Status of International Nonproliferation and Counterterrorism Efforts in NATO Member States

Status of International Nonproliferation and Counterterrorism Efforts within NATO Member States

Threat Convergence Fact Sheet Series

THREAT CONVERGENCE | THE FUND FOR PEACE

Copyright Š 2011 The Fund for Peace.

Report prepared by Jonas Vaicikonis Series Editor Patricia Taft All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written consent from The Fund for Peace.

The Fund for Peace 1720 I Street NW 7th Floor Washington, D.C. 20006 T: +1 202 223 7940 F: +1 202 223 7947 www.fundforpeace.org The Fund for Peace Publication CR-11-06-TC (11-04A) Circulation: PUBLIC

Contents

Introductory Note

5

WMD Nonproliferation Efforts

7

Export Control Laws and Projects in Place

9

International Anti-Terrorism Instruments

11

Key Resources

13

About The Fund for Peace

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Introductory Note

W

hile this Status of Efforts Factsheet strives to give the most complete picture possible of nonproliferation and terrorism initiatives in NATO member states, it should be noted that the

Alliance committed to a new Strategic Concept and Summit Declaration titled “Active Engagement, Modern Defence” during the November 2010 summit in Lisbon. During the summit, NATO committed itself to creating the conditions for a world free of nuclear weapons, similar to U.S. President Barack Obama’s commitment in April of 2010, but acknowledged that a comprehensive review of NATO’s current policies concerning nuclear deterrence and arms control must first be undertaken in consultation with all NATO member states. The upcoming review will examine how the current NATO nuclear posture can better fit a world threatened more by rogue states and terrorist actors seeking to acquire, proliferate, or use a nuclear weapon. According to the Summit Declaration, the comprehensive review will address the Alliance’s “overall posture in deterring and defending against the full range of threats…[i]ncluding NATO’s nuclear posture, and missile defense and other means of strategic deterrence and defense.”*

nuclear posture are directly linked to its relationship with Russia, and the amount of transparency that can be achieved with Russia’s disposal or relocation of its nuclear weapons away from NATO member states.

Thus, much depends on if NATO and Russia can reach agreement on the issue of tactical nuclear weapons in Europe, particularly the overall disparity between the Alliance and Russia on short-range weapons. Progress on these issues may well encourage NATO members to accede to other nonproliferation treaties.

A good analysis of the Summit and the impending review can be found at: http://www.armscontrol.org/epublish/1/v40n10

Endnote *Please see NATO’s website dedicated to the New Strategic Concept: http://www.nato.int/strategic-concept/index.html

Several observers have noted that changes to NATO’s

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WMD Nonproliferation Activities

Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (1980)

Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the safety of Radioactive Waste Management (1997)

Convention on Nuclear Safety (1994)

International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism (2005)

Denmark

International Atomic Energy Agency

Czech Republic

Biological Toxin Weapons Convention (1972)

Croatia

Chemical Weapons Convention (1993)

Canada

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (not yet entered into force)

Bulgaria

Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty

Belgium

UNSCR 1540 Reports submitted1

Albania

4 Nov 2004

SP

SP

SP

SP

CSA/AP

S

S

S

S

SP

SP

SP

SP

CSA/AP

SP

SP

SP

S

SP

SP

SP

SP

CSA/AP

SP

SP

SP

S

SP

SP

SP

SP

CSA/AP

SP

SP

SP

S

SP

SP

SP

SP

CSA/AP

SP

SP

SP

SP

SP

SP

SP

SP

CSA/AP

SP

SP

SP

SP

SP

SP

SP

SP

CSA/AP

SP

SP

SP

SP

28 Oct 2004 7 Dec 2005 20 Dec 2004 14 Mar 2006 6 Jan 2005 23 Feb 2006 7 Dec 2004 9 Jan 2006 3 Nov 2004 25 Jan 2006 3 Nov 2004 9 Nov 2005

