How to Build a Trojan Horse Subversion through Structures
Design Realisation: BARC0013
This project proposes a dual-purpose architectural system that integrates state-sanctioned infrastructure with Indigenous dwelling strategies through an adaptable, prefabricated construction. Located in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, on the degraded peatlands of the failed Mega Rice Project, the initial structure is a steel-framed boat-racing grandstand designed on a 6-meter grid using standard I-section steel profiles. These are assembled with bolted face connections for rapid on-site construction and minimal specialized labour. Strategic detailing embeds structural connection points and utility nodes to enable phased conversion into longhouse dwellings without retrofitting.
The building adopts a hybrid material palette: steel and concrete in highrisk zones to meet SNI fire safety regulations, and local materials such as rattan, ironwood, and rice husk insulation to reduce embodied carbon and increase cultural relevance. A modular timber structure is latched onto the steel frame using oversized knife-plates and pinned joints, accommodating differential settlement caused by mixed foundation types in peat soil conditions. Construction techniques are intentionally low-tech, enabling ease of assembly using only drills, bolts, and saws.
Environmental performance is optimized through passive design. Stack ventilation, a wind tower with a copper heat sink, deep eaves, and operable rattan louvres respond to the equatorial climate with minimal energy input. Rainwater harvesting and a multi-stage gravity-fed filtration system ensure water autonomy. A lightweight roof build-up with rice husk insulation improves R-value, reducing solar heat gain by over 80%.
All systems, including electrical, water, and sanitation, are designed for future hijacking, using exposed, colour-coded infrastructure to enable flexible reconfiguration. By embedding domestic capacity into a public typology, the architecture demonstrates a technically robust strategy for post-occupancy transformation, ecological performance, and community-led adaptation, delivering long-term resilience through modularity, climatic responsiveness, and participatory construction.
Gregory Stephen Farquharson Brookhouse PG16
2024-2025
Design Realisation Module
Leaders:
Pedro Gil & Chee-Kit Lai
Design Tutors:
Maria Paez
Brendon Carlin
James Kwan-Ho
Design Practice Tutor
James Mak
Consultants:
Environmental Engineer:
Arturo Reyes
Structural Engineer:
George Ramsey
Matias Helder
Ensuring this stadium-to-longhouse conversion is inclusive is both a regulatory and moral imperative. In line with Indonesian guidelines (Peraturan Menteri PUPR No. 14/2017), universal access must be embedded in all phases, from ramps and corridors to kitchens and toilets, so elders, children, and people with disabilities can participate.
Across Indonesia, poor enforcement and entrenched local practices often override formal building codes, leading to widespread non-compliance. Ramps are a particular concern: many are constructed at illegal gradients steeper than the 1:12 maximum recommended by Peraturan Menteri PUPR No. 14/2017, turning essential access points into hazards for wheelchair users. Even when technically compliant, a 1:12 slope is physically demanding and becomes treacherous in tropical rain. By specifying a gentler 1:20 gradient, the design not only enhances safety and comfort for all users but also supports the practical realities of rural construction, making it easier to push building materials and tools uphill, and enabling shared labour during participatory build processes.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Indonesian Building Regulatins
The building must comply with Indonesian building regulations, including Peraturan Menteri PUPR No. 14 Tahun 2017 for accessibility, which aligns with international standards like the ADA and ISO 21542.
01 - Ramp Slope ≤ 1:12 (8%)
Ramps must not exceed a 1:12 gradient (8.33%) as recommended in Peraturan Menteri PUPR No. 14/2017, with a minimum clear width of 1,200 mm and landings every 9 meters for user rest and safety.
02 - Handrails on Both Sides 900 mm
Ramps and stairs require continuous, graspable handrails on both sides, mounted at 900 ± 50 mm above the finished surface, ensuring safe support per PUPR 14/2017.
03 - Tactile Warning Paving
Hazard-warning and directional tactile strips must be installed at the top and bottom of all ramps and stairs, guiding visually impaired users, in accordance with PUPR 14/2017 and international best practice (influenced by ISO 21542 and ADA).
04 - Accessible Doorways ≥ 800 mm
Doors on accessible routes must provide a clear opening of at least 800 mm, with lever-style handles mounted between 900–1,100 mm above finished floor level, to allow ease of operation by all users.
05 - Corridor Width ≥ 1,000 mm
Main circulation corridors and landings must maintain a minimum clear width of 1,000 mm to accommodate wheelchair turning radii and allow material handling as per universal design guidance under PUPR 14/2017.
06 - Step Risers ≤ 150 mm, Treads ≥ 280 mm
When steps are unavoidable, risers must not exceed 150 mm, and treads must be a minimum of 280 mm deep, with consistent dimensions for safe and accessible movement (referenced in PUPR 14/2017).
07 - Accessible WC Cubicle (1,500 × 1,500 mm)
At least one accessible toilet cubicle per floor must provide a 1,500 × 1,500 mm clear space, grab rails, a fold-down seat, and sufficient transfer space per PUPR 14/2017 and SNI 8153:2015 (Plumbing Systems).
08 - WC Provision for Spectators (SNI 03-6572-2001)
According to SNI 03-6572-2001, stadiums must provide 1 male WC per 75 spectators and 1 female WC per 50 spectators, plus 2 accessible WCs. For example, 2 male and 2 female WCs can support 150 male and 100 female spectators, 250 total per 24 m module. Which over provides for the 144 spectators per module.
Key
Blue: 1:20 Red 1:16 Key
ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN STRATEGY
Taking lessons from Indonesian vernacular architecture
The environmental design aspects of the project are directly informed by the initial planning of the grandstand, addressing the needs of spectators, athletes, and vendors. The building aims to develop precise environmental strategies suited to tropical climates. These strategies are also designed to remain functional and adaptable as the building transitions into its second phase as a long house dwelling. This forms the focus of the Design Realisation Report, illustrating how materials, climate, and use are interlinked to support sustainable building operations.
To study tropical architecture, shifted away from a temperate-climate mindset shaped by UK and US contexts, where cold bridging, insulation, airtightness, and water tightness are key concerns. In contrast, tropical regions demand a different approach, where key fundamentals include maximizing passive ventilation, providing effective solar shading, using breathable materials, and designing for high rainfall. I learned that cold bridging and airtight detailing are less critical, resulting in more rudimentary simple buildups, while broader strategies like cross ventilation, wide eaves, elevated structures, and permeable envelopes are essential. This shift in perspective informed the design approach, which prioritises climate responsiveness through minimal detailing and passive performance. The environmental design focuses on two key elements: solar and air. I drew lessons from vernacular precedents such as the traditional long house and Javanese house, as well as contemporary tropical examples like the Thnouh School by of architecture, which demonstrate how environmental strategies can be both context-specific and spatially innovative.
This holistic approach illustrates how combined environmental strategies create a comfortable, temperate indoor climate year-round. A series of operational modes determine how these systems are adjusted throughout the day and across different seasons.
School by of architecture
The design of this school in Cambodia shares a similar climate and economic context, and material palette of iron wood. The building includes a stilted design for air flow, with large eaves for shading and a minimal permeable build-up consisting of louvres and panels to enable a breeze to cool the space. The building isn’t concerned by creating an envelope as we understand in a western temperate climate but to be naturally cooled using wind and provide shading with no air conditioning. This informed my lightly specified envelope.
01 Solar Shading
In vernacular Indonesian architecture, large eaves are traditionally used to block direct sunlight and provide shade, helping to keep interior spaces cool. Louvres serve a dual purpose: they allow users to control the amount of sunlight entering the space by adjusting brightness, and they function as dampers to regulate airflow across the building. The louvre fins are constructed from rattan, a material that is readily available on site and well-suited to the local climate and construction methods, while also reflecting the region’s rich tradition of hand-crafted building elements.
05 Hijacked Services
The building is designed to enable appropriation by re-imagining the traditional concept of a core, turning it on its side along the length of the longhouse and inverting it to expose the essential services needed to make the stadium a liveable space. The PUPR’s standard yellow and blue colour scheme is subverted and codified to mark specific hijack points for structural additions and service access, inviting intentional misuse and adaptation.
02 Solar Radiation
Steel roofs are commonly used in rural Indonesia and have become a vernacular staple across various building types. Despite the sustainable advantages of thatch or shingle, wanted to explore the drawbacks of steel, particularly its high solar gain, could be mitigated. Improving the performance of existing steel roofs is beneficial not only because they are more durable and require less maintenance, but also because they provide better protection against heavy rain. I chose to innovate using rice husk insulation, a readily available material and by product of rice production, to create an insulating pillow beneath the steel roof. This layer reduces heat transmission caused by solar radiation while utilizing a waste material from the local context.
06 Acoustic Design
The form and design of the shading canopy above the spectators also functions as an acoustic device, amplifying crowd noise to enhance the atmosphere on race day and create an iconic stadium roar for both fans and athletes.
03 Circular Water System
This underdeveloped region in Central Kalimantan lacks access to water mains and proper sewage infrastructure. Households typically collect rainwater from their roofs or draw from shallow wells, using only rudimentary filters. Wastewater and sewage are often discharged directly into adjacent canals, creating serious health and environmental concerns. My proposal seeks to close the local nutrient and water loop by enhancing existing rainwater collection systems, storing and filtering the water within a central spine, and safely processing human waste to be redistributed as fertilizer for nearby farmland. By integrating these flows, the system transforms waste into a resource while reducing reliance on external infrastructure.
