The Medallion #36 - Late Spring 2022

the

a publication by the FSU Honors Student Association

17

Issue #36 April 2022

The Ukraine Crisis: Updates and History

35

Is Covid Over?

45

Student Submission: Hegemonic Masculinity

CONTENTS

03 Letter from the Editor

09

05 "Just Compensation" within Capital Cascades Trail

Spring Forward: Fall Back

17

The Ukraine Crisis: Updates and History

29

Earth Day Celebrations

35 Is COVID Over?

42

FSU Honors in...Spring Break!

15

Genesis 26:4 by Charles Phillips

25

All About SGA

32

Internships in Undergrad

39 From Travel to Teaching

45

Hegemonic Masculinity: A submission from Meredith Ellis

Letter from the Editor Dear Reader,

Welcome to the late Spring edition of The Medallion! I hope you've enjoyed the reprieve of these little publications as much as we have so far.

Our theme for this edition is Moving Forward, in a variety of ways. From moving forward from stress, from grief, from international conflict; to moving forward from the reprieve of Spring Break and coming back to the reality of finals week preparations. Dealing with each of these things can be debilitating, or rejuvenating if that's the type of person you are (if you are, please come write for us and give us some pointers!).

One of my biggest goals moving forward (wink, wink) with this position was to encouarge our readers to be involved. Back when I was a chair, I tried to make that happen through an advice column. Even though Callista's Corner is always ready for a revival, this edition proves just how much you each have to offer. This issue of The Medallion includes three student submissions and an article based almost entirely off of student voices and opinions. I feel truly honored to be able to facilitate this publication for each of you, and hope that this involvement continues to grow.

Regardless of where you are right now in your life and your world, we hope that some time flipping through our little publications will help you take a break before you keep on keeping on. Happy Finals :)

Editor-in-Chief,

Callista Payne 01

A DISCLAIMER

Any thoughts, opinions, political beliefs, or otherwise personal ideas are representative of the student writer, and not of the Honors Program itself. The Honors Student Association strives to offer platforms for discussion and critical thought for its members, and The Medallion is happy to be a part of that.

Writers for this edition include: Jamie Guterman, Sasha Smith, Max Mitchell, Alexis Dorman, and Callista Payne.

"JUST COMPENSATION" WITHIN CAPITAL CASCADES TRAIL PROJECT SEGMENT 3-DB

By Chloe Wain, supervised by Dr. Crystal Taylor, Defoe L. Moore Center with the Florida State University Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program

Submitted by Chloe Wain, 2nd Year (she/her).

Majors: Political Science; Editing, Writing, and Media; and Economics.

Minor: Spanish Background Within large infrastructure projects, state and local governments employ the right of eminent domain to condremn private property for public purposes. To be constitued as legal, the government is required to provide "just compensation" towards condemned properties. As displacement can undermine the social and cultural fabrics of communities, economists continue to examine appropriate levels of compensation for displaced individuals under local, state, and federal requirements. The research examines practices of "just compensation" by focusing on the displacement of a historically African American neighborhood, BoyntonStill, in Tallahassee, Florida. In 2004, the Tallahassee-Leon County Planning Department completed in the Capital Cascade Sector Plan to earmark funds towards a four-segment infrastructure project to be constructed by Blueprint Intergovernmental Agency.

Research Questions Within eminent domain cases involving residential displacement, what constitutes "just compensation" Should the Cascades Trail Project have 'triggered' the Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Act (URA)

Methods The study analyzes public records requests of funds in conjunction with previously compiled compensation agreements to evaluate the application of requirements of the URA. The regulation sets minimum compensation standards for federally funded projects and requires agencies to provide "uniform, fair, and equitable" treatment of displaced individuals.

Did the Cascades Trail Project allocate CDBG-DR funding?

Was theright of eminent domain utilized in the acquisition, rehabilitation, or demolition of the Cascades Trail Project?

URA

Yes

Yes

Segment 3 recieved at least $4,500,000 in the form of a CDBG-DR Grant.

