THESIS 2 - A Self-Sustain Culinary Academy

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE

MEAP26108 ARCHITECTURE DESIGN THESIS 2

A SELF-SUSTAIN CULINARY ACADEMY WITH URBAN FARMS & FOOD WASTE RECYCLING

GAN J-CHEN 1901290

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Food and organic waste has become a big contributor to climate change. Decomposing food and organic waste that mixes with other landfill waste is going to produce harmful greenhouse gases that will speed up the process of global warming. Malaysia itself did not address this issue and provide the sufficient facilities and manpower to sort out general waste, organic waste or other harmful chemical waste. By recycling food waste and urban farming, this could instill awareness of this global issues drastically by forming a successful model in to a city.

ISSUES

THESIS AIM FOOD WASTE Malaysia has about 16,688 tonnes of food waste generated per day Source: Solid Waste Management & Public Cleansing Corporation (SWCorp) 2019

LAND USE More waste are going into the landfill is going to require more land to dispose waste materials

GREENHOUSE EMISSION Climate change due to greenhouse emission by various sectors and human activities

HUMAN POPULATION By the year 2050, human population is expected to increase to 9.7 billion from 7 billion in 2020 Source: United Nations, 2019

OBJECTIVES

REDUCE FOOD WASTE

By sorting out the organic waste, which is 40% of landfill waste, and recycle it into a useful resource

REDUCE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Reducing the release of potent greenhouse gases from organic waste

IMPROVE FOOD SECURITY In order to feed 9.7 billion people in 2050, we have to produce 70% more of today's food

To identify appropriate ways to deal with urban organic waste

To identify ways to involve a community into the programs

To propose suitable facilities that enhance the overall model and make it self-sustain

Source: United Nations, 2019

A CLOSE LOOP MODEL The final outcome of the project is going to be able to self sustain, selfsufficient and able to be replicate elsewhere

To find out the extend of urban farming and food composting in reducing food waste

TOTAL GENERAL SOLID WASTE EXPECTED GLOBALLY GLOBAL WARMING

METHANE

50%-55%

LEACHATE

RIVER/ GROUNDWATER FOOD ENDING UP AT THE LANDFILL WILL DECOMPOSE AND EMITS GREENHOUSE GASES LIKE METHANE Source: Universiti Malaya

= RM900 per day

ABOUT A QUARTER OF FOOD IS WASTED, WHICH IS:

RM225

IS THROWN AWAY INTO THE TRASH EVERY MONTH, WHICH IS:

RM2,700 a year

Source: NST

TOTAL GENERAL WASTE GENERATED IN MALAYSIA EVERYDAY:

GLOBAL GREENHOUSE EMISSION VS. FOOD WASTE GREENHOUSE EMISSION Global food waste has become the 3rd largest emitter of greenhouse gases 1 just behind China and United States. It has become an enormous problem but it is one of the easiest ways to address climate change.

3,000 TONNES ARE STILL EDIBLE AND CAN FEED 2 MILLION PEOPLE

Source: NST

TONNES DAILY

It takes tons of resources and energy to produce food, transport it, and keep it fresh. Food leftovers, peel or inedible parts of food will decompose, which release potent greenhouse gases if left to rot on landfills.

Instead of letting it rot or converting it into biogas for energy, why not we mimic the nature's process of decomposing organic matter, turning it into a significant resource for urban environment.

Source: UCLA, Vox

900

465 2009

2011

2013

year

PERCENTAGE OF FOOD WASTE CATEGORIZED

54%

(9,000 TONNES)

wasted food and thrown away

Sales

3

FOOD WASTE

Year

15,000

KL alone: 3000

2025

untouched

GENERATED WASTE

TONNES

tonnes

Source: The World Bank

15,000

4. F&B SECTORS

FOOD AND KITCHEN WASTE PER DAY IN MALYSIA

wasted food

TONNES

billion tons

In contemporary, the world is on a pace of almost double its waste production by the year 2025. From 1.3 billion tons in 2012 to 2.2 billion tons in 2025.

