Practicus

Practicus

Third Grade of the First Order Societas Rosicruciana in Civitatibus Foederatis

By Fra Gabriel Comia, Jr. VIII Pearl of the Orient College, SRICF

Contents

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About Practicus Introduction to Alchemy Tria Prima and the Three Philosophical Principles The Philosopher’s Stone Elixir of Immortality Alchemy and Freemasonry Modern Alchemy and the Nanotechnology Mutation of Human Being: 2022 A.D. (Anno Delta) References

1.

About the Third Grade Practicus

The Third Grade Practicus The third grade Practicus is chiefly concerned with the study of the Material Universe, the Four elements Earth, Air, Water and Fire of the ancient Philosophers. Its prime study is Material Alchemy, the science of the composition of the material world, practice and experiment, the process of transmutation on the Material Plane.

Philosophus, the Fourth Grade is the study of Spiritual Alchemy.

Solve et Coagula; "dissolve and coagulate" It means that something must be broken down before it can be built up. Loss and restoration of form: this is the basic rhythm of alchemical transformation. It is expressed in the formula, ‘solve at coagula’: an injunction to dissolve and congeal. Chemically this is typified in the process of sublimation, reducing a solid to vapour (solve) and them condensing the vapour to purified solidity (coagula).

Practicus From Ancient Greek praktikos “of or pertaining to action, concerned with action, practical or one who practices” The grade of Practicus corresponds to the element of Water symbolically represented by the downward looking triangle and is associated with femininity and the color blue.

The Fixed water sign of Scorpio , the third Ancient Scorpio's glyph is an M with a barbed tail turning upward. This represents the creation and destruction that's inherent in Scorpio. Some believe its glyph represents the female and male sex organs and the creation of new life as in alchemy the decomposition and creation of new form.

The Seven Symbols of a Scorpio representing Alchemical Processes 1.Spider 2. Scorpion 3. Lizard 4. Serpent 5. Wolf 6. Eagle or Dove 7. Phoenix

2.

Introduction to Alchemy

Introduction to Alchemy In Alchemy, Salt, Sulphur and Mercury are known to be the Three Principles. It is believed that all matter can be divided, via alchemical processes, into these three things.

Salt was the principle of fixity (non-action) and in-combustibili The concept of the spagyric remedy in turn relies upon the three cardinal principles of alchemy, termed salt, sulfur, and mercury. "The basis of matter was the alchemical trinity of principles – salt, sulfur, and mercury.

Alchemists based their theories and experiments on the Aristotelian assumption that the world and everything in it are composed of four basic elements (air, earth, fire and water), along with three that were called "essential" substances: salt, mercury and sulfur

God, the first Alchemist Genesis 2:4-7 4 This is the account of the heavens and the earth when they were created, when the Lord God made the earth and the heavens.

5 Now no shrub had yet appeared on the earth and no plant had yet sprung up, for the Lord God had not sent rain on the earth and there was no one to work the ground, 6 but streams came up from the earth and watered the whole surface of the ground.

7 Then the Lord God formed a man from the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living being.

The Practice of Alchemy Alchemy was a form of early chemistry that aimed to transmute base metals into gold and to create an elixir of longevity or eternal life.

Chinese Alchemy The earliest record of alchemy is from China in the fourth century BC, and its practice was associated with the religion and philosophy of Taoism created by the sage Lao Tzu. The tao is a form of prime matter that is infinitely changeable, and the matter that the tao composes is described in terms of opposites. Yin is the passive female element that is cool and dark, and yang is the hot and light male element. The interaction and opposition between yin and yang was thought to produce the elements. Earth was the central element, while others were thought to be opposing pairs, such as fire and water, metal and wood. Taoist alchemists thought that by changing the proportions of these elements, it was possible to transform matter.

In their work, Chinese alchemists discovered processes such as metallic jewelry making, metallurgy, the development of furnaces, the making of alloys (including mosaic gold), and the development of gunpowder. Some of these ideas or processes may have reached the west via India, Greece, or the Arab world as early as the fourth century BC via trade or the cultural interactions in warfare. Alexander the Great (356–323 BC) was pushing eastward from Greece in his conquests at about the same time that Chinese alchemy began to flourish.

By 144 BC, Chinese alchemy was only openly practiced under royal patronage. Historical accounts note that in 135 BC alchemy was performed at the imperial Chinese courts by Li Shao-chün (c. second century BC). He had the reputation of being able to predict future events, transforming cinnabar powder (mercuric sulfide) into the golden elixir of life, and creating life-extending golden cups and bowls for drinking and eating. Li Shao-chün also advised the emperor to worship the Stove, a demi-goddess clothed in red garments with her head done up in a knot on the top of her head. She was the divinity responsible for cooking and brewing, as well as alchemy.

The Ancient Greeks While the Chinese alchemists were searching for the elixir of life and developing practical applications, the ancient Greek philosophers were searching for the elemental principles of matter.

Philosopher Empedocles (c.495 BC–c.435 BC) stated that there are four elements (earth, air, water, and fire) that compose everything, and that their interactions cause change, just as all colors can be created by mixing three primary colors in appropriate proportions.

Aristotle (384–322 BC) incorporated the work of Empedocles into his own philosophy.

Aristotle's formation of the rough equivalent of a polytechnic university, called the Lyceum, in Athens; his influence as tutor to Alexander the Great; and his vast array of philosophical writings made his ideas extremely important in the ancient and medieval world. While rejecting the work of the atomists and their idea of empty space (a vacuum), Aristotle added his own qualities of hot, dry, cold, and wet to Empedocles's elements of earth (cold and dry), air (hot and wet), water (cold and wet), and fire (hot and dry).

Aristotle also promoted the idea, previously proposed by Chinese alchemists, that metals incubated in the wombs of the earth.

Metallurgy and copper smelting were also known in ancient Greece from the Bronze Age, as were the use of substances in dyeing, painting, pottery, and the production of perfume and cosmetics. By the fourth century AD, in the Hellenistic period, knowledge of these techniques had spread to Alexandria in Egypt, the capital city of Alexander the Great's empire.

The Alexandrian alchemist Zosimus (c. fifth century BC) was using techniques of distillation, the vaporization of solids by heat (sublimation), as well as filtration; stills and condensers were also part of his laboratory equipment. This basic chemical knowledge, combined with the idea that metals could grow, meant that alchemists thought that they could replicate the process of metal growth. They also thought they could accelerate and alter the growth process. The goal was to reduce metals to their prime matter and then impose upon them the qualities of gold. As alchemy took shape, the power of imposing qualities was believed to reside in what became known as the philosophers' stone.

Arabs and Alchemy

After the Islamic Arabs conquered Alexandria in the seventh century, the secrets of alchemy were transferred to Baghdad and Damascus. The eight century Arab alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan (721–815) believed the secret of the stone and the creation of gold lay in the Aristotelian four elements. Jabir was said by later medieval philosophers to have been a court physician practicing in what is now Iraq.