Was the right of eminent domain utilized in the acquisition, rehabilitation, or demolition of the Cascades Trail Project?

Refer to CDBG-DR grant requirements to comply with federal regulations towards compensation of owners and renters.

Preliminary Findings

=

$928.53

Comparable Analysis Finding

$536.40

Subject Property Finding

$392.13

Rent Differential

Rental Assistant Payment Federal

State/Local

Case Study

$16,469.46

$8,234.73

$5,250.00

$392.13

$392.13

$392.13

42 months

21 months

13.39 months

Figure 2. A Comparable Value Analysis of Group II utilized the federal standard to calculate compensation.

"Accepeting even one dollar of federal funds, the entire project was subject to the rules and procedures for every aspect of the project," - Blueprint Intergovernmental Agency, 2013

Average Compensation

Total Compensation Group I: 20 Renters

$1,000 Average Paid

$1,000 Average Paid

$1,000 Total Paid

Group II: 25 Renters

$66,625

$213,294

Total Paid

Calculated

Preliminary Findings Cont'd Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Community Development Block Grant Program Disaster Recovery (CDBG-DR) A public records request displays the acceptance of federal funding by the City of Tallahassee and Blueprint Intergovernmental Agency within Segment 1 and Segment 3 of the Capital Cascades Trail Project.

"Triggering" CDBG-DR & URA Requirements (Figure 1) The acceptance of federal funding "triggers" the stipulations within the URA and the CDBG-DR to be applied to the form of Moving Costs and Relocation Benefits Compensation Agreements (Figures 2 & 3) Blueprint Intergovernmental Agency's Real Estate Handbook requires acquisition services to be calculated according to federal guidelines.

Relocation Housing Benefits in Group II were capped at $5,250, as Group I only received an average of $1,000 in Moving Costs.

Group I and Group II did not recieve compensation under calculated federal standards.

Policy Recommendations Eminent Domain& Just Compensation If federal funds were applied, the public infrastructure project does not appear to meet standards of just compensation under eminent domain based on great allocations.

As compensation levels within eminent domain projects can vary based on funding sources, policy-makers should be informed that grant allocation agreements between governments can "trigger" varying compensation standards.

In the requirements of the CDBG-DR grant, replacement housing within infrastructure projects which use the right of eminent domain are required to be constructed.

Future Research Implications Within eminent domain projects using federal funds, are federal requirements of compensation enough for displaced renters?

Acknowledgements Thank you to the Eminent Domain Research Team at the DeVoe L. Moore Center, comprised of Dr. Crystal Taylor, Dr. Samuel Staley, Max Epstein, Camila Aponte, and Arthi Solyappan for the guidance and support throughout the year. A special thank you to Max Epstein and Carlos Leon for compiling calculations of compensation.

S

o F r wa g n r i d r p

k Fall bac

Spring is a season full of change and growth. Flowers bloom, temperatures warm up, and clocks move forward in a practice called Daylight Saving Time (DST). If you’re like me, you’re not exactly sure why we do this. All I knew was that I didn’t have to walk to the bus stop in complete darkness anymore when the clock changed.

DST is a practice in which clocks advance forward about one hour in the spring and go backwards about one hour in the fall. The purpose is to “create” more daylight in the evening. The beginning and end times fluctuate between places, with Africa and Asia not observing this practice. 70 countries use DST and about one billion people are affected.

Countries near the equator don’t usually observe DST since day and night are pretty much split equally. Likewise, countries at higher latitudes experience more drastic changes in daylight so it usually doesn’t make much of a difference either way. Locations farther West in a particular time zone usually experience the changes less than locations farther East within the same time zone.

Daylight saving was first executed in 1908 by the people of Port Arthur, Ontario. The practice gained traction when Germany and Austria turned back their clocks in 1916. The idea was to limit the use of artificial light (since there was more daylight), saving fuel for the war effort. Many other countries including France and the United Kingdom followed suit and began implementing this practice. In 1918, the United States adopted this, but it proved to be unpopular and by the end of the war most places returned back to standard time. At least until World War II when the need was proven once again.

