dig out their dwellings as an alternative to traditional constructions, taking advantage of a temperature that is practically constant in the different seasons of the year, in a climate that is extremely harsh due to the sharp contrasts, with a yearly temperature range of up to 50 degrees centigrade. For this reason, their use has continued for centuries up to the present.

The appearance of caves and their proliferation over the last thousand years, due to the existence of a favourable geological environment and the concurrence of certain historical events and social whims that led the population to find the answer to their most basic needs in this peculiar form of human habitat.

All these have signs of medieval occupation and their defensive nature is notable, as is the diversity of their functions: watchtowers, refuges, dwellings, granaries in cliff walls and dovecotes. This constructive phenomenon acquired an urban dimension at the end of the 16th century. Then, from the seventeenth century, they were occupied by the settlers who arrived from other parts of the Peninsula after the definitive expulsion of the Moors. The other great moment of expansion of caves in the province of Granada occurred in the late 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, coinciding with stages of demographic growth, immigration and the cultivation of new land (sugar and agricultural industries) and as cheap accommodation and other uses. During the 20th century, the installations and services that had already been introduced into ordinary houses some years before, were gradually incorporated into the cave-houses.

This is how a troglodytic landscape of global importance developed over time. It strongly characterises the proposed Geopark territory, as it is a clear example of a bioclimatic and sustainable habitat. It also offers a fascinating eco-tourism experience for the 21st century. (Fig. E42) Archaeology in the Geopark The human presence in Orce more than a million years ago is corroborated by the presence of a human tooth and lithic industries associated, with fossil remains of many other mammals.

Taking a huge leap forward in time, the cave paintings that appear in the vicinity of the proposed Geopark territory are attributed to Neolithic groups whose oldest settlement remains correspond to widely-scattered huts that are evidence of a very small population. By the Copper Age this population was already truly sedentary, with a settlement organised around

Fig. E42

the fluvial valleys and which grew enormously, intensifying the exploitation of agricultural and mineral resources. The site of El Malagón in Cúllar, in the eastern part of the proposed Geopark, dates from this period. It is nestled in the high part of a small mountain, at the base of which copper outcrops have been found, along with the walled Cerro de la Virgen site in Orce, whose occupation coincided with the abandonment of El Malagón, erected as the most important site in the area at this time.

During this same period, from Western Andalusia to the Gor River valley, in Gorafe, the Megalithic Park unfolds, characterised by Necropolises with dolmens carved from large blocks of stone. The dolmens in Gorafe, which comprise the greatest concentration in Spain, make up the Integral Megalithic Theme Park, with more than 240 dolmens.

From the Bronze Age, settlement and pressure on the medium gradually increased. In the Bronze Age we find the territory occupied in an organised manner by a large number of Argaric sites, generally located on jagged mountains beside the fluvial valleys, of which the most well-known are Castellón Alto in Galera, and Cuesta del Negro in Purullena.

In Iberian times, the territory evolved around large oppida such as Tútugi in Galera and Basti in Baza, with extensive and monumental necropoli, which produced such relevant pieces as the Lady of Baza. In Roman and Medieval times, the area continued to be of great importance, with traces of all of these eras remaining throughout the territory to this day, although particular attention may be drawn to the existence of a Roman theatre in Guadix.

The Guadix-Baza basin may be considered as one enormous archaeological site due to the considerable amount of existing sites within the basin and the uninterrupted occupation from prehistory until today, demonstrating the great wealth of heritage in the area. This territory, therefore, is one of the areas where we can find one of the best records of the past in the south-east of the Iberian Peninsula.

The uniqueness of the fossil sites, and of the early and late prehistory of the area; the diversity and complementarity with the heritage of defensive and troglodytic architecture; and the paleogeographic values and diversity of landscape, makes the proposed territory an area of exceptional cultural value.

Valorization and interpretation This entire heritage is put into value and interpreted through the educational program of the Geopark and the divulgation centres network to make it available to students and visitors.

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APPLICATION DOSSIER FOR UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK

Promotion Using the different means available to the proposed Geopark: Geopark website and websites of the municipalities involved, social media, press and radio, brochures, maps, promotional videos…

Maintenance With regard to cultural heritage, the activities in the field of conservation and appreciation of Andalusian historical heritage correspond to the General Directorate of Cultural Assets and Museums of the Regional Government. This body helps to promote activities in the heritage of the territory with special attention to protection measures involving the assets listed in the General Catalogue of Andalusian Historical Heritage.

Finally, the Andalusian Network of Cultural Spaces (ANCS) integrates the management of the enclaves of Castellón Alto, the Tútugi Iberian Necropolis and the Arab Baths of Baza. Fur-

thermore, the collaboration between the Central, Regional and Local Governments makes possible the implementation of annual maintenance and conservation measures for the heritage included in the territory of the proposed Geopark. These activities are conducted within the framework of the Programme for the Promotion of Agricultural Employment. They include activities favouring routes and trails, restoration of natural and cultural heritage, reforestation and conservation of mountains and rural paths.

In addition, the territory contains public resources (Museums and Visitor Centres) that carry out research, conservation, dissemination and teaching. These resources conform the Network of divulgation Centres of the Proposed Geopark and make up part of the working group in charge of conservation and protection of the heritage. (See section E.1.4 Facilities and infrastructures)

E.2.2.2.Assessment of cultural heritage

SITES OF CULTURAL INTEREST

DESCRIPTION

• Medieval caves: Troglodyte complex of the Algarbes-Camariles at Beas de Guadix, Covarrones at Cortes and the Cave of Tía Micaela • Troglodyte villages • Enclosed Cave: Los Anteojos Cave.

Centre of Hoya de Baza - Baza to Galera river axis • Medieval caves: The Hafas de la Moraleda, the Hafas de Arriba and the caves of La Morería • Troglodyte villages

SITES OF CULTURAL INTEREST ASSET OF CULTURAL INTEREST: ARCHAEOLOGICAL AREA

Orce Basin

Both areas have the greatest concentration of medieval caves in the region and some of the most notable cave villages

DESCRIPTION

Archaeological Areas are those clearly delimited spaces where the existence of archaeological or palaeontological remains of relevant interest related to the history of humanity has been confirmed The archaeological area of the Orce Basin, located to the north-east of the GuadixBaza district, contains a large number of sites that provide first-rate information for knowledge and understanding of the evolutionary context of hominids outside the African continent Very important for its importance and size

GG-56 GG-59 GG-66 GG-69

FORTHCOMING GEOSITES

GG-61 GG-62 GG-63

GG-59 GG-60 GG-66 GG-68 GG-69

Tútugi Iberian Necropolis (Galera) El Malagón (Cúllar)

GG-57

Cúllar-Baza I (Cúllar)

La Terrera del Reloj (Dehesas de Guadix)

GG-55 GG-58 GG-60 GG-68

GG-61 GG-62 GG-63

Castellón Alto (Galera)

Las Angosturas (Gor)

GG-01 GG-38 GG-51 GG-53

General catalogue of Andalusian Historical Heritage

Cerro de la Virgen (Orce)

Basti: Settlement (Cerro Cepero), Necropolis (Cerro Santuario) and Necropolis (Cerro Largo) - (Baza)

FORTHCOMING GEOSITES

Of the 26 archaeological areas included for the province of Granada in the General catalogue of Andalusian Historical Heritage, 15 are within the boundaries of the Geopark, which highlights the archaeological significance of the park.

Baths at Alicún (Villanueva de las Torres)

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Fonelas megalithic necropolis

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Cerro del Gallo (Fonelas) Solana del Zamborino (Fonelas)

GG-11

Horá Cave (Darro)

GG-12

Cuesta del Negro (Purullena)

GG-53

Roman theatre (Guadix)

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Cerro de los Castellones (Morelábor)

ASSET OF CULTURAL INTEREST HISTORICAL COMPLEX Guadix Historical Complex Baza Historical Complex Castril Historical Complex

GG-15 GG-54

General catalogue of Andalusian Historical Heritage A Historical Complex is a grouping of urban or rural constructions along with the geographical features present, and which is important due to its historical and archaeological interest, etc.