Jabir believed on a substance or elixir (al-iksir in Arabic). This elixir, or the philosophers' stone, was thought to be a dry powder composed of a substance called carmot. In the search for the stone, Jabir did many experiments with substances that could dissolve and thus “transmute” matter. He most likely invented aqua regia, a mix of nitric acid (distilled from saltpeter) and hydrochloric acid (distilled from salt), which is one of the few substances that can dissolve and purify gold. It is also possible he discovered citric and tartaric acids (from dregs left from wine-making). His term alkali is still used in modern chemistry.

As the Arabs expanded their empire into Spain and Portugal in the eighth century, they took their knowledge of alchemy with them, introducing it to the Christian West. The first Crusade (1095–1099) also introduced Christians to Muslim science. Jabir's treatises on chemistry, the Kitab al-Kimya and Kitab al-Sab'een, were translated into Latin by the twelfth century with modifications and additions.

Paracelsus and the Use of Alchemy in Medicine Amidst the economic and political concerns of alchemy, one individual by the name of Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim (1493–1541) wished to use alchemy to improve medicine. Calling himself Paracelsus (“beyond Celsus”) as a means to claim superiority over the Roman physician Celsus (c.25 BC–AD 50), he studied chemical reactions, tested the healing powers of chemicals inherent in plants, and believed that illness was caused by alchemical imbalances within the body. Paracelsus was the founder of medical chemistry.

Paracelsus' emphasis on iatrochemistry was in direct opposition to the medical theory of his day, which was dominated by the doctrine of the bodily fluids or humors postulated by the ancient Roman physician Galen (129–c.216). Galen stated that good health relied on the balance of four humors or bodily fluids, defined as phlegm, blood, yellow bile, and black bile. The job of the humors was to nourish the body, as well as to provide the material for sperm and, in pregnancy, for the fetus.

Paracelsus sought to overthrow Galenic theory and replace it with an alchemical model.

He saw the growth of plants and animals, the ripening of fruit, the fermentation of wine and beer, and the digestion of food as essentially alchemical processes and was the first to use the word “chemistry” to describe them. Jabir had posited that mercury and sulfur were basic elemental principles; that metals were made of sulfur and mercury, with sulfur being considered a combustible substance; and that mercury was the predominant element in gold. Paracelsus added salt to this dyad of chemical elements, creating a tria prima, or three-principle, model of matter that could explain all transmutations. While Paracelsus had no desire to dispose of the Aristotelian schema of earth, air, water, and fire, he did feel that they were purely “spiritual in nature and only crude approximations of the objects by which we call these names.”

Robert Boyle (1627–1691), the seventeenth-century natural philosopher, would certainly be considered a chymist. A son of the extremely wealthy Earl of Cork, Boyle had the time and resources to build his own chymical laboratory and supply it with equipment. His subsequent work on vacuum pumps, the discovery of the relation of volume and pressure named Boyle's Law, the classification of alkalis and acids, and the use of pH indicators would be considered chemical research today, but the context of these discoveries was sometimes alchemical in origin.

Boyle is best known for subjecting Aristotle's theory of the elements, as well as Paracelsus' tria prima to analysis and thorough criticism. However, Boyle was not against Jabir's idea that sulfur and mercury could be separated from metals; he believed that the philosophers' stone existed; and thought he had succeeded in the alchemical transformation of gold to silver.

Famous Alchemist An alchemist is a person versed in the art of alchemy. Western alchemy flourished in Greco-Roman Egypt, the Islamic world during the Middle Ages, and then in Europe from the 13th to the 18th centuries. Indian alchemists and Chinese alchemists made contributions to Eastern varieties of the art.

Legendary Alchemists Hermes Trismegistus Ostanes, the Persian Nicolas Flamel Perenelle Flamel

Alchemists in Greco-Roman Egypt Agathodaemon Chymes Cleopatra the Alchemist Mary the Jewess Moses of Alexandria Olympiodorus of Thebes (c. 400)

Indian alchemists Kanada, sage and philosopher (6th century BC) Nagarjuna Yogi Vemana Siddhar Tamil sage and philosophers Nayanmars Tamil sage and philosophers Alvars Tamil sage and philosophers Vallalar, Tamil 18th Century sage and philosopher Arunagirinathar Tamil 15th Century sage and philosopher Agastiyar Tamil Sage Korakkar Tamil Sage Thirumoolar Tamil Sage Bogar Tamil Sage Kagapujandar Tamil Sage Vaalmiki Tamil Sage Pattinathar Tamil Sage Kalangi Nathar Tamil Sage Pathanjali Tamil Sage Avvaiyar Tamil Sage Naradhar

Chinese alchemists Wei Boyang Zhang Guo the Elder (c. 600)

Islamic alchemists Further information: Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam Khalid ibn Yazid, "Calid" (died 704) Jābir ibn Hayyān, "Geber" (died c. 806–816) Dhul-Nun al-Misri (born 796) Al-Kindi, "Alkindus" (801–873), a critic of alchemy Al-Farabi, "Alfarabi" (870–950/951) Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi, "Rhazes" (864–930) Muhammed ibn Umail al-Tamimi, "Senior Zadith" (c. 900–960) Abu Ali al-Husain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina, "Avicenna" (980–1037), a critic of alchemy, Father of modern Medicine Al-Tughrai (1061–1121) Artephius (c. 1150)

European alchemists Alain de Lille (1115/1128–1202/1203) Albertus Magnus (1193–1280) Roger Bacon (1214–1294) Pseudo-Geber (Spain, 13th century) Ramon Llull (Raymond Lulli) (1235–1315) John Dastin (early 14th) Arnold of Villanova (1245–?(before 1311)) Jean de Meung (c.1250–c.1305) Petrus Bonus (Early 14th century) Ortolanus or Hortulanus (fl. 1358) Jean de Roquetaillade (Johannes de Rupescissa) (died 1336) Gilles de Rais (1401–1440) Bernard Trevisan (Bernard of Treves) (1406–1490) Johann of Laz (15th century) George Ripley (England, 15th century) Thomas Norton (c. 1433–c. 1513) Johannes Trithemius (1462–1516) Johann Georg Faust (ca. 1480–1540) Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa (1486–1535) Paracelsus (1493–1541) Thomas Charnock (1516/1524/1526–1581) François Hotman (1524–1590) John Dee (1527–1609)

Gerhard Dorn (c. 1530–1584) Martin Ruland the Elder (1532–1602) Richard Stanihurst (1547–1618) Tycho Brahe (1546–1601) Samuel Norton (1548–1621) Edward Kelley (1555–1597) Basilius Valentinus (Basil Valentine) (16/17th century) Andreas Libavius (1555–1616) François Béroalde de Verville (1556–1626) Heinrich Khunrath (circa 1560–1605) Oswald Croll (circa 1563-1609) Melchior Cibinensis (16th century) Jean D'Espagnet (1564–c. 1637) Michał Sędziwój (1566–1636) Benedictus Figulus (born 1567) Michael Maier (1568–1622) Martin Ruland the Younger (1569–1611) Jacob Boehme (1575–1624) Jan Baptist van Helmont (1577–1644) Arthur Dee (1579–1651) Johann Daniel Mylius (c. 1583–1642) Johannes Valentinus Andreae (17 August 1586–27 June 1654) Johann Moriaen (1591–1668) William Backhouse (1593–1662) Baro Urbigerus Ali Puli (17th century) Daniel Stolz von Stolzenberg (Daniel Stolcius) (1600–1660) Johannes Nicolaus Furichius (1602–1633) Edward Dyer (died 1607) Basset Jhones (born 1613) Elias Ashmole (1617–1692) Thomas Henshaw (1618–1700) Thomas Vaughan (Eugenius Philalethes) (1621–1666) Edmund Dickinson (1624–1707) Johann Friedrich Schweitzer (1625–1709) Frederick Clod (born 1625) Giuseppe Francesco Borri (1627–1695) Robert Boyle (1627–1691) George Starkey (alchemist) (Eirenaeus Philalethes) (1628–1665)

