F Scott Fitzgerald in Paris

Walking with Writers F. S C OT T F I T Z G E R A L D I N PA R I S : A G U I D E

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Chronology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6 Top 15 Highlights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15 1. Prunier’s Restaurant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16 2 / 3The Fitzgeralds’ Apartments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17 4.Place de le Concorde & Hotel Crillon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19 5.Former Natalie Barney Residence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20 6. Former Site of Shakespeare and Company. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21 7/8.The Fitzgeralds’ Apartments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22 9. Sara & Gerald Murphy’s Apartment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24 10.Former site of Gertrude Stein Residence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25 11.Former site of Lubov Egorva’s Dance Studio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26 12.Montparnasse Cafes. . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27 13. Auberge de Venise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28 14.The Ritz Hotel &Bar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29 15. Harry’s Bar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30 Copyright Disclaimer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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F. Scott Fitzgerald is the most subtle and intricate stylist of American English. He is also an incomparable observer of the class system in our supposedly classless society.

Jay McInerney - Prix Fitzgerald acceptance speech, 2017

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CHRONOLOGY 24 September 1896 - Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald born at 481 Laurel Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota.

26 March 1920 - Fitzgerald’s first novel, This Side of Paradise, published by Scribner’s.

3 April 1920 - Fitzgerald marries Zelda Sayre at St. Patrick’s Cathedral in New York.

26 October 1921 - Birth of Scottie Fitzgerald, the Fitzgeralds’ only child.

10 April 1925 - Publication of The Great Gatsby.

May 1925 - Fitzgerald meets Ernest Hemingway in Dingo Bar, Paris.

January 1927 - The Fitzgeralds go to Hollywood, where Scott works on the unproduced film Lipstick.

April 1930 - Zelda experiences her first psychological breakdown in Paris.

November 1931 - Fitzgerald’s second spell in Hollywood, this time to work on Red-Headed Woman for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

12 April 1934 - Publication of Tender Is the Night.

July 1937 - Fitzgeralds returns to Hollywood for the third time, working for MGM at $1000 per week. He moves into an apartment at the Garden of Allah hotel on Sunset Boulevard.

July 1937 - Fitzgerald meets Sheilah Graham, who becomes his partner.

April 1938 - Fitzgerald rents a bungalow at Malibu Beach, California.

October 1938 - Fitzgerald relocates to a cottage at ‘Belly Acres’, Encino.

May 1940 – Fitzgerald moves to 1403 North Laurel Avenue, Hollywood.

21 December 1940 – Fitzgerald dies of heart attack at Sheilah Graham’s apartment, 1443 North Hayworth Avenue, Hollywood.

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F SCOTT FITZGERALD’S PARIS

Click here to enlarge Map.-

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IN CONTEXT: PARIS IN THE 1920S

In making Paris their home, the Fitzgerald were participating in the wider trend of American writers and artists journeying across the Atlantic to escape the materialism of the United States and to seek inspiration among the enclave of intellectuals and artists who had established themselves here. Gertrude Stein and Edith Wharton moved to Paris in the early 1900s. During World War I, thousands of American ambulance and army personnel travelled to the French capital on duty, among them many of the 20th century’s most notable writers and intellectuals, such as Ernest Hemingway, John Dos Passos, E.E. Cummings, Edmund Wilson and Malcolm Cowley.

This introduction to the exoticism of a foreign metropolis and the freedom and intellectual stimulation of Paris drew scores of Americans back after the war. In addition to mixing with luminaries such as James Joyce and Pablo Picasso, life in France had the added attraction of a favourable exchange rate between the franc and the dollar, allowing Americans to live here relatively cheaply. As Andre Le Vot tells us, in his biography of Fitzgerald, Paris was the like the promised land for artists from all over the world in the 1920s. It was the capital of the imagination.

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F. SCOTT FITZGERALD AND PARIS Fitzgerald first visited France in May 1921. The previous year had seen the successful publication of his first novel, This Side of Paradise, which was followed by a short story collection, Flappers and Philosophers. Sudden professional success allowed Fitzgerald to marry his fiancé, Zelda Sayre, and the young, glamorous couple visited Paris as part of their first trip abroad together.

In 1921 Paris was a city emerging from collective shock and grief, filled with bereaved parents, widows and orphans - two thirds of French families had suffered a wartime bereavement.

The young Fitzgeralds, selfconfessed thrill-seekers, found Paris in 1921 to be lonely and restricting.