GG-01 GG-38 GG-44 GG-24 GG-29 GG-33 GG-43 GG-65

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ASSET OF CULTURAL INTEREST MONUMENT - MILITARY ARCHITECTURE

General catalogue of Andalusian Historical Heritage

Guadix Alcazaba Castril Castle La Calahorra Castle-Palace

GG-01 GG-38 GG-44

Alcazaba of the Seven Towers Defensive System for the Eastern Frontier of the Old Nasrid Kingdom

GG-65

Monuments of military architecture of special significance within the boundaries of the Geopark

GG-71 GG-61 GG-62 GG-63

Network of towers, castles and ramparts scattered all over the Geopark territory

Practically all

ANDALUSIAN NETWORK OF CULTURAL SPACES (ANCS) Castellón Alto (Galera) Tútugi Iberian Necropolis (Galera)

Arab Baths of Baza

Law 14/2007, of 26 November, on the Historical Heritage of Andalusia, defines the Andalusian Network of Cultural Spaces as "an integrated and unitary system made up of those Cultural Spaces located in the territory of the Autonomous Region that are included in the network by the competent Department of the Regional Government in matters of historical heritage, and those areas open to the public, which due to their conditions and characteristics do not require to be endowed with a self-management body"

LANDSCAPES OF CULTURAL INTEREST OF ANDALUSIA

Re-created landscape of Cerro de Jabalcón Landscape of Castellón Alto

GG-24 GG-29 GG-33 GG-43

Landscape Strategy of Andalusia GG-01 GG-38 GG-51 GG-53

Landscape of Guadix and Purullena Megalithic landscape of the Gor River Valley

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The Landscapes of Cultural Interest of Andalusia are unique landscapes due to their cultural, tangible and intangible values. They are representative of the different forms of interaction between human beings and the physical environment, intended to satisfy their need for settlement, safety, communication and the production and transformation of resources, as well as their ideological appropriation

Landscape of Castril

TOURIST INTEREST FESTIVALS

E.2.3 Intangible heritage

INTERNATIONAL El Cascamorras

(Guadix y Baza) REGIONAL

At the end of the Medieval period appeared new celebrations such as the case of the Virgen de la Piedad, which has linked the cities of Baza and Guadix since the late 15th century in an important festival known as the “Fiesta de Cascamorras”, declared to be of International Tourist Interest in August 2013.

The Saints Alodía and Nunilón in Puebla de Don Fadrique and Huéscar are other of this kind of celebration. This is also worthy mentioning the “Moors and Christians” festivals, celebrated in Zújar, Benamaurel and Cúllar, and of course, the traditional Holy Week, in all of the towns in north-east Granada. (Fig. E.9.)

Encierros taurinos Moros y cristianos La Fiesta de Pascua Fiestas de San Antón y San Sebastián

(La Peza) (Benamaurel y Cúllar) (Puebla de Don Fadrique) (Orce)

Ancient skills are other important intangible resource to protect and preserve. The craft of ceramics in Guadix and Purullena particulary stand out in the area. Equally important, however, is artisanal work with wood, esparto grass and the preparation of cured meats.

Valorization and interpretation All this heritage is put into value and interpreted through the educational program of the Geopark and the divulgation centres network to make it available to students and visitors.

Promotion and maintenance The cultural areas of the municipalities and the provincial government, as well as the ethnographic centres and local museums, help to keep these traditions alive, through the celebration of festivals, pilgrimages and processions, deeply rooted in society.

Fig. E.9. The look, “Moors and Christians” festivals in Benamaurel. Author: Antonio Troyano Otero

E.2.4 Involvement in topics related to climate change and natural hazards E.2.4.1. Analisys of the situation

They are promoted using the different means available in the proposed Geopark: the Geopark website and websites of the municipalities involved, social media, press and radio, brochures, maps, promotional videos.

GG-07 GG-33 GG-42 GG-70 GG-59 GG-60 GG-66 GG-68 GG-69 GG-65

E.2.3.2.Assessment of intangible heritage

E.2.3.1. Analyse of the current situation of the intangible heritage

GG-04 GG-20 GG-21 GG-25

The proposed Geopark area represents one of the most arid areas in Europe. It is an intermountain depression of semi-arid nature, with rainfall normally less than 300 mm per year, which is

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APPLICATION DOSSIER FOR UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK

concentrated in short and intense periods of rain. These characteristics together with the predominant rock type (shales and marls) have allowed the development of a dense dendritic drainage network of the Badlands type. Despite the area crossed by rivers that carry water all year round, thanks to their headwaters are located in mountainous areas with higher rainfall. The fluvial modelling is therefore very clear, dense and varied in the Geopark area. Currently, one of the most relevant issues when studying and understanding the effects of climate change is the response of the earth's surface to the important changes that precipitation is experiencing, with new patterns and intensities sometimes unknown for certain places, and that are becoming habitual. That is why the territory of the Geopark is shown as an excellent natural geomorphological laboratory to study the effects that the new environmental variables derived from climate change can generate on the surface. On the other hand, the territory of the Geopark houses one of the best continental records for the last four million years of the Earth, with a thickness of continental sediments of the Pliocene and Quaternary that more than 400 meters thick. These sediments were generated in endorheic conditions until half a million years ago, by which the lithological and faunal changes that we can detect in them are predominantly due to climatic changes, without the influence of changes in sea level, so this laboratory natural allows us to study not only the present, but also our past in the near future and, in this way, to better predict the natural changes and dangers that lie in wait for us ... In addition, the territory presents a multitude of active tectonic structures that have left their mark on the sediments and whose information is of great value to better understand other geological risks such as those derived from seismicity.

lands) and, on the other hand, the floods, related to another of the predominant fluvial modelling of the territory, the fluvial terraces. Although it is true that some of the Geopark sites could be threatened by erosion, it is also true that erosion has been the one that has exhumed and allowed us to access these places of interest, so it is not worrisome since the point of view of the loss of geological heritage, since erosion itself, regardless of whether it is more or less active due to climatic changes that may already be affecting the territory, will generate new geological interest places equivalent to those that could erode.

E3

Management E.3.1. Legal form of the Geopark project

After the signing of the collaboration protocol and subsequent addendum for the creation of the proposed Geopark, the active participation of all the agents involved in the Project was formalized. To ensure effective coordination and monitoring of the activities envisaged in the strategy, a Coordinating Committee was created for the Granada Geopark project. This is to be a voluntary body, without legal personality, made up of the representatives of the institutional, socio-economic and scientific agents involved in the Geopark project. The Geological and Mining Institute of Spain, advisory body of the General State Administration in matters of Earth Sciences, also participate in the aforementioned committee.

The following functions correspond to the Coordinating Committee of the Granada Geopark project:

E. 2.4.2 Threats and actions for the mitigation and adaptation to these hazards of the proposed Geopark The most important exogenous processes within the territory of the Geopark are the fluvial processes. These interrelate the geological characteristics of the territory and the climate, and therefore, the geology and its places of interest with the changes that may be occurring in the climate.

a) Representing the Geopark project in a participatory and unequivocal manner, disseminating the international and exceptional value of the geodiversity within the territory. b) Supervising the implementation of the initiatives that are agreed in order to achieve the objectives and goals set out in this document. c) Resolving the different interpretations that may arise during the term of the Protocol.

Within the fluvial processes, the aspects that have greater relevance in the modelling of the territory are, the erosive processes, that generate an union of the fluvial network in the very marked vertical (giving place to the modelling in Bad-

The Coordinating Committee is comprised of 1 representative of each signatory entity. The Coordinating Committee has the assistance of the Technical Committee and the Scientific, Socio-economic and Institutional working groups. (Fig. E.43)

COORDINATING COMMITTEE Granada Geopark Project PRESIDENCY Provincial Council of Granada

MANAGEMENT Rural Development Association

SECRETARY´S OFFICE Provincial Council of Granada

GRANADA GEOPARK PROJECT STRATEGY

Provincial Council of Granada Rural Development Association of Guadix Association of Rural Development Groups of the Altiplano Apromontes Consortium for the Development of los Montes Orientales Geological and Mining Institute of Spain (IGME) University of Granada University of Jaen Association of Local Authorities of the District of Baza Association of Local Authorities of the District of Guadix Association of Local Authorities of the District of Huéscar Association of Local Authorities of the Dsitrict of Marquesasdo del Zenete Employers’ Association of the Altiplano Intersectoral Employers’ Association of Guadix, Employers’ Association of the District of Huéscar Altiplano Tourism Association Hotel and Tourism Association of the District of Guadix Andalusian Cave Association Association for Sustainable Tourism of the Altiplanicies Granadinas

Education Programme

Fig E43. Structure and members of the Granada Geopark Project Coordinating Committee.

