LPC Answered Core Modules Sample

LPC ANSWERED SAMPLE NOTES FROM OUR PART I GUIDE: • Civil Litigation: Pre-Action Considerations • Business Law & Practice: o General Procedure Plans o Procedure Plan for Allotment of Shares and Pre-Emption Rights • Professional Conduct: General Prohibition Under Section 19 FSMA

LPC Answered is a comprehensive set of revision notes for the Legal Practice Course. Our Part I guide covers the core modules of the LPC: o o o o

Civil Litigation Criminal Litigation Property Law and Practice Business Law and Practice

o o

Professional Conduct and Regulation Wills and the Administration of Estates

o o o

Tax Solicitor’s Accounts Skills

We have also written a number of individual guides to cover as many of the electives on the LPC as possible. Our Part II guides cover 13 elective modules, with more on the way.

Please visit lpcanswered.com if you wish to purchase a copy.

This chapter is provided by way of sample, for marketing purposes only. It does not constitute legal advice. No warranties as to its contents are provided. All rights reserved. Copyright © Law Answered Ltd.

CIVIL LITIGATION

PRE-ACTION CONSIDERATIONS

PRE-ACTION CONDUCT:

First consider the Practice Direction – Pre-Action Conduct and Protocols (“PDPAC”):

Litigation should be a last resort

Potential claimants must comply with the CPRs

The Letter Before Claim must meet the requirements set out in the PDPAC

The aim and spirit of the CPRs is to resolve disputes as cheaply and as quickly as possible. Parties should exchange information, consider Alternative Dispute Resolution (“ADR”) and attempt to resolve issues without beginning proceedings (PDPAC para 8)).

The parties should always try to settle where they can: courts are very keen on pushing parties into ADR. Before pursuing litigation, always explain the various types of ADR to your client and identify where it may be better for them to engage in ADR over litigation à see the chapter “Arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution” at the end of this book for more detail.

Claimants must comply with the CPRs if they wish to avoid costs sanctions against them (or even strike out of their claims).

Any potential claimant should therefore first send a Letter Before Claim to the potential defendant. The potential defendant should reply within a reasonable time – no more than 3 months in most cases (PDPAC para 6).

The Letter Before Claim should be a genuine attempt to settle. There is no point in sending an aggressive letter demanding enormous sums at short notice. This will look bad for the potential claimant: it would appear that he did not genuinely intend to settle and simply wanted to drag the other party to court. A party's silence or refusal in response to a Letter Before Claim or ADR proposal may also be considered unreasonable (PGF II v OMFS).

Aggressiveness or silence could lead to costs sanctions. It is almost always in the interests of your client to really try to settle a dispute before issuing a claim. The purpose of the PDPAC is to encourage early settlement and ensure the smooth running of the litigation.

NOTE that the costs of pre-action conduct should be minimal. The parties should only take “reasonable and proportionate steps” to identify, narrow and resolve any issues, and they cannot recover any disproportionately high costs incurred in doing so (PDPAC paras 4 - 5).

If the parties have complied with the PDPAC and made genuine attempts to resolve the dispute, but have not settled, they must review their case, consider the evidence and attempt to avoid court proceedings or at least narrow the issues between them before going to court (PDPAC para 12).

Note that if a party makes an interim application, the court can order pre-action disclosure (CPR 31.16) and/or pre-action inspection of property (CPR 25.1).

NOTE that it is possible to make Part 36 settlement offers during the pre-action phase (CPR 36.7(1).

For more information see the chapter on Part 36 offers.

If the case doesn’t settle during the pre-action stage then there are various issues to consider, including which court to bring the action in and how to fund the claim à see overleaf.

5

CIVIL LITIGATION

CHOICE OF COURT:

The County Court and the High Court have a concurrent jurisdiction over most matters, meaning that a claim could be brought in either court, subject to the below. Consider the following factors to decide which court your client’s claim should be brought in:

COUNTY COURT

If a claim is for £100,000 or less (PD 7A para 2.1).

The following factors point to using the High Court (PD 7A para 2.4):

HIGH COURT

• • • •

High value claims; Claims involving complex facts or law; Where the outcome is important to the public; or If the Claimant believes that the High Court is the suitable venue for the action.