Hening Brand (c.1630–1710) Johann Kunckel (1630–1703) Johann Joachim Becher (1635–1682) Isaac Newton (1642–1727) Claude Duval (1643–1670) Dionysius Andreas Freher (1649–1728) Georg von Welling (1652–1727) Anton Josef Kirchweger (died 1746) Alessandro Cagliostro (1743–1795) James Price (1752–1783) Count of St Germain (died 1784) Johann Christoph von Wöllner (1732–1800) August Nordenskiold (1754–1792) August Strindberg (1849–1912) Franz Tausend (1884–1942)

3.

The Tria Prima and the Three Philosophical Principles

The Tria Prima and the Three Philosophical Principles The three philosophical principles of alchemy also known as The three primes, or the Tria Prima is a trinity made up by sulfur, mercury, and salt. Jabir ibn Hayyan first develops the sulfur, and Mercury understanding, and then it was expanded upon by Paracelsus who identified Sulfur, Mercury, and Salt as the three bodies in which Empedocles’s four classic elements existed.

Sulfur: Sulfur represents an expanding force, the essence, spirit, and transcendence. Sulfur is connected to the element of fire, and air. It is seen to be what gives motion, and is firing, and combustible, and represents the inner ambitions, and nature of the spirit that is within constructs, and entities. It is also connected to the masculine energetic aspects, and is associated with the sun, and the qualities hot, and dry. Sulfur is desire, ambition, and the fiery nature of the spirit.

Mercury: Mercury is connected to the element of water, and Air, and is the balancing point between body, and spirit. It is the connection point that brings the spiritual, and the physical together, and allows them to communicate. Mercury is also greatly connected to the mind, intellect, knowledge, and wisdom. Mercury possesses the qualities of cold, and moist, and is connected to the feminine energetic aspects.

Salt: Salt is connected to earth, and water, and it represented the physical world. It would seem to be the exact opposite of sulfur, and is the more constricting force. Salt has the qualities of cold, and dry. Salt is the fixed principle, and is a balance, and Union between masculine, and feminine, and is sometimes seen to represent the child.

Mercury

Salt

Sulphur

The Three Primes (Tria Prima) Alchemist’s see this principle as Tria Prima, or the three primes. These are Mercury, Sulphur, and Salt, or Spirit, Soul, and body. When the two opposing principles of Sulphur (masculine) and Mercury (feminine) come together, we get the Salt or body which brings together and reconciles these opposing principles within it in order to exist on the material plane in physical form.

In the Great Work, the Alchemists work with the three primes through the same process as Solve Et Coagula, which is interpreted as dissolve and coagulate. This dissolving is done to free the Soul and body, or Sulphur and Salt, using Mercury or Spirit. In this way soul and body can be calcinated or purified, and rejoined or bound with Spirit making it one again, free from imperfections. All things which exist contain these three principles, corresponding to the Law of the Triangle, in that when the two come together, the third is born, creating the one.

According to the Alchemistic conception, the entire manifestation of matter is maintained through the cooperation of these Three Philosophical Principles. The different proportion of the three substances in the countless forms of manifestations of matter accounts for their multiplicity.

The three Philosophical Principles form a unity in the triad, although they are different from one another.

These names salt, sulphur and mercury are not to be mistaken to their usual language in chemistry.

The chemical mercury is not identical with the quicksilver, sulphur is not the chemical suphur S nor salt because each of these alchemical metal are composed of the three Philosophical Principles.

TRIA PRIMA

mercury

SPIRITUAL ALCHEMY SYMBOL

MATERIAL ALCHEMY SYMBOL

salt

sulfur

sulfur

mercury salt

AS ABOVE SO BELOW

Mercury: The principle of life, or the vital power, the spirit of life, the waters of life, the volatile, the etheric. In the Indian tradition, it is called prdna. It represents the feminine and the passive principle.

Sulfur : The soul, consciousness designated as atman or atma, that is in the sense of jtvdtman, the individual soul or in the sense of universal Sulfur, the world soul. Sulfur is always conscious and never anonymous. In the Indian Philosophy Samkhya, the word prdna is always used in the sense of soul. Sulfur is the fiery, radiant, burning, and masculine or active principle.

Salt or Sal: The solid, the body, the vehicle, matter in the sense proper.

The Spirit (Mercury) in the alchemical sense is considered feminine. In Arabian term it is called ruh, Hebrew ruah, which signifies the motion of the air or the living breath. In Sanskrit prdna. It is akin to the Arabic word rih ( air). Living creatures inhale the vital force with the air, so that it can nourish the bodies or organs. It is the Indian term known as prdnayama.

According to the Arabian philosopher and physician Averroes, the vital force is present in interstellar space as a substance. By specific breathing process it can be assimilated, then transformed into life in the heart. It is the concept of ether in space. In the Indian tradition, it is called akasha ( space or ether) According to the Chinese conception, the vital force is differentiated into many single vital forces, which are called different forms of chi. They are changing constantly, combine anew, in various forms. In breathing in the Chinese view, cosmic energy mingles with the energies carried to the lungs from other organs of the body. This composite energy flows in the meridian system in the point, chung fu or Lung.

Sulfur of the soul , is the masculine principle, is the masculine principle. Sulfur is the sun, the solar, the original potency, the formative principle, the active, the principle of invisible fire.

V.I.T.R.I.O.L

Stolcius von Stolcenberg, Viridarium Chymicum, Frankfurt, 1624 "V.I.T.R.I.O.L." or vitriol (sulphuric acid) is interpreted as "visita interiora terrae, rectificandoque, invenies occultum lapidem", or "visit the interior of the earth, and purifying it, you will find the hidden stone."

This is another way of saying "look within yourself for the truth" From the engraving ,Viridarium Chymicum, the triangle standing on its point represents the Three Philosophical Principles. To the top corner of the triangle is the inscription Spiritus. We can see the bird opening its wings. On the other side we see the inscription Anima ( Soul). We also see the Sun, the masculine principle, and the salamander, symbol of the fiery factor. This corner represents Sulfur.

Sulfur and Mercury together form, the law of polarity. In the lower vertex of the triangle, we see a cube, the symbol of matter surrounded by the stars. The stars are the gigantic laboratories in which matter is developed. The cube signifies Corpus, the corporeal and material pure and simple. As matter rests on the working together of polarized forces, it is neutral. The lower corner of the triangle represents Sal (salt) On the Sulfur side, we see a torch, symbolizing fire, light, and warmth. On the spirit side, we see a hand holding a fish bladder, symbol of the floating, of the volatile, as also the airy, and the atmospheric pressure.