2

3. FOOD COURTS

Source: SWCorp

1.3

2012

2. NIGHT MARKETS

food waste

38,000

ABOUT

1. DOMESTIC

1.0 0.5

AMOUNT SPENT BY AVERAGE MALAYSIAN HOUSEHOLD OF FIVE PEOPLE ON FOOD

billion tons

2.0 1.5

SOURCE OF FOOD WASTE (HIGHEST TO LOWEST)

2.2

2.5 Solid Waste/year (billion tonnes)

IMPACT OF FOOD WASTAGE

6%

(900 TONNES)

of them are completely untouched PER DAY

40%

(6,000 TONNES)

kitchen waste (fruit peels, bones, etc)

Source: SWCorp, The Star, Poskod.my

DAILY WASTAGE PATTERN IN KL

WASTE GENERATED IN KUALA LUMPUR

(based on a study in Serdang & Tmn. Connaught, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur)

KL residents generate

FOOD WASTE COMPOSTING BASICS WHAT TO COMPOST

3,500

TONNES

of rubbish per day RAW/COOKED FISH & MEAT

FRUITS & VEGETABLES

2.9% DAILY

2.9% DAILY

DAIRY PRODUCTS

FRUITS & VEGETABLES

EGGSHELLS

3.5% DAILY

GRASS CLIPPINGS

TONNES

of rubbish in the past five years DRINKS 3.5% DAILY

This could fill Petronas Twin Towers in

325

40

DAYS

It costs about RM mil a year to collect and dispose waste in KUALA LUMPUR

RICE, BREAD RESTAURANT FOOD 2.9% DAILY

5.1% DAILY

1% DAILY

STORED FOOD

130

WASTE COMPOSITION IN MALAYSIA

PLASTICS

DIAPERS/ NAPKINS

PAPER

Citrus fruit, tomato and pickled food producs can kill the good bacteria that helps beak down the compost Recommendation: home-made enzyme

PET WASTE

DAIRY PRODUCT

Can create health risk containing parasites, bacteria, germs, etc.

Rendering your compost pile completely useless

Create odor problems and attract pests such as rodents, flies

1.3% DAILY Oils and grease mess with the moisture needed to decompose

Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency

WASTE COMPOSITION IN KUALA LUMPUR 57%

44.5%

FOOD WASTE

HIGHLY ACIDIC FOOD

Create odor problems and attract pests such as rodents, flies

Source: Fegalo and Ismail, Adv Recycling Waste Manage ISSN: 2475-7675

Source: SWCorp, The Star

8.5%

BREAD

OILS, GREASE

Alam Flora collects TONNES of fat, oil and grease from KL drains per day

13.2% 12.1%

LEAVES

MEAT & FISH

OTHERS

1.3% DAILY

RICE/GRAIN

WHAT TAKES MORE EFFORT OR NOT RECOMMEND TO COMPOST

etc REFRIGERATED FOOD

TEA BAGS

ENRICH THE SOIL, HELPS RETAIN MOISTURE AND SUPPRESS PLANT DISEASE AND PESTS. ENCOURAGES THE PRODUCTION OF BENEFICIAL BACTERIA AND FUNGI THAT BREAK DOWN ORGANIC MATTER TO CREATE HUMUS, A RICH NUTRIENT