07 Whole Life Carbon
The design serves as a commentary on the unsustainable material practices of the Indonesian government, exemplified by the dominant use of steel and concrete structures. It juxtaposes these with carbon-sequestering materials traditionally used by Indigenous communities, offering an alternative model rooted in ecological responsibility and long-term stewardship. By placing these systems side by side, the project advocates for a shift in construction culture, one that values local knowledge and regenerative practices over extractive industrial norms.
04 Natural Cooling
Vernacular architecture in Kalimantan and Java uses cross ventilation and large attic spaces to allow hot air to rise and escape through the roof. Permeable walls enable breezes to cool interior spaces while maintaining shade. For part of the year, the climate becomes as dry and hot as more arid regions, so a wind tower is introduced to operate intermittently, enhancing cooling with minimal intervention and low energy use. Fans are included as an effective strategy in tropical climates and will draw minimal power from roof-mounted solar panels. While grid electricity is available, decentralised energy supports indigenous sovereignty and resilience.
08 Electricity
While the project draws electricity from the national grid, its overall energy demand is minimal due to the low-carbon design approach. Passive cooling strategies, natural daylighting, and reduced reliance on mechanical systems have significantly lowered operational energy needs. This deliberate reduction allows the building to operate with a fraction of the energy typically required by concrete or steel structures. Rather than severing ties with existing infrastructure, the project demonstrates how grid power can be used sparingly.
PAHSE TWO LONG HOUSE
PAHSE ONE GRAND STAND
Spine, Dapur
Bilek Veranda, Tanju
Thnouh
Understanding tropical climates on the equator
The site is located approximately 290 km south of the equator and experiences consistently hot weather year-round as seen on the UTCI, with average temperatures ranging between 26.5°C and 27.5°C. The only notable seasonal variation is between the wet and dry seasons. During the wet season, average humidity increases by around 15%, and rainfall ranges from a low of 28 mm in September to a peak of 285 mm in November.
Located in the torrid zone, the site receives direct overhead sunlight throughout the year with minimal seasonal variation. As a result, the canopy shading strategy is fixed year-round, unlike adaptive shading approaches common in temperate climates such as the UK. Prevailing winds primarily come from the south, alternating slightly between the wet and dry seasons, with a maximum recorded wind speed of 8.2 m/s. At the height where the wind catcher is installed, wind speeds are approximately 0.4 m/s higher than at ground level.
UTCI (Universal Thermal Climate Index) and PET (Physiological Equivalent Temperature) analyses were carried out to assess thermal comfort on site.
The findings informed three operational scenarios that allow the building to adapt to both seasonal and daily climatic changes.
Direct Sun Hour Analysis
Determining the variation in sun light hours across the whole scheme
Humidity and Temperature Analysis Between Peak Wet & Dry Season
Understanding the variation in humidity and its relationship to temperature
Wet Season Peak - April Monthly Climate Analysis
During the wet season the humidity sees lows of 55% and highs of 100% for the majority of the time. The temperature fluctuates 22 degrees in the early morning to 34 degrees in the late afternoon. As the temperature raises the humidity decreases
Dry Season Peak - September Monthly Climate Analysis
During the dry season the humidity sees lows of 35% and highs of 100% for the majority of the time. The temperature fluctuates 21 degrees in the early morning to 34 degrees in the late afternoon. As the temperature raises the humidity decreases
The climate in Central Kalimantan maintains a steady average temperature of 26.7°C, though humidity can vary by as much as 20%. Cooling scenarios will focus on daily temperature fluctuations, as these are more significant than seasonal changes. Building cooling and shading systems will adapt throughout the day, with three scenarios illustrating the typical shifts in temperature and humidity
UTSI & PETComfort Analysis Between Peak Wet & Dry Season
`Understanding the felt environment
Wet Season Peak - April Monthly Climate Analysis
Wind Analysis
Analysing the prevailing wind direction and variation in speed in relation to height
Dry Season Peak - September Monthly Climate Analysis
PET (Physiological Equivalent Temperature) is more suitable for evaluating thermal comfort in indoor and semi-outdoor spaces, while UTCI (Universal Thermal Climate Index) is designed for fully outdoor environments with direct exposure to sun and wind. PET was therefore chosen for analysing the veranda’s permeable spaces, as it more accurately reflects comfort in semi-enclosed conditions. During the dry season, temperatures are generally lower but fluctuate more, often swinging between thermal discomfort from heat and coolness. In contrast, the wet season brings higher temperatures, but the consistent humidity results in a more stable and generally comfortable thermal environment.
Wet Season Peak
Dry Season Peak
Energy study to increase internal comfort
To assess internal comfort within the structure, a simplified energy model of the building was developed, focusing on core components: walls, openings, and shading devices. I chose to evaluate the impact of different shading strategies using UTCI rather than direct sun hours or solar radiation studies, as UTCI provides a more holistic measure of how the space feels and whether occupants are thermally comfortable.
The analysis was conducted during the wet season, which represents the most challenging climatic conditions due to high humidity and solar load. In the baseline model, the internal temperature of the main living space reached 31.5°C, with the coolest bedroom measuring 30°C, indicating poor thermal comfort. To improve the thermal comfort I tested six different louvre and eaves designs to in-putted to my energy model. After introducing deeper 1200mm eaves and 300mm operable louvres, internal temperatures in the gallery space dropped to 30.5°C, while bedroom temperatures remained at 30°C. Although the improvement is marginal, these results highlight the need for further passive cooling strategies, such as increased ventilation, thermal mass, or evaporative cooling.
The marginal improvement in internal temperatures, despite the addition of longer eaves and louvres, can be attributed to the limitations of shading alone in addressing the combined effects of high ambient temperature, humidity, and low diurnal temperature range typical of tropical climates. While shading reduces direct solar gain, it does not actively expel accumulated heat or increase air movement. In this context, passive ventilation strategies such as stack ventilation or wind catchers are considered to enhance air exchange and promote convective cooling. Additionally using cocnrete blockwork in shaded areas could stabilise indoor temerature by absorbing heat during the day.
3.4
COOLING SCENARIOS
Multimodal approach to building cooling
In order to reduce indoor temperatures beyond what solar shading alone can achieve, passive ventilation is a key strategy. In collaboration with our environmental consultant, we developed three ventilation scenarios in response to comfort analysis and the seasonal fluctuations in temperature and humidity.
Scenario One draws inspiration from the rumah panjang, the traditional longhouse of Borneo, and employs stack ventilation. Cool air is drawn in through openings at the lower sides of the building, while hot air rises and exits through a vented attic space or high-level openings, promoting a continuous airflow. This method is well-suited for moderately humid tropical climates and reflects local best practice.
During the dry season, we observed humidity levels dropping below 70%, creating an opportunity to adapt Middle Eastern wind tower technology for Scenario Two. In these drier conditions, wind towers can effectively channel cooler air into the space, making them a suitable strategy for passive cooling.
Scenario Three responds to the peak of the wet season, when external temperatures and humidity are both high. In this case, natural ventilation becomes less effective for cooling, so the strategy focuses on exhausting hot air through the roof and wind tower, while solar shading and ceiling fans are used to support thermal comfort for occupants.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Detemrining the Scenarios
Lines were drawn across the HUmidity adn Temeprature at moments the building is deemed too hot or cold, this plotted the temepratures, humidity and times that each scenario opperates beween seasons, seen in the table below.
In both traditional Long Houses and Javanese houses, passive cooling is achieved through the stack effect, where warm air rises and escapes through roof openings, creating a pressure difference that draws in cooler air from lower levels.
This strategy is most effective when internal temperatures range between 24–28°C and humidity is between 55–70% typically occurring in the early morning (6–9AM) and evening (6–9PM) during both wet and dry seasons. Roof openings, often seen in vernacular designs, are enhanced in this scheme with wind towers fitted with operable dampers that open under suitable conditions to assist in venting hot air. At the same time, the building is lifted on stilts, allowing cooler air to circulate beneath the floor and preventing heat from radiating upward.
The wind tower operates as a passive ventilation and cooling system, triggered when the temperature is between 24–28°C and humidity is between 55–70% typically occurring during both wet and dry seasons in the early morning (6–9AM) and evening (6–9PM) While evaporative cooling was initially considered, the consistently high humidity levels made it ineffective, so it was replaced with a water-cooled heat sink that actively chills incoming air.
The tower captures prevailing cool winds and passes them over the heat sink, reducing the air temperature before it descends into the occupied space below. As this cooled air mixes with the warmer indoor air, it helps lower the overall temperature. The now-warmed air rises and exits through a high-level hot chimney, either drawn out by the low-pressure zone created by prevailing winds or by heat buildup in the gables. This exhaust is facilitated through roof vents that are staggered along the ridge to avoid disrupting the incoming cool air through the tower. This sequence maintains a steady, passive airflow loop that cools the space naturally while minimising reliance on mechanical systems.
Scenario 03 Exhaust
Scenario Three is designed for the peak of the wet season, when both temperature and humidity are high, rendering natural ventilation less effective for cooling. In this condition, the strategy shifts from drawing cool air in to expelling hot, stagnant air from the interior. It is triggered when temperatures range between 24–28°C and humidity is between 55–70%, and is deployed during the early morning (6–9AM) and evening (6–9PM) across both seasons.