This successful young couple were the toast of New York and their eccentric antics were the stuff of legend. They were relatively unknown in Paris and they knew almost no one. Separated from their usual fun-loving social circles, the Fitzgeralds did not greatly warm to Paris or, indeed, Europe.

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However, despite this inauspicious beginning, the French capital would become their home at different intervals over the next decade, and feature in some of Fitzgerald’s most important works, including Tender Is the Night and Babylon Revisited. The Fitzgeralds first lived in France during 1924, staying on the Riviera while Scott worked on The Great Gatsby. In April 1925, they began their first extended period of residence, taking an apartment at 14 rue de Tilsitt, on the Right Bank, not far from the Arc de Triomphe. Earlier that month, Fitzgerald had published The Great Gatsby, which, despite its popularity today, was not a commercial success at the time. Fitzgerald enjoyed socialising in the Montparnasse cafes, the Ritz and Crillon bars.

During this period, he wrote one of his best stories in Paris, The Rich Boy, which was included in his third collection of short stories, All the Sad Young Men (1926).

In another story from that collection, Rags Martin-Jones and the Pr-nce of W-les, one of Fitzgerald’s characters expresses the view that, in contrast to the lack of imagination pervading America, Paris is the only place a sophisticated person can live comfortably.

Fitzgerald did not wholly immerse himself in the American expatriate community. He was on friendly terms with the writer Gertrude Stein and Sylvia Beach, owner of the Shakespeare and Company bookstore. However the Fitzgeralds spent much of their time on the Riviera away from Paris society. Fitzgerald was also a mature artist by this time, and found little attraction in the small presses and magazines that aspiring and experimental writers published with.

Fitzgerald’s social interactions with members of the expatriateliterary community were at times a little strained. Fitzgerald seemed to enjoy alarming the novelist James Joyce, he once offered to throw himself out of a window as a gesture of his high regard for the writer. In a meeting with the American novelist Edith Wharton, Fitzgerald attempted to energise the flagging conversation by sharing an anecdote about an American couple mistakenly staying the night in a Paris brothel. Unfortunately the anecdote didn’’t go down as well as he’d hoped!

There is a wonderful copy of The Great Gatsby in the Princeton library that was inscribed to James Joyce after a dinner that Sylvia Beach gave, at Shakespeare and Co, that was in Joyce’s honor and Sylvia had invited Scott and Zelda along.

Fitzgerald has drawn the dinner table with Beach and Adrian Monet at different ends of the table. And then there’s James Joyce, he’s drawn a beautiful caricature with his glasses and a halo, and he, Fitzgerald is kneeling at Joyce’s feet worshipping St. James. He loved Joyce best. He was a huge Joyce fan.

Anne Margaret Daniel

Fitzgerald’s most important meeting, however, was with Ernest Hemingway, then an aspiring 26-year-old writer. Fitzgerald made editorial suggestions for Hemingway’’s first novel and introduced him to his publisher, acting in the capacity of literary talent scout. Fitzgerald and Hemingway were great friends in their first years together in Paris.

On one occasion, Fitzgerald acted as a timekeeper during a sparring match between Hemingway and the Canadian writer, Morley Callaghan. Fitzgerald, absorbed in the competition, allowed the round go an extra sixty-seconds, during which time the skillful Callaghan knocked Ernest down, much to his frustration.

Hemingway and Fitzgerald admired each others writing, they enjoyed each others company. Hemingway always felt these tensions with Zelda but Zelda was precocious and capricious and she really did want Scott to herself, so, they were young, they were all so young, its hard to think of it really.

Anne Margaret Daniel

Scott and Zelda left Paris in March 1926, setting up residence at Juan-les-Pins in the South of France. In late 1926, the couple then returned to America, renting a property near Wilmington, Delaware, where they remained until 1928. Paris once more beckoned and in April 1928 Scott and Zelda returned to the capital, where they lived at 58 rue de Vaugirard.

The move was undertaken primarily to allow Zelda to take dancing lessons from the renowned ballet instructor Lubov Egorova.

Fitzgerald recalled in Echoes of the Jazz Age that by this time, the artistic and intellectual expatriate community was becoming diluted by vulgar wealthy American tourists. This Paris trip was financed by Fitzgerald’‘s first series of lucrative Basil Duke Lee stories, which he wrote for the Saturday Evening Post.

