Asian Architecture

Vernacular Architecture Integrated in a 21st Century Korean Urban Setting :

Adaptation of Hanok Architecture Pertaining to the Change in Sociocultural Context A Group Research By : Adriana Chang Wen Qi Alia Nisa Binti Raflly Daren Lai Kam Fei Gavin Tio Kang Hui I Made Lingga Prayoga Kahying Cheok Loi Chi Wun

GA ON JAI | SEONGNAM , GYEONGGI PROVINCE, SOUTH KOREA

0332960 0320774 0332570 0333373 0332722 0328560 0328652

Hanok

Sociocultural Context

Urban Context

Purpose : ●

To examine the process by which traditional Hanoks and modern architecture can influence each other.

●

Summarize the literature of reinterpreting the traditional Hanok architecture language through the change of sociocultural context within a Korean Urban Setting .

ABSTRACT

METHODOLOGIES: In order to address our research problem, we have used a qualitative approach to collect information about the hanok architecture from previous and present situation through the use of literature review in publications, online journals, book and study articles.

We analysed how the hanok architecture adapts in korean urban setting through the social and cultural changes. The research background was ďŹ ltered to obtain the most important factors in the resuming, explanation and structuring method.

Online Journals

Literature Reviews

Books

FOCUS: ●

The loss in identifiable Hanok architectural characteristics due to its contextualization into the concrete jungle and accustomization to the change in sociocultural context.

●

How spatial typology, spatial hierarchy, and courtyard’s functions change when the social cultural change.

●

Comparing the spatial layout from the venicular context and urban context.

Conict of Traditional Hanok and Modernism

Traditional Hanok

ISSUE Western Inuence

Vernacular vs.

Modernist Architecture

CONFLICT

?

Modern Hanok

Traditional Value vs.

Individualistic Orientation

Ga On Jai House

Hanok Architectural Style Sociocultural Context Spatial Layout

1

2

Spatial Typology

3

Spatial Hierarchy

Courtyard Madang

VERNACULAR CONTEXT 20th Century

Past

Occupational Need

Confucian Ideology

User Interaction

Sociocultural Change

Emergence of Middle Class

Sociopolitical Progression

Adaptation of Western Values

URBAN CONTEXT 21st Century

Contemporary

Quality Living

Individualistic Orientation

Buffer Zone

CONCEPT MAPPING

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1.

How does the social hierarchy affect the Hanok typology that exist in the past?

2.

Are the roles once played by the social hierarchy still relevant in shaping the building typology of a modern hanok?

3.

How does the practice of Confucianism applied through the spatial hierarchy of the traditional Hanok?

4.

How does the sociocultural evolution alter the spatial hierarchy in modern hanok?

5.

What are the role and characteristic of courtyard in traditional Hanok and how does it accomodate traditional living?

6.

How did the change in social culture affects the use and function of the courtyard in accomodationg contemporary living?

Hanok | Chosun house - Korean traditional house -

Baesanimsu principle The ideal Hanok is typically located with mountain at the back, facing the water and north in direction The spaces within the house organise in system Sarangchae ( Male | Front ) Anchae ( Female | Centre ) Sadang ( Ancestors | Back )

Pivotal elements : Wooden structure Giwa roof Ondol ( an underoor heating system ) Maru ( a wide wooden oor area )

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION Living Culture : Chosun Dynasty - valued idea, philosophy and social status Modern Society - individual respect, perception and habit Intangible social cultural factors + Rapid urban development = Modern housing BUT Korean relatively lost its traditional housing identity

Ga On Jai Reinterpreting the traditional Hanok elements Modern urban setting Corresponding to the social cultural changes = Modern Hanok house

SPATIAL TYPOLOGY

1 Spatial Typology

VERNACULAR CONTEXT

Occupational Needs -

Prioritizes work Spaces of the room is based on their occupational needs

Emergences of Middle Class URBAN CONTEXT

Quality Living -

Individual respect and value Based on occupant’s personal preference Importance of the space is decided by the user