In 1942, Franklin Roosevelt instituted “war time,” a year round Daylight saving time which lasted until 1945. In 1966, the United States passed the Uniform Time Act which made it standard for each state to change the time every spring and fall.

States could observe this bill or abstain from the change with the caveat that the entire state agrees. Only two states don’t practice DST: Arizona and Hawaii.

During the 1970s energy crisis, energy savings, not farming, became one of the main arguments for having DST. Other reasons to support DST include reduced need for lighting and cooling, more time for recreation, reduced crime, and less car accidents. Whether or not these changes could be attributed to DST are not exactly known.

Opponents to DST cite concerns about children leaving for school in the dark. In Florida, eight children were involved in a car accident that coincided with changing the clocks in the 1970s.

Many studies have been conducted over the outcomes of Daylight Saving- the conclusions have varied and appear to be location dependent. In 2007, a study by the University of California Santa Barbara found that energy usage increased by 1% in Indiana as a result of DST. Similarly, in a 2008 study the National Bureau of Economic Research found that even though lighting savings decreased, the cutback was equalized by an increase in heating and cooling.

Similarly, in a 2008 study the National Bureau of Economic Research found that even though lighting savings decreased, the cutback was equalized by an increase in heating and cooling. In the same year, however, the Department of Energy found that energy savings were .5% in total electricity every day over a four week period. For perspective, that translates to the same yearly energy consumption of around 100,000 households. Furthermore, the U.S. Chamber of Congress applauds DST for increasing after work shopping in the evening. Additionally, there has been more candy sales and trick or treating on Halloween as a result of DST. More recently, the U.S. Senate has unanimously passed The Sunshine Protection Act which originated here in Florida. The bill makes DST time permanent, all year round, generating later sunrises and later sunsets. The bill is now headed to the House of Representatives as of March 15, 2022. If passed and signed by the President, the bill wouldn’t come into effect until November 20, 2023.

Nevertheless, debates still persist over the effectiveness of this decision. Many states argue that permanent DST is detrimental to our health and will lead to us getting less sleep. Instead they maintain that permanent Standard Time would be more beneficial. Proponents for this kind of legislation argue that longer sunlight allows people to be outside more, exercising and being social, which are benefits to our health. Permanent time changes aren’t new as many states have proposed their own bills to remedy this debate. However, this will be the first time that federal law would institute these changes since the 1970s. Only time will tell what will happen!

Charles Phillips Genesis 26:4 This poem, submitted by International Affairs sutdent Charles Phillips (he/him) explores the author's Jewish identity in relationship to the Holocaust.

A voice booms over the desert and the ground shakes, I will make your descendants as numerous as the stars the voice says As I wake up from my peaceful sleep I feel a searing pain over my right breast When I look at my chest a star appears, Bright and yellow, glistening like a sharpened dagger With writing as a dark as the danger it foretells written across My eyes fill with tears and I look up in anguish O God I yell to the heavens Why didn't you tell me stars could die

UKRAINE

BY: ALEXIS DORMAN

Hi everyone! My name is Alexis Dorman, and I am a first-year, international affairs major here at FSU. So today, I am going to be talking about something closely related to my interests: Ukraine.

As you probably already know, there is an ongoing conflict currently underway in Ukraine. I do not know about you, but I, an international affairs major, have found myself overwhelmed looking at all the news and information put out. So, today I hope to provide you with a very brief breakdown of what, exactly, is going on and point you in the right direction of some fact-based resources that you can use to better understand the crisis.

To start, in order to understand the present conflict, it is important to understand the history of Ukraine and Russia. Ukraine was historically apart of the Soviet Union but gained independence in 1991 when the Soviet Union dissolved.