Estonia

24 Nov 2004

SP

SP

SP

SP

CSA/AP

SP

SP

SP

S

France

15 Nov 2004 6 Sep 2005

SP

SP

SP

SP

CSA/AP

SP

SP

SP

S

Abbreviations AP

Additional Protocol in Force

S

Signatory

CSA

Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement in force

SP

State Party

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WMD Nonproliferation Activities Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (not yet entered into force)

Chemical Weapons Convention (1993)

Biological Toxin Weapons Convention (1972)

International Atomic Energy Agency

Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (1980)

Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the safety of Radioactive Waste Management (1997)

Convention on Nuclear Safety (1994)

International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism (2005)

2 Nov 2004 15 Oct 2005

SP

SP

SP

SP

CSA/AP

SP

SP

SP

SP

Greece

27 Oct 2004 16 Jan 2006

SP

SP

SP

SP

CSA/AP

SP

SP

SP

S

Hungary

2 Nov 2004 30 Dec 2005 14 Feb 2006

SP

SP

SP

SP

CSA

SP

SP

SP

SP

Iceland

5 Nov 2005

SP

SP

SP

SP

CSA/AP

SP

SP

SP

S

Italy

10 Jan 2005 6 Dec 2005

SP

SP

SP

SP

CSA/AP

SP

SP

SP

S

Latvia

5 Nov 2004

SP

SP

SP

SP

CSA/AP

SP

SP

SP

S

Lithuania

2 Nov 2004 23 Sep 2005

SP

SP

SP

SP

CSA/AP

SP

SP

SP

S

Luxembourg

1 Nov 2004

SP

SP

SP

SP

CSA/AP

SP

SP

SP

SP

Netherlands

15 Nov 2004 18 Nov 2005

SP

SP

SP

SP

CSA

SP

SP

SP

S

Norway

3 Nov 2004 13 Oct2005

SP

SP

SP

SP

CSA/AP

SP

SP

SP

S

Poland

3 Nov 2004 27 Jan 2006

SP

SP

SP

SP

CSA/AP

SP

SP

SP

S

Portugal

5 Nov 2004 6 Dec 2005

SP

SP

SP

SP

CSA/AP

SP

SP

SP

S

Romania

2 Nov 2004 14 Nov2005

SP

SP

SP

SP

CSA/AP

SP

SP

SP

SP

Slovakia

6 Dec 2004 23 Jan 2006

SP

SP

SP

SP

CSA/AP

SP

SP

SP

SP

Slovenia

17 Nov 2004 9 Nov 2005

SP

SP

SP

SP

CSA/AP

SP

SP

SP

S

Spain

2 Nov 2004 22 Mar 2006

SP

SP

SP

SP

CSA/AP

SP

SP

SP

SP

Turkey

6 Dec 2004 6 Dec 2004

SP

SP

SP

SP

CSA

SP

-

SP

-

United Kingdom

14 Oct 2004 4 Oct 2004

SP

SP

SP

SP

CSA/AP

SP

SP

SP

S

United States

14 Oct 2004 15 Sep 2005

SP

S

SP

SP

CSA

SP

SP

SP

S

UNSCR 1540 Reports submitted1

Germany

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Export Control Laws and Projects in Place

Albania

Albania does not participate in any multinational export control regimes, though it has implemented national export control regulations for chemical, biological, and nuclear materials. It is actively working to improve its national legislation covering sensitive materials.

Belgium

Belgium is a member of all export control regimes. It contributes both financial and technical assistance to the IAEA and trains OPCW representatives on chemical weapons concerns.

Bulgaria

Bulgaria is a member of all export control regimes. It has organized seminars on chemical weapons concerns and has contributed $15,000 to the IAEA’s Nuclear Security Fund

Canada

Canada is a member of all export control regimes. It has made available a range of training programs on topics from export control legislation, to chemical, biological, and nuclear materials safety, to counterterrorism training, for states interested in improving their capabilities. Canada contributes financially to UN counter-terrorism activities and to NGO’s engaged in similar work.