The right foot of the man stands on firm ground, or earth, the left in water. On the sulfur side, we see a king with a solar aura, he is seated on a lion, the zodiacal sign of the sun. Farther below, we can also see a fire-spitting dragon.

On the Mercury side, we see Diana with crescent resting on her head, and the hunting bow. The goddess is riding on a sea monster.

The salt in the center below stems from the working together of the two Principles Sulfur and Mercury.

Classical Planets

“SOLVE ET COAGULA” Calcinate and Coagulate Calcination Dissolution Separation Conjunction Fermentation Distillation Coagulation

The Seven Stages of Material Alchemy from the Emerald Tablet of Hermes Trismegistus “SOLVE ET COAGULA” The First Matter at the beginning of the Work At the center of this remarkable drawing is the face of a bearded alchemist at the beginning of the Work. Like looking into a mirror, this is where the initiate fixes his or her attention to meditate on the mandala.

Within the downward-pointing triangle superimposed over the face of the alchemist is the goal of the Work, the divine man in which the forces from Above and the Below have come together.

The alchemist's schematized body is the offspring of the marriage between the archetypal Sun King, seated on a lion on a hill to his right, and the archetypal Moon Queen, seated on a great fish to his left."Its father is the Sun", says the tablet, "its mother the Moon".

The laughing, extroverted Sun King holds a scepter and a shield indicating his authority and strength over the rational, visible world, but the fiery dragon of his rejected unconscious waits in a cave beneath him ready to attack should he grow too arrogant.

The melancholy, introverted Moon Queen holds the reins to a great fish, symbolizing her control of those same hidden forces that threaten the King, and behind her is a chaff of wheat, which stands for her connection to fertility and growth. The bow and arrow she cradles in her left arm symbolize the wounds of the heart and body she accepts as part of her existence.

In simplest terms, the King and Queen represent the raw materials of our experience - our thoughts and feelings - with which the alchemist works. The King symbolizes the power of thought, ultimately the One Mind of the highest spirit. The Queen stands for the influence of uncontrollable feelings and emotions, which are ultimately the chaotic One Thing of the greater soul.

The much anticipated marriage of the King and Queen produces a state of consciousness best described as a feeling intellect, which can be raised and purified to produce a state of perfect intuition, a direct gnosis of reality."All Obscurity will be clear to you", says the tablet of this state of mind.

This goal of alchemy is to make this golden moment permanent in a state of consciousness called the Philosopher's Stone, and it all starts with the marriage of the opposites within.

In our drawing, the body of the alchemist is connected to the four elements. His feet protrude from behind the central emblem; one is on Earth and the other in Water. In his right hand is a torch of Fire and in his left a feather, symbolizing Air. Between his legs hangs the Cubic Stone labeled with the word Corpus, meaning body. The five starts surrounding it indicate that it also contains the hidden fifth element, the invisible quintessence whose "inherent strength is perfected if it is turned into Earth."

Where the head of the alchemist should be, there is a strange winged caricature that is variously interpreted as a heart, a helmet, or even the pineal gland at the center of the brain. The symbol evolved from the Winged Disk of Akhenaten and became the top of the caduceus, the magical wand of Hermes where opposing energies merge to produce miracles. This knob represents the Ascended Essence, the essence of our souls raised to the highest level in the body - to the brain - where it becomes a mobile center of consciousness able to leave the body and travel to other dimensions of reality.

Touching the wings of the caduceus are a salamander engulfed in flames on the left side of the drawing and a standing bird on the right. Below the salamander is the inscription Anima (Soul); below the bird is the inscription Spiritus (Spirit).The salamander, as a symbol of soul, is attracted to and exposed in the blazing fire of the Sun. Likewise, the bird of spirit is attracted to the coolness of the Moon and is reflected in it. This is a subtle statement of the fundamental bipolar energies that drive the alchemy of transformation.

Spiritus, Anima, and Corpus form a large inverted triangle that stands behind the central emblem.

Together they symbolize the three archetypal celestial forces that the alchemists termed Sulfur, Mercury, and Salt.

First Stage: Calcination CALCINATION or heating, latin “solve” is the first of seven major operations in the alchemy The Calcination process involves heating a substance in a crucible or over an open flame until it is reduced to ashes. In the Arcanum Experiment, Calcination is represented by sulfuric acid, which the alchemists made from a naturally occurring substance called Vitriol. Sulfuric acid is a powerful corrosive that eats away flesh and reacts with all metals except gold.

According to the Emerald Tablet, "Its father is the Sun." Second Stage: Dissolution Dissolving the ashes from Calcination in water. In the Arcanum Experiment, Dissolution is represented by iron oxide or rust, which illustrated the potentially corrosive powers of Water on even the hardest of metals. When processed, Vitriol breaks down into sulfuric acid and iron oxide, which are the first two arcana or secret ingredients. The Egyptians smelted Iron as far back as 1500 BCE and used iron compounds in tonics and as disinfectants.

According to the Emerald Tablet, "Its mother is the Moon."

Third Stage – Separation Separation of the components of Dissolution by filtration and then discarding any ungenuine or unworthy material. In the Arcanum Experiment, Separation is represented by the compound sodium carbonate, which separates out of water and appears as white soda ash on dry lake-beds. The oldest known deposits are in Egypt. The alchemists sometimes referred to this compound as Natron, which meant the common tendency in all salts to form solid bodies or precipitates.

According to the Emerald Tablet, "The Wind carries it in its belly."

Fourth Stage – Conjunction In the Arcanum Experiment, Conjunction is symbolized by a nitrate compound known as cubic-saltpeter or potassium nitrate, which the alchemists called Natron or simply Salt. Blue-colored Natron acid (aqua fortis) was made by mixing potassium nitrate with sulfuric acid and was used to separate silver from gold. The inert residue precipitated from the acid during the reaction like a

child being born.

According to the Emerald Tablet, "The Earth is its nurse."

Fifth Stage – Fermentation Fermentation is the growth of a ferment (bacteria) in organic solutions, such as occurs in the fermenting of milk to produce curds and cheese or in the fermenting of grapes to make wine. In the Arcanum Experiment, the process of Fermentation is represented by a compound called Liquor Hepatis, which is an oily, reddish-brown mixture of ammonia and the rotten-egg-smelling compound hydrogen sulfide. Egyptian alchemists made ammonia by heating camel dung in sealed containers and thought of it as a kind of refined Mercury that embodied the life force. Liquor Hepatis means "Liquor of the Liver," which they believed was the seat of the Soul, and the color they associated with the compound was green, the color of bile. Surprisingly, Liquor Hepatis exudes a wonderful fragrance, and the alchemists made a perfume of it called "Balsam of the Soul."

According to the Emerald Tablet, during Fermentation, we raise consciousness from the darkness of the animal body through personal meditation and planetary evolution. "Separate the Earth from Fire," it tells us, "the subtle from the gross, gently and with great Ingenuity."