Once Ukraine gained independence the nation began working to “westernize” themselves--making transitions from a soviet society to a capitalist one. In this process, Ukraine was able to privatize companies, hold fair and free elections, and ultimately function as a successful, democratic nation. All while this is happening, the NATO countries were continuously debating whether Ukraine should be allowed to join (something that will become relevant later on).

Fast forward to 2014; the first time since the dissolution of the Soviet Union that Russia and Ukraine engaged in armed conflict. Russian soldiers had entered Ukraine (specifically the Crimean Peninsula) after Tymoshenko (the president at the time) fled from Ukraine to Russia and was voted to be impeached by the parliament. Russia invaded on the grounds that the impeachment was illegal.

Not long after the initial invasion, Russia took control of the peninsula and the Crimean parliament voted to secede from Ukraine and join Russia.

Following this annexation, conflict continues (in Donbas, Ukraine) but not nearly to the extent of what it was in early 2014. Throughout 2016 and 2017 Russia used cyber war tactics to attack Ukraine, but again nothing like the action they took in early 2014.

The present conflict occurred as a result of a long history of disagreement between Ukraine and Russia but only REALLY started to brew in April of 2021. In April, Putin (the president of Russia) sent 100,000 soldiers to the border of Ukraine only to withdraw most of their troops at the end of the month.

But, in November of 2021, the Russian soldiers returned, and the fear of war started to grow. By the time February of 2022 comes around Putin had sent anywhere between 150,000 and 190,000 to the Ukrainian border and the Russians invaded.

Today, Ukraine has had immense success pushing back against Russia and outperformed what many experts had originally anticipated. While Russia has gained control of cities like Mariupol, Kherson, and Luhansk, Ukraine has worked hard to keep control of more prominent cities like Kyiv.

Because Ukraine is not a part of NATO (I said this would be important) nations like the United States have no obligation to provide assistance in the form of military intervention, but nations like the United States have provided assistance in the form of large-scale weaponry, ammunition, and military equipment.

With all this information in mind, U.S. experts say they do not see an end to the Ukraine-Russia conflict in sight and given the severity of the issue, it is important to stay informed.

SOURCES: https://thestreetjournal.org/no-end-in-sight-us-predicts-russia-ukraine-war-willlast-long-term/ https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/03/16/factsheet-on-u-s-security-assistance-for-ukraine/ https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60506682 https://www.npr.org/2022/02/12/1080205477/history-ukraine-russia

So, what can you do to keep learning?

Well, outlets like NBC News and The Wall Street Journal are great resources that provide live updates that are easy to access online!

Additionally, The Daily, a podcast produced by the NYTimes (available wherever you get your podcasts) has put out (and will continue to put out) really great episodes with information on the conflict.

Now, once you have done more research and have a better grasp of the issue, if you feel inclined to take action there are things you can do!

Given that the situation in Ukraine is just as much a humanitarian crisis as it is a war, donating to organizations like the UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) and Amnesty International are great ways to do your part.

Additionally, it is great to look into what organizations are doing in your community to provide for displaced civilians in Ukraine and/or Ukrainian refugees.

ALL ABOUT

FSU'S STUDENT GOVERNMENT ASSOCIATION

BY MAX MITCHELL Adapted from https://sga.fsu.edu/index.shtml

Overview

The Student Government Association (SGA) has contributed a lot to the culture at Florida State since their inception. They have been advocates for the student body with far reaching policies from diversity and mental health efforts to creating new parking spaces and free towels at the Leach!

Over the years, various administrations have focused on causes that reflected the interests of the time. Some of the effects of the SGA include implementing a student-owned bus system in the 60s, registering students to vote in local elections in the 70s, and amplifying minority platforms throughout the 2010s.

Some examples are the administration of 2004 lobbying against a tuition-block and allocating funds to build new intramural fields and a career center. More recently, the SGA has been a student voice for a new dining contract in 2017 and created a statewide voter registration drive in 2019 amongst other initiatives.