In September 1928, Scott and Zelda returned to Delaware, but journeyed back across the Atlantic the following year, establishing themselves in a Paris apartment on the rue Mezieres in 1929.

After spending their summer at Cannes, the Fitzgeralds once more established themselves in a Paris apartment, at 10 rue Pergolese, in October 1929. After a disappointing trip to north Africa in February 1930, Zelda, who had been obsessively pursuing her ambition of becoming a ballet dancer, experienced her first psychological breakdown and was admitted to the Malmaison clinic. Zelda, then, was admitted into Prangins clinic in Switzerland, where she remained until September 1931.

The Fitzgeralds later decided to relocate to America, stopping off for their last experience of Paris at the Hotel Majestic, on the return journey. In total, twenty-two months of the Fitzgeralds’ four-and-a half years outside America were spent in Paris.

In his later writing about the expatriate scene in Paris, Fitzgerald became more conscious of the spiritual emptiness that underlined the apparent glamour of the American community.

This criticism is evident, for instance, in the image of hungover expatriates drinking cocktails with trembling hands in the Paris Ritz Bar in The Bridal Party. In Babylon Revisited, meanwhile, a recovering alcoholic named Charles Wales revisits Paris, the scene of many a binge in his former life, where his daughter is now in the custody of his sister-in-law.

In this story, the drunken behaviour of Charles’ former drinking friends damages the chances of rebuilding his relationship with his daughter. Most notably, Paris features in Tender Is the Night, in which the alcoholic Abe North incites a riot in Montmartre by incorrectly accusing a man of theft, leading to the murder of a witness of the altercation.

While these images reflect the sense of a party that had gone on for too long, Fitzgerald channelled that mood, and the grandiose background of Paris, into poignant and compelling narratives about human tragedy and relationships.

Additionally, Fitzgerald’‘s time in Paris further enriched the range of his glamorous, and often excessive, life. Our Fitzgerald trail highlights many of the key Parisian locations associated with Scott and Zelda in the 1920’‘s. Many of these locations were incorporated into the Fitzgerald’‘s fiction.

I am a great fan of his fourth novel, Tender Is the Night, which draws on the time he spent in France in the 1920s. Tender contains some of his most beautiful and lyrical prose. But it’s Gatsby that is his claim to immortality. It’s more than an American classic; it’s become a defining document of the national psyche, a creation myth, the Rosetta Stone of the American Dream.

Jay McInerney - Prix Fitzgerald acceptance speech, 2017

TOP 15 HIGHLIGHTS

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1. RESTAURANT PRUNIER 16 Avenue Victor Hugo In an autobiographical sketch of his life, Fitzgerald recalled drinking Pouilly (a dry French white wine) with bouillabaisse (a kind of seafood soup) here. According to Hemingway, he prepared for a boxing bout with the Canadian writer Morley Callaghan by having a decadent lunch of lobster and white wine with Fitzgerald at Prunier’s. Aware that he would be in no state to box later on, Hemingway and Fitzgerald arrived at Callaghan’s apartment early, and went to the American Club to spar, where Fitzgerald acted as timekeeper. Hemingway, who was out-boxed by the skillful Callaghan, was enraged to discover that Fitzgerald had mistakenly let the round go on longer than agreed, thus prolonging Hemingway’s ignominious performance.

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2. THE FITZGERALDS’ APARTMENT 10 Rue Pergolèse - Oct 1929 to Spring 1930 The Fitzgeralds installed themselves in this apartment following a summer at Cannes in 1929. The apartment was a few steps from the Bois de Boulogne. In Fitzgerald’s day, the Bois was a place where the young families would stroll on Sundays or picnic on the lawns. The park figures in several works of the Fitzgerald’s fiction, including an anecdote in The Great Gatsby, as well as a scene in his 1931 story A New Leaf.

From this address, Fitzgerald wrote an optimistic letter to Maxwell Perkins, in which he anticipated that he would be able to proceed uninterrupted on his fourth novel. Unfortunately, Fitzgerald would have to wait until 1934 to see the publication of Tender Is the Night, nine years after his last novel, The Great Gatsby, appeared. During this time, Zelda was becoming increasingly obsessed with her ballet work, and the strains of overwork began to tell. By April, she had been admitted to a Swiss sanatorium.