Claims founded in certain causes of action must be brought in the High Court. These include claims in relation to libel, judicial review and the Human Rights Act. EITHER

If the claim is worth more than £100,000, it can be brought in either court (PD 7A para 2.1).

For personal injury claims the threshold is lower, at £50,000 (PD 7A para 2.2).

FEE ARRANGEMENTS:

You should clearly explain to your client that he will be bound to pay your legal fees and disbursements, whether or not he is successful at trial. Even if your client is successful at trial and the court orders the other side to pay your client’s legal fees, there may often be some legal fees (approximately 10 – 30%) which the other side will not be ordered to pay. Nonetheless, your client will still owe you that money.

Aside from the traditional model, where your client pays your fees as they arise, usually on a monthly basis, with hourly rates agreed in advance, conditional or contingency fee arrangements are possible. NOTE that there are only two possible types, despite what they might be called:

Conditional Fee Arrangements (“CFAs”)

DamagesBased Agreements (“DBAs”)

AKA “no win, no fee” agreements. Under a CFA your fees are conditional on your client’s success. If your client loses, then no fees (or reduced fees) are due. If your client wins, then he will have to pay your fees plus a success fee.

It is important to note that whilst the court may order the other side to pay your client’s costs, it will never order the other side to pay the success fee – that will be paid by your client, and so effectively reduces the amount of compensation they take home.

Also known as a contingency fee arrangement, under a DBA if your client is successful, he will have to pay you a percentage of the damages awarded to him. This cannot be higher than 50%, and must be less in personal injury and employment tribunal cases. If your client loses, then he will not be liable for your fees.

6

CIVIL LITIGATION

COMMUNITY LEGAL SERVICE (“CLS”)

Often informally referred to as “Legal Aid”, CLS is a loan from the state to allow less affluent clients to pursue litigation.

It is important to stress that CLS is a loan, not a grant: if a party which is CLS-funded wins their case, then they will have to repay the loan. They may have to pay this out of their damages if necessary, but will never have to pay back more than was lent. If the fees and damages awarded are less than the amount of the CLS funding, then they will not have to pay more than what they were awarded.

A CLS-funded party will never end up out of pocket.

Beware if your opponent is CLS-funded because you will not get your costs awarded if you win. The state will not pay your legal fees – the only exception is where your client is a defendant who would suffer hardship unless his reasonable costs were paid.

A claimant can never recover his legal fees from a state-funded defendant, but he will still owe you his legal fees, so advise a claimant who is considering suing a CLS-funded defendant that your legal fees could substantially reduce the amount of compensation he takes home.

INSURANCE:

Claimants can get the following types of insurance policy to cover the cost of litigation: • Before the event (“BTE”): taken out as a general policy against the risk of future claims before a specific claim is begun; or • After the event (“ATE”): taken out after a specific claim has been made solely to cover the cost of that litigation, particularly if the insured party loses. The premium is higher than for BTE and is only available if the insurance company judges that the risk of losing is low.

LIMITATION PERIODS

You should beware of limitation periods. The Claim Form must be issued within:

Breach of contract claims:

6 years from when the cause of action accrued, which means 6 years from the date when the contract was breached, even if nobody was aware of the breach and the damage was not suffered until later on.

Breach of contract claims where the contract was made under a deed: Tortious claims:

12 years from when the cause of action accrued.

6 years from when the loss/damage was suffered (or, for latent damage, 3 years from the claimant’s date of knowledge with a 15-year long stop).

COURT ISSUE FEES

Claimants have to pay issue fees to the court when commencing proceedings. You may not need to know the exact figures for your exam.

Note that these fees are constantly changing. Example fees:

COUNTY

HIGH

£35

£35

For a money claim worth £300 or less;

£355

£528

For repossession of land; or

£10,000

£10,000

7

For an unlimited money claim.

CIVIL LITIGATION

TIMELINE OF AN ACTION

PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT POINT:

Before agreeing to represent/advise any potential client, first check that your firm is not conflicted, i.e. that the firm does not represent another party in the same matter or is otherwise involved in a way which might lead to a conflict of interest.

Note: to understand the details of this flowchart, see the following chapters Follow the PreAction Protocol: send out a Letter Before Claim and consider ADR

Cause of action accrues: for a tort this will be when the damage was

suffered, and for a breach of contract this will be when breach occurred,

even if the damage occurred later.