The system relies on exhausting warm air through high-level openings in the roof and the wind tower, where heated air naturally rises and exits via stack effect or is drawn out by prevailing winds through staggered roof vents. To support thermal comfort, solar shading minimises heat gain, and ceiling fans are used to enhance indoor air movement, helping occupants feel cooler despite high humidity. This approach acknowledges the limitations of passive cooling in extreme humidity and instead prioritises the removal of hot air and prevention of additional heat buildup.
ROOF BUILDUPS AGAINST SOLAR GAIN
Comparing vernacular roof build up options
As the new addition to the longhouse must provide both shade from the sun and protection from rain, the roof build-up becomes a crucial component of the design. This study compares the performance of conventional corrugated steel roofs, commonly used in rural Indonesia but known for excessive heat gain, with two fire-compliant adaptations of indigenous roofing systems, and an improved steel roof enhanced with bio-based insulation.
While traditional thatch and timber shingles offer strong ecological advantages, corrugated steel has become a vernacular staple across Indonesia due to its durability and resistance to heavy rainfall. However, its poor thermal performance prompted an exploration into how its drawbacks, especially high solar gain, could be mitigated without abandoning the material entirely.
Without Insulation
R-value = 0.462 Heat flux = 19.5 W/m²
A
Underside Temperature = 23.5°C With Insulation
= 3.36 W/m²
Temperature = 22.26°C
thermal radiation analysis was conducted to calculate the R-values of each roofing system, measuring their resistance to heat transfer. The results demonstrate that adding rice husk insulation beneath the steel significantly improves performance: the R-value increases from 0.462 m²·K/W to 2.682 m²·K/W, and heat flux is reduced by approximately 83%. This leads to a noticeably lower internal surface temperature and greater thermal comfort for occupants.
This approach not only enhances the thermal performance of lightweight steel roofing but also integrates a locally abundant agricultural by-product. The rice husk acts as a thermal buffer, creating an insulating pillow beneath the steel sheets and reducing solar radiation transmission. By combining existing rural construction practices with contextual, sustainable innovations, this strategy offers a scalable improvement for hot, humid climates.
Shingle Roof Thermal Radiation Analysis
Shingle Roof Thermal Radiation Analysis
Roof Build-Up (Outside to Inside)
Timber Shingles: 15 mm, λ = 0.12 W/m·K & R = 0.125
Timber Battens: 20 mm, λ = 0.13 W/m·K & R = 0.154
Mineral Wool Insulation: 100 mm, λ = 0.04 W/m·K & R = 2.5
Sourcing sustainable affordable materials to reduce solar radiation
Rice husk insulation presents an opportunity to innovate in sustainable roof design by using an abundant agricultural byproduct to address both environmental and thermal challenges. Not seen in roofing systems, rice husk insulation offers excellent thermal performance and helps sequester carbon dioxide, making it a low-carbon alternative to conventional insulation materials. As the project is located within a rice food security zone, rice husks are readily available at no cost, turning waste into a building resource.
Thermally, rice husks trap air in the small gaps between particles, offering effective insulation that helps regulate indoor temperature and reduce energy consumption. Acoustically, the material also absorbs sound, contributing to a quieter indoor environment. One of its most compelling attributes is its natural fire resistance, which enhances safety in tropical settings where fire risk is a concern.
The experimental roof detail uses rice husk pillows packed between rafters and sandwiched between a breathable insect mesh ,to resist termites, on the interior side and a structural metal mesh on the exterior to maintain form. Bent metal hooks face inward to prevent damage to the mesh while securing the steel frame tightly against the rice husk-filled cavity, all supported by a timber soffit. This low-tech, repairable assembly demonstrates how local materials and clever detailing can achieve both ecological and thermal performance.
Rice Husk,
Rice Husk Soffit Build Up Detail Illustration of how the rice husk pockets are sandwiched inbertween the rafters and roof
RATTAN SHADING STUDY
A locally sourced shading material
Rattan is a readily available material in Central Kalimantan, growing abundantly in the forests surrounding the site. It has long been a key resource for the Indigenous Dayak people, traditionally used in weaving, construction, and daily tools. This project continues that legacy by incorporating rattan into non-load-bearing architectural elements where its lightweight, rigid, and breathable qualities are ideal. In the bedrooms, woven rattan screens provide solar shading, while in the gallery, rattan louvres regulate both daylight and ventilation. The louvred façade plays a crucial role in mediating interior comfort, enabling occupants to control light and airflow throughout the day. Performance studies on various louvre configurations revealed that the rattan system was highly effective in reducing light penetration, while its permeable texture allowed a soft, diffused glow even when fully closed
Rattan Shades in Dwelling
CASE STUDY
Maison Tropicale by Jean Prouve
The
consists
RATTAN SHADING DETAILS
User operated facade
The louvres can be manually adjusted by the user to make subtle changes to the interior environment of the longhouse, controlling either light or airflow depending on the scenario. Rattan panels are curved around a machined steel louvre profile, which plugs into the end of each rattan batten. These are mounted onto a rack that enables them to pivot. A control arm is linked to a secondary control rack, which connects to a second set of pivots, allowing the louvres to hold their position securely once adjusted. Steel is used for its stiffness, ensuring the louvre maintains its structural integrity and resists deformation under repeated use or humidity changes. The rattan, by contrast, offers flexibility and breathabiWlity, allowing filtered light and air to pass through while responding softly to movement. The combination of the two materials creates a responsive and resilient shading element that is both technically effective and materially expressive.
Dayak use of Rattan
In Dayak culture, rattan is a vital material traditionally used for weaving baskets, mats, ropes, and architectural elements, symbolizing both craftsmanship and a deep connection to the forest.
WIND TOWER DESIGN
Scenario Two: Passive Cooling Tower with Heat Sink System
In this scenario, the tower acts as a key environmental device to passively moderate internal temperatures through induced ventilation and air cooling. A large intake opening on the windward side captures the prevailing breeze, funnelling air into a vertical wind tower. As the air travels through this channel, it passes over a copper heat sink that cools it further. Copper was selected for its high thermal conductivity, enabling rapid heat exchange with water pumped through the system. This heat sink replaces traditional evaporative cooling, which proved ineffective in the humid tropical climate. While both systems consume water, the heat sink system recirculates and contains the water, avoiding unnecessary evaporation and maintaining performance in high humidity.
After cooling, the air passes through an insect mesh and adjustable dampers, which regulate the volume and velocity of air entering the interior. Fixed turning vanes then guide the conditioned air into occupied spaces. Once inside, the cool air begins to absorb heat and rise as it equilibrates with warmer room air. This process creates a pressure differential: the denser, cooler air entering low-level intakes pushes warmer air upwards. As the internal air warms and becomes buoyant, it is drawn up and exhausted through the leeward side of the tower, assisted by the negative pressure created by the prevailing wind passing over the outlet. This stack effect, enhanced by wind-induced suction, drives continuous air circulation without mechanical fans.
The cooling system consists of two independent water circuits, allowing it to adapt to changing wind directions. When the prevailing wind shifts, one side is activated while the other is turned off to maintain optimal flow. Water for the system is stored in large shaded tanks housed within a brick structure, which helps maintain low water temperatures through thermal mass.
AIR FLOW ANALYSIS
Calculating the temperature inside the rooms + shading
The CFD analysis proved enlightening, translating theoretical strategies into spatial performance. Together with the environmental consultant, we identified several flaws in the scheme that limited effective ventilation.
The simulation revealed widespread eddy currents and only partial cross ventilation in key areas.
01: Ineffective Wind Tower Intake
The wind tower intake failed to function as intended. Instead of channeling airflow downward into the occupied spaces, it generated an eddy current that circulated air without delivering it effectively.
Remedy: Modify the intake geometry, narrowing and elongating the throat or incorporating guide vanes, to encourage vertical airflow into the tower shaft.
02: Loft Space Above Gallery
The loft space performed well in collecting hot air and allowing cool air from the window openings to pass through into the living rooms. However, hot air was not being exhausted efficiently.
Remedy: Add operable roof vents to enhance buoyancy-driven flow and overall porosity. These vents could also double as passive smoke exhausts in case of fire.
03: Split Transom Above Spine
The split transom above the central spine was too narrow, causing air to enter too high into the dwelling, bypassing the occupied zone.
Remedy: Enlarge the opening and lower its position slightly to allow air to better penetrate the living areas.
04: Large Eddy Current from Transom
A strong current from the transom created a persistent eddy in the upper corner of the room. While this movement helped mix and cool the air liquifying with the interior), the effect was uneven and inefficient.
Remedy: Introduce directional vanes or baffles to redirect airflow more evenly across the room. Alternatively, consider adding a secondary low-level vent to improve circulation and reduce stagnation.
05: Eddy Current Beneath the Dwelling
A large eddy formed below the dwelling due to service voids dropping to the ground floor. As this space is uninhabited, the performance is acceptable.
The section below includes all incorporated elements to improve airflow: modified wind tower intake, enlarged split transom, operable roof vents, directional vanes.
Base Line Study CFD analysis of unoptimised design
An environmental device that benefits both collective and private uses, the spine is designed to accommodate opportunities for expansion, flexible use, and future upgrades across systems such as power, water, air cooling, acoustics, and data infrastructure.