TOPIC OVERVIEW

Traditional Korea Social Status

Upper Class

Middle Class

Lower Class

Lowest Class

Yangban

Chungin

Sangmin

Cheonmin

Scholar-officials who serve duty as politician and government officials

Highly skilled workers who are competent in certain techniques

Farmer, craftsmen and merchants

‘Unclean’ professions such as slaves, prostitutes, shamans, magician, etc

Earliest photography depicting Yangban, taken in 1863

Calligraphers

Sangmin tiger hunters with matchlocks and pipes

A group of slaves hired by a Yangban

Upper Class Yangban The Hanok size for upper class occupants was larger due to the supplementary spaces needed in order to fulďŹ l the formal custom

Supplementary Yangban Hanok

Complex spatial typology

Space

Male study room owned only by Yangban

Sadang (Ancestral Shrine)

Middle to Lowest Class Chungin, Sangmin, Cheonmin The lower class dwellings lived in smaller Hanoks where the spaces are mostly arranged in I-shape or in L-shape

Spaces cater to user’s Simple spatial organization resulting in I-shaped farmhouse

Shingled Roof Hanok

occupational need

Farmhouse foyer to place dry hay

The Hanok for horse husbandry

In the early 1960’s, South Korea achieved a breakthrough in its economy.

Agrarian Economy

Export-oriented Economy

Cow plowing on a rice field

Comparing Exports from Two Koreas

‘Miracle of the Han River’ Referring to the rapid economic growth of South Korea even though the country was devoid of capital, natural resources and industrial facilities after three-year-long Korean War.

A farmer hauls rice on his back in Pong Hwang, Naju, South Korea

An increase in GDP per Capita alongside with the country economy advancement

Expose the society to the opportunities of alternative occupations

The emergence of Middle Class, Chungin

Labour Yangban

Chungin

Sangmin

Cheonmin Artist

Singer

Chef

This has resulted in a change in their demand, from ‘What they need to do’ to ‘What they want to do’.

The social practice was gradually adjusted to quality living whereby personal desire and preferences were prioritised.

Functional and Occupational Needs

Personal Desire and Preference

Hanok-style Apartment in an urban context

The traditional Hanok spatial organisation is being accustomed into the modern Hanok of brand new social dimension based on occupant’s personal preference.

Personal Preference

Vernacular Hanok

Contemporary Hanok

Daechung is meant to be an opened-air living room connecting secondary spaces

Daechung (living room) is designed to be an enclosed space that provides certain extent of privacy for the occupant

Case Study Building : Ga On Jai

Home Theatre

Tea Room

All in all, these clusters of traditional low-rise family houses have evolved over centuries by introducing new social practices into them, making way into urban context. Even though the spatial typology of Ga On Jai complies to the traditional Hanok architecture conventions, the change in usage and function of the spaces draws a distinctive line between them.

SPATIAL HIERARCHY

2 Spatial Hierarchy

VERNACULAR CONTEXT

Confucian Ideology Social system: Family spatial order outlining gender roles and social status Spaces of the room is based on their occupational needs

Sociopolitical Progression URBAN CONTEXT

Individualistic Orientation

Social Behavior: Individual respect and value Importance of the space decided by the user

is

TOPIC OVERVIEW

SOCIAL CULTURAL CHANGE : SOCIAL POLITICAL PROGRESSION Sociopolitical Progression (i) Social System

It is the formal structure of role and status.

Include nuclear family units, communities, cities, nations

Confucian Ideas

Democratic System

(ii) Social Behaviour

Interactions among individuals, usually beneficial to one or more of the individuals. Evolved because it was beneficial to those who engaged in it

Social Class & Gender Distinguishment

Individual Respect & Value

SOCIAL CULTURAL CHANGE : SOCIAL POLITICAL PROGRESSION

Sociopolitical Progression (i) Social System

(ii) Social Behaviour

SOCIAL POLITICAL PROGRESSION : SOCIAL SYSTEM CONFUCIAN IDEOLOGY

i

ii

iii Sadang

Anchae Courtyard

Sarangchae

Focuses on family spatial order , Filial Piety willingness to sacriďŹ ce for family and clearly outlining Gender Roles and Social Statuses

Hanok house is divided into three areas, the center Anchae, the front Sarangchae, and Sadang in the back. Smaller units of houses and rooms construct the complete the hanok complex.