KL residents illegally dumped

23,000

COFFEE GROUNDS

5.8% GARDEN WASTE

3.3%

3.3%

GLASS

TEXTILE

3.1% CARTONS

15%

7.9%

17% 5%

OTHERS FOOD WASTE

PLASTICS

PAPER

GARDEN WASTE

1%

1%

1%

3%

GLASS

TEXTILE

RUBBER/ LEATHER

OTHERS

Source: SWCorp, The Star

CASE STUDIES OF URBAN FARMING & VERTICAL FARMING SMALL SCALE

INDOOR FARMING

LARGE SCALE

BACKYARD GARDEN

FOOD-SCAPING ROOFTOP FARMING

COMMUNITY FARMING

GREEN HOUSE

GREEN WALLS

VERTICAL FARMING

STANDARD FARM CASE STUDIES OF FOOD WASTE MANAGEMENT

1 acre

ZERO WASTE ACADEMY Kamikatsu, apan Kamikatsu recycle

81% of all their trash in 2016

General waste are sorted into 40 different categories and later on recycled

3-12 months

BACK TO

3-12 months FOOD WASTE DRUM BARREL

RESTAURANT/ SUPERMARKETS

COMPOST

URBAN FARM

RESTAURANT/ SUPERMARKETS

Food waste will be collected and composted in a drum barrel and turn it into fertilizer for the local farm The Zero Waste "waste station" has become an education centre of educating people about general waste management across the region Source: nippon & South China Morning Post

BOKASHI MYANMAR Yangon, Myanmar 'Bokashi' is a Japanese word meaning "fermented organic matter". Bokashi actually ferments the organic matter instead of decomposes it

VERTICAL FARM

6-8 weeks

100TIMES

6 RESTAURANTS, HOTELS & 6 SCHOOLS

MORE VOLUME

BOKASHI + FOOD WASTE

FERMENTATION PROCESS

RETAINS 50%-75% OF NUTRIENT

READY FOR SOIL MIXTURE

URBAN FARM

LOCAL MARKET

BOKASHI Myanmar collabs with local schools, hotels, restaurants to turn food waste into rich compost soil. BOKASHI Myanmar educates and provide training of food waste management to the locals Source: From Bioregenerative Life Support Systems for Space to Vertical Farming on Earth – The 100% Spin-off & RealLifeLore

Source: Bokashi Myanmar & Drew Binsky

FEED IT FORWARD Toronton, Canada

Feed It Forward receive food donation or rescued food from local supermarkets, restaurants and groceries.

53% of all food produced in Canada ends up in the landfills

4.9 million people live in poverty in Canada "PAY WHAT YOU CAN" PROGRAM

RESTAURANT/ SUPERMARKETS

SOUP BAR

LOCAL URBAN POOR

EDIBLE FOOD WASTE RESTAURANT

CUSTOMERS

Feed It Forward created a unique "pay what you can" grocery store, bakery and coffee shop. They also let the urban poor get the food for free Source: CBC News & Feed It Forward

EXAMPLE OF CROPS SUITABLE FOR URBAN ENVIRONMENT ON VERTICAL FARM

CABBAGE

HERBS

KALE

MIZUNA

LEMONGRASS

CHIVES

EGGPLANT

POTATO

BERRIES

FLOWERS

GINGER

BAK CHOY

CUCUMBER

GARLIC

50-100x EFFICIENCY

LOW MAINTENANCE

LOW ENERGY USAGE

AMARANTH

ON GROUND LEVEL

FRUITS

ALOE VERA

PROPOSED VERTICAL FARM SYSTEM - HYDRAULIC VERTICAL FARM

Why hydraulic vertical farm compare to other vertical farm methods:

PESTICIDE-FREE

1/50 WATER USAGE

SAFE, CLEAN, HIGH NUTRITION

HIGH YIELD

LOWER PRICE

HIGH QUALITY & ORGANIC

CHANCE OF PEST INFESTATION

LIMITED RANGE OF CROPS

IMMATURE TECH

MANUAL POLLINATION Source: SkyGreens Singapore

PRECEDENT STUDIES

KEBUN-KEBUN BANGSAR, INITIATED BY NG SEK SAN KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA Kebun-Kebun Bangsar is a proposed 2.5 acres linear green garden on a TNB reserve in Lorong Bukit Pantai, Bangsar which is designed, built, managed, funded and maintained by community efforts and volunteers.

With only 2 full time gardeners, the orchard finally become self-sustained after 3 years since it was being founded in 2015. The purpose of KKB is to feed the homeless.

The idea to be applied to the scheme is to incorporate urban farming that helps generate the community spirit and revenue that help sustain the site.