Structure The Executive Branch is led by the Student Body President and Vice President. A few of their duties include enforcing and administering Student Body laws, creating programs that address the needs of students and signing or vetoing Senate acts. The President is a part of many boards at FSU including the Athletics Board and the FSU Board of Trustees. The Executive Branch works closely with the President and VP to implement the administration's goals and advise the two leaders of concerns from specific groups of students.

The Legislative Branch is composed of 80 senators that represent many of FSU’s divisions. They meet on a monthly basis over the summer to vote on different pieces of legislation.

The Judicial Branch meets to decide violations of Student Body conduct and Constitution. The leaders of this branch include Attorney General, Supreme Court Justices, and the University Defender, a law student that represents students appearing before the court or review board. A panel of students, The Student Conduct Review Board, hears cases of supposed violations.

SGA Agencies on campus include Asian American Student Union, Black Student Union, Hispanic/Latinx Student Union, Jewish Student Union, Pride Student Union, Veterans Student Union and Women Student Union.

History In 1935, the College Government Association (CGA) was formed at the Florida State College for Women- the beginning framework for the current system contrived of executive, judicial, and legislative branches was created.

Eleven years later in 1946, the first campus political parties were formed: the All-Florida party and the Independent Party.

When FSU was born in 1947, separate Men’s and Women’s governments were constructed. They merged in 1948 and the first Student Body President, Charles McMillian, was elected.

Today SGA remains an integral part of FSU's campus life. Our most recent election brought on the Gabadage, Adams, and Louis Administration.

The FSU Senate features representatives from every neck of the Florida State Woods. We here at HSA are excited to see what the new administration and new representatives are going to bring to the table!

April 22nd marks Earth Day, the birth date of the modern environmental movement, which began in 1970. As the climate crisis has grown, so has support for a cleaner environment and legislation to protect our planet.

We’ve put together some easy and fun ways for you and your friends to become more environmentally conscious in honor of celebrating Earth Day 2022!

Go Car-Free Stretch your legs and take advantage of how walkable our campus is! If you live on-campus, you’re used to those treks from Suwanee to the STEM side of campus. However, many of us live in off-campus apartments and have become accustomed to driving to class. Even so, many student apartments are within walking distance to campus so, if you live close, skip the gas fumes!

grow something Many global organizations are committed to cleaning our environment, and, if you have change to spare, donating to non-profits like One Tree Planted can ensure that you have an impact. You can also grow locally by volunteering at FSU’s Seminole Organic Garden through the Sustainable Campus initiative.

Recycle in style Many dorms and apartments don’t have recycling bins, so take an afternoon and craft one with your roommates and friends! All it takes is a cardboard box, some paint, and you’re good to go!

Cook a plantbased meal According to the UN’s Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), meat accounts for approximately 15% of greenhouse gas emissions. Going vegan and/or vegetarian is good for the environment, and while you may not be ready to permanently say goodbye to burgers yet (I’m not) take a day or two and experiment with a plant-based diet!

Learn This Earth Day, make sure to take some time to learn more about issues surrounding the environment and how you can help. Sites like earthday.org, Greenpeace.org, and nationalgeographic.com/enviroment/ are all good places to start.

INTERNSHIPS IN UNDERGRAD

How, Why, and When you Should Start Interning

The word “internship” often evokes anxiety and intimidation, especially among highly motivated and talented students. Searching for the right opportunities, applying for them, interviewing, and so forth is a long and frustrating process, and many students struggle to find where to begin.

While finding an internship can be exhausting, gaining professional experience as an undergrad is essential for future success. Internships can help students develop hands-on skills, strengthen professional development, and learn how to network in the hopes of finding future opportunities. Internship experience can also help confirm a students’ interests or, arguably more important, help them determine that a certain job or field is not for them.

Students should aim to have completed 1-2 internships in their chosen field before graduation, but starting early never hurts.

So, with all of this information in mind, where should you start?

Florida State offers many resources to help students find summer opportunities, including NoleNetwork, where students can directly apply for jobs and internships with relevant employers who have connections to FSU. Students can also take advantage of the Career Center.