CF is deemed served. The CF must be

served with the Particulars of Claim (“PoC”) and a Response Pack (which

contains forms for the Defendant to admit, acknowledge or defend the

claim). If the CF does not include the and Response Pack, the claimant PoC has 14 clear days to serve these.

2nd business day after relevant step

Have the Court issue the Claim Form (“CF”) – the Court will then serve it unless you opt otherwise, in which case you have 4 months to take the “relevant step”

The parties’ solicitors can further agree to extend the time for service of the defence by up to 28 clear days (or longer with permission of the court).

Defendant then has 14 clear days to file and serve:

An Admission

or

An Acknowledgement of Service

and /or

A Defence

Acknowledging gives the Defendant an extra 14 clear days to file and serve a defence

Or, if there is no response, then on day 15, apply for Judgment in Default under CPR 12.

Preparations for trial – further directions and deadlines will be agreed between the parties’ solicitors and/or ordered by the court (e.g. at a Case Management Conference).

8

BUSINESS LAW AND PRACTICE

PROCEDURE PLANS

Exam technique for creating a procedure plan:

First work out how many board meetings (“BMs”) and shareholder meetings (“GMs”) are needed.

The examples below require a BM, followed by a GM and then another BM. This procedure is typical for a simple matter such as changing the company name.

Then, go through each meeting in turn. Consider memorising the initialism “NQAV” – Notice, Quorum, Agenda, and Voting – in order to work through the requirements for each BM and GM in a logical manner:

Notice:

Who can call the meeting and what are the notice requirements?

Quorum:

How many people need to be present at the meeting in order for it to be validly constituted (“quorate”)?

Agenda:

What matters will be discussed and voted on?

Voting:

Who can vote? How will voting take place and how will votes be counted?

Include detailed references to the model articles (“MAs”) and sections of the Companies Act 2006 that you are referring to at every possible stage, as has been done below. Remember to always go through the post-meeting matters as well.

The skeleton below sets out a general procedure plan that you can base the structure of your answers on. Specific procedure plans for particular matters are set out later in this guide.

GENERAL PROCEDURE PLAN SKELETON

FIRST BOARD MEETING

1:

Any director can call a board meeting (MA 9)

2:

On “reasonable notice” (Browne v La Trinidad)

3:

Quorum is 2 (MA 11(2)) Agenda – the following need board resolutions:

4:

• • • • • • • •

Appoint new directors (MA 17(1)(b)) Appoint a chair (MA 12(1)) Authorise someone to act as corporate representative at shareholder meetings (s. 323) Change the registered office (s. 87) Change the Accounting Reference Date (“ARD”) (s. 392) Appoint the auditors (s. 485) Approve the transfer of shares from old to new members (ss. 112, 113, 544, 770 & MA 26) Approve notice of a GM and any draft resolutions (and any consent to short notice) – call GM on 14 clear days’ notice (ss. 307 & 360) unless “special notice” of 28 days is required (s. 312). Notice of a GM should contain:

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o o o 5:

Exact wording of the special resolution (s. 283(6)) Time, date and place of meeting (s. 311(1)) Proxy notice (s. 325(1))

Voting is unanimous or by a simple majority on a show of hands (MAs 7 & 8)

GENERAL MEETING

1:

Notice period is 14 clear days (s. 307) The written resolution procedure is a possibility (ss. 289 - 291, 296, 297 & 300). For more information return to the chapter on “Company Decision-Making”, but as a reminder:

2:

• • • • •

The written resolution should be circulated to all eligible members immediately.

Abstentions (non-votes) count as votes against the resolution.

Votes in favour of the resolution may not be revoked.

The resolution will lapse if the necessary threshold of votes in favour is not met by a set date.

All votes on written resolutions are on a poll

3:

The short notice procedure reduces the standard notice period to the time it takes to gather the required consents. At least 90% of eligible shareholders must agree to the short notice procedure being used (s. 307(4)-(6)).

4:

Quorum is 1 qualifying person for a single member company (s. 318(1)). Otherwise the quorum is 2 qualifying persons (s. 318(2)) or as many as specified in the company’s articles. A “qualifying person” is a shareholder, an authorised representative under s. 323 or a proxy of either (s. 318(3)).