Sustainable Tourism Development Programmes

Scientific Programme

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GRANADA GEOPARK

E.3.2.Management Plan AXIS

LINE OF ACTION

1.1. GEOCONSERVATION

I. GEOLOGY AND TERRITORY

1.2. GEOKNOWLEDGE

1.3. TERRITORIAL IDENTITY

2.1. PLANNING, FUNCTIONING AND MANAGEMENT II. MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE 2.2. PARTICIPATION

2.3. GEOPARK COOPERATES

3.1. CITIZEN AWARENESS RAISING AND SENSITIZATION

III. AWARENESS RAISING AND EDUCATION

3.2. GEOEDUCATE EDUCATION SYSTEM

3.3. ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION

ACTIONS CONSERVATION AND PROTECTION OF SGIs CONSERVATION AND PROTECTION OF OTHER SITES AND ASPECTS OF NATURAL, CULTURAL AND LANDSCAPE HERITAGE IDENTIFICATION AND CATALOGUING OF SGIs STUDY AND DEFINITION OF USE OF SGIs PREPARATION AND UPDATING OF THE GEOLOGICAL SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE OF THE GEOPARK IDENTIFICATION AND CATALOGUING OF OTHER SITES OR ASPECTS OF NATURAL, CULTURAL AND LANDSCAPE HERITAGE STUDY AND DEFINITION OF USE OF OTHER SITES OR ASPECTS OF NATURAL, CULTURAL AND LANDSCAPE HERITAGE PREPARATION AND UPDATING OF OTHER DISCOURSE LINKED TO THE NATURAL, CULTURAL AND LANDSCAPE HERITAGE OF THE GEOPARK COMPLEMENTARY GEOLOGICAL DISCOURSE PROMOTION OF THE GEOLOGICAL, NATURAL, CULTURAL AND LANDSCAPE HERITAGE COORDINATION MEETINGS BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT BODIES AND WORKING GROUPS OR COMMITTEES PREPARATION AND ASSESSMENT OF THE OVERALL GEOPARK STRATEGY (MASTER PLAN) INFRASTRUCTURE DIAGNOSIS SCIENTIFIC DOCUMENTATION CATALOGUE DEFINITION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MARKETING STRATEGY DEFINITION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE COMMUNICATION PLAN PREPARATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARTICIPATION PLAN CREATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF A VOLUNTEER NETWORK COORDINATION AND COLLABORATION WITH LOCAL, NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ENTITIES STUDY VISITS AND NETWORKING LAUNCH OF JOINT ACTIONS WITH OTHER GEOPARKS AND ASPIRING TERRITORIES AT THE REGIONAL, NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LEVEL DEVELOPMENT OF DISSEMINATION ACTIVITIES AND PREPARATION OF PUBLICATIONS AND MATERIAL FOR THAT PURPOSE HERITAGE INTERPRETATION PROGRAMME (OPEN GEOPARK) OTHER AWARENESS-RAISING ACTIVITIES: COMPETITIONS AND/OR AWARDS FOR VIDEOS, PHOTOGRAPHS, NARRATIONS, STORIES, REPORTS, ETC. EUROPEAN GEOPARK WEEK GEOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE PROGRAMME AND OTHER ASPECTS OF INTEREST: TEACHERS AND STUDENTS DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATIONAL UNITS AND RESOURCES DESIGN OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMES AND MATERIALS UNIVERSITY EDUCATION: SUMMER COURSES, FIELD TRIPS, WORK EXPERIENCE, COLLABORATIONS, ETC. SUPPORT FOR MASTER'S DISSERTATIONS AND FINAL UNDERGRADUATE PROJECTS "IN THE GEOPARK YOUR PROJECT IS WORTH MORE" DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION PROGRAMMES ADDRESSING THE FOLLOWING THEMES: CONSERVATION OF GEOLOGICAL HERITAGE AND OTHER SITES OR ASPECTS OF NATURAL, CULTURAL AND LANDSCAPE HERITAGE; OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE GEOPARK (INCLUDING ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS); IMPACT OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE GEOPARK; AND SUSTAINABILITY IN ECOTOURISM DESTINATIONS

PRODUCTS

SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMME

GRANADA GEOPARK STRATEGY

MARKETING PLAN

EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMME/ RESEARCH ON DIDACTICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION AND INTERPRETATION

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APPLICATION DOSSIER FOR UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK

4.1. TOURISM OBSERVATORY

4.2. TOURIST INFORMATION

4.3. TOURISM SECTOR TRAINING ACTIVITIES

PERIODICAL REPORTS ON THE CHARACTERISATION OF TOURISM OFFER AND DEMAND INFORMATION AND VISITOR SERVICE CENTRE DIAGNOSIS ADAPTATION OF INFORMATION OFFICES PROMOTION AND VISITOR SERVICE CENTRES NETWORK DEVELOPMENT AND ACCREDITATION OF TOURIST INFORMATION POINTS DEVELOPMENT OF BASIC INFORMATION MATERIAL AWARENESS/TRAINING ACTIVITIES FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF KNOWLEDGE AND CAPABILITIES OF THE DIFFERENT STAKEHOLDERS OF THE GEOPARK (TOURISM OFFER AND DEMAND, IMPROVEMENT AND ADAPTABILITY OF TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURES, ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, TOURISM PRODUCTS AND PROMOTION, MARKETING, NEW REQUESTED BUSINESS ACTIVITIES AND OTHER THEMES OF INTEREST RELATED TO GEOTOURISM) DEVELOPMENT OF A SIGNAGE MANUAL SIGNAGE FOR ACCESS AND COMMUNICATION ROUTES SIGNAGE IN POPULATION CENTRES INFORMATIVE SIGNAGE FOR SGIs AND OTHER RESOURCES OF INTEREST FOR NATURAL, CULTURAL AND LANDSCAPE HERITAGE ADAPTATION FOR THE VISIT OF ELEMENTS OF INTEREST OF NATURAL, CULTURAL AND LANDSCAPE HERITAGE

4.4. SMALL INFRASTRUCTURES OF PUBLIC USE IV. GEOTOURISM

CREATION, IMPROVEMENT AND MODERNISATION OF VISITOR CENTRES AND MUSEUMS NETWORK MAINTENANCE AND CREATION OF GEOTOURISM AND ECOTOURISM ITINERARIES (HIKING, MOUNTAIN BIKING, HORSEBACK RIDING, ETC.) MAINTENANCE AND CREATION OF OTHER SMALL INFRASTRUCTURE (VIEWPOINTS, VEHICLE AND CARAVAN PARKING, ETC.) MAINTENANCE AND CREATION OF HERITAGE THEMED ITINERARIES DESIGN OF TOURISM PRODUCTS DEVELOPMENT OF STORYTELLING FOR THE DIFFERENT TOURISM PRODUCTS GEOLOGICAL TOURISM TROGLODYTISM

4.5 TOURISM PRODUCT

ASTRO-TOURISM MEGALITHIC ART ENOTOURISM ACTIVE TOURISM AND SPORTING EVENTS OTHER PRODUCTS DEFINITION WITH BUSINESSPEOPLE FOR PACKAGE AND TOURISM ACTIVITIES

4.6. TOURISM PRODUCT CLUB

ANALYSIS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF TOURISM PRODUCT CLUBS (e.g. “ECOTOURISM OR “ENOTOURISM”) DEVELOPMENT AND PUBLICATION OF VARIOUS PROMOTIONAL MATERIAL (BROCHURES, LEAFLETS, ETC.)

4.7. GEOPARK PROMOTES

GEOPARK TOURIST GUIDE OFF-LINE PROMOTION (FAMTRIPS, PRESS TRIP, EVENTS, ETC.) ON-LINE PROMOTION (WEBSITES, SOCIAL NETWORKS, POSITIONING, ETC.)

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT PLAN

36

GRANADA GEOPARK

5.1 GASTRO-TOURISM

DEVELOPMENT OF “TASTES OF THE GEOPARK” STUDIES OF LOCAL VARIETIES AND IMPROVEMENT OF THE PRODUCTIVITY OF LOCAL AND/OR ECOLOGICAL PRODUCTS INFORMATION/DEMONSTRATION/TRAINING ACTIVITIES ON THE PROMOTION OF LOCAL AGRICULTURAL AND ARTISANAL PRODUCTS SUPPORT FOR SMALL AGRO-ECOLOGICAL PRODUCTION INITIATIVES AND SMALL SCALE FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES SUPPORT FOR THE PROMOTION AND RECOVERY OF TRADITIONAL TRADES AND CRAFTS

V. SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

SUPPORT FOR TOURISM SECTOR COMPANIES (LODGING, RESTORATION, COMPLEMENTARY ACTIVITIES, ETC.) 5.2 GEOPARK START-UP

SUPPORT FOR COMPANIES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE DIVERSIFICATION OF THE ECONOMY OF THE TERRITORY (PUBLIC AND RURAL ECONOMY SERVICES, CIRCULAR ECONOMY, ETC.)