SOFTSCAPE RECOMMENDATIONS

Pokok Bungor Raya Lagerstroemia speciosa

Senegal Mahagony Kkhaya senegalensis

Duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza

Lalang Imperata cylindrica

Weeping paperbark Melaleuca leucadendra

Lemongrass Cymbopogon

White Waterlily Nymphaea alba

Javanese Flatsedge Cyperus javanicus

Hibiscus Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

Orange Jasime Murraya paniculata

MAN-MADE WETLAND

ROADSIDE TREES & SHRUBS

Chinese Water Chestnut Eleocharis dulcis

WATER EDGE PLANTS

WETLAND PLANTS

Hornwort Ceratophyllum demersum

REED BED, SAND FILTER, ETC CARP

TILAPIA

DUCK

FROG

DRAGONFLY

POLLINATOR

LUMEN BUILDING, WAGENINGEN CAMPUS, BEHNISCH ARCHITEKTEN WAGENINGEN, NETHERLANDS

A plant science laboratory and an administration building. The design brief was for a functional, user-friendly research facility working harmony with nature, versatile and ecologically.

The building design was not to dominate rural setting, but embracing the surroundings' elements. It was designed to be a human-friendly with natural elements such as wetlands and vegetation; and materials such as timber.

The idea to be applied to the scheme is of using natural renewable resource as material such as timber helps in setting the tonality and essense of the building as a whole.

SUNQIAO URBAN AGRICULTURE DISTRICT, SASAKI ASSOCIATES SHANGHAI, CHINA

Sunqiao agriculture district is a Shanghai project to caters to the idea of feeding the people of Shanghai (24 million people).

The whole project provide a robust public realms that creates an overall great agriculture experience and an urban life that celebrates food production as one of the most important functions of a city. In the same time educates generations of urban children about how and where their food comes from.

As agriculture industry was deem unattractive, the agriculture district was able to educate and expose people to the value, hardwork and importance of food production in modern day society.

SITE INFORMATION

SITE SELECTION STUDIES

N

N

PREVIOUSLY TESTED SITES FOR SUITABILITY HIGH-TENSION POWERLINE

TEST SITES

Previous test sites include CHOW KIT, PUDU and SETAPAK JAYA. Chow Kit and Pudu is facing troubles such as traffic congestion, availability of suitable scale of operation. Desa Setapak was concluded to be furthest away from the dense city centre to determine between city centre versus suburb context. In the end, the results is the middle ground. Hence, the final site selection of Jalan Desa

N

KEY PLAN

N

GREYFIELD STUDIES IN KUALA LUMPUR HIGH-TENSION POWERLINE

WATER BODIES

EXISTING URBAN FARMS IN KUALA LUMPUR HIGH-TENSION POWERLINE

To identify greyfield in a big scale, the best way is to identify where high-tension powerline run across KL. The choice of site selection require water source that are underutilized. The most qualified site is a greyfield (with transmission towers) with an oxidation pond compare to other potential sites.

N

LOCATION MAP

EXISTING URBAN FARMS

The selected site have an existing urban farm that validate the thesis aims. The site meets the criterias of having a water source to water the plants, and having an existing urban farm helps expand the opportunities of the site compare to the sites.

GREYFIELD

DESIGN CONCEPT

Economically obsolescent, outdated site.

Currently it was a site with transmission tower and an unpleasant site with oxidation pond

EXISITING URBAN FARM

The selected site is currently having an existing urban farm that are able to be expanded as an opportunity involving the community and generate revenue

SELF-SUSTAIN ACADEMY

Using on-site criterias, the culinary academy will recycle its own food waste and regrow its own food ingredients or sell it to the public

REGENERATION

Selected site contain an oxidation pond to be utilized as a opportunity, a holistic solution is to regenerate and provide a clean waterfront to the site

出淤泥而不染

To remain untainted in spite of growing out of mud By directly respond to the site's existing context, the selected site's greyfield are unable to be any use or provide any benefits to the surrounding context. The concept is to muster benefits out of this unpleasant and underutilized site by regenerating the oxidation pond. The proposal of a culinary school is to insert the necessary programs to enhance the overall scheme.