The spine runs the full length of the longhouse, drawing from indigenous typologies where the wall between the dwelling and gallery acts as a shared conduit. In traditional forms, this wall often hosts cooking areas that serve both interior and communal spaces, split transoms for cross ventilation, or elements of social exchange. My proposal reinterprets this strategy by designing the wall as a multifunctional core within the stadium. It integrates vertical circulation, bathrooms, storage, risers, vending stations, and a communal hearth. Unlike conventional service cores that are enclosed and hidden, this design exposes its infrastructure, making the services visible and intentionally vulnerable to appropriation and adaptation.
As the grandstand becomes the longhouse, it must still function as an event venue. Each section of the spine features a pair of doors that can be adjusted to make the spine either permeable or closed off, allowing the dwelling to be separated during race days or, alternatively, to serve just the gallery. Arranged in a line along the threshold between public and private space, the components of the spine perform multiple roles. From left to right across the plan: the staircase provides access to the grandstand and upper storage in the dwelling; the bathroom includes male and female stalls for race day use, which can convert into private facilities in domestic mode; the cruciform wet riser, positioned to counter the rigidity of the square, acts as a water and electrical hub from which spokes can extend and be tapped into. As seen in the rendered diagram the flexible exposed services enbale tanks to be easily dtached and replaced with domstic elements such as toilet or shower. The vendors can alternate between public food stalls and private kitchens, and the hearth, set on the parti wall, acts as a shared attractor between families, helping to blur the boundary between public gathering and domestic life.
The upper level of the spine includes hard to access services such as water storage and the cooling tower.
RAIN WATER: COLLECTION & STORAGE
Exploring Existing Water Infrastructure (or lack of)
In rural Indonesia, especially in P3A Development Areas such as Dadahup there is no mains water access therefore rainwater collection and shallow wells are the only option. Rainwater collection is environmentally beneficial because it reduces reliance on groundwater and minimizes runoff pollution, while also empowering stateless or undocumented communities by providing a self-sufficient, decentralized water source outside formal statecontrolled infrastructure.
In Dadahup, Central Kalimantan, rainfall persists even during the dry season, with an average of 4 mm per day. With a modest roof catchment area of 212.2 m², a household can collect more than enough rainwater to meet its minimal daily consumption of 50 litres, even across a 164-day dry season. The calculation shows that a tank capacity of just 8.2 m³ is sufficient for full independence from external water systems. This not only demonstrates the technical viability of rainwater harvesting in these rural conditions but also highlights how simple, low-tech infrastructure can directly support autonomy and water sovereignty for marginalized communities. This study follows guidelines from the Rehabilitation and Revitalisation of the Ex-Mega Rice Project Area in Central Kalimantan, Rural Infrastructure & Development
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Water Collection and Storage Capacity Guidelines by the Indonesian Government In rural areas that lack infrastructure houses must install water harvesting devices to survive during the dry season. The PAMSIMAS (Program Penyediaan Air Minum dan Sanitasi Berbasis Masyarakat) fund the installation of tanks, these guidelines below were followed and adjusted for the design of my rain water collection system.
Calculating Water Storage Capacity
The required capacity of rainwater storage tanks can be determined from an analysis of long-term daily rainfall data. For each year on record, periods with low rainfall are analysed and the maximum deficit is determined between cumulative rainfall collected from the roof catchment during the dry period (0.85 × Rn × Area) and the demand for drinking water during the same period (n × Cons), or:
Annual Maximum Deficit = Max x (n × Cons – 0.85 × R × Area)
Where:
n = length of period which gives the maximum deficit (in days)
Rn = total rainfall during the n-day period
0.85 = factor to account for evaporation and other losses
Area = roof catchment area in m²
Cons = drinking water need per household per day
The annual maximum deficits are ranked, and the maximum deficit exceeded only once in 10 years (or other return period as desired) gives the required capacity for the storage tank, in other words, the storage capacity which will be sufficient to cover dry periods in nine out of ten years.
In rural areas of Indonesia, particularly in Sumatra and Kalimantan, daily domestic water use is typically very low. In this scenario, we assume an economical household use of 50 litres per day total, or 0.05 m³/day. This reflects a minimal consumption pattern for drinking and basic domestic needs only.
Given Values:
Cons = 50 litres/day = 0.05 m³/day (10l per person for a family of five. Source: PUPR)
Area = 212.2 m²
Rn = 0.004 m/day (dry season rainfall)
Evaporation & Loss Factor = 0.85
Dry period = 164 days (May 10 – October 20)
Step 1: Calculate Daily Rainwater Collection and Consumption
Even during the dry season, with average daily rainfall of just 4 mm, there is a significant surplus in water collected compared to household consumption.
Step 2: Estimate the Storage Capacity (Assuming 164-Day Dry Period)
To determine the worst-case required storage capacity, we assume zero rainfall during the entire dry period:
With a roof catchment area of 212.2 m² and an economical household water demand of 50 litres per day (0.05 m³), the estimated required rainwater storage capacity to cover a 164day dry period in Dadahup, Central Kalimantan is approximately 8.2 cubic meters.
This provides full coverage of household drinking needs during a prolonged dry season without any rainfall. However, since some rainfall does occur during this period (averaging 0.004 m/day), the actual required tank volume could be less, depending on rainfall variability and how it is distributed.
A conservative but efficient design would assume: 5–8.2 m³ of storage capacity for household water security, or 12 500l tanks Overflow management or secondary uses for excess water during rainy periods into irrigation canals.
Graph of determination of required reserve storage capacity for drinking water collection from roof attachments. Source: PU/ISDP, 2000
Step 05: Calculate the solar panel size with 18% efficiency Area = 0.372 kWh / 0.81 kWh /m^2 / day = 0.462m^2 0.5 by 0.5 m panel Soil Vent Pipe
the
to
Step 01: Calculate the mass of water Mass=ρ×V=1000 kg/m³×8.2 m³=8200 kg
Step 02 Use the potential energy formula E=mgh=8200 kg×9.81 m/s2×10 m E=804,420 joules≈0.804 megajoules
Step 03: Convert to kilowatt-hours 1 kWh=3.6×10^6J E = 804,420 / 3,600,000 = 0.223kWh
Step 04: Adjust for 60% efficency of small pump E = 0.223 / 0.6 = 0.372 kWh The energy to boil four kettles of boiling water to pump the water
WATER FILTRATION & WASTE DISPOSAL
A Circular Approach to Water & Waste
Following the collection of rainwater, it must be filtered to make it suitable for drinking and domestic use. In peat land regions of rural Indonesia rainwater is preferred over groundwater from shallow wells. Peat water is typically acidic, dark red-brown in colour, and high in organic content, making it difficult to treat with basic methods. Rainwater, by contrast, is cleaner and requires less treatment, especially when collected from metal or tile roofs.
In these rural areas, small-scale water treatment systems, often built by individuals or communities, provide an effective solution in the absence of central infrastructure. These systems typically use a gravity-fed two-stage filtration process across four tanks. The first tank stores untreated rainwater. It then flows into a second tank where initial filtration occurs through layers of bricks, palm fiber, charcoal, gravel, and sand. This setup removes sediment, odours, and impurities. The water then flows into a third tank with a second filter made of palm fiber, gravel, and sand. Finally, the filtered water is stored in the fourth tank, ready for household use.
This low-tech, passive system requires very little electricity for pumping and uses locally available materials. It is integrated into the wet riser becoming a key part of the design by being exposed for misuse.
In parallel, wastewater from the house is collected in a tank below itwhere it ferments into nutrient-rich sludge. After a settling period, this sludge becomes organic fertilizer that is used on nearby crops. This closed-loop system reduces the need for chemical fertilizers and prevents pollution of groundwater, which is particularly important in sensitive peatland environments.
This kind of decentralized water management offers a reliable and empowering alternative as a tool for resilience and self-sufficiency.
Human Waste Fertiliser
Discussing the environmental benefits to using our waste for agriculture
Using human manure (humanure) through composting offers major environmental benefits by reducing water use, closing nutrient cycles, and eliminating the need for synthetic fertilisers. A best practice example can be found in the UK, where treated sewage sludge is safely applied to farmland, supplying essential nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus while improving soil health. This practice diverts waste from oceans and landfill and supports long-term soil regeneration. Integrating similar low-tech systems into architecture promotes self-sufficiency, reduces pollution, and positions waste as a valuable agricultural resource. Using humanure enriches soil with organic matter and nutrients, promoting microbial activity and plant growth, which in turn supports greater biodiversity both above and below ground. This will be applied to the adjacent rice paddies to support their growth to generate income. To the right please find a diagram of the colosed nutrient cycle.
Water Filtration Guidelines by the Indonesian Government
In rural areas that lack water filtration infrastructure, the PAMSIMAS program (Program Penyediaan Air Minum dan Sanitasi Berbasis Masyarakat) funds the installation of community-based water filters. The guidelines from this program were referenced and adapted in the design of my rainwater collection system. A key takeaway from these systems, and a recurring theme in this project, is the use of readily available materials. No complex fabrication or bespoke fittings are required; the entire system can be assembled from off-the-shelf parts with minimal skill or training.