GEOPARK BRAND/ CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

DEVELOPMENT IN THE TERRITORY OF THE "SABOR GRANADA" BRAND DEVELOPMENT IN THE TERRITORY OF THE EUROPEAN TERRITORIAL QUALITY BRAND "CALIDAD RURAL" ANALYSIS AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHORT MARKETING CHANNELS FOR AGRICULTURAL AND ARTISANAL PRODUCTS (LOCAL MARKETS, NETWORK OF STORES, CANAL HORECA EVENTS, ETC.) CREATION OF FORUMS AND INTERSECTORAL BUSINESS COOPERATION NETWORKS

E.3.3.Management body

Responsibility for the management and decision making of the proposed Geopark lies with the Coordinating Committee, as has been said. The President of the Provincial Council of Granada occupies the presidency of the Coordinating Committee. Furthermore, the Provincial Council of Granada will provide the technical secretariat of this committee. Rural Development Groups, as territorial management authorities of development programmes in the area, are responsible for running the Geopark project.

The organization and coordination of the territorial agents has been carried out through the creation of Working Groups representative of all sectors that affect the future geopark.

•

•

•

(Fig. E.412)

E.3.4.Budget

•

The planned financing and investment will proceed from the following lines of the programme.

• • Action Plans for Local Development Strategies for LEADER rural areas Guadix, Altiplano and Montes, envisaged for the 2017-2022 period: 3.282.489,30€ (Guadix) and 3.277.500€ (Altiplano) • Provincial Council of Granada − UNESCO Geopark plan: 100.000€ on staff + 70.000€ other expenses/year − Colaboration agreement with IGME: 30.000€/year for divulgation actions and maintenance of Paleontological Station (Fonelas) • Actions and investment underway and/or programmed by Departments of the Provincial Council of Granada (Tourism, Culture, Sports and Development) in the area of the Geopark.

• Annual Programme for the Promotion of Agricultural Employment includes activities favouring routes and trails,

•

• •

restoration of natural and cultural heritage, reforestation and conservation of mountains and rural paths. From 2016 to November 2018: 6.000.000€.

Interreg Europe Project: “Culture and Heritage for Responsible, INNOVATIVE AND Sustainable Tourism Actions”: 168.432€ in Geopark Territory (running) Smart Touristic destinations: (Red.es, Spanish Tourism Ministry): 2.877.214,77€ (350.000€ in Geopark Territory), recently approved and it must be implemented during next 2019.

Grants from Andalusian Regional Government: 166.000€ (Communication plan, Signaling of Geopark territory and guided visits programme for scholars and University students), recently approved and it must be implemented during next 2019.

The Spanish State contributes with 12 agents of the Nature Protection Service (SEPRONA) in the territory specifically dedicated to the conservation of nature and the environment.

In addition, the Regional Government of Andalusia has 29 Environmental Agents to protect and monitor natural and environmental heritage.

At local government level, municipalities provide the maintenance and staff of museums, divulgation centers and tourism offices. Besides, 6 local environmental technicians with the mission of achieving the sustainable development of the local entities of the proposed Geopark and a suitable quality of life for their citizens.

Jaén University contributes financing the geologist.

And the Spanish Geological and Mining Institute contributes with the figure of the scientific committee coordinator.

37

APPLICATION DOSSIER FOR UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK

PROMOTER GROUP Provincial Council of Granada Rural Development Association of Guadix Association of Rural Development Groups of the Altiplano Apromontes Consortium for the Development of los Montes Orientales

SOCIO - ECONOMIC WORKING GROUP

SCIENTIFIC WORKING GROUP

INSTITUTIONAL WORKING GROUP

EPVRF-IGME University of Granada University of Jaen University of Alicante University of Sevilla Univesity of Murcia CEP Guadix MNCN-CSIC AEQUEA

Association of Local Authorities of the District of Baza Association of Local Authorities of the District of Guadix Association of Local Authorities of the District of Huéscar Association of Local Authorities of the District of Marquesado del Zenete Regional Goverment-Junta de Andalucía University of Granada.

Employers’ Association of the Altiplano Intersectoral Employers’ Association of Guadix, Employers’ Association of the District of Huéscar Altiplano Tourism Association Hotel and Tourism Association of the District of Guadix Andalusian Cave Association Association for Sustainable tourism of the Altiplanicies Granadinas, Winegrowers “Altiplano Sierra Nevada” Association “Artesanos Guadix” Association Baza Trade Association “Andalucía Emprende” Andalusian Public Foundation

Fig E412. Structure and members of the Working Groups

E.3.5.Staff HUMAN RESOURCES AREA

MANAGEMENT AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT

SCIENTIFIC EARTH SCIENCES

TOURISM

NAME Antonio Román Juan Jose Manrique Raquel Jiménez

PROFESSIONAL SPHERE

Local and Tourist Development

Enrique Muriel Torcuato Cabrerizo Myriam Prieto María Esperanza García Daniel Bravo

Local Development

STRUCTURE GG

GENDER

PART TIME

Male

PART TIME

Male

PART TIME

MANAGEMENT

Female

PART TIME

Male

PART TIME

Male

PART TIME

Project Officer DIPGRA

FULL TIME

Female SECRETARY OFFICE

Female

Project Officer DIPGRA

FULL TIME

Geological Sciences University of Jaen

Departament of Geology. University of Jaen

PART TIME

Alfonso Arribas

Geological and Mining Institute of Spain, (IGME)

Coordinator of "Valle del Río Fardes" Paleontological Station.

PART TIME

Pascual Rivas Palomo

Planning and Tourism Development

Provincial Tourism Board

PART TIME

Local Action Group of Guadix

PART TIME

Provincial Council of Granada

PART TIME

Municipality of Guadix

PART TIME

Volunteer

Male

Responsible of "Valle del Río Fardes" Paleontological Station

PART TIME

Volunteer

Male

Departament of Geomorphology

PART TIME

Volunteer

Male

Director of Castellón Alto Archaeologist site

PART TIME

Volunteer

Male

Director of the Roman Theater of Guadix

PART TIME

Volunteer

Male

Responsible of communication

COMMUNICATION Silvia Muñoz ENVIRONMENT

Cristobal Medialdea

BIODIVERSITY

José Antonio Garrido

ARCHAEOLOGY

Manager of Association of Rural Development Groups of the Altiplano Manager of Rural Development Association of Guadix Project Officer of Rural Development Association of Guadix Project Officer of Association of Rural Development Groups of the Altiplano Manager of Consortium for the Development of Los Montes Orientales Head of Development Service DIPGRA

WORKING HOURS

Fco. Juan García-Tortosa

Alberto Tauste

GEOLOGY

POSITION/ENTITY

Dominik Faust José Manuel Guillén Antonio López

Environmental education Geological and Mining Institute of Spain, (IGME) University of Dresden Castellón Alto Archaeologist site Archaeologist

Male GEOLOGIST SCIENTIFIC WORKING GROUP COORDINATOR Technical Committee Member Technical Committee Member Technical Committee Member

Male

Male

Male

Male

Female

38

GRANADA GEOPARK

E.3.6. Geoscientist

D. Alfonso Arribas Herrera Paleontologist and responsible of the Area of special infrastructures, documentation and divulgation. Department of Geoscientific infrastructure and Services.

Geological and Mining Institute of Spain Director of Scientific Committee of Granada Geopark

D. Francisco Juan García Tortosa Professor of Jaén University Geologist of Granada Geopark

E.3.7. The presence of women in the management of the proposed Geopark NAME

POSITION

Myriam Prieto

Head of the Sustainable Development Service

ENTITY

Provincial Council of Granada

Mª Esperanza GarcíaGarcía

Sustainable Development Technician

Raquel Jiménez

Sustainable Development Technician

Local Action Group of Guadix

Silvia Muñoz

Responsible of communication area

Provincial Council of Granada

FUNCTIONS Responsible of the Technical Secretary of the Granada Geopark

RESOURCES

European projects office LEADER Strategy

Involved in the management of the working groups

Cooperation projects

Involved in the organization of events and its promotion

Web, printing press, social networks, radio

E4

Overlapping In the Granada Geopark project, there is no overlaps with any other UNESCO designated sites.

E5

Educational activities Geo-education Periodic geo-education activities have been taking part in the territory proposed for the Geopark since the late 90s.

In this regard, it is important to point out the celebration of international conferences on human palaeontology as well as the periodic visits of university students to the resources of the territory. Similarly, the “Know Your Region and Discover Your Past” programme (2003/2006), aimed at students from the area, has developed educational material adapted to the formative needs of primary education. It has been included in school curriculum by local teachers. (Fig. E.421) In the proposed Geopark there are 129 public state schools that provide education to boys and girls up to 16 years old. Additionally, there are 11 schools offering secondary education, of which 7 also offer mid-level and higher education. There are also 4 Music Schools and Conservatories, 2 Schools of Arts and Crafts, 2 Official Language Schools and 1 office of the National University of Distance Education.

The “Granada Geopark Educational Programme” (See Section E.1.5 Educational programmes) conducts educational activities focused on the geological values of the territory, biodiversity and natural heritage for school teachers. Teachers and students visit the geological and natural resources of the area every year as part of the annual school calendar.