Agenda – the following require shareholder approval:

5:

6:

• • • • •

Change name of company – special resolution (s. 77(1)) Change the articles of association – special resolution (s. 21) Remove a director – ordinary resolution (s. 168) Security/guarantee/loan/SPTs with a director/connected person – ordinary resolution (ss. 190, 197, 200) Directors’ long term service contracts – ordinary resolution (s. 188)

•

Approval of contract to buy own shares (s. 696)

Check the articles for voting requirements. Unless the Articles specify otherwise, voting is on a show of hands, or on a poll vote if one is demanded (MA 42).

SECOND BOARD MEETING

1:

Convene BM as above (same notice, quorum and voting requirements)

2:

Agenda: Chairman reports what resolutions were passed at the GM

3:

Any necessary action is taking e.g. entering a transaction that has just been approved by the shareholders.

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BUSINESS LAW AND PRACTICE

4:

Secretary instructed (or a director if no secretary) to file documents set out under post meeting matters.

POST MEETING MATTERS

File the following forms – if relevant – at Companies House:

1:

AP01

for appointing directors (s. 167)

within 14 days

2:

AP03

for appointing secretaries (s. 270)

within 14 days

3:

TM01

termination of appointment of directors (s. 167)

within 14 days

4:

TM02

termination of appointment of secretary (s. 276)

within 14 days

5:

AD01

change of address of registered office (s. 87)

6:

AD02

nominating a SAIL (s. 1136)

7:

AD03

change of SAIL

8:

AA01

change of ARD (s. 392)

9:

NM01

change of name (s. 78)

within 15 days

10:

Copy of any special resolution (ss. 29(1)(a) & 30(1))

within 15 days

11:

Register the transfer of shares received on a Stock Transfer Form (ss. 544, 770, 711)

Remember to pay any fees due to CH when making a filing (e.g. for a change of name).

Update the following internal records, where relevant:

1:

Update register of Directors (s. 162)

2:

Update register of Secretaries (s. 275)

3:

Update register of members (ss. 112, 113, 123)

4:

Update PSC Register (s. 790E)

4:

Draw up the minutes of the BMs and GM, and enter them into the company’s minute books, where they must be kept for at least 10 years (ss. 248 & 355)

5:

Keep a copy of all meetings and resolutions (s. 355), even if a sole member company (s.

357).

On the following pages are a series of example procedure plans for the typical matters that you may be likely to encounter in your exam. Bear in mind that these procedure plans are skeletons to show you the correct structure to follow – you will need to flesh them out.

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BUSINESS LAW AND PRACTICE

SUGGESTED PROCEDURE PLAN FOR SHARE ALLOTMENT & PRE-EMPTION RIGHTS APPROVAL

FIRST BOARD MEETING

NOTICE QUORUM

Any director can call (MA 9) on “reasonable notice” (Browne v La Trinidad).

2 (MA 11(2)).

Board must agree to call a GM using their powers in s. 302. They should approve notice of the GM – call GM on 14 clear days’ notice (ss. 307 & 360). Notice of a GM should contain:

AGENDA

a) Time, date and place of meeting (s. 311(1)) b) Proxy notice (s. 325(1)) c) Exact wording of any special resolutions (s. 283(6)). An SR may be required either to disapply any pre-emption rights and/or to amend the company’s articles to allow for the allotment.

May also need to draft an ordinary resolution for the shareholders authorising the allotment of shares.

VOTING

Unanimous or by a simple majority show of hands (MAs 7 & 8).

GENERAL MEETING

Notice period is 14 clear days (ss. 307, 360), but if there is insufficient time: • NOTICE

•

The written resolution procedure is a possibility (ss. 289 – 291, 296, 297, 300) – see section chapter on “Company Decision-Making” for more detail; or The short notice procedure reduces notice time to the time it takes to acquire the necessary level of consent – needs at least 90% of shareholders to agree (s. 307(4)-(6)).

QUORUM

2 (s. 318(2)), unless a single member company, then 1 (s. 318(1)).

AGENDA

Where the company seeking to make the allotment has more than one class of share, the shareholders must pass an ordinary resolution authorising the directors to make the allotment (s. 551(1)). This must specify the maximum number of shares that may be allotted and have an expiry date of less than 5 years (s. 551(3)).

If any articles relating to the allotment of shares need amending the company must pass a special resolution (s. 21).

If the company is disapplying or amending statutory pre-emption rights, a special resolution must be passed (s. 569(1)).

Ordinary resolutions require more than 50% of votes in favour (s. 282).