The filters are composed of brick as a coarse pre-filter and flow breaker, followed by palm fiber that acts as a debris filter and biodegradable solids trap, then charcoal made from paddy husk for lightweight organic filtration, wood charcoal for denser filtration targeting odor, toxins, and color, a second layer of paddy husk charcoal to reinforce organic filtration, another palm fiber layer as a buffer, gravel for structural support and to protect the sand layer, and finally sand, which provides fine particle filtration for clean water output.
Gravity Fed Stacked Water Filtration System Diagram of the arrangement of tanks throughout the height of the spine in the cruciform riser
The canopy is a critical design element in a hot climate to shade the spectators but also can act as an acoustic device to amplify the noise in the event to create more atmosphere for the spectators and athletes, this is known as the stadium roar. This acoustic property creates a strong dialogue between the athletes and spectators. To measure the effect of different canopy designs three sound sources were evenly placed along the grandstand and sensors placed across the field of play, the canal. The study was carrie dout in 2D as its assumed the affect would be repeated across the whole length of the building. The ideal scenario is to have an even distribution of sound across the water with now quiet spots. A gradient map was used to count the number of strikes from a ray tracing component, the area with the most hits is red, the loudest and the least hits is blue, the quietest. The goal is the water is generally yellow.
Option One and Three provided the ideal results, the water is mostly spread with a balance of yellow strips across its width, option one, the base option, has a loud point over the concrete steps and then an even pattern across the water, therefore this option is chosen as the spectators below the grandstand receive a lot of atmosphere and the athletes can here the roar evenly across the water.
Option Four was an outlier being the only option to reflect sound close to the stadium, this is due to its uneven curve facing towards the seats, in turn making the water very quiet.
Option Tow and Six reflected noise too far to the opposite bank as their canopy was angled away from the crowd, strangely Option Five shows promise, it also reflected sound to the opposite bank and not enough on the water but its unique profile, curling up away from the seating scattered sound back towards the spectators, possibly creating more atmosphere.
Wembley Stadium by Foster + Partners
Through through discussion with the lead architect on the project at F+P, Angus Campell, he discussed that the old Wembley stadium was famous for its acoustic properties that enhanced the crowds iconic roar so its replacement must do the same, the shape of the roof and seating bowl was designed to be slightly concave with reflective materials to focus sound ontot the pitch and reflect from the opposite stands. Option 3 attempts this.
Option 01 - Flat Soffit
Diagram understanding the relationship between roof profile and sound
the relationship between roof profile and sound
Option 02 - Sloped Soffit
Diagram understanding the relationship between roof profile and sound
Option 03 - Concave Soffit
Diagram understanding the relationship between roof profile and sound
Option 05 - Convex Soffit
Diagram understanding the relationship between roof profile and sound
Option 05 - Concave Soffit
Diagram understanding the relationship between roof profile and sound
Option 04 - Concave Soffit
Diagram understanding
WHOLE LIFE CARBON ANALYSIS
Comparing Steel to Timber Structures
As the project seeks to be a Trojan horse, hijacking a government-built grandstand with Indigenous construction techniques, a juxtaposition is formed: a direct dialogue between unsustainable government practice and sustainable Indigenous practice. This sets up a critical lens on the state-led preference for steel and concrete. The Ministry of Public Works, who I propose as the builders of the grandstand, consistently favour concrete and steel, with little regard for sustainable or locally available alternatives. Thus, the design of the grandstand speculates how such an institution might approach a civic brief: steel would be selected for its high tensile strength, rapid assembly, and familiarity in large-span structures, while concrete would be chosen for its durability, perceived permanence, and resistance to fire and flooding, qualities considered crucial in regions prone to extreme environmental conditions.
These material choices, however, are carbon-intensive. Their use in a peatland region raises broader concerns about environmental degradation, particularly in the context of deforestation and land-use change. In contrast, the adaptation of the stadium by the Indigenous community uses ironwoods, rattan, rice husks, timber, and steel roofs, materials that are locally available, regenerative, and embedded in sustainable, land-based knowledge.
This project is ultimately a concession. It acknowledges that government-led infrastructure may continue to rely on high-carbon materials, but it argues that their impact is offset by greater environmental advances achieved through Indigenous-led restoration and land stewardship. The embodied carbon was calculated corresponds to stages A1-A3, product and transport, with B4, replacement, C1-C4, end of life, B6-B7, circularity potential, D, discussed contestually for one 6-meter module; as the material build-up remains consistent, multiplying it by 103 provides a reliable estimate for the total impact, reinforcing the repeatable logic of Indigenous construction as both sustainable and scalable. Throughout this page the RIBA Whole Life Carbon Framework (A1-D stages) will be refence following best practice as no standard yet exisits in Indonesia.
WHOLE LIFE CARBON ANALYSIS CALCULATION
1. Quantities
The steel finishes and concrete were combined to simplify the calculation. These quantities cocover A1-A3 raw metrial, transport and manafacturing.
• Total: 6.2 + 0.1 + 0.3t = 6.6 tCO₂e
3.3 Galvanized Steel
• Production: 17.3t x 2.60 = 45 tCO₂e
• Transport: 17.3t x 0.150 = 2.6 tCO e
• Waste: 17.3t x 0.058 = 1.0 tCO₂e
• Total: 45.0 + 2.6 + 1.0 = 48.6 tCO₂e
3.4 Iron Wood
• Production: 2.0t x 3.0 = 0.6 tCO e
• Transport: 2.0t x 0.000 = 0.0 tCO e
• Waste: 2.0t x 0.007 = 0.0 tCO₂e
•
•
3.5
regionally or substituting steel structures and finishes with materials that increase sequestration such as Iron Wood, Rattan and Rice Husk which is used in the appropriation of the structure. Indonesia aims to reduce emissions by 31.89% by 2030 by focusing on sustainable infrastructure that prioritize low carbon materials and reduce deforestation for hardwood. Policy must be lobbied for to tighten restrictions on embodied carbon within Indonesia, the adaptation of the state infrastructure, the grandstand, is aimed to be a commentary on the state use of concrete and steel. By using indigenous Dayak materials the only sequestration of carbon of the project occurred.
5. Carbon Offset and Ecological Value
Calculating Volume of Materials in One Structural Bay Exploded diagram showing the volume of key structual elements
Referencing from Tables, 2, 4 and 5 from the structualengineer.org, a brief guide to calculating embodied carbon. These values align with RICS standards for A1-A3 embodied emissions per kg of material
3. Calculations
3.1 Reinforced Concrete
• Production: 34.6t x 0.179 = 6.2 tCO e
• Transport: 34.6t x 0.003 = 0.1 tCO₂e
• Waste: 34.6t x 0.009 = 0.3 tCO e
• Total: 6.2 + 0.1 + 0.3 = 6.6 tCO₂e
3.2 Concrete Block Work
• Production: 3.4t x 0.179 = 6.2 tCO e
• Transport: 34.4t x 0.003 = 0.1 tCO₂e
• Waste: 34.4 x 0.009 = 0.3 tCO e
80.2 /
=786KgCO₂e/m² Indonesia lacks targets however by following bets practices from other countries this exceeds the RIBA 2030 target; less than or equal to 625KgCO₂e/m². The steel dominates the emissions at 88% of the total due to high production and transport costs. Low carbon steel recycled
They can be unscrewed from the soil and reused as a foundation for the next long house. Further diluting their embodied carbon as they serve two projects.
act as territorial markers, pantak balu, to seed adat land rights. Foundations stay ambiguous to host an array of new uses within the territory. There costly permanence sustainability wise acts as anchors to the territory for generations.
Stage D: offset, sequestration and circular benefits, reforestation, resusibility and carbon sink functions considerd par t of ‘beyonf the building life cycle beenfits’. Planting 32,960 native hardwood trees(160-330 hectares) offsets the project’s 8,270 tCO₂e while reviving peat land biodiversity and curbing wildfires. Combined with re wetting peat and blocking canals, halting 55 tCO₂e/ha/year, the project prioritizes long-term ecological health over short-term carbon metrics, benefiting endangered species and Indigenous communities. Below is what 330 hectares of forest would look like in their territory. Each tile of land is 550 x 600 m
6. Critique on Government Materials
Indonesia’s reliance on carbon-heavy steel and concrete, 8% of global CO₂ emissions from concrete alone, ignores sustainable local alternatives like timber or bamboo. Importing steel (e.g., South Korea) worsens transport emissions, while lax policies fail to incentive lowcarbon materials, undermining climate pledges. Prioritizing green procurement and regional supply chains could align infrastructure with ecological needs
Concrete Footings
Screw Piles
2. Carbon Factors
FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY PLAN /
Breaking the Long House: Innovation
As of 11 May 2025, a 12-door longhouse in Bintulu was burned to the ground, likely due to a cooking fire. A nearby river obstructed fire services from reaching the site in time, forcing fire-fighters to draw open water to extinguish the blaze. Traditional longhouses are particularly prone to fire due to their extensive use of dry timber, densely packed living arrangements, and reliance on open flames for cooking and lighting, all of which accelerate the spread of fire. In response to these vulnerabilities, I have replaced the majority of combustible materials with steel and concrete, particularly around high-risk cooking areas. Each dwelling is now separated by a firerated partition, limiting potential fire damage to individual 24-meter bays. The design complies with both SNI fire and life safety standards and is aligned with the principles set out in the UK Building Regulations Part B, ensuring compartmentalization, material integrity, and emergency access. In addition, dedicated fire access roads have been integrated into the site to ensure timely emergency response in the future.