Since 2016, there has been an annual training programme designed by the Educational Working Group composed of the Directors of the Teacher Training Centres, Rural Development Groups and the Provincial Council of Granada, along

with the supervision of the Scientific and Geological Committee of the Geopark. The aim of the training is to develop teaching units that incorporate the geological and natural resources of the territory into the educational content of the students. (Fig. E.422) From a scientific point of view, the summer course “Palaeontology of the Quaternary Period in the Guadix Basin”, organised by the University of Granada Mediterranean Centre, currently in its fifth edition, particularly stands out. The course is eminently practical regarding basic aspects of geology and the palaeontology of vertebrates of the Quaternary Period, and also allows for discovering first hand some of the most important landscapes and places of geological interest of the Geopark project. The field training activities are conducted at the Valle del Río Fardes Palaeontological Station (VRFPS) of the Geological and Mining Institute of Spain (GMIS). (Fig. E423, E424).

Similarly, Guadix Town Council, in collaboration with the GMIS, has organised the Geopark Geology Course aimed at promoting general aspects of the Geopark’s geological heritage of international relevance. Along with these educational activities, particularly noteworthy are student visits from universities around the country to the Fonelas Río Fardes Palaeontological Station as part of their Master’s dissertations.

In addition to these activities, geo-education activities are conducted periodically through collaboration between town councils, exhibition centres of the territory, cultural associa-

APPLICATION DOSSIER FOR UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK

39

tions and schools. Some examples include: The Astro-tourism Star Party Day (Gorafe), Lady of Baza Week (Baza), Encounters with Your Heritage (Huéscar and Galera), and the “Integral de los Valles del Norte de Granada” mountain bike geo-route. (Fig. E425) The International School of Rural Tourism (ENTURNA) also organises different complementary educational and Geopark heritage promotional activities. Most notably among these are those concerning the different forms of housing (cave-houses), landscape and nature photography courses and technical seminars on geological heritage and Geotourism in the Guadix-Baza basin.

For its part, in 2018 the Provincial Council of Granada, through the Granadaempleojoven Programme, organised the “Geopark Tourist Guides” training programme, aimed at workplace integration for unemployed young people from 16 to 29 following theoretical and practical training conducted at local companies and visitor centres, part of the Promotion Centre Network created during the first semester of this year.

Fig.E423. Training for college students ©EPVFR-IGME

Fig.E421. The school visits have a long tradition at proposed Geopark. ©Dipgra

Fig.E424. Summer course “Palaeontology of the Quaternary Period in the Guadix Basin” ©EPVFR-IGME

Fig.E422. Meeting to Scientific Working Group to the proposed Geopark. ©Dipgra

Fig.E425. Guided visits for groups©Dipgra

40

GRANADA GEOPARK

E6

Geotourism The uniqueness of the proposed territory has great touristic potential that the Granada Geopark project is taking advantage of to attract cultural and nature tourism. The average number of visitors per year between 2011 and 2016 was more than 170,000. This included people attracted mainly by the archaeological and paleontological resources, nature, landscape and cultural heritage of the different civilizations that have populated the territory. According to data obtained from the Province of Granada Tourism Observatory, 220,000 tourists visited the area in 2016, representing a 16% increase in the number of visits over the year before. This fact attests to the importance that the promotional activities have had on the framework of the proposed Granada Geopark project application.

Profile of the Eco-tourist in the Granada Geopark project The tourist profile is fundamentally families (41%) with an age range of 30-44 (36.5%), mainly coming from other parts of Spain (65%) and the region of Andalusia (31%). The main reason for travelling is for a cultural visit (42.9%). The elements most valued by visitors are peacefulness, hospitality and environmental conservation. (Fig. E24)

Analysis of good practices in ecotourism and geotourism

LINKED TO GEOLOGICAL HERITAGE

LINKED TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND PALAEONTOLOGICAL HERITAGE

LINKED TO TOURISM:

COMMUNICATION

• • • • •

Regular guided tours with geologists Temporary exhibitions Informative seminars Training courses (training for guides) Research grants

• • • •

• Exhibitions • Cultural tours • Guided routes

Environmental education Educational itineraries Distinguished visitors: geologists, influencers Informative touchscreen panels at certain points

• Fossil visits • Popular tradition experiences

• • • • •

Bicycle tourism Water activities Relaxation activities Bird-watching routes Tours indicating the geological significance of the area • GPS trails

• • • • • • •

• • • •

• Informative panels with computer graphics and different comprehension levels, possibility of downloading more through BIDI • Use of iconography

Information provided in different languages Regular dissemination in the media Specific web pages for students Labels for associated companies

Grants for innovation Recreational areas Astronomical observation Agritourism Tourism product club Organisation of conferences on tourism Glamping

Strengths and opportunities for ecotourism in the proposed Geopark

STRENGTHS

OPPORTUNITIES

• Great variety of high value and quality tourism resources • Geological, palaeontological, archaeological and topographical diversity and wealth • Extraordinary types of accommodation linked to the territory and sustainability: cave-houses • Enclaves of an international geological level

• Ethnographic heritage • Communication: area of transportation for Andalusia/ Levant.

• Wide range of rural accommodation • Heritage is beginning to appear in the media • Cultural and monumental wealth

• • • •

• Large number of professionals and university students from the territory that could return and stay • Increase in accommodations for young people: hostels, campsites, etc.

• Offer of quality gastronomy linked to local produce • Natural and cultural heritage allows for the emergence of more active tourism businesses

Increasing development in tourism, including residential.

Retirement destination Spread of cave-houses Creation and consolidation of heritage-related tourism products • There is an emerging worldwide ecological, rural and cultural tourism market

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APPLICATION DOSSIER FOR UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK

Expected results The expected results of the analysis of the possibilities for ecotourism in the proposed Geopark are: • Implementation of a territorial strategy for sustainable and lasting socio-economic development.

• A 20% to 30% increase in visitors over a 4 year period.

• Touristic and scientific international positioning.

• Boosting the permanence and creation of local businesses • Improving the settlement of the local population in the territory • Supporting the growth of key economic sectors in the area: hospitality, local trade, agriculture, livestock farming.

• Respecting traditional resources and landscapes of the territory.

Geotourism and Economy Since 1996, different Rural Development Programmes financed by the EU and the Regional Government of Andalusia have been developed in the proposed Geopark. They are designed within the framework of the policies of the European Union for Rural Development as part of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP).

Fig. E 411

Fig. E412

Fig. E413 Fig.E411. Geortourism Seminar held in 2006 with the participation of Mr. Nikolas Zouros Fig.E412.Development teacher guide “Conoce tu comarca y descubre tu pasado”©GDR Guadix Fig.E413. Geo trails in the proposed Geopark©Rafael Toledo Fig.DE414. Cycling routes©TECOS Guadix

Through the LEADER Initiative, now integrated into the so-called Participatory Local Development, steps have been taken directed at the appreciation of natural and cultural heritage. They have also worked to support entrepreneurs, create and improve small public infrastructure and promote projects that create employment, wealth or improvement to the quality of life of local inhabitants by promoting equality of opportunity between men and women.

Starting in 2009, the inter-territorial and transnational cooperation projects in the framework of the National Rural Network have been added to the programme above. They are financed by the Spanish State and led by the Local Action Groups. The aim of these projects is to contribute to economic diversification, modernisation, and improvement of quality of life as well as to the multi-functionality of the rural environment within the framework of sustainable development. In the period between 2007 and 2009 the joint cooperation action “Geodiversity: A Solution for Sustainable Rural Development” was developed in the framework of interesting products for geotourism, such as the “Guadix and Baza Basin Geotourism Itinerary”. (Fig. E411, E412, E413, E414)

Fig. E414

42

The Rural Development Programme (RDP) is currently being developed for the 2014-2020 period. The established priorities are focused on increasing the competitiveness, viability and sustainability of the local economy with the participation of women and young people in activities in rural areas. It also aims to boost local commerce, public services and activities related to the green economy. In this regard, the Rural Development Groups are the drivers of Participatory Local Development of RDP actions in the green economy sector: agro-ecology, bio- and circular-economy, cultural tourism and ecotourism.

Additionally, since 2008 the Regional Government has been implementing the General Plan for Sustainable Tourism in Andalusia, protected by law 13/2011. In it, the promotion of sustainable tourism as a strategic sector in the regional economy is expressly established.

GRANADA GEOPARK

(STI), which has developed tourism linked to the distinctive heritage of the territory.

Backed by the UNESCO Heritage Plan of the Provincial Council of Granada (the Flamenco and Territory Programme, the Campaign for Promotion of the Territory) and the Action Plan of the Granada Tourist Board (courses for nature, language, trekking and marketing guides), the number of activities favouring geotourism has increased since 2015. The planned investments in road materials laid out in the Road Plan of the Delegation of Public Works and Housing of the Provincial Council of Granada are currently being finalised. (Fig. E415, E416, E417, E418) One activity of great impact has been the Astronomical Observations, conducted at the miradors of the proposed Geopark. The aim is to raise awareness about the quality of the night sky and the need for light protection policies.