Traditional hanok spatial hierarchy are, east and west ends occupied by the younger generation. Men would frequently use the sarangchae to host guests, while the anchae was used by women and family members only.

SOCIAL POLITICAL PROGRESSION : SOCIAL SYSTEM CONFUCIAN IDEOLOGY

Sarangchae Male members of the family Father teach son study Receive Guest & Social Exchange

Anchae Private, Restricted and gated Wives and daughters Family events

Sadang Ancestral tables Separated by walls and gate

SOCIAL POLITICAL PROGRESSION : SOCIAL SYSTEM DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM

i

ii

However, due to the effects of social system at korea ; Democracy. Legal equality and political freedom have been identified as important characteristics.

iii

These principles were reflected in all eligible citizens being equal before the law and having equal access to legislative processes.

Therefore, the change of social system have transformed the idea of Confucian to Democratic thoughts.

SOCIAL POLITICAL PROGRESSION : SOCIAL SYSTEM DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM

Traditional Hanok House

Ga On Jai House

SOCIAL CULTURAL CHANGE : SOCIAL POLITICAL PROGRESSION

Sociopolitical Progression (i) Social System

(ii) Social Behaviour

SOCIAL POLITICAL PROGRESSION : SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR SOCIAL CLASS AND GENDER DISTINGUISHMENT

ii

i Formal social class and gender distinguishment

Personal respect and values

Influence the structure and role of the living spaces

Housing began to be regarded as a private place for a family ( living room , bedroom and home office for the head of a family)

SOCIAL POLITICAL PROGRESSION : SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR INDIVIDUAL RESPECT AND VALUE

iv

iii

Different priorities and self-oriented. Value and prioritize things other than family, it is simply a progression in cultural evolution

Therefore, Intangible culture as value, perception and habit acts were considered as major factors to choose the living spaces

CONCLUSION : SPATIAL HIERARCHY

FEMALE

MALE

The spatial hierarchy is affected and transformed through the socio political progression change of social systems then social behaviour. The study of progression indicates the traditional hanok architecture spatial hierarchy of Chosun Dynasty was decided by Confucian Ideology whereas that of the present stress on the Individualistic Orientation. In the future, the korean culture is expected to get focused more on intangible factors such as individual value, perception and lifestyle.

MADANG - courtyard -

3 Madang Courtyard

VERNACULAR CONTEXT

User Interaction -

Lifestyle heavily influenced by Confucianism Family oriented religion and practices Courtyard function benefiting family activities

Adaptation of Western Values URBAN CONTEXT

Buffer Zone -

Legalization of New Civil Code Influenced of Western Culture Courtyard function are more towards conventional use

TOPIC OVERVIEW

Hanok Value with Korea’s Development

1970s, when the Hanoks started to gain recognition amongst the public eye

symbol of pre-modern inefficiency

traditional urban planning and architectural structures are downplayed

Ideology of Confucianism in their daily life and majority of their activities revolves in the heart of their dwellings.

Harmony and smooth flow of affection were seen as results of proper patriarchal regulation of women and children, a “benevolent monarchy”.

Upper-class Hanok

Middle-class Hanok

Middle-class Hanok

Relationship between the courtyard and the surrounding building

CHANGES IN THE KOREAN FAMILY STRUCTURE SINCE 1960 Traditional Korean family has changed, welcoming a liberating new era

The traditional Hanok seems unrealistic to accommodate various user needs.

A child’s sense of autonomy is far from important compared to their family’s values.

(1) (2)

Open social family relationship became significant in World War II, where the American culture had an impact on their lifestyle.

Emphasizes independence, and no specific obligations from their childrens but decent respect.

Conserving them as a sort of cultural assets, maintaining the principle elements of a Hanok Modifying them so they fit amongst the contemporary lifestyles

Layout of an upper-class Hanok

Layout of a ready-built house

Layout of contemporary Hanok, Ga On Jai

Brings views inside and out.

Coolness in the summer and warmness during winter.

Serves as a buffer zone, providing privacy and security.

Blocks noises and smoke from outside.

PAST

PRESENT

The traditional spaces of the courtyards are the core of Koreans’ everyday lives.

Form and function of the modern courtyard that can accommodate any scenario.