In Sarawak, longhouse fires have become a serious concern. In response, the Dayak community and local government introduced new guidelines. All new longhouses must be designed with architects and fire consultants and approved by local authorities. Each unit must have a fire extinguisher, and buildings are limited to ten doors to reduce fire spread. For longhouses with over 20 doors, warning systems, smoke detectors, hose reels, water tanks, and gravity-fed pumps, are required; my design meets this with roof-integrated tanks. Fire hydrants are mandatory for those exceeding 30 doors; mine has 25 and falls below this threshold. Each household must also form a basic fire-fighting team.
Timber structures are recommended to receive fire treatment. These regulations aim to preserve the communal nature of longhouses while integrating modern safety measures. Model longhouses now use masonry and include fire-break walls between units, forming a unique blend of indigenous design and contemporary construction under the Rumah Panjang Mesra Rakyat scheme. DayakDaily Party Wall Fire Break Detail
I planned to draw the party wall detail, but it’s so simple it felt redundant. It’s just a single dense concrete block wall, no cavity, no insulation, because none are needed. The block alone provides 120 minutes of fire resistance, meeting the requirements of SNI 03-1735-2000 for compartment walls in multi-unit housing. Its effectiveness lies in its mass and simplicity.
1: Two Points of Exit
SNI 03-1735-2000, Clause 8.2
Every dwelling over 1 storey of above 36m2 should have a minimum two indendent exit for escape in the event of fire.
1: Safe & Accessible Escape Routes
SNI 03-1735-2000, Clause 8.4 Clearly market, obstruction-free, and lead to a safe open area, minimun width 80cm.
2: Fire Resistant Construction
SNI 03-1735-2000, Clause 7.3.1
Building elements must have a minimum fire resistance rating of 60 minutes for structural integrity. Internal partitions should resist fire spread between rooms and storeys.
3. Smoke Detection Systems SNI 03-1735-2000, Clause 10.1
Smoke detectors must be placed in sleeping areas, hallways and kitchens.
4. Fire Extinguishers APAR SNI 03-1745-2000, Clauses 5.2, 5.4.2, 5.5 Minimum to one APAR per 100-200m2 with a travel distance between 10-15m depending on risk level.
5. Access for Fire Services
SNI 03-1735-2000, Clause 11.2
6. Requirement for Smoke Ventilation SNI 03-1735-2000, Clause 10.2 Buildings
7. Requirement for Displaying an Exit Map Permen PU No. 26/PRT/M/2008 An evacuation route map must be
of the fire breaks between the 25 door longhouse dwellings in red
Bentulu Lonhouse DayakDaily
ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES
Introducing the Clients and Team
Where the proposal seeks to design a government backed Boat Racing Venue utilising the abandoned irrigation infrastructure from the Mega Rice Project, a failed food security project, a trojan horse approach transforms the grand stands into a latent form which invites appropriation from the dispossessed indigenous community to form a collective dwelling. The Stadium-Long House hybrid can become a site of land back strategies and act as a vital proving ground for other forest peasant to leverage government infrastructure and radical procurement as a precedent for land back strategies. The duality in the design presents a conflict in the procurement process which requires architects and consultants to subvert their initial client to design vulnerabilities in the design of the grand stand to be transformed into a dwelling and a secondary team to support the adaptation.
The client for the Boat Racing Venue would be the Kapuas Regency Government, working in collaboration with Dinas PUPR Kapuas, the regency’s Public Works office and Disparbud Kapuas, which oversees tourism and cultural affairs. This Boat Racing Stadium is a locally infrastructure project initiated by the regency government and financed through the APBD, Kapuas’s regional budget dedicated to local development. PUPR Kapuas would be responsible for managing permits, ensuring compliance with technical standards, and overseeing construction, while Disparbud Kapuas would work to align the facility with ongoing tourism and sports programs. Support for developing the sport, particularly from the Kapuas Regency Regional House of Representatives, aims to preserve traditional boats and promote tourism in the Dadahup area. These agencies are expected to take the lead in both the design and execution of the venue.
For the Dayak-led adaptation of the boat racing stadium into a traditional longhouse, the primary client shifts to the Dayak customary governance, specifically the village heads and the Dayak Customary Council, who will oversee the cultural transformation while collaborating strategically with the Kapuas Regency Government for legal recognition and supplemental APBD funding through Disparbud Kapuas for cultural elements. Dinas PUPR Kapuas provides technical support for structural adaptations, ensuring safety compliance while respecting traditional building techniques led by Dayak tukang adat craftsmen, with potential advocacy and funding assistance from NGOs like AMAN for indigenous land rights and BRIN for cultural documentation, creating a hybrid model of community-led heritage reclamation supported by strategic government partnerships.
The architects role intersects between a government client and a Dayak community client by acting as a mediator who will lead the consultants through two phases of construction. The design team will follow the Indonesian construction work stages, Tahapan Pekerjaan Konstruksi, SNI 7392:2020. The architect has the vital role of balancing the design needs of the government and the Dayak community with the design needs with the construction process.
Dayak Community
The later team is much smaller, the architect from the previous team acts as an advisor to the community, sharing previous tehcnical design studies, the project manager and master builder lead the design and construction as this must be Dayak deisgned and built. The master builder acts as a contrctor cooridnating between the village head and labouers. Materials are sourced by individual familys and local woodlands
The Dayak community seeks agency in transforming the stadium into a cultural longhouse. Their interest lies in asserting indigenous governance, preserving building traditions, and ensuring that local materials and labour shape the construction. This process fosters cultural continuity and long-term ownership through communityled adaptation, aligned with spiritual and territorial values.
The Tourism Board aims to revitalise regional tourism by supporting culturally significant projects. They see the adapted longhouse as a sustainable destination that promotes Dayak heritage, attracting domestic and international visitors. Their interest includes ensuring visibility, authenticity, and economic benefit for the region through cultural preservation tied to tourism infrastructure
Front design team aims to hold two meetings a week, one clinet side meeting and an internal meeting with indigenous representatives end user design input. By loading all the design work for the stadium and the long house on the client the indigenous community have less fees to cover and the project is coordinated sooner.
Design & Supervision
In Indonesian design–bid–build public projects, the client, typically a regional agency such as Dinas PUPR or the Kapuas Regency Government, holds full legal and financial responsibility for project delivery. While the role of “Project Manager” may not be formalised in contract language, the client appoints an external Supervision Consultant (Konsultan Pengawas) to monitor implementation and enforce code compliance. Often part of a broader Construction Design and Supervision (CDS) team, this consultant ensures alignment with SNI standards. Though climate risks are not typically included in basic terms of reference, this project proposes an expanded CDS scope, embedding responsibilities for thermal comfort, water resilience, and material impacts. However, liability for these outcomes ultimately remains with the client, unless explicitly delegated through performance-based procurement.
Consultants act as intermediaries between technical standards and cultural adaptation. Their interest lies in ensuring compliance with structural, fire, and planning codes while facilitating the translation of indigenous knowledge into acceptable engineering terms. They advocate for hybridised solutions that balance regulation with community design ambitions and contribute to longterm project viability.
Event Organisers
Event organisers are interested in activating the space with cultural, civic, or sporting events that draw public engagement. They seek flexibility in the design for programming and use, with a focus on functionality, capacity, and community relevance. Their goal is to ensure the venue remains a vibrant, multi-use public space.
Stadium Design Team
PHASE TWO LONG HOUSE - Swakelola
Same Architect
Client Team
DBB vs D&B
Board
FORM OF PROCUREMENT
Pembangunan Gedung Negara vs Swakelola
Procurement is the formal process of acquiring goods, services, or works from planning and bidding to contracting and payment, to ensure projects meet quality, cost, and time line goals. Its crucial as it prevents corruption, optimizes resources and ensures compliance. The chosen procurement route should align with the long term objectives of the client. For the purpose of constructing in two phases with two different clients its crucial to understand the how the different routes tailor to different clients. For this project have chosen a government contract as it ensures compliance to construction standards and procurement laws holding Kapuas Regency. I have chosen an indigenous contract as it empowers the Dayak community to lead the long house adaptation, appointing master builders to preserve cultural authenticity rooting this projects indigenous sovereignty.
Pembangunan Gedung Negara
Pembangunan Gedung Negara (Government Building Construction) follows a Design-Bid-Build model, where the government appoints separate contractors for desgin and construction vie LPSE e-tender, ensuring compliance with SNI standards and Perpres 12/2021. Unlike Design and Build this two stage process, hiring an architect for Stage 1 of the Indonesian construction work stages, Detail Engineering Design (DED), then for Stage 2 a SIUJK licensed contractor submits a competitive e-tender to execute the approved design. This process prioritizes transparency and risk segregation with Dinas PUPR overseeing quality. Penalties for delays and defect liabilities enforce accountability. Following Stage 2 the architect is not novated from client to contractor like a Design & Build contract but retains a direct contract with the client as a supervisor, Direksi Pekejaan, therefore answering to the client and not the contractor, therefore the client retains responsibility for the design rather than the contractor.