The Plan has been summarised in the proposed territory via the Troglodytic Landscapes Sustainable Tourism Initiative

Fig. E415

Fig. E417

Fig. D418 Fig.D415. The investments made in the territoryŠDipgra

Fig. E416

Fig.D416. There is a local company that does balloon flights in the proposed Geopark Fig.D417. Cultural activities in geological sites.ŠAyto. Guadix Fig.D418. Training courses for entrepreneurs of the territory.@Dipgra

43

APPLICATION DOSSIER FOR UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK

E7

Sustainable development and partnerships E.7.1 Sustainable development policy

E.7.1.1.Impact on local sustainable development Since this initiative started, there has been a change of trend.

The increase in the number of visitors has allowed new entrepreneur initiatives to emerge. Population has discovered the importance of its territory. Local action groups have achieved that all the associations’ work together; Municipalities cooperate with the same goal; It has created a divulgation centres network; Activities linked to the geological heritage have more interest for tourists and visitors of the territory. The following business have born with the Geopark initiative or have improved their offer thanks to the Geopark. This is prove of the impact that this strategy has on the territory and its population. https://www.facebook.com/geoparquegold/ (new product of a local business) http://www.azimuthspain.com/ (this business has increased its offer thanks to the geopark) https://www.onturi.com/ (New business created under the umbrella of the geopark initiative) www.vivegeoparquegranada.com; www.facebook.com/vivegeoparquegranada; www.instagram.com/vivegeoparquegranada; (young entrepreneurs trained and advised by entities involved in the Geopark management) E.7.1.2.Overall evaluation related to sustainable development Even though the proposed area is a territory with lot of natural and cultural resources, it is an isolated territory as well.

More than 20 municipalities are at risk of disappearing and young people are moving to the city. There is not generational replacement. Since the Granada Geopark project started to be defined, local entities that never before had worked jointly and even they maintained opposing positions recognised the necessity of a change the strategy of work. Small towns, by themselves, hadn´t capacity to promote their territories,

   

Service Agriculture Industry Construction

Fig. E111. Distribution of employment by sector of activity. ©IEA/DIPGRA.

only joining resources and efforts, the territory could have an opportunity of future.

These are some of the reasons why this project has appeared. From public administration, in cooperation with the representative of professional associations and population decided to implement a participatory strategy aimed at the conservation of the relevant natural and cultural heritage, as a resource to develop a sustainable and responsible eco-tourism. This project is an example of the importance of the common work. The creation of networks as pillars of a participatory and bottom-up strategy. The involvement of the local population in this project has reinforced the local identity and the ancient traditions. We are working on the base of culture and nature as main resources for a sustainable tourism development, and it represents an opportunity of promotion of the territory at global level.

E.7.2 Partnerships

E.7.2.1. Formal partnerships As it has been shown in the management section (See Section E.3), there is a formal agreement signed on November 7, 2017 and subsequent addendum (October 31, 2018) that formally link the project to the agents of the area, 4 development groups, 4 associations of municipalities, 2 universities, Granada Provincial Council and all business associations (7) that operate in the territory, business linked to tourism, trade, agribusiness, etc ... There are also letters of support signed by the 47 municipalities involved in the project (who also act as partners through their corresponding associations), and other entities of various kinds that support and collaborate with this project (See Annex 3).

E.7.2.2. Branding policy for local products The economic sectors of greatest importance to the territory are agriculture and livestock farming, commercial activity and tourism. The provision of public services also stands out as an emerging economic sector. (Fig. E111)

 Vegetable oils and fats industries.  Aquaculture, seafood and fishing.  Food preparations, condiments, spices  Oenological, alcohols and alcoholic beverages.  Eggs and egg products  Meat industries  Sugar, honey and wax industries  Canned vegetables  Industries of fresh fruits and vegetables  Handling and conservation industries  Mill industries, flours and derivatives  Fruit and vegetable juices, waters, and agrifood drinks  Bread industries  Forest industries  Dairy industries  Feed, grains and seeds.

44

GRANADA GEOPARK

Agriculture and livestock farming

Other local products

The primary sector is one of the most traditional and important sectors in the proposed Geopark. It represents one of the area’s main opportunities for socio-economic development and the establishment of new businesses and young farmers.

Trade is the predominant activity in the area, representing a diversified economy where the proximity of producers and consumers improves the environment, health and social relationships among the local inhabitants.

Agricultural activity in the territory is based on rainfed crops, mainly wheat, barley, legumes, olives, almonds and grapes. In the case of olives, the “Montes de Granada” Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) has regulated the production of virgin olive oil grown in the area for many years. For the wine sector of the area, the “Vinos de calidad de Granada” Designation of Origin and the “Vinos de la Tierra - Altiplano de Sierra Nevada” Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) have allowed for the transformation of the sector toward quality products, with the modernization of wineries and the opening of new markets. Similarly, the “Miel de Granada” Designation of Origin has been used in the management and promotion of quality honeys produced in the territory. (Fig.

Moreover, a high percentage of businesses are located in the urban centres of the proposed Geopark, directly contributing to the conservation and maintenance of local business activity. Ceramics are the most widespread artisanal product, representing a long tradition dating back to pre-history. The abundance of clay in the territory favours the practice of this activity and allows for unique pottery

E112, E113, E114)

The predominant livestock sector in the district is sheep, where the local Segura breed particularly stands out for being perfectly adapted to the extreme climate conditions and topography of the territory. The “Cordero Segureño” Protected Geographical Indication has regulated the quality of its meat since 2013, selling more than 4,000 certified lambs per year.

Livestock holdings in the district are of a combination of herds of sheep and small herds of goats. (Fig. E115) Agribusiness is thus an important element in socio-economic development, as it generates added value by transforming local products for the sale of processed foods. The “Sabor Granada” quality brand is collaborating with the agro-food sector in order to support and promote local produce. (See point. 7.2.4)

Fig. E112

Fig. E112. Vineyards in the proposed Geopark©DIPGRA. Fig. E113. Production of PDO ‘Montes de Granada’ virgin olive oil ©DIPGRA. Fig. E114. There is no doubt that the main factor which gives Granada honey or the special features which distinguish it from other honeys is the flowers in the province. ©DIPGRA. Fig. E115. The “cordero segureño” adapted to this rough area, producing a first-class meat, valued both nationwide and worldwide.©DIPGRA.

Fig. E114

Fig. E113

Fig. E115

45

APPLICATION DOSSIER FOR UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK

with local forms such as the pitcher and the accitana jar. The production of goods made from esparto grass comes from use of the local vegetation. Other typical artisanal products of the territory are artistic ironwork and chairs made from the typha plant.

There are numerous artisanal bakeries in the area, some of them with certificates of organic production and wood-fired ovens used to produce baked goods and sweets whose origins date back to the Moorish inheritance of this area of Andalusia.

Similarly, the production and sale of local products like traditional cured meats, wines, cheeses and oils represent an important part of the local economy.

Eco-Tourism The uniqueness of the proposed territory has great touristic potential that the Granada Geopark project is taking advantage of to attract cultural and nature tourism. Some some companies in the territory are adhering to the European Charter of Sustainable Development.

E.7.2.3.Promotion of partnerships The Geopark promotes its partners through: • The activities organized on the occasion of the European Week of Geoparks • At the fairs and events where it participates (FITUR 2017 and 2018, "Talking about Twiter" (2017 and 2018), National Environmental Congress (12-15 Nov 2018), National Ecotourism Congress (2017 and 2018), Fair of the Peoples in Granada (2017 and 2018), Sefureño Ovine Fair (local, 5-8 October 2018), Sustainable Tourism Fair of Pozo Alcón (local, 2018 where this project was awarded) • Through brochures (map of the Geopark and others) • From the divulgation centers network • Web of the Geopark and webs of the municipalities involved • Social media • Promotional videos • Campaign "I support the Geopark" E.7.2.4.Quality and visibility of the branding policy Brand regulation of the Granada Geopark The Granada Geoparque project has created a brand, which is the most solid basis for generating adhesion, rapid identification and connection with the project.

The "Granada Geopark" brand may be used as a geographical and territorial identity sign, as well as visibility and promotion at the provincial, national and international levels. It will also highlight and differentiate those natural and artisanal products and those products and / or services of local business that develop their activity in any of the municipalities that belong to the territory part of the Granada Geopark. For this, the products and/or services must comply with a series of criteria and must be provided with the quality defined in this regulation, in addition to being environmentally respectful.