Croatia

Croatia is a member of four multilateral export control regimes: the ZC, AG, NSG, and WA. It has received direct assistance from the UN’s Terrorism Prevention Branch and has participated in a number of anti-terrorism workshops sponsored by the UN.

Czech Republic

The Czech Republic is a member of all export control regimes. It is a member of the G8 Global Partnership and contributes to the IAEA’s Nuclear Security Fund. It has organized a number of training courses and has participated in anti-terrorism workshops sponsored by the UN.

Denmark

Denmark is a member of all export control regimes and of the G8 global Partnership. It has provided bilateral assistance in strengthening export controls and for CW destruction efforts. It contributes financially to the UN Terrorism Prevention Branch.

Estonia

Estonia is a member of three export control regimes: the NSG, AG, and WA. It has participated in a number of anti-terrorism workshops sponsored by the UN.

France

France is a member of all export control regimes. It engages in bilateral assistance to states seeking to improve their export control or physical materials safety capabilities. France contributes financially to the UN Terrorism Prevention Branch.

Germany

Germany is a member of all export control regimes. It is a member of the G8 Global Partnership and has promised to contribute $1.5 billion through 2012 to finance Global Partnership projects. Germany contributes financially to UN counter-proliferation programs and offers bilateral assistance to states seeking to improve their domestic export control capabilities.

Greece

Greece is a member of all export control regimes and is prepared to offer assistance to states seeking to improve their ability to monitor the export of dual-use technologies. Greece contributes financially to the UN’s Terrorism Prevention Branch.

Hungary

Hungary is a member of all export control regimes. It is prepared to offer assistance to states seeking to improve their export control systems. It has received direct assistance from the UN’s Terrorism Prevention Branch and has participated in a number of workshops sponsored by the UN.

Iceland

Iceland is a member of two export control regimes: the MTCR and the AG.

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Export Control Laws and Projects in Place

Italy

Italy is a member of all export control regimes and of the G8 Global Partnership. It has contributed to building a CW destruction facility in Russia and has assisted other states in implementing the CWC.

Latvia

Latvia is a member of three export control regimes: the NSG, AG and WA. It has participated in several UN workshops on terrorism prevention legislation.

Lithuania

Lithuania is a member of three export control regimes: NSG, AG, and WA. It has participated in several UN workshops on terrorism prevention legislation.

Luxembourg

Luxembourg is a member of all export control regimes. Luxembourg assists states in installing export controls through EU mechanisms.

Netherlands

The Netherlands is a member of all export control regimes. It is willing to provide assistance to states attempting to implement UNSCR 1540 by

Norway

Norway is a member of all export control regimes. It is a member of the G8 Global Partnership and has provided assistance to Russia in destroying its stocks of CW.

Poland

Poland is a member of all export control regimes. Poland is prepared to offer assistance in implementing UNSCR 1540 to states in Central and Eastern Europe upon request.

Portugal

Portugal is a member of all export control regimes. Portugal maintains a program to help all Portugesespeaking countries implement the CWC. It contributes to the G8 Global Partnership through the EU.

Romania

Romania is a member of four export control regimes: the AG, WA, ZC, and the NSG. Romania had offered bilateral assistance to Moldova in implementing the CWC and has organized two regional courses on nuclear terrorism with the IAEA.

Slovakia

Slovakia is a member of four export control regimes: the AG, WA, ZC, and the NSG. It has organized training courses in conjunction with the OPCW and participates in the Regional Technical Project, run by the IAEA.

Slovenia

Slovenia is a member of four export control regimes: the AG, WA, ZC, and the NSG. Slovenia is prepared to offer assistance to states seeking to implement UNSCR 1540 upon request.

Spain

Spain is a member of all export control regimes. It offers bilateral assistance to states seeking to implement nonproliferation regimes, especially Spanish-speaking countries. Spain contributes to the IAEA’s Nucler Security Fund.

Turkey

Turkey is a member of all export control regimes. It has adopted the IAEA’s Additional Protocol.