SITE INFORMATION ADDRESS KUALA LUMPUR LAND AREA PLOT RATIO HEIGHT LIMITATION

: JALAN DESA, TAMAN DESA, 58100 : 6.3 ACRE :1:4 : TEMPORARY STRUCTURE 2 STORIES (under the transmission tower) : 10 STORIES

SITE INVENTORY

FONGKY OBSERVATORY

N

WATER BODIES

N

N

LAND USE

N

AJINOMOTO FACTORY

LANDMARK

BUILDING

FIGUREGROUND STUDY

RECREATION RESIDENTIAL

DESA SENTRAL SALES GALLERY

NODES

NODES

N

COMMERCIAL RELIGIOUS

INSTITUTE EMERGENCY

CONSTRUCTION/ UNUSED SPACE

1 STORY 7-8 STORIES

N

PEDESTRIAN FLOW

RIVER EDGE

EDGES

N

2 STORIES 20 STORIES

BUILDING HEIGHT

3 STORIES 30 STORIES

4 - 5 STORIES

N

NEW TRANSIT LINE

PATHS

PRIMARY PATH

SECONDARY PATH

DISTRICTS

HIGHWAY EDGE

FLOOD RETENTION POND

CONSTRUCTION

19.27 SUNSET

WATERFRONT

WATERFRONT BUILDABLE SPACE 7.6 acre

PROPOSED SITE

N

KERAYONG RIVER

SUNPATH

AJINOMOTO FACTORY

N

HIGH TENSION WIRES

TRANSMISSION TOWER

ON-SITE TRANSMISSION TOWER

FLOOD RETENTION POND

NPE HIGHWAY

NPE HIGHWAY

N

SUN ORIENTATION

WATERFRONT

WATERFRONT

07.11 SUNRISE

SMELL

VIEWS

NOISE

NOISE & SMELL

FLOOD RETENTION POND

FLOOD RETENTION POND

FLOOD RETENTION POND

CONSTRUCTION

WATERFRONT

WATERFRONT

NPE HIGHWAY

AJINOMOTO FACTORY

N

GREEN PATCHES

NPE HIGHWAY

MODERATE TRAFFIC

HEAVY TRAFFIC

TRAFFIC DENSITY (MORNING)

N

LOW TRAFFIC

MODERATE TRAFFIC

HEAVY TRAFFIC

TRAFFIC DENSITY (NOON)

FLOOD RETENTION POND

LOW TRAFFIC

MODERATE TRAFFIC

INDUSTRIAL

FUTURE MRT STATION

PUBLIC

WATERFRONT

PUBLIC

SEMI

PRIVATE

PROPOSED SITE

N

N

PEDESTRIAN ACCESS

INGRESS & EGRESS

PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT

N

PUBLIC & PRIVATE ZONING

HEAVY TRAFFIC

TRAFFIC DENSITY (NIGHT)

PUBLIC

FUTURE RESIDENTIAL

MAIN VEHICULAR ACCESS

NPE HIGHWAY

N

LOW TRAFFIC

ON-SITE VEGETATION

WATERFRONT

COMMERCIAL

N

WATERFRONT

COMMERCIAL EDUCATION INDUSTRIAL

N

BUILDING USAGE

EDUCATION

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT TOWER NOISE + SMELL SUNKEN SPACE

PRIMARY SECONDARY

UR

GROUND LEVEL

GROUND LEVEL

BA

NF AR

MS

1. SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT

The primary spaces will serves as the main program in the center of the site, serving as a public interactive space while the secondary spaces serve as supporting elements to uphold the primary program

2. DIFFERENCES OF LEVEL

The sunken space create a definitive spatial differences with the ground level. It creates a pleasant eye level view that welcome the public into the sunken wet/dry market. Whereas the tower creates a hierarchy on the site, and provide more buildable green and open spaces

3. LINKAGES

The grand staircase serve as a direct linkage between the tower and the ground level. In the mean time, creating multiple linkages below the staircase and above the staircase

4. GREEN FILTER

The vertical nursery building block are placed in a linear form along the side of the river to filter out the excessive noise, smell and smog from the NPE highway, the Ajinomoto Factory and the Kerayong River

LIBRARY, STAFF'S QUARTERS

CULINARY ACADEMY

WET/DRY MARKET

ENTRANCE

5. CULINARY ACADEMY

The culinary academy sits on top of the sunken wet market.

