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1. Which group did the new nationalists represent?
a. the rural poor class
b. the rural elite
c. the urban middle class
d. the urban lower class
ANS: c
MSC: Understanding
REF: p. 234
2. Which of the following was one of the main differences between the new nationalists and the neocolonial elites?
a. The nationalists felt comfortable in their Latin American skins
b. The nationalists traveled to Europe and the United States, but the neocolonial elites did not.
c. The nationalists wanted to look like Europeans, but were never able to
d. The nationalists were all white and had mixed races.
ANS: a
MSC: Understanding REF: p. 234
3. How did the new nationalists react toward foreign investment?
a. They embraced it.
b. They tried to lure more of it.
c. It meant nothing to them.
d. They strongly criticized it.
ANS: d
MSC: Understanding
REF: pp. 234–235
4. Why does Chasteen believe nationalism marked a clear watershed in the history of Latin America?
a. It was the first time an ideology only attracted the lower class
b. It was the first time an ideology attracted the ardent support of people across the social spectrum
c. It meant that Latin American countries had finally consolidated
d. Due to nationalism, Latin American countries started to negotiate with the United States.
ANS: b
MSC: Understanding
REF: p. 234
5. What was the nationalists’ understanding of race?
a. They celebrated the mixing of indigenous, European, and African genes
b. They believed in the need to whiten the population
c. They did not take a stance in relation to race
d. They disliked the enslaved people
ANS: a
MSC: Understanding REF: pp 235–236
6. In which of these countries did nationalism first erupt?
a. Argentina
b. Mexico
c. Peru
d. Chile
ANS: b
MSC: Remembering
REF: p. 239
7. On what did all the factions of the Mexican Revolution agree?
a. the importance of foreign investment
b. the need to support Porfirio Díaz
c. the need to oust Porfirio Díaz
d. the importance of eliminating slavery
ANS: c
MSC: Understanding
REF: p. 239
8. Who was Diego Rivera?
a. a Mexican muralist who mostly depicted indigenous people in his work
b. a Chilean president killed during the Independence wars
c. a Uruguayan prince
d. a Brazilian Emperor
ANS: a
MSC: Remembering
REF: p. 242
9 Which was the main ideal behind the Uruguayan political movement known as "Batllismo"?
a. equality
b. opposition to social democracy
c. democracy
d. opposition to foreign economic imperialism
ANS: d
MSC: Understanding
REF: p. 244
10 "Batllismo" was
a. an urban movement
b. a rural movement
c. a lower-class movement
d. a religious movement
ANS: a
MSC: Understanding
REF: p. 244
11. Did the role of foreign capital in Argentina diminish under Yrigoyen’s government?
a. Yes, it was almost nonexistent
b. No, it doubled.
c. No, it remained pretty much the same.
d. Yes, it diminished 30 percent.
ANS: c
MSC: Understanding
REF: p. 245
12. What global event marked the end of neocolonialism and the emergence of the nationalist movement?
a. World War I
b. World War II
c. The Spanish Civil War
d. The Great Depression of the 1930s
ANS: d
MSC: Understanding
REF: p. 249
13 What does ISI stand for?
a. important social industrialization
b. inside social industries
c. import-substitution industrialization
d. identity search industries
ANS: c
MSC: Understanding
REF: p. 249
14 Which of the following was extremely important for the nationalists?
a. equality
b. war
c. democracy
d. industrialization
ANS: d
MSC: Understanding
REF: p. 250
15 Where were ISIs most likely to work?
a. in countries with a small national market
b. in countries with a large indigenous population
c. in countries with a large national market
d. The model had the same probabilities in all Latin American countries.
ANS: c
MSC: Understanding
REF: p. 250
16. Who was the leader of nationalism in Brazil?
a. Lazaro Cárdenas
b. Getúlio Vargas
c. Diego Rivera
d. Hipólito Yrigoyen
ANS: b
MSC: Remembering
REF: pp. 250–251
17. What was the most prominent characteristic of the Estado Novo in Brazil?
a. It was ruled by three presidents who shared all responsibilities.
b. It promoted foreign investment
c. It allied with the Catholic Church.