At the Career Center, advisors work hands-on with students to polish resumes, edit essays, and practice interviewing skills. The Center also provides career advising to students looking for advice on where to look for relevant experience.

While the process seems intimidating, the University and Honors community is here to help students at every stage of their professional journey.

RESOURCES The Career Center FSU's Career Center offers help through workshops, mock interviews, and job and internship postings. They also run clothing drives and other opportunities where students can help each other succeed in their interviews. https://www.career.fsu.edu

Nole Network An asset of The Career Center's system, this networklinks students and alumni for opportunities in jobs and internships all over. Think of it as LinkedIn, but just for the FSU community. https://www.career.fsu.edu/nolenetwork

Advising You're probably used to mandatory advising by now. While your major advisors can help you build your class schedules, they can also help you figure out what internship programs are right for you. Stop by your major advisor's office for walk-ins, or come to the Honors Office in HSF to meet with an honors advisor.

Is Covid Over?

Student opinions on the newest mask mandates

By Sasha Smith

As recently as February of this year, the CDC has lifted certain restrictions on mask requirements, specifically in indoor environments. This means that, for the majority of FSU's population, it would be solely up to the individual to determine whether or not to wear a mask in most situations.

The CDC's updated guidelines divided communities into three categories: low-risk, mediumrisk, and high-risk. Low-risk communities can wear a mask based on personal preference.

Medium-risk communities are advised to wear a mask indoors only if they are immunocompromised or surrounded by those affected by Covid-19. High-risk communities are expected to wear masks only indoors in public or if they are at high risk for severe illness.

These more lenient guidelines serve as a beacon of hope to those who feel Covid's grasp on

our daily lives is lessening.

However, to others, these updated restrictions come across as a reckless rush to return to normal life.

Here is what FSU's students Caroline Robbins and Garrett Ludescher had to say on the issue: How do you feel about the newest mask guidelines?

"I feel relieved . Covid-19 is not a threat to me, and seeing everyone in masks depersonalize[d] many of the interactions I had." - Garrett Ludescher "The new guidelines... are expected, but should be viewed with caution. We shouldn't neglect the suggested protection measures recommended in the past, and selfprotective measures [like] masks are still effective." - Caroline Robbins

have you been Affected by covid-19 in the past?

"I've been fortunate enough to have not experienced Covid-19 personally, but I have lived with extremely high risk individuals.

Because of that looming threat, I've become more cautious of laxer guidelines and [people] who promote the 'Covid is over' rhetoric. I still choose to wear my masks willingly because I want to make sure I protect not only myself, but those around me."

- Caroline Robbins "I caught it and was pretty sick for a few days, but I'm in near perfect health, and [I] had no long-term consequences. I also work as a volunteer in the ER at [Tallahassee Memorial Hospital], and I've interacted with many Covid patients. Covid affects everyone differently, and that was very apparent in the ER, where I had young and old patients." - Garrett Ludescher

What do you think about the guidelines and Covid's effect on us moving forward?

"I think Covid-19 can be treated effectively and is no longer a grave threat to us. I would expect a rise in cases, but lower death and hospitalization. People will get Covid again similarly to how people get the flu every now and then."

- Garrett Ludescher

"The height of the pandemic is over... [and] masks are unlikely to become a permanent staple in America, so there [has to] be measures in place now that take that into consideration. [I hope] the country views this not as a sign that 'Covid is over,' but that Covid is manageable, and that [everyone understands] the importance of taking care of their personal health and the health of future generations."

- Caroline Robbins

Student Body opinions A survey was sent out to the entire honors student body.

The following statistics are based on 112 responses from the above population.