VOTING

Special resolutions require 75% or more votes in favour (s. 283).

Voting is on a show of hands, unless a poll vote is demanded (MA 42).

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BUSINESS LAW AND PRACTICE

SECOND BOARD MEETING

NOTICE QUORUM

Any director can call (MA 9) on “reasonable notice” (Browne v La Trinidad).

2 (MA 11(2)). Note that if any of the directors are being allotted shares in the transaction they will still be able to count towards the quorum, as the transaction relates to a subscription for shares in the company (MA 14(4)(b)).

Chairman reports on the resolutions passed at the GM.

AGENDA

The board must now allot the shares, complying with any pre-emption rights in the articles or statutory rights under s. 561 if necessary.

Secretary instructed (or a director if no secretary) to file documents set out under post meeting matters.

Unanimous or by a simple majority show of hands (MAs 7 & 8).

VOTING

Note that if any of the directors are being allotted shares in the transaction they will still be able to vote on the transaction, as it relates to subscribing for shares in the company (MA 14(4)(b)).

POST MEETING MATTERS

1) File any special resolutions with CH (ss. 29 & 30) EXTERNAL REPORTING

2) If the company has amended its articles using s. 21, they must send CH a copy of the amended articles within 15 days (s. 26) 3) The company must register a return of allotment with CH on form SH01 within 1 month (s. 555).

1) The allotment must be registered as soon as possible but within a maximum of 2 months s. 554(1) by updating the register of members (s. 113(1)).

UPDATE INTERNAL RECORDS

2) The company must issue share certificates within 2 months of the allotment (ss. 554(5) & 769(1), see also MA 24).

3) The PSC Register will also need updating (s. 790E).

4) Draw up minutes of BMs and GM, and enter them into the company’s minute books where they must be kept for at least 10 years (ss. 248 & 355) 5) Keep a copy of all meetings and resolutions (s. 355), even if a sole member company (s. 357).

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PROFESSIONAL+CONDUCT+&+REGULATION+

THE$GENERAL$PROHIBITION$–$SECTION$19$FSMA$ $ Section+19(1)+of+the+Financial$Services$and$Markets$Act$2000+(“FSMA”)+states+that+only$authorised$ or$exempt$persons$may$carry$on$a$“regulated$activity.”+If+an+unauthorised+and+nonaexempt+person+ carries+ on+ a+ regulated+ activity,+ that+ person+ commits+ a+ criminal+ offence.+ Solicitors+ must+ consider+ whether+they+might+be+in+breach+of+the+general+prohibition+when+carrying+out+an+activity.+ +

SECTION$19:$$

1)! No$ person$ may$ carry$ on$ a$ regulated$ activity$ in$ the$ United$ Kingdom,$ or$ purport$to$do$so,$unless$he$is:$ a)! an$authorised$person;$or$

THE$GENERAL$ PROHIBITION$

b)! an$exempt$person.$ 2)! The$prohibition$is$referred$to$in$this$Act$as$the$general$prohibition.+

+ A+ “regulated+ activity”+ means+ a+ “specified$ activity”$ which$ relates$ to$ a$ “specified$ investment”+ (s.$ 22(1)$ FSMA).+ The+ Financial$ Services$ and$ Markets$ Act$ 2000$ (Regulated$ Activities)$ Order$ 2001+ (“RAO”)+sets+out+exactly+what+“specified”+means.+ +

EXAM$TECHNIQUE$ $

Go$through$the$following$steps$to$answer$a$problem$question$on$the$general$prohibition:$ +

STEP$1:+

Does$the$activity$relate$to$a$“specified$investment”$under$FSMA?$

If+no,+then+FSMA+does+not+apply+and+no+authorisation+is+needed.++ If+yes,+go+to+Step+2+below.+ “Investment”+is+widely+defined+to+include+any+asset,+right+or+interest+(s.$22(4)).+Section$22(5)+ refers+ to+ “an+ order+ made+ by+ the+ Treasury”:+ this+ means+ the+ RAO.+ The+ RAO+ sets+ out+ a+ list+ of+ “specified”+investments+in+Part$III.+They+include:+ •! Art.$75:+“Rights+under+a+contract+of+insurance”+(this+should+cover+any+insurance+contract+ that+ arises+ in+ your+ exam+ –+ such+ as+ life+ assurance,+ home+ insurance,+ afteratheaevent+ legal+ costs+insurance,+mortgage+protection+policies,+etc.)+ •! Art.$76:+Shares+ $