Swakelola
The Swakelola system represents a streamlined, community-driven approach where the Dewan Adat (Customary Council) and tukang adat (master builders) collaboratively develop the design based on cultural traditions, entirely bypassing formal tender processes. In this model, the architect serves as a technical facilitator, translating Dayak building knowledge into workable drawings while ensuring critical structural elements meet minimum safety standards. Unlike traditional procurement, where the architect controls the design through stages, here the tukang adat retain full authority over the design, preserving cultural authenticity. The village head directly appoints builders through customary consensus, eliminating contractor bidding, while budgets are managed flexibly through village funds and NGO grant. This system prioritizes cultural fidelity and community autonomy, contrasting sharply with traditional contracts that enforce standardized designs and timelines. For example, where a PUPR project might take a year to tender, Swakelola projects proceed immediately under village decrees, with costs controlled by local labor rather than corporate contractors. The result is a build process that is faster, more culturally precise, and free from bureaucratic delays though it requires architects to relinquish control and adapt to adat leadership.
Pembangunan Gedung Negara
Client led Design-Bid-Build project
PHASE ONE STADIUM
A dual-responsibility system separating designers and contractors, where the government retains full control of the design vision while transferring construction risk to a licensed builder.
To use a Pembangunan Gedung Negara contract for this project ensures SNI compliance and transparent procurement through LPSE e-tenders, with design authority firmly held by the architect under Dinas PUPR oversight. This method is considered the most secure way to realize public infrastructure projects while guaranteeing technical quality and legal accountability.
In the context of the Kapuas stadium, if the Regency Government wanted to ensure strict adherence to national standards without assuming construction risk, this model would be ideal. The design responsibility sits with the licensed architect, who produces the Detail Engineering Design, while the construction responsibility falls to the winning contractor. If delays or defects occur, the government can enforce penalties (0.1%/day) or withhold the Berita Acara Serah Terima (BAST) until resolved.
Furthermore, as a high-profile public project, the government may prefer to appoint reputable consultants to elevate the stadium’s status. This could bolster political credibility and attract tourism partnerships, aligning with Disparbud Kapuas’ goals to promote regional development.
Benefits:
• Design integrity: Architects enforce SNI standards without contractor interference.
• Competitive pricing: LPSE tendering ensures value for public funds.
• Accountability: Clear penalties for delays or non-compliance.
• Transparency: All stages documented for audit compliance.
• Bureaucracy: LPSE processes can delay contractor mobilization.
Community led benefactory
TWO LONG HOUSE
A unified, community-led process where the Dewan Adat (customary leaders) and tukang adat (master builders) control both design and construction, bypassing formal tenders.
To use a Swakelola contract for the long house adaptation ensures cultural authenticity and Dayak self-determination, with no separation between designers and builders. This method prioritizes adat traditions over SNI compliance, leverage collective labour (gotong royong) and direct material sourcing.
In the context of reclaiming the stadium as a long house, this model empowers the Dayak community to lead the transformation without bureaucratic hurdles. The tukang adat dictate all design choice from ironwood carvings to communal layouts while the architect serves only as a technical bridge for structural safety. Budgets are fluid, drawn from village funds or NGO grants, with no penalty clauses for delays tied to construction.
Furthermore, this approach amplifies Indigenous sovereignty, turning the project into a symbol of land back and heritage revival. Media and academic partners could champion it as a precedent for adaptive reuse of state infrastructure.
Benefits:
• Cultural fidelity: No compromise on Dayak spatial principles.
• Speed: No tender delays, work begins after SK Swakelola issuance.
• Cost control: Local materials and labour reduce expenses.
• Community ownership: Dewan Adat oversees quality, not external auditors.
Drawbacks:
• Limited SNI compliance**: Risk of permit conflicts without PUPR waivers.
• Funding caps: Dana Desa funding maxes at Rp 2.5 billion.
• Skill gaps: Tukang adat may need training for hybrid techniques.
Indonesian Construction Work Stages - Procurement Impact
Understanding the implications of Government Building Construction procurement on the design stages
Indonesian Construction Work Stages - Procurement Impact
Understanding the implications of Swakelola procurement on the design stages
Swakelola
POST OCCUPANCY PLAN
Appropriation Strategy
The post‐occupancy plan informs local families to transform the stadium bay into a fully functioning longhouse through a series of incremental, self-build interventions. A clear, illustrated guidebook, issued to each household, outlines the step-by-step appropriation process, beginning with the structural frame and progressing through roofing, insulation, and façade adaptations. Tenants can reference exploded axonometric diagrams to identify each component, with fold out plans, then follow concise assembly instructions tailored to vernacular construction methods. The booklet also integrates a straightforward maintenance schedule and health-and-safety checklist, ensuring long-term durability and occupant wellbeing. By combining technical precision with flexible design options, this strategy fosters community ownership, accommodates custom layouts, and guarantees that every home evolves in harmony with local needs and environmental conditions.
WORKING ACROSS CULTURES
Maintaining indigenous agency when working with consultants
The ethical responsibility of architectural practice extends beyond the act of building to the careful negotiation of cultural, environmental, and human safety considerations. As a British designer working within an Indonesian context, I am particularly aware of my positionality, the need to approach the design process with humility, cultural sensitivity, and a commitment to avoiding cultural appropriation. Respecting indigenous knowledge systems and working collaboratively with local communities is central to ensuring that design interventions are not only appropriate but empowering.
Fire and Life Safety Design demands that architects prioritize human welfare at every stage of a project. In contexts like Indonesia, where regulatory frameworks may differ from the UK, it is vital to adapt best practice principles without imposing external standards blindly. Life safety must be designed inclusively, taking into account local living patterns, construction materials, and emergency response realities.
Sustainability and ecological design also require a critical ethical stance. Beyond technical efficiency, it is necessary to consider the long-term environmental and social impacts of our interventions. This includes promoting low-energy living, integrating renewable energy systems, and supporting material choices that strengthen local economies while respecting ecosystems.
Given language and cultural differences, I place particular emphasis on using models, drawings, and visual storytelling to communicate designs. These tools help bridge gaps, ensuring that communities can meaningfully participate in the design process and that ideas are not lost in translation. Transparency, collaboration, and adaptability are essential values when working cross-culturally.
Ultimately, ethical architectural practice is about designing with, not just for. It is about listening deeply, acting responsibly, and ensuring that every decision made on a project from fire safety to material selection upholds dignity, respects cultural identity, and safeguards the environment for future generations.
01 - Hard Hat
02 - Safety Glasses
03 - High Visability Vest
04 - Gloves
05 - Steel Toe-Cap Boots
of us has to change” Key:
“well this is awkward”
“one
In Indonesia the architect is typically recognized as the principal designer for building projects, but their authority is contextual and often shared with other state holders due to regulatory and project specific factors.
Under law, UU No. 6/2017 Tentang Arsitek, architects are legally responsible for design integrity, safety and compliance with SNI, Indonesian National Standards. They must hold a SKA/IKA license, Sertifikat Keahlian Arsittek, to sign off their designs. Architects have full authority in private projects such as homes and shared authority in public projects with PUPR engineers. For the stadium PUPR engineers often would lead the technical design such as structure and the architects act as consultants. For the design of the long house the architect would take full responsibility.
Architects Working with Indigenous Communities
When working with indigenous communities, the architect’s role is to provide technical support rather than impose external ideas. The aim is to amplify the community’s knowledge systems, ensuring their spatial traditions are embedded in the design. Architects must act as facilitators, translating local needs and cultural expressions into forms that meet regulatory standards without compromising identity. Collaboration must be continuous, respectful, and structured to allow indigenous voices to lead the design narrative wherever possible.
Cultural Appropriation
Designing in indigenous contexts requires careful avoidance of cultural appropriation. Symbols, building forms, and construction techniques must not be extracted or reinterpreted for aesthetic value alone. Authentic engagement, permission, and acknowledgment of cultural ownership are essential. Designs should strengthen indigenous sovereignty rather than commodify cultural expressions.
Ulternative Forms of Design Communication
To bridge language and technical gaps, alternative forms of communication are critical. Working directly with craftsmen and carpenters through iterative making processes allows for shared understanding. Building scaled 1:50 models and 1:1 detail mockups ensures that technical concepts are grounded in material reality and can be collectively evaluated. These models serve as vital tools for dialogue, allowing both architects and communities to visualise, critique, and refine the design in tangible ways.
CDM refers to a set of UK regulations that ensure health, safety, and welfare are effectively managed throughout all stages of a construction project, from design to completion. While Indonesia does not have a direct equivalent, elements of CDM align with SNI 7037:2020 and other national standards that outline safety planning, risk assessment, and responsibility allocation across project phases.
01 - Client
Under CDM 2015 (RIBA-aligned), the client is legally responsible for setting up the project with adequate health and safety provisions. In Indonesia, clients are typically government bodies (e.g. Dinas PUPR, APBD) who fund and initiate the project. While not always codified in the same way, presidential decrees and procurement regulations assign similar responsibilities including selecting contractors, ensuring legal compliance, and facilitating coordination between agencies and designers.
02 - Principal Designer
The Principal Designer in RIBA terms must plan for safety during the design stage. In Indonesia, this role is mirrored by the konsultan perencana or lead architect, who develops design drawings in line with SNI 7392:2008 (Safety of Buildings Against Earthquakes) and other building codes. Though Indonesian law doesn’t formally separate design health and safety, the konsultan is contractually responsible for ensuring design standards mitigate construction risk.