Providing a clear distinct of focus in the middle of the site, shelters the wet market in the same time

6. VISUAL TREATMENT

The building block was push down on the side to provide a pitched facing towards the waterfront to provide better views for the culinary students

7. SENSE OF WELCOME

To create a sense of welcome to the users, the building block was curved outwards to provide a direct vista towards the large grand staircase that accomodates kiosks along the staircase

LOBBY, THEATRE, OFFICES

RESTAURANT & EXHIBITION

8. BUILDING PROGRAMS

The building programs was distributed with the frontage and the ground level serving mainly the public, while the culinary academy and the tower serves mostly the students

WATER FEATURE

SS

O CR

W

ND

LA

ET

MAIN ACCESS

CONCOURSE WATERFRONT

A

WATERFRONT

WATERFRONT

DIRECT TO RESTAURANT & SCHOOL

9. ACCESSIBILITIES

With 3 different access to the site, the given accesses are providing options for the users to directly connects to the urban farm below the transmission towers, with access on foot from the wetland, directly from the school and lastly from the main acess

DESIGN PALETTE

10. EMBRACING THE VIEW

As the site lack pleasant views, the waterfront is going to be served as the main natural attraction of the site

11. REGENERATION

The grand staircase having a water feature from top to bottom represents the regenerated waterfront and brings the clean water flowing into the centre concourse part of the site.

12. INTERACTION

The waterfront serve as a fishing spot, interactive playscape, wetland, lounge area to provide activities that are engaging to the public and the students as well

PROGRAM BREAKDOWN

FOOD WASTE

COMPOST / FOOD WASTE RECYCLING

URBAN FARMING

Compost was able secure the nutrients into the mixture of soil, and end up with fertile soil that are able to grow food

Serves as traditional route of farming with the secondary purpose of educating the public as well

VERTICAL FARMING

Providing both options will be able to cater towards different types of crops to be cultivate in large quantities

GASTRONOMY STUDIES

Gastronomy is the study of relationship between food and culture which will focuses on local cuisines.

COOKING COMPETITION

FISH FARM

Cooking competition is going to help in generating exposure to the current scheme in creating interest in attracting volunteers and culinary students

The fish are able to be fed with food scraps and later sold off or be use as ingredient for the culinary academy/restaurant.

Types of fish considered: Tilapia, Catfish

(highly resilient)

DUCK & CHICKEN

Duck and chicken are part of the ecosystem as natural pest control in farmland and serve as farmed ingredient later on.

COWS & SHEEPS

Cows and sheeps are going to help in wild grass control and provide natural fertilizer for the farmland

ANIMAL MANURE

The animal manure can be use to help in enriching the soil or compost instead of using artificial or processed fertilizer

WET MARKET / DRY MARKET The extra fresh produce that was harvested and be sold at the market

CULINARY ACADEMY

The culinary academy receive farmed goods as ingredients for the students. The students will be able to cook up different dishes based on the ingredients

RESTAURANT

The restaurant will help expose the students to culinary arts' training. Other than that, it helps generating revenue to further sustain the whole business model

AERIAL VIEW

ACCESS FROM WETLAND

GRAND STAIRCASE

CONCOURSE

AERIAL VIEW

URBAN FARM - UNDER THE TRANSMISSION TOWER

GRAND STAIRCASE

RESTAURANT/EXHIBITION

SUNKEN LOUNGE

OUTDOOR PLAZA

SECTION A-A SCALE 1: 100

SECTION B-B SCALE 1: 100

N

SITE PLAN SCALE 1:1000

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1

OVERALL SECTION - CULINARY ACADEMY

5

AXONOMETRIC VIEW

STUDY MODEL

STUDY MODEL

STUDY MODEL