•! Art.$ 77:+ Instruments+ “creating+ or+ acknowledging+ indebtedness”+ (notably+ bonds,+ among+ other+loan+instruments,+such+as+certificates+of+deposit)+ •! Art.$ 88:+ “Regulated+ mortgage+ contracts”+ –+ which+ are+ defined+ in+ Art.$ 61(3)+ as+ mortgage+ contracts+which,+at+the+time+they+are+entered+into,+are:+ o! contracts+under+which+a+lender+provides+credit+to+an+individual+or+trustee+borrower(s);+ o! a+first$legal$mortgage+over+land;+and+ o! where+ at$ least$ 40%+ of+ that+ land+ is+ used/intended+ to+ be+ used+ as$ a$ dwelling$ by+ the+ borrower.+ Essentially,+ this+ means+ typical+ homeowner+ mortgages,+ but+ generally+ not+ buyatoalet+ mortgages,+ second+ mortgages,+ or+ mortgages+ to+ companies.+ If+ in+ doubt,+ go+ through+ the+ conditions+above.+ +

310+

PROFESSIONAL+CONDUCT+&+REGULATION+

STEP$2:+

Is$the$activity$a$“specified$activity”$under$FSMA?$

If+no,+then+FSMA$does$not$apply$and$no$authorisation$is$needed.++If+the+answer+to+both+Steps+ 1+and+2+is+“yes”,+then+the+activity+in+question+is+a+regulated$activity+(remember$that$specified$ activity$+$specified$investment$=$regulated$activity)+and+you+should+go+to+Step+3+below.+ Part$II$RAO+sets+out+what+qualifies+as+a+“specified+activity”.+It+has+a+broad+definition:+ •! Art.$ 14:+ Dealing+ in+ investments+ as$ principal+ (buying,+ selling,+ underwriting+ or+ subscribing+ for+investments+on+your+own+behalf+–+which+includes+solicitors+acting+as+trustees+ •! Art$21:+Dealing+in+investments+as$agent+(as+above,+but+doing+so+as+agent+on+behalf+of+the+ principal+–+which+includes+solicitors+who+are+acting+under+powers+of+attorney)+ •! Art.$25:+Arranging$deals+in+investments+ $

•! Art.$ 37:+ Managing+ investments+ (this+ is+ distinct+ from+ the+ above+ because+ it+ requires+ the+ exercise+of+discretion+–+this+is+more+like+the+kind+of+role+that+a+fund+manager+would+play,+ rather+than+a+solicitor)+ •! Art.$ 40:+ Safeguarding$ and$ administering+ investments+ (note+ that+ this+ requires+ both+ safeguarding+and+administering,+not+one+or+the+other)+ •! Art.$ 53:+ Advising+ on+ the+ merits+ of+ investments.+ Note+ that+ giving+ generic+ advice+ and+ information+(such+as+explaining+how+a+bond+works+or+the+rights+and+liabilities+attached+to+ owning+ shares)+ is+ not+ “advising”,+ but+ giving+ specific+ advice+ (such+ as+ recommending+ the+ bonds+ or+ shares+ of+ one+ company+ over+ that+ of+ another)+ does+ count+ as+ advising,+ as+ giving+ specific+advice+is+the+role+of+a+financial+adviser+and+not+a+solicitor.+ NOTE:+ the+ activity+ in+ the+ exam+ question+ may+ not+ fit+ neatly+ into+ one+ category,+ and+ may+ well+ cover+two+or+more+categories+–+discuss+all+the+relevant+Articles+that+apply.+ $ STEP$3:+

+ Is$the$activity$“excluded”$under$FSMA?$

If+yes,+then+FSMA$does$not$apply$and$no$authorisation$is$needed.+If+no,+then+FSMA+applies:+ see+Step+4+below.+ Part$II$RAO$sets+out+the+exclusions+to+each+activity.+The+key+ones+to+know+for+your+exam+are+ set+out+over+the+page.+The+ones+most+likely+to+be+relevant+are+explained+immediately+below:+ •! Art.$ 66:+ Acting+ as+ a+ trustee,+ nominee+ or+ personal$ representative.+ The+ solicitor+ must+ simply+be+acting+as+a+bare+trustee,+as+the+exclusion+will+not+apply+if+he+receives+any+extra+ remuneration+ for+ advising,+ managing,+ arranging+ or+ safeguarding+ and+ administering+ the+ trust’s+investments.+ $