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom is a member of all export control regimes. It is active in a wide range of nonproliferation, border control, and law enforcement training initiatives. It is a member of the G8 Global Partnership and has committed $750 million over 10 years. It is active in supporting the CWC and BTWC.

United States

The United States is a member of all export control regimes. It supports a wide range of nonproliferation outreach initiatives. It provides assistance upon request for implementing UNSCR 1540. It supports IAEA efforts to train and advise states on the implementation of nonproliferation initiatives.

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International Antiterrorism Instrumentsa

Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed On Board Aircraft (1963)

Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (1970)

Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation (1971)

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents (1973)

International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages (1979)

Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (1980)

Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports Serving International Civil Aviation, supplementary to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation (1988)

Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (1988)

Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf (1988)

Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection (1991)

International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings (1997)

International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism (2005)

Amendment to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material

Protocol of 2005 to the Convention for the suppression of unlawful acts against the safety of maritime navigation

Protocol of 2005 to the Protocol for the suppression of unlawful acts against the safety of fixed platforms located on the continental shelf

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SP

SP

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SP - State Party

S - Signatory

International Antiterrorism Instruments

Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed On Board Aircraft (1963)

Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (1970)

Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation (1971)

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents (1973)

International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages (1979)

Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (1980)

Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports Serving International Civil Aviation, supplementary to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation (1988)

Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (1988)

Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf (1988)

Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection (1991)

International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings (1997)

International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism (2005)

Amendment to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material

Protocol of 2005 to the Convention for the suppression of unlawful acts against the safety of maritime navigation

Protocol of 2005 to the Protocol for the suppression of unlawful acts against the safety of fixed platforms located on the continental shelf

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SP - State Party

S - Signatory

Key Resources

• • •

National Reports to the UN Security Council 1540 Committee: http://www.un.org/sc/1540/nationalreports.shtml NTI UNSCR 1540 Database: http://www.nti.org/db/1540/index.html US Container Security Initiative: http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/trade/cargo_security/csi/ document/28/0,3343,en_32250379_32236930_33658140_1_1_1_1,00.html

•

International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism: http://www.un.org/law/cod/ finterr.htm

•

US Megaports Initiative: http://nnsa.energy.gov/aboutus/ourprograms/nonproliferation/programoffices/ internationalmaterialprotectionandcooperation/s-1

• • •

Proliferation Security Initiative: http://www.state.gov/t/isn/c10390.htm

•

Extract from the Report of the Secretary-General on Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism (Doc. A/63/173), http://www.un.org/ga/sixth/63/Terrorism_Table_63rd.pdf

UN Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee: http://www.un.org/sc/ctc/ UN Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Terrorism Prevention Branch: http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/terrorism/ index.html

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About The Fund for Peace

T

he Fund for Peace is an independent, nonpartisan, 501(c)(3) non-profit research and educational organization that works to prevent violent conflict and promote sustainable security.

Conflict Early Warning and Assessment

Transnational Threats

We have worked in over 50 countries with a wide range of partners in all sectors: governments, international organizations, the military, nongovernmental organizations, academics, journalists, civil society networks, and the private sector.

We promote sustainable security through research, training and education, engagement of civil society, building bridges across diverse sectors, and developing innovative technologies and tools for policy makers.

A leader in the conflict assessment and early warning field, the Fund for Peace focuses on the problems of weak and failing states. Our objective is to create practical tools and approaches for conflict mitigation that are useful to decision-makers.

The Fund for Peace offers a wide range of initiatives focused on our central objective of promoting sustainable security, the ability of a state to solve its own problems peacefully without an external military or administrative presence. Our programs fall into three primary thematic areas: Conflict Early Warning and Assessment; Transnational Threats; and Sustainable Development, Sustainable Security.

The Fund for Peace adopts a holistic approach to the issues stemming from weak and failing states. We work at both the grassroots level with civil society actors and at policy levels with key decision makers.

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Sustainable Development, Sustainable Security

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CR-11-06-TC