Sixth Stage – Distillation The boiling and condensation of the fermented solution to increase its purity, such as takes place in the distilling of wine to make brandy. In the Arcanum Experiment, Distillation is represented by a compound known as Black Pulvis Solaris, which is made by mixing black antimony with purified sulfur. The two immediately clump together to make what the alchemists called a bezoar, a kind of sublimated solid that forms in the intestines and brain.

According to the Emerald Tablet, during the Distillation process, "It rises from Earth to Heaven and descends again to Earth, thereby combining within Itself the powers of both the Above and the Below."

Seventh Stage - Coagulation Coagulation is the precipitation or sublimation of the purified Ferment from Distillation. In the Arcanum Experiment, Coagulation is represented by a compound called Red Pulvis Solaris, which is a reddish-orange powder of pure sulfur mixed with the therapeutic mercury compound, red mercuric oxide. The name Pulvis Solaris means "Powder of the Sun" and the alchemists believed it could instantly perfect any substance to which it was added.

According to the Emerald Tablet, "Thus will you obtain the Glory of the Whole Universe. All Obscurity will be clear to you. This is the greatest Force of all powers, because it overcomes every Subtle thing and penetrates every Solid thing."

Rosicrucian Rose (circular diagram of alchemical symbolism with seven planets at top, and Latin "VITRIOL" acronym around the circumference) Date 1710 According to Manley P. Hall's Secret Teachings of All Ages, this is from the 18th-century work Geheime Figuren der Rosenkreuzer.

Author Unknown

The Rebis is the end product of the alchemical magnum opus or great work. After one has gone through the stages of putrefaction and purification, separating opposing qualities, those qualities are united once more in what is sometimes described as the divine hermaphrodite, a reconciliation of spirit and matter, a being of both male and female qualities as indicated by the male and female head within a single body.

The Rebis image appeared in the work Azoth of the Philosophers by Basil Valentine in 1613.

Ayurvedic Dosha Doshas are the energy patterns that flow around our bodies, governing our thinking and behaviour. There are three primary doshas – vata, pitta and kapha – and we are all born with all three of them Vata Vata consists mostly of the two elements air and space (also known as ether) and is generally described as cold, light, dry, rough, flowing, and spacious.

Those with the vata dosha are usually described as slim, energetic, and creative. They’re known for thinking outside the box but can become easily distracted. What’s more, their mood is highly dependent on the weather, people around them, and foods they eat Kapha Kapha (pronounced “kuffa”) is based on earth and water. It can be described as steady, stable, heavy, slow, cold, and soft. Spring is known as kapha season, as many parts of the world slowly exit hibernation.

People with this dosha are described as strong, thick-boned, and caring. They’re known for keeping things together and being a support system for others. Kapha-dominant people rarely get upset, think before acting, and go through life in a slow, deliberate manner.

Pitta Known for being associated with a tenacious personality, the pitta dosha is based on fire and water. It’s commonly described as hot, light, sharp, oily, liquid, and mobile. Summer is known as pitta season for its sunny, hot days.

People with pitta are said to usually have a muscular build, be very athletic, and serve as strong leaders. They’re highly motivated, goal-oriented, and competitive. Still, their aggressive and tenacious nature can be off-putting to some people, which can lead to conflict Strengths: intelligent, purposeful, learns quickly, self-determined, masters skills easily, strong desire for success, strong, natural leaders, quick metabolism, good circulation, healthy skin and hair

4.

The Philosopher’s Stone, the Magnum Opus

The Philosopher’s Stone, the Magnum Opus The central artifact of Alchemy, said to be able to transmute base metals into gold, create the elixir of life, and various other wondrous feats. It’s no secret that alchemists were obsessed with finding a way to create this thing, and there were many theories about how to make one.

One of the oldest, and the one we’ll talk about today, is called the Magnum Opus.

The Magnum Opus (“Great Work” in Latin) can be traced back to some of the oldest recorded alchemists like Zosimos of Panopolis from the 1st Century C.E. Though the exact process remains a mystery, it is known that it included 4 steps. And like so many things in Alchemy, these steps are also symbolic for the process of self-improvement.

First up, the Magnum Opus requires an alchemist to have something called Prima Materia, or “First Matter,” which they believed to be the original form of matter that everything in the universe is a variation of. Once you have that, the first step is called Nigredo, or “Blackening.”

Physically, it involves putrefaction, decay, decomposing and breaking the Prima Materia down. Symbolically this represents the breaking of the human spirit, undergoing great hardship and misery. The idea is that one needs to be brought low before they are ready to be built back up to even greater heights.

Second is Albedo, or “Whitening.” It involves purifying the broken down Prima Materia, washing away impurities and leaving it in a state that can be built upon. Symbolically, this represents the broken down spirit being washed clean of vices, becoming ready to grow and learn.

Thirdly is Citrinitas, or “Yellowness.” This step is the most unclear (and probably why some later Alchemists merge it with the last step). Physically it means the transmutation from silver to gold, which astute readers will find odd since one needs a philosopher’s stone to change silver to gold, and this tells us one needs to change silver to gold to make a philosopher’s stone. If we step into the realm of my own theories for a bit, I think this has less to do with literal silver and gold and moreso with the sun and the moon (which are associated with those 2 metals). The moon is the brightest object in the night sky, but its light is only a pale reflection of the sun. Thus both physically and symbolically, turning “silver to gold” involves awakening from a mere reflection of power to a source of power.

Finally there is Rubedo, or “Reddening.” As the final step, it involves the crystallization of the power awakened in Citrinitas, and symbolically represents the purified and awakened spirit reaching its highest, purest form. The color red represents completion in Alchemy, which is why the philosopher’s stone is so often depicted as red. In fact, the four colors of the Magnum Opus—black, white, yellow, and red—appear very often in Alchemic texts.

The Four Major Stages in Magnum Opus {Alchemy}

Nigredo In alchemy, nigredo, or blackness, means putrefaction or decomposition. Many alchemists believed that as a first step in the pathway to the philosopher’s stone, all alchemical ingredients had to be cleansed and cooked extensively to a uniform black matter. In analytical psychology, the term became a metaphor ‘for the dark night of the soul, when an individual confronts the shadow within’.

Albedo The albedo is the second stage of alchemy. In this process, the subject is divided into two opposing principles to be later coagulated to form a unity of opposites or coincidentia oppositorum during rubedo. Alchemists also applied it to an individual’s soul after the first phase is completed, which entailed the decay of matter. In Medieval literature, which developed an intricate system of images and symbols for alchemy, the dove often represented this stage while the raven symbolized nigredo.

Citrinitas, Sometimes referred to as xanthosis, is a term given by alchemists to “yellowness.” It is one of the four major stages of the alchemical magnum opus, and literally referred to “transmutation of silver into gold” or “yellowing of the lunar consciousness. In alchemical philosophy, citrinitas stood for the dawning of the “solar light” inherent in one’s being, and that the reflective “lunar or soul light” was no longer necessary. The other three alchemical stages were nigredo (blackness), albedo (whiteness), and rubedo (redness).