•! Art.$67:+Regulated+activities+that+are+a$necessary$part$of$other$professional$services+which+ are+themselves+not+regulated+(which+means+that+it+must+not+be+possible+for+the+solicitor+to+ carry+ out+ their+ everyday+ duties+ without+ carrying+ out+ the+ regulated+ activity+ as+ well+ –+ but+ this+regulated+activity+must+be+a$minor$part+of+the+legal+services+as+a+whole+(see+s.$327+in+ Step+ 4+ below)+ –+ for$ example,+ recommending+ afteratheaevent+ insurance+ to+ a+ litigation+ client,+or+recommending+restrictive+covenant+insurance+to+a+client+purchasing+land).+ •! Art.$ 70:+ Regulated+ activities+ undertaken+ in$ connection$ with$ the$ sale$ of$ body$ corporate+ (e.g.+solicitors+engaged+in+corporate+M&A+will+not+be+breaching+s.$19(1)+by+transferring+the+ shares+in+the+target+company+to+the+buying+company,+as+long+as+the+shares+transferred+are+ at+least+50%+of+the+target’s+voting+shares+or+the+purpose+of+the+share+transfer+is+to+give+the+ buyer+dayatoaday+control+of+the+target+company).+

311+

PROFESSIONAL+CONDUCT+&+REGULATION+

NOTE:+not+all+exclusions+apply+to+all+activities+–+it+varies.+There+are+also+other+exclusions.+The+ table+below+summarises+which+exclusions+apply+to+which+activities.+The+number+refer+to+the+ Articles.+ ACTIVITY$

RELEVANT$EXCLUSIONS$$ 15+–+Absence+of+holding+out+

14+–+Dealing+as+principal$

16+–+Dealing+in+contractuallyabased+investments+ 66+–+Trustees+and+Personal+Representatives+ 70+–+Sale+of+a+body+corporate$ 22+–+Dealing+with/through+authorised+persons+

21+–+Dealing+as+agent$

67+–+Necessary+in+the+course+of+a+profession+ 70+–+Sale+of+a+body+corporate$ 29+–+Dealing+with/through+authorised+persons+

25+–+Arranging+deals$

33+–+Introducing+your+client+to+an+independent+ authorised+person+ 66+–+Trustees+and+Personal+Representatives+ 67+–+Necessary+in+the+course+of+a+profession+ 70+–+Sale+of+a+body+corporate$

37+–+Managing$

66+–+Trustees+and+Personal+Representatives$

53+–+Advising$

70+–+Sale+of+a+body+corporate$

NOTE:+ Articles$ 66+ and+ 67+ do+ not+ apply+ as+ exclusions+ where+ the+ activity+ in+ question+ is+ “insurance$ mediation”,+ which+ includes+ most+ work+ to+ do+ with+ insurance+ (“introducing,+ proposing+ or+ carry+ out+ work+ preparatory+ to+ the+ conclusion+ of+ contracts,+ or+ concluding+ such+ contracts”+ (Art.4(4A)).+ Therefore,+ be+ wary+ when+ applying+ exclusions+ –+ first$ look$ out$ for$ whether$ insurance$ is$ involved$ in$ your$ exam$ question+ and+ consider+ carefully+ whether+ it+ prevents+an+exclusion+applying.+ $ STEP$4:+

+ Is$the$activity$“exempt”?$

In+other+words,+are$the$conditions$in$s.$327$FSMA$and$SRA$Scope$Rule$4$met?+If+yes,+then+the+ activity+in+the+question+is+an+“exempt$regulated$activity.”+ Requirements$of$s.$327:$ a)! The+ person+ carrying+ on+ the+ activity+ must+ be+ a+ member+ of+ a+ profession+ regulated+ by+ a+ professional+body+(e.g.+a+solicitor);$ $ b)! That+ person+ must$ not$ receive$ any$ benefit$ from$ a$ third$ party+ for+ his+ services+ which+ he+ does+not+account+to+his+client+for;$ c)! The+specified+activity+must+be+a+minor,$incidental$part+of+the+professional+services+(which+ ties+in+with+the+“necessary”+point+in+Art.$67$RAO);+and$ d)! That+ person+ must+ comply+ with+ the+ rules+ of+ their+ professional+ body+ (which+ in+ this+ case+ means+complying+with+the+Scope$Rules.$