64%

of students agree with the updated mask guidelines

35% 33% 25%

57% 41%

35%

of students said they didn't wear a mask indoors or outdoors even before the updated guidelines

of students surveyed feel indifferent about the updated mask guidelines of students surveyed, however, reported feeling relieved by the guidelines of students felt anxious about the updated guidelines

of students surveyed said they would no longer be wearing a mask indoors or outdoors of students surveyed said they would only wear a mask indoors moving forward

FROM TRAVEL TO TEACHING Erik Braeden Lewis: A Faculty Spotlight

By Sasha Smith

Entire families migrated to neighboring countries. Thousands of people were arrested and executed. Mass violence took over the country, and the Reign of Terror began. This was the French Revolution.

For the majority of the 1790s, France was in absolute political turmoil as its citizens began to protest the way the country was being run and the government itself was put under all sorts of societal and economic pressure. This sparked one of the biggest political migrations in history, with thousands of families migrating away from France to other countries, like Spain.

PhD candidate Erik Braeden Lewis has been studying this migration of refugees from France to Spain for several years, traveling to Europe to study archival documents for months at a time and coming back to the U.S. to continue his research.

"I've always been obsessed with France," Lewis said. "It started when I was a kid. I learned French when I was 11 [or] 12.

From then I've just been obsessed with it. I learned the language, I learned about the culture, I've been a few times to do research in France [on] the French Revolution... I kind of just ended up doing what I'm doing, because I was a nerd, honestly."

Lewis began his academic career at an international baccalaureate high school, later receiving a bachelor's degree in French and then a master's degree in history. He currently has one year left to receive his PhD in history with the aim of teaching at a university level post-college.

Spending months in France and several weeks in Spain, Lewis went through dozens of documents from the French Revolution, looking at the migration patterns of political refugees from France to Spain and investigating the ways in which entire families moved away from their home country.

"It's honestly... a very privileged experience, I'll put it that way," Lewis said.

"There's an endowment in the history department, so the school actually paid for me to go." "[I] look at the troubles that [the families] experienced along the way... and how they were interacting with the French government and the Spanish government, kind of fighting for their survival the whole time, because there's a war going on all around them," Lewis said.

Moving forward, Lewis hopes to finish up his research and finalize his degree. When asked what that would look like, Lewis paused and chuckled, "It looks like a lot of coffee, honestly."

"Wrapping up this project, it's going to be a lot of me going back to these pictures that I took at the archives of some of those same documents, reading all of this stuff again, going back to the library and reading more... and then hopefully making everything make sense in a really long paper."

Aside from the extensive analytical and writing-intensive side of things, Lewis is excited to finally receive his degree and hopefully move onto teaching.

Lewis looked at "a collection of police files and judicial files" regarding the refugees because "anybody who was a refugee broke the law."

"There are letters written directly from these families to the government saying, ‘Hey, you took away my land, or you took away my house, or you killed my family, I need some kind of restitution for this. What kind of agreement are we going to come to?’ So I... have writings from the families themselves, you know, sharing their point of view," Lewis said.

Research has proved to be a very rewarding experience for Lewis, since "watching [himself] grow and seeing that [he's] able to go out there and... hang with other professional historians, and do this as a profession."

"I've been trained well, and you know, that confidence... I gained a bunch of confidence from this," Lewis said.

I want to finish my research, you know, and not just finish it, I want to finish it well," Lewis said. "My other goal is to get a job because I'm about to graduate. My mom was a teacher, my grandma was a teacher, teaching is in my blood, but I want to do it at the university level, so I could [continue to] do research too."

After all of the work is done, Lewis is mostly glad to be able to spend more time with family, since the "program is so intense, and [he's] been so far away from family."

"I've sacrificed a lot of time with my parents and my grandparents," Lewis expressed. "I feel very lucky to still have my grandparents and I want to spend more time with them while they're still alive. So I'm looking forward to family time, honestly, more than anything professional, more than anything monetary. I just want to see my family again."

Meanwhile at the FSU Valencia Campus...

GEORGE DUFFY BROUGHT HIS FILM CAMERA TO SPAIN AND IRELAND. HE WAS VISITING A FRIEND AND CELEBRATING ST. PATRICK'S DAY!