Rubedo is a Latin word meaning “redness” that was adopted by alchemists to define the fourth and final major stage in their magnum opus. Both gold and the philosopher’s stone were associated with the color red, as rubedo signaled alchemical success, and the end of the great work. Rubedo is also known by the Greek word, Iosis.

Preparation of the Philosopher’s Stone According to alchemical literature, there are two ways to create the Philosopher’s Stone: the “Wet Way” and the “Dry Way.” The Wet Way (or Humid Way) uses natural processes and is more gradual and safer than the Dry Way, which relies on intense heat and powerful chemicals to achieve the Stone in a shorter time.

Even in spiritual alchemy, there is a Wet Way in which natural inspiration builds gradually in the initiate to reach the fervor necessary for personal transformation.

And there is a spiritual Dry Way in which the initiate attempts to ascend on a direct path to divine knowledge. The Wet Way works with the “slow, steady fires of nature,” while the Dry Way works with the “raging fires of our lower nature.”

The rapid spiritual ascent of the Dry Way is very dangerous for unprepared initiates and can result in a loss of personal identity or even madness. Tantric alchemists of India follow the direct path by trying to release and control sexual energies, while the Dry path of shamanic alchemy consists of the use of powerful plant allies and psychoactive drugs. There is no doubt that some medieval alchemists made use of such preparations. The alchemists were the first chemists and were very much aware of the psychological and spiritual effects of the plants and compounds with which they worked.

In the laboratory, the Dry Way begins with roasting and heating in an intense fire that may only last a few hours. The Wet Way begins with slow digestion and putrefaction of the matter that can go on for many months. In both methods, this is known as the Black Phase in which the matter blackened as it was reduced to its basic essences.

The Black Phase gives way to the White Phase in which purification of the matter takes place and the essences are separated away from any contamination.

In the Dry Way, this appears as a white crust formed by dried matter carried by gases bursting in bubbles on the surface of the material. Sometimes the crust puffs up and releases a cloud of white vapor into the flask, which is called the White Eagle. In the Wet Way, a white layer of digesting bacteria forms on top of the putrefied material, which is called the White Swan.

During the ensuing Red Phase, the energies released in the previous operations are captured in a solution or powder. In the Dry Way, this is indicated by the appearance of a red coloring on the surface of the molten material or in the ashes, which is caused by high temperature oxidation-reduction reactions. This was symbolized by the Phoenix rising from the fire.

In the Wet Way, the final phase is sometimes signaled by the appearance of a reddish swirl of oil or pink globules on the surface of the matter. This was symbolized by the Pelican, which sometimes can be observed regurgitating a meal of freshly killed fish for its young. The mother’s white breast plumage is often stained with red blood during the feeding process.

5.

Elixir of Immortality

Elixir of Immortality The elixir of life, also known as elixir of immortality and sometimes equated with the name philosopher's stone, is a potion that supposedly grants the drinker eternal life and/or eternal youth. This elixir was also said to cure all diseases.

Elixirs of life have assumed many forms throughout history, but in most legends they take the form of food or drink that grants the consumer immortal life. Some of the most popular ingredients used in ancient recipes include mercury, sulphur, iron, copper, and honey.

The case was in the XVIII century. One day, the servant of the legendary Count Saint-German asked if his owner was personally met with Julius Caesar and possesses the secret of immortality. To which the servant with a calm view answered that he did not know, but over the past 300 years of his service, Saint-Germain Count has not changed at all.

The most interesting thing is that people who personally encountered Saint-Germa in various corners of Europe, described it as a man about 45 years old with a dark face. At the same time, over the course of decades, the Count has absolutely not changed outwardly. He was rich, perfectly raised and possessed truly aristocratic manners. The count was equally well expressing well in French, English, Italian, German, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Russian, Chinese, Turkish and Arabic.

--------------------------------------------Historical sources claim that the first emperor of the Qin dynasty is the legendary Shihuandi, who lived in the III century BC. er, was literally obsessed with the idea of his own immortality. Its approximate from morning to night studied ancient treatises in the hope of finding a recipe for eternal youth.

But in vain. As a result, the upset emperor issued a decree in which he forbid himself to die.

But still died. Subsequently, many emperors of China tried to find an elixir of eternal life, but, in addition to unique methods of rejuvenation, there was nothing invented.

--------------------------------------------In the second half of the XVI century, the Hungarian Countess Elizabeth Batori for gaining eternal youth and beauty took the bath from the blood of virgins. In total, 650 girls found their end in the Castle of the Countess.

Elixir eternal youth is actually entitled to existence. But not in the medieval sense. In the world, research is actively conducted in the field of rejuvenation techniques, there are significant successes in this area. In Russia alone, more than 10 rejuvenation systems and more than 30 methods of rejuvenation are delivered to commercial rails, not counting various dietary supplements and pharmacological drugs. The main work is carried out in the field of cosmetology and the correction of the human immune system. Every year new techniques on the basis of advanced, promising technologies appear. So, nanotechnology gave impetus to a new direction of rejuvenation - supramolecular chemistry. Development is going fast, and perhaps in the near future someone from the researchers will show a cherished bottle with a muddy liquid. Today, the technology of electromagnetic transformation, or the modification of the human genome has advanced, on this direction. Again, many scientists work in Russia in this direction. In my opinion, Jiang Canyzhen works look quite promising. It is impossible not to mention both Professor Zakharov with its cell therapy and revitalization, Goryola, Comrakova and other researchers. In the event of their success and mass implementation of the methods, the average life expectancy of a person may increase from the current 65-70 years to 140-160 years. True, in this case, a person will have to, among other things, lead a relatively healthy lifestyle.

------------------------------------------------------------The elixir of youth and immortality is mentioned in the legends and legends of many peoples of the world as the food of the gods. The gods of ancient Greece knocked the ambrosia, the gods of ancient India - Amrita, the Iranian gods - Homo, the gods of ancient Egypt drank water immortality. The search for immortality is devoted to one of the tears of "Epos on Gilgamesh" - the oldest work of the literature of the Ancient East, created almost 5000 years ago. Alchemists of different countries tried to recreate the recipes described in the ancient books of miraculous drinks on the order of the rulers.

Particularly obsessed with the search for immortality recipes were Chinese emperors. So, the emperor of China Qin Shi Huandhi pathologically was afraid to die and desperately wanted to find the elixir of immortality, which, according to Chinese mythology, will provide eternal life on three sacred Mountains in the middle of the sea.

Ashitaba Plant Another modern elixir of youth opened Australian scientists: they gave animals to the Japanese Ashitaba plant and noticed that with regular use, the life of individuals increased by 20%. According to researchers, the aging of the body comes from an oversupply of food, which leads to the accumulation of various mutations in the cells of the body. Ashitaba produces a substance that causes the cells of the body to recycle "Biological garbage". It is this feature of the plant prolongs the body youth and, as a result, life.

Honey: Food of the Gods In the Hebrew Bible and Judaic tradition, honey was used as a sweet offering to God. The most famous line in Exodus 33:3 describes the Promised Land as one flowing with milk and honey. In the New Testament’s Matthew 3:4, it is mentioned that the prophet John lived in the wilderness on a diet of wild honey and locusts.