Fig. E25.

undoubtedly, among the best are our agri-food products, the result of our enormous landscape and climate richness.

The strategic promotion of “Sabor Granada” supposes the support to the agro-alimentary industry of Granada as well as to those who produce, elaborate or commercialize the foods of Granada with the catering establishments that turn them into dishes to taste and to the companies that commercialize them.

“Sabor Granada” drives the promotion of this excellent range of products throughout the national territory, attending the different events with a joint brand image that aims to help increase social cohesion and improve the indicators of our agri-food business. (Fig.E117)

Fig.E117. Logo of the "Sabor Granada" quality brand

“Altiplano quality Brand” It is the quality brand that distinguishes the best agri-food products, tourism and restaurant services, as well as places to visit in the north of Granada. This brand can be chosen by business or organizations of the north of Granada, committed to the improvement of quality. Its activity is representative of the territory and generates added value for it. The “Altiplano de Granada” Brand is part of a Club formed by European territorial brands, all of them are united under a common image: RURAL QUALITY. This Club is managed by those responsible for all the existing Territorial Quality Brands, guaranteeing a form of active and enriching participation, where different territories, different sectors and a multitude of public and private organizations collaborate. (Fig. E118).

“Sabor Granada” Quality Brand It is the distinctive brand of agri-food products from the province of Granada. From the Provincial Council, promoter of this brand, it works to make known the best of Granada and,

Fig. E118. Logo of “Altiplano” quality brand

46

GRANADA GEOPARK

E.7.3. Full and effective participation of local communities and indigenous peoples

Participation process in the proposed Geopark The actions taken to encourage participation and interest are set out in the Plan for Participation of the Granada Geopark project. The aim is to involve all of the regional players and to achieve the active participation of the population of the territory where the Geopark is located. This applies to the candidacy process as well as the sustaining of a future management structure, once it has been declared a Global Geopark.

• Analysis meetings for the viability of the project. Since the creation of the UNESCO Global Geoparks in 2015, the following meetings have been organised to analyse all the technical aspects for the effective progression of the candidacy process (Candidature procedure, Legal Competence Framework, Comparative Data at the national and international level, the driving idea of the project, Self-assessment Form of the Candidature, territorial and political analysis and participation structure): • Work meetings with the Rural Development Groups and the collaborating scientific body: Geological and Mining Institute of Spain (GMIS), to assess the involvement and participation of the territory in the project.

• Work meeting with the president of the Spanish National Geopark Committee, for consultation regarding the technical aspects of the candidacy process.

• Work meeting with the Manager and Scientific Director of the Molina de Aragón-Alto Tajo Geopark, to establish best practices in the development of UNESCO candidacy procedures.

• Work meeting with the national body in charge of relations with UNESCO.

Fig.E51. 30 technicians of various bodies working together on the project. ©Dipgra

Fig.E52. Visit to study the Villuercas Ibores Jara Geopark. ©Dipgra

Once the viability of the project at the technical and operational level was verified, the following participatory and public consulting actions were taken: • Introductory meeting of the Granada Geopark project. Institutional event presided over by the Delegation of the Regional Government and the Provincial Council of Granada with the participation of the mayors and municipal technical teams of the territory involved in the project and the National Spanish Geological and Mining Institute. The aim of the meeting was to gather the opinions and proposals of the political and technical representatives of the territory regarding the project, as well as to promote strategies for cooperation among the participating bodies.

• Visit to study the Villuercas Ibores Jara Geopark, with a delegation of 14 territorial representatives of the proposed Geopark, including mayors and businesspeople from the area. (Fig. E52) • Several meetings with the Employers’ Association to establish lines of work and collaboration between entities for the development of the project. (Fig.E51) • “Granada Geopark Project Geoparks and Geodiversity and Sustainable Development ” seminars, for the presentation of the initial delineation and geological proposal of the project in the territory. (Fig.E53) • Exchange of Experiences Round Tables with the directors of other Geoparks in Spain (Villuercas, Costa Vasca and Molina-Alto Tajo).

• Meetings with the Guadalinfo Centres of the territory for participation and design of activities related to communication and involvement of citizens.

• Meetings with heads of Teaching Schools for the planning and coordination of activities with the educational community of the territory.

Fig.E53. Seminars for the presentation of the delineation and geological proposal of the project in the territory. ©Dipgra

• Meetings with other Geopark candidates (Río Coco Geopark Project-Nicaragua, Provincial Council of Ciudad Real- Spain) Similarly, a legal procedure for public information about the project has also been established so that any person or legal entity can observe the project and present the contributions and observations they consider appropriate (Official Gazette of the Province of Granada, published 27 March 2017. As well as the publication of the Addendum to the Protocol of Collaboration, approved unanimously by the Plenary of the Provincial Council of Granada, on October 25, 2018 and signed by all the signatories, on October 31, 2018, published on last 9th November).

The Participation Plan of the Granada Geopark project is manifested in the Organisation and Structure of Management.

This structure represents a methodology for cooperation and participation with all the stakeholders in the local population, reflected in the composition of the Working Groups: Scientific, Institutional and Socio-economic.

(See section E3.Management)

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APPLICATION DOSSIER FOR UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK

The degree of participation in the Granada Geopark is high, consistent and suitable for the procedures of UNESCO candidacy. The methodology implemented is a strategy of cooperation and participation among all the public institutions, economic stakeholders, scientific bodies and citizens who have actively participated in the demarcation of the future Geopark as well as in the design and development of the activities conducted. In this way, some of the results that attest to the proper implementation of the Participation Plan are summarised: • 35 participatory work meetings between institutional bodies (local, regional, national and international).

• 30 technicians and territorial managers of various bodies working together on the project.

• 47 town councils institutionally support the project, representing a population of 100,611 inhabitants.

• 1200 attendees to the dissemination seminars of the proposed geopark in 2017.

• 155,000 people reached in the presentation campaign of the Quaternary Geopark project promotional video.

• Support of the Spanish State and the National Committee of Geology of Spain.

Activities held during the “1st and 2nd Granada Geopark Project’s Activity Week” showcased the landscapes, resources, culture and places of interest that this area possesses and featured the participation of more than 1,200 attendees. Musical performances in natural settings have taken place as part of the Flamenco and Territory programme. Moreover, there have been guided tours to the geological resources of the territory, designed and led by the geologist of the Geopark and the Scientific Working Group. (Fig.E61, E62)

identity and a resource for sustainable socio-economic development. Usage regulations for the Granada Geopark brand are currently being prepared so that companies and local entities can make responsible and correct use of the created brand.

Involvement of local communities and indigenous peoples The Granada Geopark is built on the base of a participatory strategy; so many actions have been designed to involve local people in this project of future, obtaining an active participation.

• Collaboration protocol for the creation of the North Granada Valleys Quaternary Geopark. November 2017.

• Business support campaign for the Geopark project. November 2017 • 1st Meeting and field trip with the divulgation centres and museums of the territory for the creation of the Geopark Divulgation Centre Network. 9 March 2018.

• Creation of the Geopark Promotion Centre Network, with the participation of 22 promotion centres and tourism offices. May 2018 • Crafts workshop with the preparation of bread and ceramics aimed at students from the territory, with the participation of 100 scholars. 29 and 30 May 2018.

• Meeting with businesspeople, Scientific and Institutional Committee. May 2018 • 1st Geopark Guide Course. June-August 2018 • Participation in the Segureño Lamb Fair in Huéscar. 27 to 30 September 2018 • Participation in the Villages Fair with a promotion stand for the Granada Geopark project. 5 to 7 October 2018

Finally, awareness-raising activities with key stakeholders in the territory have been developed that have facilitated the uncovering of the most important geological resources and analyse their level of protection and the measures necessary to implement in order to improve their geo-conservation. Efforts have also been made to accommodate children, organising activities with schools to bring old crafts to students in the area aged 8-10, with 100 students from various schools participating in breadmaking and clay handcraft workshops.

Through the participation of the Provincial Council of Granada in the CHRISTA project (Interreg Europe Programme), aimed at the exchange of best practices within the framework of heritage protection and conservation through the development of sustainable, innovative and responsible tourism, four videos have been published that promote the varied cultural and natural heritage of the territory, strengthening the dissemination and knowledge of the territory of the proposed Geopark.

Fig.E61. Guided tour to the Archaeological Sites Visitor Centre- CIYA ©Dipgra

A methodology of participatory and collective work has been implemented with the creation of the Promotion Centre Network, that is allowing for the diversification of the cultural offer, improvement of the management of the centres and the design of new activities to attract more visitors. It has been another of the activities that has helped to raise awareness of the importance of bringing knowledge to the local population and the visitors to the area.