......Megan bettley in nashville

Erika and Tobie take on Miami!!!

Hegemonic Masculinity: A Film Review and Analysis of Hegemonic Masculinity Meredith Ellis, Senior (she/her/hers) Major: Psychology Minor: Sociology

Jackson Katz’ documentary, Tough Guise 2, examines the hegemonic ideologies that construct masculinity and the way that these ideologies contribute to most of the issues surrounding men. Hegemonic ideologies and masculinity are recurring themes throughout the documentary, and they relate to our course’s discussion of violence against women. Katz argues throughout his documentary that violence against women is in fact a men’s issue and not a women’s issue, in contradiction to the framing that the media often favors. For men, or the socially constructed group of people born with genitalia commonly referred to as – the penis, their gender is synonymous with strength, power, aggression, and masculinity. These characteristics, or norms, have been bestowed upon them by the allpowerful institutions like education, religion, and family. Then these norms influence their gender performance, individuals who identify as men internalize these norms and begin to act in aggressive, masculine, and power-reaffirming ways. In Katz’ documentary, the argument is made that when men “do” their gender to the extreme, it can result in rape, domestic violence, or mass killings.

The ideals that most of us hold surrounding gender norms and gender performance are based on hegemonic ideologies which have been constructed and propagated by a small group in power for generations.

These ideologies influence our thoughts which in turn influences our behavior. To exemplify this phenomenon, I think of the hyper-masculine ‘role-models’ which the documentary cites, like Al Pacino’s character, Tony, from the movie Scarface. This character exemplifies toxic masculinity as he takes the gender norms, strength and aggression, way too far and uses them to justify outrageous acts of violence. Tony is a Cuban immigrant who is faced with the daunting task of making it in America, because of Tony’s circumstances, the only thing that has not been taken from him is his masculinity. This allows Tony to violently amass resources and even a romantic partner, who he eventually physically and verbally assaults. In contrast, a woman cannot shoot her way to the top, and arguably, most women would never even consider it as an option for themselves, since it is uncharacteristic of their gender. I identify as a cis-female, Hispanic, woman who has been raised by catholic parents in a conservative town, so I have always been conditioned to adhere to very strict gender norms. I have even unintentionally policed others on these norms. The documentary made me consider the ways that I have been affected by hegemonic masculinity, but also, the ways that I have contributed to it. I would never let a girl friend walk home alone at night, but I would, and I have talked about how unmanly it was for friend’s boyfriend to cry in front of her. As I make efforts to protect myself from ‘bad’ men, I have also perpetuated certain traits as being masculine. I experienced the content of the film, by examining this documentary from a sociological perspective, and considering how my gendered body, as a woman, reinforces the gender binary and distinguishes what characteristics are masculine since they juxtapose the characteristics that are feminine. In a study conducted by Karin A. Martin, the sociologist examines the effects of the gender binary and how “bodies that clearly delineate gender status facilitate the maintenance of the gender hierarchy” (Martin, 495). As a woman watching Tough Guise 2, and with this reading in

mind, I felt depressed knowing that simply “doing” my gender is an act of oppression against myself.

Upon reflecting on my own lived experiences, and the documentary, I know that no two men have the same personality, however, when society groups men together, we start to see common traits and stereotypes of manly behavior appear in all men. How can millions of individuals, who just happen to be born with a penis and swaddled in blue blankets, all share common ideals with coinciding behaviors? Karin A. Martin’s research examined the effects of gendering bodies from a young age, preschool in fact, and concluded that “gendered bodies create particular contexts for social relations as they signal, manage, and negotiate information about power and status” (Martin, 495). This means that men have maintained their power and status by simply being men, and this brings us to the most notorious and deadly hegemonic ideology of them all – the patriarchy.

Works Referenced: Martin, K. A. (1998). Becoming a Gendered Body: Practices of Preschools.

American Sociological Review, 63(4), 494–511. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657264

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Content:

Jamie Guterman Sasha Smith Max Mitchell Alexis Dorman