3. Principal Contractor
In the UK, the Principal Contractor manages site safety and the Construction Phase Plan. In Indonesia, the kontraktor utama fulfills this role under Ministry of Public Works regulations (Permen PUPR), responsible for implementation, safety, and reporting. Formal health and safety protocols are sometimes inconsistently enforced but are growing under national infrastructure programmes like Proyek Strategis Nasiona
4. Designers and Contractors
RIBA expects all designers and contractors to eliminate or mitigate foreseeable risks through their work. In Indonesia, these responsibilities are distributed across perencana (designers) and pelaksana (builders) under government contracts, usually outlined in RKS (Rencana Kerja dan Syarat-syarat) documents. While enforcement may vary, ethical professional codes via LPJK (Construction Services Development Board) increasingly promote proactive safety design and execution.
1:50 & 1:1
Models On-Site Render of on-site dialoge between models and drawings
PPE Diagram Diagram of best on site safety practice as per: No.
Responsibility of the Principal Designer
CDM Construction Design Management
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PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
Aligning the Longhouse Development with National and Regional Visions
Aligning the Longhouse Development with National and Regional Visions
The longhouse dwelling responds to multiple overlapping planning conditions that shape the Ex-Mega Rice Project Area (EMRPA) in Central Kalimantan. As part of the Dadahup Block A, this project aligns with national strategies for the revitalisation of degraded peatlands and seeks to restore community-led agriculture and housing models within formal development zones.
Situated in a zone identified by the Indonesian government for reforestation, ecological repair, and food estate realignment, this design draws from the master plans developed by BAPPENAS, PUPR, and supported by Dutch consultants. These plans recommend smallholder agricultural housing, improved flood protection, and rural infrastructure expansion.
Given the site’s high poverty rate (75.4% BPS) and history of transmigration failure, this planning strategy seeks to stabilise communities through decentralised infrastructure and regenerative land use. The architectural form of the longhouse reflects cultural continuity with Dayak traditions while responding to national codes (SNI 7392) for seismic, flood, and sanitation performance.
Informed by environmental mapping, the dwelling is sited to avoid critical flood basins while maintaining proximity to communal rice fields. Infrastructure elements such as elevated roads, drainage grading, and stilts respond directly to state-identified challenges in the Dadahup zone.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Master Plan for the Rehabilitation and Revitalisation of the Ex-Mega Rice Project
Site: Red Cross
Building in P3A Zones
P3A zones (Perkumpulan Petani Pemakai Air, Water User Farmer Groups) are community-managed irrigation areas designated for smallholder agriculture. Construction in these zones must respect collective land use, canal infrastructure, and rotational water access rights. Buildings must maintain low impact, preserve water flow, and accommodate shared responsibilities for canal maintenance. The Ex-MRP Masterplan recommends integrating agricultural housing into P3A zones only if they enhance land productivity, avoid fire risk, and support water governance. In this context, the longhouse adapts as a dual-function space, both domestic and agrarian, without disrupting collective irrigation systems.
01 - Raised Floor System – Flood Resilience
The longhouse is lifted on stilts in response to seasonal flood risk in the Dadahup Block A zone. This aligns with national flood adaptation strategies and government-issued flood maps. Floor height follows planning recommendations for wetland agriculture and river-edge settlement zones.
Policy link: Masterplan for Revitalisation of Ex-Mega Rice Project (BAPPENAS); SNI 03-1733-2004 on minimum flood clearance.
02 - Peatland Fire Risk Mitigation
The dwelling incorporates fire-resistant materials and maintains a defensible space around the structure to mitigate peatland fire risks. This approach aligns with the Ex-MRP Masterplan’s emphasis on reducing fire hazards through improved land management and infrastructure design.
Policy link: Ex-MRP Masterplan – Fire Risk Reduction Strategies
05 - Natural Ventilation and Indoor Comfort
Perforated wall elements and deep overhangs promote crossventilation, reducing internal temperatures and minimising reliance on mechanical cooling.
Policy link: Sustainable tropical design guidelines under PUPR regulations.
06 - Canal Access Steps & Communal Water Rights
Water access steps enable safe domestic use of canal water for washing, bathing, and collection. Their inclusion reflects PP No. 121/2015, which supports local infrastructure that facilitates equitable and non-exclusive access to surface water for daily needs, especially in rural or traditionally governed environments.
Policy link: PP No. 121/2015 – Community-based Water Resources Management
03 Roof Design – Rainfall Management
Generous roof overhangs and high-pitched forms enable rapid rainwater runoff, protecting clay soils from erosion and providing shaded thresholds. Gutters may feed into bio-swales or storage.
Steps, ramps, and platform widths meet universal design considerations, ensuring elderly or disabled community members can access communal spaces.
Policy link: SNI 03-1733-2004 for residential design accessibility.
04 Community Cohesion & Neighbour Proximity
Dwelling orientation and entry sequence maintain visibility and respectful distance between neighbouring plots. Shared edges designed to accommodate future expansion or communal activities.
Policy link: Indonesian Village Planning Guidelines; participatory spatial layout principles under UU No. 6/2014 (Village Law).
08 Cultural Continuity
Modular longhouse format supports communal Dayak living patterns while allowing phased densification. Central gallery space functions as social spine.
Policy link: Indigenous governance in spatial planning; customary law recognitions (UU 41/1999).
Elevate
Creating Dayak Financial Independence
As this project aims to strengthen indigenous sovereignty, it is crucial to reduce the Dayak community’s dependence on selling commodity crops into the market economy. Reliance on a single income source leaves communities vulnerable to statecraft the imposition of laws and standards that coerce producers into aligning with state ideologies. As the community seeks to inhabit a third space, where indigenous actors simultaneously comply with and resist the postcolonial state, diversifying income streams is essential. This strategy reduces exposure to market fluctuations and limits the indirect influence of shifting government legislation. Through the hybridisation of design, two primary income streams are proposed: continuing agrarian activities primarily for territorial planting (with limited rubber and rice sales), and developing cultural tourism through hosting boat races. This business model is envisioned following the success of a land-back initiative.
A seasonal business plan is developed to maintain a steady income throughout the year, following agricultural cycles and event-based opportunities. Subsistence farming requires minimal expenditure and lowers community living costs. Growing commodities like rice allows for a profitable surplus after covering seed and fertiliser expenses, especially useful during leaner months. Rubber tapping offers year-round income, although yields decline during the wet season, making those months less profitable. To stabilise earnings, at least one major annual boat race and other grassroots cultural events punctuate the calendar, creating alternative income streams that are less vulnerable to weather patterns and government policies. This approach fosters local investment and anti-land dispossession efforts while tapping into a more stable regional and global economy. The boat race stadium innovates within Indonesia by integrating a title sponsor, Red Bull, alongside other conventional event revenue streams.
Before construction, a phased funding strategy is established. The stadium follows a conventional state funding pathway, while the longhouse adopts a dynamic model, leveraging government grants, NGO support, and corporate sponsorship. Funding for the stadium-to-longhouse project aligns with Indonesian regulations while incorporating Red Bull’s sponsorship. In Stage 01 (Preparation), feasibility studies are financed by APBD Kapuas and Dana Desa (UU Desa 6/2014), with Red Bull supporting community workshops via CSR funding (OJK Regulation 51/2017). Stage 02 (Design) draws on DAK Fisik PUPR (Permen PUPR 15/2021) for SNI-compliant designs, supplemented by NGOs like AMAN for adat elements. Stage 03 (Procurement) combines LPSE e-tendering (Perpres 12/2021) for government phases with Dewan Adat direct appointments (Permendagri 19/2021) for community-led phases. Stage 04 (Construction) merges APBN/APBD funding for the stadium core with Red Bull financing the cultural finishes. Stage 05 (Handover) includes a BAST (PUPR) process for the stadium and a traditional adat ceremony for the longhouse. Finally, Stage 06 (Operation) sees Disparbud Kapuas manage tourism, with Red Bull supporting events, ensuring compliance with Perpres 12/2021 for transparency and UU 6/2014 for the protection of adat sovereignty.
Year on Year Cash Flow Strategy
Illustrating seasonal agriculture and event income BOAT
RACING REVENUE STREAM
This diagram highlights the key income sources designed to ensure the long-term sustainability of the Dayak boat racing stadium. Five primary revenue streams have been identified: ticket sales, sponsorships, advertising, food and beverage, and broadcasting/ media rights. Sponsorships (e.g., Red Bull) represent the second largest share, followed by food and beverage sales and ticket revenue, with advertising and broadcasting providing additional support. A portion of the stadium’s earnings will be reinvested into community funds, strengthening local initiatives and reducing reliance on commodity crops. The model adapts global stadium revenue strategies to a culturally grounded context, balancing commercial success with Indigenous economic sovereignty.
3. Sponsoring a Boat Racing Stadium Red Bull should sponsor a new boat racing stadium in Kapuas. This positions the brand
1. Entry Strategy: Aligning with Local Culture Red Bull should position itself as a supporter of indigenous culture by sponsoring traditional boat racing in Kalimantan. This taps into Red Bull’s adventurous brand while building deep local connections in Indonesia’s emerging markets through authentic and community driven engagement.
2. Red Bull Amaphiko Adaptation Red Bull Amaphiko, a global program for social entrepreneurs, can be adapted to support Dayak led initiatives in Kalimantan. By backing indigenous innovation and sustainability, Red Bull strengthens its brand identity as a positive force in developing rural economies.
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