d. It was highly authoritarian
ANS: d
MSC: Understanding
REF: p. 252
18 Why did Vargas create so many agencies and ministries during the Estado Novo in Brazil?
a. to lower high unemployment rates
b. to reduce the power of the military forces
c. to further the nation’s common goals and welfare
d. to promote liberal ideas
ANS: c
MSC: Understanding
REF: p. 253
19 To which side of the political spectrum would Vargas’s Estado Novo best fit?
a. It is almost impossible to determine
b. to the left
c. to the right
d. slightly to the right
ANS: a
MSC: Understanding
REF: p. 256
20 Which of the following was the primary goal of the Estado Novo?
a. social equality
b. promoting the rights of the economic elites
c. territorial expansion
d. industrialization
ANS: d
MSC: Understanding
REF: p. 256
21. To which audience did populist leaders appeal?
a. high class
b. middle class
c. lower-middle class
d. all social classes
ANS: c
MSC: Understanding
REF: p. 263
22 With which country is Victor Raúl Haya de la Torre affiliated?
a. Mexico
b. Chile
c. Venezuela
d. Peru
ANS: d
MSC: Remembering
REF: p. 264
23 What happened after Jorge Eliécer Gaitán was assassinated in Colombia?
a. Riots erupted everywhere; the Bogotazo being the most famous one
b. Nothing really changed
c. Colombia gained independence
d. Colombia merged with Venezuela
ANS: a
MSC: Remembering
REF: p. 264
24 Who were the main supporters of the populist Peronist movement?
a. the middle class
b. women
c. the workers
d. the elites
ANS: c
MSC: Remembering
REF: p. 265
25. Which was the Estado Novo’s approach toward the Brazilian dance, the samba?
a. The Estado Novo was indifferent to samba.
b. The Estado Novo prohibited samba.
c. The Estado Novo embraced samba as the country’s cultural signature.
d. The Estado Novo banned all cultural activity in Brazil.
ANS: c
MSC: Remembering
REF: p. 255
1.
Who were Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo? How did they represent the peasants and indigenous people who fought in the Mexican Revolution?
ANS: Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo were two Mexican artists. In their own way, they each illustrated Mexican nationalism. Rivera was a muralist whose works continue to cover the most important public buildings in the country, like the Ministry of Education and the National Palace. He reflected the importance of the indigenous heritage. For example, he painted indigenous peasants in the land that once belonged to them, and the Spanish conquest as a greedy, hypocritical bloodbath. To the contrary, Kahlo painted small portraits that usually reflected her
own painful life and that of the Mexican people. She exalted her indigenous heritage through her paintings by using typical clothes and other indigenous artifacts. Both artists exhibited a strong pride for Mexico’s past and shared that pride with their people.
MSC: Understanding
REF: pp 241–243
2. Who was Getúlio Vargas? What were the main characteristics of his Estado Novo?
ANS: Getúlio Vargas led Brazil for the longest period of time in comparison with all other Brazilian presidents. After seizing the presidency in 1930, Vargas assumed dictatorial power seven years later with the support of the army. He was finally democratically elected in 1951 and committed suicide in 1954. Overall, he ruled Brazil for eighteen years. Vargas was a highly authoritarian ruler.
In 1937, Vargas took power and announced a nationalist makeover for Brazil. He established the Estado Novo (New State). To better control all power, he dissolved the legislative branch, banned all political parties, and censored mass media. Vargas further appointed “interventors” to govern each state. He promoted nationalism as a theme that united all Brazilians, irrespective of social class. This is probably the key as to why, even as a recognized dictator, he managed to remain popular for so many years. The Estado Novo created dozens of government agencies, commissions, and ministries to spread control over the population and exalt the importance of the national government above all else. In terms of race relations, Vargas celebrated race mixing and the African heritage of the country. Economically, he promoted industrialization. Trying to reconcile the needs of the factory owners and the workers, he passed legislation to discipline the labor force while protecting it at the same time. Arguably, despite being a dictator, Vargas’s Estado Novo proved to be valuable to the Brazilian people as indicated by their 1951 decision to democratically elect him back into office.
MSC: Understanding
REF: pp. 251–256
3. Did import-substitution industrialization mean the same thing for all Latin American countries?
ANS: The collapse of the international trade market in the 1930s hurt all countries. Most Latin American countries responded to exports and imports going down with a plan that is now known as import-substitution industrialization, or ISI for short. While city centers like Buenos Aires, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Mexico City had become major industrial centers, they were still considered small international players. ISI changed this scenario by focusing on promoting the national industry of each country. The governments of the 1930s and 1940s would also promote an active central government in charge of controlling exchange rates, setting prices and wages, and passing protective labor laws.
However, not all Latin American countries had the same experience with ISI. In general, those countries that had a large national market, did best. For example, Argentina, Mexico, and Brazil thrived during this time. On the contrary, small countries like Ecuador, Bolivia, or Paraguay did not reap the benefits of this type of politics. Even in those countries that best responded to ISI, growth did not reach all industries. Ultimately, production in most countries would continue to depend on the international market.
MSC: Understanding
REF: pp. 249–250