312+

PROFESSIONAL+CONDUCT+&+REGULATION+

Requirements$of$Rule$4$of$the$Scope$Rules:$ a)! The+ activity+ must+ arise$ out$ of$ or$ be$ complementary$ to+ the+ provision+ of+ particular+ professional+ services+ to+ a+ particular+ client+ (for$ example:+ recommending+ afteratheaevent+ insurance+to+a+litigation+client,+or+recommending+restrictive+covenant+insurance+to+a+client+ purchasing+land);$ b)! The+activity+must+be+incidental+to+the+provision+of+professional+services+(consider+what+the+ scale+of+the+specified+activity+is+in+relation+to+the+professional+services,+whether+the+firm+ holds+itself+out+as+offering+specified+activities,+and+how+it+advertises+itself);+and$ c)! The+firm+must+account+to+the+client+for+any+benefit+it+receives+from+a+third+party.$ $ In$addition,$the$law$firm$must:$ a)! Continue+ to+ comply+ with+ the+SRA’s+ Scope$ Rules+ (not+ just+ Rule$ 4)+ on+ an+ ongoing+ basis+ in+ order+to+ensure+that+the+activity+remains+exempt;$ b)! Be+authorised$by$the$SRA+to+carry+out+the+activity;+and$ c)! Comply+with+the+SRA’s+Financial$Services$(Conduct$of$Business)$Rules+(the+“COB$Rules”).$ $ NOTE:+ it+ is+ likely+ that+ you+ will+ only+ need+ to+ mention+ these+ points+ very+ briefly+ in+ the+ exam+ question.+If+so,+the+detail+above+will+suffice.+You+do+not+need+to+know+the+COB$Rules+in+detail.$ However,+if+the+answer+to+the+question+in+step+4+is+“no”,+i.e.+the+activity+is+not$exempt,+then+ the+law+firm+has+two$choices:+ 1)! Be+ authorised+ by+ the+ PRA+ (Prudential+ Regulation+ Authority)+ or+ FCA+ (Financial+ Conduct+ Authority)+and$comply+with+the+relevant+PRA+or+FCA+handbook+regarding+the+activity;$ OR$ 2)! Refuse$to$carry$out$the$activity+in+order+not+to+breach+s.$19(1).$ NOTE:+in+reality,+hardly+any+law+firms+will+be+authorised+by+the+PRA+or+FCA,+so+if+there+is+not+an+ exemption+available,+they+will+probably+not+be+able+to+carry+out+the+activity+in+question.$ $

+

STEP$5:+

$

•!

•!

•!

•!

•!

Conclude$

Is+this+a+regulated+activity?++ Is+there+an+exclusion?++ Is+there+an+exemption?++ What+must+the+firm+do+to+comply?++ In+other+words,+can$the$law$firm$carry$out$the$activity$or$not?$Come+to+a+clear+answer:+ yes+or+no.+

+ $ $

313+

PROFESSIONAL+CONDUCT+&+REGULATION+

SUMMARY$FLOWCHART$ + + +

NO+

(1)$SPECIFIED$INVESTMENT?$

$ $

+ +

YES+

+ +

$

+

(5)$FSMA$DOES$ NOT$APPLY$AND$ SO$NO$ AUTHORISATION$ IS$REQUIRED$

NO+

(2)$SPECIFIED$ACTIVITY?$

+ YES+

+

$

+ +

YES+

(3)$EXCLUDED$ACTIVITY?$

$ $

+ NO+

+ + $ $ $ $

$

(4)$IS$THE$ACTIVITY$EXEMPT?$

$

(and+does+the+firm+comply+with+s.$ 327$FSMA,+the+Scope$Rules+&+the+ COB$Rules?)+ YES+ (5)$THE$FIRM$ MAY$CARRY$ OUT$THE$ ACTIVITY$

NO+ YES+

(4)$IS$THE$ FIRM$ PRA/FCA$ AUTHORISED?$

314+

NO+

(5)$THE$ FIRM$ MAY$ NOT$ CARRY$ OUT$THE$ ACTIVITY$