A campaign with the slogan “I support the Geopark project” has been developed to encourage the support and participation of businesses and financial institutions. It seeks to increase the dissemination, knowledge and awareness of geological, palaeontological and cultural heritage as an element of

Fig.E62. Local mayors and entrepreneurs from the territory working on the design of Geoconservation activities ©Dipgra

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GRANADA GEOPARK

E8

Networking E.8.1. International cooperation

From the beginning the promoter group of the Granada Geopark has prioritized the establishment of cooperation network, participating in numerous projects with the main objective of experiences exchange and acquire competences and knowledge for the conception, development and implementation of the Geopark project.

The most relevant projects are: “The Heritage of your Territory” 2002-2008. Project developed at international level, in cooperation with Guadix, Altiplano de Granada and other 8 Andalusian Local Action Groups. Its main objective was to join efforts for the dissemination and enhancement of natural and cultural resources, including the areas of community interest in the framework of Natura 2000, promoting transferable initiatives and instruments that contribute to generating a balanced and sustainable rural development process, consolidating in turn, the cultural identity of the territories. UNESCO World Geoparks also participated in this project: Reserve Géologique de Haute Provence (Guy Martini) and Petrified Forest of Lesvos (Nikolas Zouros). With this project, it was possible to give a boost to networking, from the Local Action Groups, to achieve the objectives of the Andalusian Conservation Strategy of Geodiversity. The Local Action Groups are recognized as active actors in the development of said strategy.

“Geodiversity. A solution for a sustainable rural development? “2007-2009. Project developed at international level, in cooperation with Guadix, Altiplano de Granada and other 13 Andalusian Local Action Groups. Cabo de Gata-Nijar Geopark, Subéticas Geopark collaborated as well. The main objective was to implement a common strategy for the valorization, protection and exploitation of the geological heritage of the participating territories, characterized by a significant presence of geodiversity.

Diverse activities were developed along the project, highlighting the visit to the Reserve Geologique de Haute Provence (France). The workshops on interpretation in Kerry (Irland).

The workshops on touristic uses of the Geodiversity and the design of itineraries in participant territories.

Other noteworthy activities: • Attendance at the 3rd International UNESCO Conference on Geoparks in Osnabrück (Germany). 2008 • Organisation of Annual SEQS Conference 2009 “The Quaternary in the South of Spain: A Bridge between Africa and the Alpine Domain”. 2009 During the last two years, 2017 and 2018, after the preparation of the application for the Granada Geopark project, cooperation activities have been intensified with Geoparks belonging to the UNESCO World Geoparks Network and other aspiring territories for being be part of said network: • International Seminar: “Sustainable Tourism and Geoparks” ( Sevilla) November 2017.

• Participation in the International Intensive Course in Geopark Management. Global Network of UNESCO Geoparks in Lesbos (Greece). 7 to 17 June 2018 • Study visit to Harz Geopark (Germany) June 2017.

• Previous contact of collaboration between Granada Geo-

park project and Imbabura Geopark project (Ecuador).

• Periodic contacts with Global Geoparks Network of UNESCO and Local Action Groups integrated in those Geoparks to define the cooperation projects in the framework of LEADER programme 2014-2020.

• The Geopark project was presented to other European countries at the 14th European Geoparks Conference held in the Azores (Portugal) from 7-9 September 2017.

• Similarly, the project also participated in the 8th Global Net­ work of UNESCO Geoparks International Conference, held from 8 to 14 September 2018 in Adamello (Italy).

E.8.2.Network at national, regional and local level

LEADER cooperation project (National Rural Network): “GEOEMPLEO: Geodiversity as a source of employment” 2011-2013. Project at international level, in which Andalusian Local Action Groups participated, such as the Subbética Cordobesa (coordinating group), Guadix, Altiplano de Granada, Levante Almeriense and Cuenca Minera de Río Tinto (Huelva) Local Action Groups. Also participated entities from other Spanish regions. And as collaborating partners, several geoparks from the UNESCO Global Network participated, such as Cabo de Gata Nijar Geopark, Subéticas Geopark, Basque Coast Geopark, Villuercas Ibores Jara Geopark and Sobrarbe Geopark.

The main objective of this project was to preserve the geodiversity and the geological heritage in the cooperating territories, to promote geotourism in Spain and the creation and maintenance of employment, based on geological resources.

Finally, it was possible to give continuity to networking, based on exchange of information and experiences, although more than attributable to the project, it should be attributed to the network created between the Spanish Geoparks and the relation of aspiring territories with them.

Other activities: • Geologist of the Geopark collaboration agreement (Between the Granada High Plains Association and the University of Jaén). 2017 • Presentation of candidacy at the National Ecotourism Congress (Guadalupe, Cáceres) November 2017 • Meeting and visit to the University of Córdoba. 04 May 2018 • Signing of a collaboration agreement with the University of Granada for the study of threats in the Geopark territory. 27 June 2018 • Signing of a collaboration agreement with the Descubre Foundation (Regional Government of Andalusia) for holding travelling exhibitions in the Geopark territory. September, 2018 • Educational programme in collaboration with local centres of teachers.

• Participation of local economic and social associations in the working groups of Granada Geopark through the signing of collaboration protocol. 2017 • Creation of a quality brand for local products in charge of its promotion.

• Meetings and exchange of experiences among Granada Geopark Project and Spanish Geopark (Villuercas Geopark, Molina de Aragón Geopark, Sobrarbe Geopark, Costa Vasca

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APPLICATION DOSSIER FOR UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK

E9 Geopark 2017-2018) • Meeting on the Granada Geopark with the Commission on Geological Heritage of Spain. 1 to 4 November 2018 • Participation in the National Congress of Eco-tourism. 12-15 November 2018. • Participation in the National Congress of Environment (CONAMA) 26-29 November 2018.

F

Selling of geological material The management structure of the proposed Geopark is absolutely identified with the criteria of geo-conservation and environmental sensitivity basic criteria of UNESCO and strategy of Granada Geopark. So, from the proposed Geopark, it makes the appropriate recommendations about the prohibition of collection and sale of minerals and fossils, not only for the geological protection of the territory, but for the bad work practice that this type of activities can suppose in the origin countries of these materials.

Interest and arguments for becoming a unesco global geopark

The Granada Geopark project has been established in a territory whose first records of scientific research in relation to its Geology/Geomorphology date back to the first half of the 17th century.

An intense and productive stage of research within the territory began in the 1970s. This stage was bolstered by the discovery of some macrovertebrate fossil sites which, taken together, cover the whole Early Pleistocene, and also the first detailed stratigraphic works which revealed a continental Plio-Quaternary sequence that is unique in the European continent in terms of thickness, continuity and extension.

During the 1980s and 1990s, research and conservation in the territory focused on palaeontological studies, backed up by regional stratigraphic and sedimentological studies. This research has continued intensively up to the present day, demonstrating that the territory proposed as a Geopark is home to the most extensive assemblage of fossils of Quaternary continental vertebrates in Europe, and is also one of the most complete from a chronological perspective. The level of knowledge attained in the first decade of the 21st century, and the possibility of combining and relating the palaeontological, geological and geomorphological singularities of the territory in relation to the Quaternary Period, has aroused the enthusiasm and expectations of all its inhabitants, creating a territorial unit based on geology and geological heritage that will mark a turning point for the north of the province of Granada.

This territory has been working for a long time to demonstrate that it is worthy of gaining international recognition for the value of its geological heritage, among other aspects. It has also been demonstrating, in coordinated and joint action between public institutions and companies, the ability to design sustainable economic growth that respects the heritage and the

identity of our land. Growth based on attracting the interest of high-quality tourism, capable of appreciating the exceptional value of this region. Growth that enables the development of small companies and the creation of employment in local municipalities, and which improves the competitiveness of our exceptional products. All planned and developed with a work philosophy that we believe to be the only one that is valid and effective in order to achieve our goal of sustainable development. A work philosophy from the territory and for the territory.

What the project for the Granada Geopark contributes, for the first time and in an integral form, is a geological context and natural landscape directly related to the geological and palaeobiological processes, agents and results that occurred in the European continent during the Quaternary period. The three fundamental pillars of the geology of the geopark territory are Stratigraphy/Historic Geology, Palaeontology and Geomorphology.

This project, given its theme, complements the other Geoparks already in existence in Spain as it records and preserves an exceptional Quaternary, a very singular Neogene and Palaeogene and a Mesozoic seldom observed in the Iberian Peninsula, related to the rifting that occurred during this period of time. All of this is accessible and observable thanks to the Quaternary form recently produced in the North Granada Valleys over the last half a million years. The set of Geoparks already established in Spain have records and propose geoconservation strategies mainly related to singular elements of the Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and/or Cenozoic record. In this respect, the Granada Geopark project is the first to be structured and developed within the realm of the history of Earth during the last two and a half million years, setting itself up as the only geopark of these characteristics, not just in Spain, but within the European Network.