Younger generations will emphasize the use of space

Elders tend to emphasize on sociality

The courtyard as an intermediate space that distinguishes between the ‘open space’ and the ‘entry space’.

Old culture of the outdoor courtyard space, where all the rooms are interconnected and linked.

Symbols of the pillars that strengthen sentiment, culture and social cohesion.

The Korean communities were made up of Hanoks since the early Korean settlement ages Industrial Revolution

Tangible

New architecture styles (Urbanization)

Intangible Mixed Scale Context

Contextualization of Vernacular Hanok Elements

Sociocultural Context

Adapting to the evolving sociocultural change

CONCLUSION

Modern Hanok

?

Hanok is not a name referring to the outlook of a particular building, but is a name given to an architecture that progresses alongside its country’s development.

CONCLUSION

●

● ●

●

●

● ●

● ●

● ● ● ●

Jun, N., & Yoon, C. (2012). A Typological Comparison of Tri-Form Urban Hanok in Modern Housing Districts in Seoul. Journal Of Asian Architecture And Building Engineering, 11(2), 231-238. doi: 10.3130/jaabe.11.231 Jieheerah Yun (2014) Rethinking vernacular architecture: the case of Hanoks in South Korea, The Journal of Architecture, 19:1, 108-127,DOI: 10.1080/13602365.2014.885555 West, C., West, C., Bitanga, M., Bitanga, M., West, C., & Bitanga, M. (2019). The Ga On Jai Home Was Built Upon The Traditional Architecture Language Of Korea.

Retrieved from https://hiconsumption.com/2018/12/ga-on-jai-home-by-iroje-khm-architects/?fbclid=IwAR1tiyq1fC0-lzG uWepY7y-1W6FGFqrx0hoot_7XJXJJbrqGVQq_fktuFFw Introverted Ga On Jai Home by IROJE KHM Architects.

(2019).

Retrieved from https://www.homestratosphere.com/ga-on-jai-home-by-iroje-khm-architects/?fbclid=IwAR0M7Yqy98j moewmcLfh95r0uEIUAqTBLLTZ-RSpBkeqcgSS_YaseGkdDzI IROJE KHM architects design ga on jai house: a contemporary vernacular. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.designboom.com/architecture/iroje-khm-architects-design-ga-on-jai-house-a-contempo rary-vernacular-1-18-2014/?fbclid=IwAR3v-vWqH7Iblh1KE6FRjgxUbcAFcciLvnZCLeWY0ApVh14TwozXnuF db0I Ga On Jai / IROJE KHM Architects.

(2019).

Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com/463492/ga-on-jai-iroje-khm-architects Hanok traditions inspire modern Korean design.

(2019).

Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/korean-traditional-hanok/index.html?fbclid=IwAR0n--ZHfN8Nv_j KCbwd-Bm6ehTNdQVUi5zfPtWk2D-Q7cHqKKPbaMCTzLo Korean House, Hanok. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/gQR542M5 Changes of Korean Living Space based on Cultural Factor. (2009). Choi, K., & Noh, J. (2009). Changes of Korean Living Space based on Cultural Factor Since the 15th Century to the Present. Retrieved from http://www.iasdr2009.or.kr/Papers/Poster%20Highlight/Changes%20of%20Korean%20Living%20Space %20based%20on%20Cultural%20Factor.pdf Lee, s. (1991). CONTINUITY AND CONSISTENCY OF THE TRADITIONAL COURTYARD HOUSE PLAN IN MODERN I{OREAN DWELLINGS. Retrieved from http://iaste.berkeley.edu/pdfs/03.1f-Fall91Lee-sml.pdf Yun, J. (2012). Remodelling of the vernacular in Bukchon Hanoks, 37, 40-47. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/5305989/Remodeling_of_the_Vernacular_in_Bukchon_Hanoks Traditional Korean House Hanok.

(2015).

Retrieved from http://www.antiquealive.com/Blogs/Hanok_Traditional_Korean_House.html HONG, S. (2019). KOREAN ARCHITECTURE AND DWELLING CULTURE: PAST AND PRESENT. Retrieved from http://www.worldresearchlibrary.org/up_proc/pdf/153-14535312845-7.pdf

REFERENCES

THANK

YOU