In the Qur’an, the prophet Muhammad strongly recommended honey for healing purposes.

In the Vedas/Hinduism, one of the five elixirs of immortality (Panchamrita) is honey, revered as a health food. The other four are milk, yogurt, sugar and ghee.

A Buddhist festival called Madhu, held in India and Bangladesh, recreates how Buddha retreated to the forest and lived on honey given to him by monkeys.

Manuka honey's antibacterial properties are what set it apart from traditional honey. ...

Additionally, Manuka honey has antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits.

In fact, it has traditionally been used for wound healing, soothing sore throats, preventing tooth decay and improving digestive issues.

Manuka honey is made in Australia and New Zealand by bees that pollinate the native leptospermum scoparium bush (also known as a tea tree). Advocates say it can treat wound infections and other conditions.

6.

Alchemy and Freemasonry

Alchemy and Freemasonry We learn from Fellowcraft degree the cornerstone ceremonies of the corn, wine and oil and its Masonic wages which in traditional alchemical symbolism and text were said to be associated with salt, mercury and sulphur respectively.

In spiritual alchemy, corn represented the body or the salt of the herb, wine carried the symbolic mercury or spirit, and oil from the sulphur of the herb represented the soul.

Alchemy is art whose end is the transmutation of metals such as lead into gold, by means of a substance called the Philosopher’s Stone; Alchemy is both a spiritual philosophy and an experimental science: the transmutation of metals was an end only inasmuch as this would verify the alchemistic hypothesis.

Alchemy is the attempt to demonstrate and accomplish by experiment on the material plane the validity of a certain philosophical view of the Cosmos: the all pervading presence of Spirit in Nature — Spiritualizing the Material and Materializing the Spiritual.

In addition to the classical elements of earth, water, air, and fire, alchemists have for centuries found it useful to categorize matter into three constituent parts: salt, sulphur, and mercury. These three constituent parts are not to be confused with the common elements or chemicals contemporary persons may recognize from modern chemistry; these three symbolize specific states or components of the operated matter. Plants and animal substances, minerals and metals, were subjected to a series of operations: calcined, dissolved, separated into constituent parts and conjoined, fermented and distilled, coagulated; all of these efforts to purify and eliminate dross and bring about a higher state of being in the operated matter — as well as in the alchemist, who might ingest components or derivatives of these operations. In addition to the Philosophers Stone, alchemical texts speak of the Alkahest, the Elixir of Life, the Panacea, and many other substances of benefit to health, longevity, spirit and consciousness.

Corn salt body Mercury is connected to the element of water, and Air, and is the balancing point between body, and spirit. It is the connection point that brings the spiritual, and the physical together, and allows them to communicate. Mercury is also greatly connected to the mind, intellect, knowledge, and wisdom. Mercury possesses the qualities of cold, and moist, and is connected to the feminine energetic aspects.

The Alchemical Process in Scottish Rite Bodies There are four coordinate bodies within the Scottish Rite Southern Jurisdiction: Lodge of Perfection, 4°-14°

–

Nigredo

{ The Black Phase }

Chapter of Rose Croix, 15°-18°

–

Albedo

{ White Phase }

Council of Kadosh, 19°- 30°

–

Citrinitas { Yellow Phase }

Consistory, 31°- 32°

Timothy Hogan is a Past Master of East Denver #160, 32* KCCH, Knight Templar, Past Sovereign Master of AMD Council 425, member of the Royal Order of Scotlan{ MSRICF, Scotti,sh Rite Research Society, and the Templar Research Society. He has given many lectures both inside and outside of the United States on Freemasonry.

He also writes for the publications Ariadne's Web, L'Initiation, and is author of Revelation of the Holy Grail.

–

Rubedo

{ Red Phase}

7.

Modern Alchemy and the Nanotechnology

Modern Alchemy and the Nanotechnology What Is Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is the term given to those areas of science and engineering where phenomena that take place at dimensions in the nanometre scale are utilised in the design, characterisation, production and application of materials, structures, devices and systems.

The Nanoscale – How Small Is Nano?

Dimensions between approximately 1 and 100 nanometers are known as the nanoscale.

Example, a human hair is about 50 000 to 100 000 nm wide.

What is nanotechnology used for?

A few examples of current nanotechnology include the following.

Food security. Nanosensors in packaging can detect salmonella and other contaminants in food.

Medicine Energy.

Automotive Environment Electronics Textiles Cosmetics Nanotechnology could help the fight against COVID-19 through different approaches, such as avoiding viral contamination and spray by: (a) design of infection-safe personal protective equipment (PPE) to enhance the safety of healthcare workers and development of effective antiviral disinfectants and surface coatings, ..

Nanomedicine is a very powerful tool with the potential to mitigate the burden of disease by providing nanoparticle-based carriers and vaccines. A recent review by a team of interdisciplinary researchers looked at its role in the diagnostics, therapeutics, strategies and future perspectives for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

8.

Mutation of Human Being: 2022 A.D. (Anno Delta)

Mutation of Human Being: 2022 A.D. (Anno Delta) In the year of the Delta Variant Covid The Delta variant is a variant of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. It was first detected in India in late 2020. The Delta variant was named on 31 May 2021 and had spread to over 163 countries by 24 August 2021. The World Health Organization (WHO) indicated that the Delta variant is becoming the dominant strain globally.

The variant is thought to be partly responsible for India's deadly second wave of the pandemic beginning in February 2021. It later contributed to a third wave in Fiji, the United Kingdom and South Africa, and the WHO warned in July 2021 that it could have a similar effect elsewhere in Europe and Africa. By late July it had also driven an increase in daily infections in parts of Asia, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand.

The Delta variant is far more infectious than the original SARS-CoV-2 virus, and the more infectious the virus, the higher the level of vaccine coverage needed to achieve herd immunity. For instance, measles is extremely infectious, and most countries aim for coverage rates of around 95% to achieve herd immunity. Many analyses indicate the herd immunity threshold for Delta is vaccine coverage of at least 80%.

Countries that have been able to vaccinate large proportions of their population are seeing overall reduced rates of hospitalization from COVID-19, with the unvaccinated making up the bulk of people admitted to hospitals. So vaccines are important for protecting the people who get the vaccine, protecting others who have yet to be vaccinated, and ensuring health systems can continue to deliver quality healthcare.

Understanding mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA) is a single-stranded RNA molecule that is complementary to one of the DNA strands of a gene. The mRNA is an RNA version of the gene.

- mRNA vaccines are a new type of vaccine to protect against infectious diseases.

-mRNA vaccines teach our cells how to make a protein—or even just a piece of a protein—that triggers an immune response inside our bodies.

The benefit of mRNA vaccines, like all vaccines, is those vaccinated gain protection without ever having to risk the serious consequences of getting sick with COVID-19.

Conspiracy theories state that mRNA vaccines contain Graphene Oxide --Fact Check: COVID-19 vaccines do not contain graphene oxide according to report:

Graphene oxide is a compound that contains carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. It is used in many applications, from sensors to textiles to the potential application of medicine.

This material is cheap, readily available, and can disperse in water. It is water soluble, so it may be a great solution for helping medications be absorbed. It can be produced as a powder or a solution for various uses.

Graphene oxide may be a useful tool in vaccine delivery, because scientists and chemical engineers believe it can be engineered to be a safe delivery vehicle for vaccines, and help increase their effectiveness. Like lipid nanoparticles, graphene oxide is also a nanoparticle and has recently been used in an intranasal influenza vaccine platform with promising results.

Additionally, these nanoparticles have been shown to increase macrophages and T cells, which can boost our immune systems and generate potentially stronger immune responses. Recent studies have shown that graphene and graphene-related materials may have antiviral and antimicrobial properties, so evaluating them for use in medication and vaccine design is warranted.

While certain amounts of graphene oxide could be toxic to humans, current research on the use of this compound in other vaccines indicate that the amount that would be in potential vaccines would be so small that it would not be toxic to human cells. A 2016 study showed that graphene-base materials (like graphene oxide) might cause dose-dependent toxicity, decreased cell viability, formations of lung granuloma, and cell apoptosis. Notably, these studies were performed on mice, but graphene oxide specifically showed no obvious toxicity at low doses or middle doses from .1 to .25 mg. It was chronically toxic at higher doses of .4 mg, where it was found to deposit in the lungs, liver, spleen, and kidneys. It is important to note that this .4 mg of graphene oxide is proportionally much greater in mice than it would be in humans, considering their size and biological differences. Further, this study was completed 10 years ago and the graphene oxide was not chemically engineered in a manner that may make it safer or more tolerable for living organisms.

Many more studies and trials are needed to determine whether or not graphene oxide is an effective, completely safe, and useful material for biomedical applications including drug delivery, imaging, and biosensors. Current research on the compound has produced mixed results but optimism have been increased due to the success of recent research projects as of late.

What is Graphene or graphene oxide?

Graphene is an allotrope of carbon consisting of a single layer of atoms arranged in a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice nanostructure.The name is derived from "graphite" and the suffix -ene, reflecting the fact that the graphite allotrope of carbon contains numerous double bonds, hat is 200 times stronger than steel it is also often referred to as E-steel derived from the homosapien named Elly Chaney from the Subey district of Western Australia} Graphene is the name for a single layer (monolayer) sheet of carbon atoms that are bonded together in a repeating pattern of hexagons. This sheet is only one atom thick.

Monolayers of graphene stacked on top of each other form graphite. Since a typical carbon atom has a diameter of about 0.33 nanometers, there are about 3 million layers of graphene in a 1 mm thick sheet of graphite.

Each atom in a graphene sheet is connected to its three nearest neighbors by a σ-bond, and contributes one electron to a conduction band that extends over the whole sheet.

This is the same type of bonding seen in carbon nanotubes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and (partially) in fullerenes and glassy carbon. These conduction bands make graphene a semimetal with unusual electronic properties that are best described by theories for massless relativistic particles. Charge carriers in graphene show linear, rather than quadratic, dependence of energy on momentum, and field-effect transistors with graphene can be made that show bipolar conduction. Graphene conducts heat and electricity very efficiently along its plane. The material strongly absorbs light of all visible wavelengths, which accounts for the black color of graphite; yet a single graphene sheet is nearly transparent because of its extreme thinness.

Scientists theorized the potential existence and production of graphene for decades. It has likely been unknowingly produced in small quantities for centuries, through the use of pencils and other similar applications of graphite.

It was originally observed in electron microscopes in 1962, but only studied while supported on metal surfaces. The material was later rediscovered, isolated and investigated in 2004 by Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov at the University of Manchester, who were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2010 for their "groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene".

Graphene has become a valuable and useful nanomaterial due to its exceptionally high tensile strength, electrical conductivity, transparency, and being the thinnest two-dimensional material in the world.

What is Graphite?

Graphite is derived from a Greek word called graphene which means writing so it’s because graphite was primarily used initially for making pencils

The organic material in coal is composed mainly of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur. The heat of metamorphism destroys the organic molecules of coal, volatilizing the oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur. What remains is a nearly pure carbon material that crystallizes into mineral graphite.

Graphite and diamond are the two mineral forms of carbon. Diamond forms in the mantle under extreme heat and pressure. Most graphite found near Earth's surface was formed within the crust at lower temperatures and pressures. Graphite and diamond share the same composition but have very different structures.

Graphite Uses Graphite is used in pencils and lubricants. It is a good conductor of heat and electricity. Its high conductivity makes it useful in electronic products such as electrodes, batteries, and solar panels.

Graphene and its derivatives are the latest materials to be designed for drug and gene delivery applications, including targeted delivery. ... In addition to polymers, biotargeting ligands, DNA, proteins, bacteria, cells, quantum dots, and nanoparticles have also been grafted onto graphene and its derivatives.

Graphene and its derivatives are the latest materials to be designed for drug and gene delivery applications, including targeted delivery. The ability to load both water-soluble and insoluble active compounds, and attach different targeting moieties onto graphene oxide (GO) platelets could enable their use in targeted or non-targeted drug and gene delivery applications.

Advantages of the wonder material Graphene Oxide Graphene oxide (GO) has unique physical and chemical properties that can be used in anticancer therapy - especially as a drug carrier. Graphene oxide, due to the presence of several hybrid layers of carbon atoms has a large surface for highly efficient drug loading.

In a new study, crumpling graphene makes it more than ten thousand times more sensitive to DNA by creating electrical 'hot spots,' researchers have found.

Graphene-based biosensors could usher in an era of liquid biopsy, detecting DNA cancer markers circulating in a patient's blood or serum Graphene sensor for pathogen detection A graphene based sensor design that can simultaneously detect multiple substances including dangerous bacteria and other pathogens.

For the new sensor, the researchers designed an array of nanoscale graphene disks that each contain an off-center hole. The sensor includes ion-gel and silicon layers that can be used to apply a voltage to tune the graphene's properties for detection of various substances.

The interaction between the disks and their holes creates what is known as the plasmon hybridization effect, which increases the sensitivity of the device. The hole and the disk also create different wavelength peaks that can each be used to detect the presence of different substances simultaneously.

Graphene oxide nanocomposite properties for removal of aqueous aromatic pollutants in water .

Water plays a vital role in the universe for all the living organisms, but water quality gets affected by a lot of pollutants. Due to the rapid increase in industries, the disposal of numerous aromatic pollutants into the environment leads to different unpredicted effects on human health. The removal of aromatic pollutants from water is very essential for good health.

“Graphene is a material that can be utilized in numerous disciplines including, but not limited to: bioengineering, composite materials, energy technology and nanotechnology."

Thank You

References https://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology-for-foodborne-pathogen-detection.php https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/mrna.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant#:~:text=The%20Delta%20vari ant%20is%20a,countries%20by%2024%20August%202021. https://books.google.bj/books?id=x69YATrAPOAC https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebis

https://www.alchemywebsite.com/weblog.html

by Adam McLean Researcher into the ancient art and science of Alchemy.