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3. THE FITZGERALDS’ APARTMENT 14 Rue de Tilsitt - May 1925 to January 1926

From here Fitzgerald wrote to his American contacts following the publication of The Great Gatsby. The work had not been a financial success. Just under 24,000 copies were printed in 1925, and some remained unsold in storage at Scribner’s when Fitzgerald died in 1940. He lamented that the novel’s failure condemned him to a period of writing popular fiction in order to support the lavish living standards to which he and Zelda had become accustomed. A few months later, in early 1926, Fitzgerald would make quite a substantial sum from the sale of the movie and stage rights of The Great Gatsby.

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4. PLACE DE LE CONCORDE & HOTEL CRILLON Fitzgerald was a patron of the Crillon Bar, and in Tender Is the Night, Dick Diver drinks coffee and gin here. The Place de la Concord, catching the rays of the Paris sunset, also served as a romantic backdrop to a scene in Dick and Rosemary Hoyt’s affair in the novel, as they passionately kiss in a taxi as it glides through the square. When out of town, Fitzgerald had his post directed to the Guaranty Trust at, 4 Place de la Concorde.

In one particular escapade in this part of town, Fitzgerald is said to have stolen a three-wheel cart and been chased around the square by policemen

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5. FORMER NATALIE BARNEY RESIDENCE 20 Rue Jacob Natalie Barney (1876-1972), writer and salonist, lived here. She served as the model for Valerie Seymour in Radclyffe Hall’s famous novel, The Well of Loneliness (1928), perhaps the most notable work to deal directly with the subject of lesbianism. Scott and Zelda attended one of Barney’s salons here and met Dorothy Wild, the niece of Oscar Wilde.

Wilde and Barney appear in the manuscript of Tender Is the Night as Miss Retchmore and Vivian Taub. In the book itself, all that remains of this scene is a brief episode in which Rosemary is propositioned by one of the women. John T. Irwin, however, contends that the contrived social behaviour at Barney’s gatherings was a clear inspiration for the affected mannerisms of the salon attendees Fitzgerald satirises in Book One, Chapter 17, of Tender Is the Night.

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6. FORMER SITE OF SHAKESPEARE & COMPANY 12 Rue De L’Odéon

Shakespeare and Company was a bookstore and lending library ran by Sylvia Beach. In 1922, Beach published James Joyce’‘s Ulysses which, due to its supposedly licentious subject matter, had been unable to find another publisher. Beach recalled that she ‘liked Fitzgerald very much’ appreciating his ‘good looks, concern for others, that wild recklessness of his, and his fallen-angel charm’’. Beach recalled that Fitzgerald wanted to meet James Joyce, but was too shy to approach him. Accordingly, Sylvia invited the Joyces and the Fitzgeralds to dinner. Scott drew a cartoon of the meal in Beach’s copy of The Great Gatsby, in which Fitzgerald is depicted kneeling next to Joyce, who is portrayed with a halo.

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7. THE FITZGERALDS’ APARTMENT Rue Palatine - Circa. April 1929 This street appears in Fitzgerald’s short story Babylon Revisited. Charles Wales returns to Paris to revisit his daughter, Honoria, who is living in the care of Charles’ sister-in-law in a house on this street. The Fitzgeralds endured a stormy period during their residence here. Fitzgerald wrote that he came to the verge of ending their marriage. In the same letter, Fitzgerald lamented that his second novel, The Beautiful and Damned, had not been better written. In that work, a young and glamorous couple dissipate themselves and damage their marriage through an excessive lifestyle – circumstances, Fitzgerald reflected bitterly, that the story mirrored the often fraught union between himself and Zelda.

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8. THE FITZGERALDS’ APARTMENT 58 Rue De Vaugirard - April to October 1928 The Fitzgeralds moved to Paris for their second substantial stay in order for Zelda, despite being 28, to follow her ambitions of becoming a ballet dancer, a goal she pursued with almost manic determination. In That Summer in Paris, Morley Callaghan, a Canadian writer who Fitzgerald had recommended to his publisher Charles Scribner’s Sons, recalls meeting Fitzgerald here in the late 1920s. He described it as: ...a big elegant apartment, a far more elaborate apartment than Hemingway’s place, and whereas I could think of Hemingway’s or Joyces’ apartments as having living rooms, in this place of Scott’s, I knew I was in a drawing room. It had period furniture, too.

This address is near Hemingway’s apartment at 6 rue Ferou, and that of his friends Sara Gerald Murphy at 14 rue Guynemer. Hemingway had asked his publisher not to tell Fitzgerald where he was staying but the Fitzgeralds must have found out as they moved in right around the corner and wrote to Ernest and his second wife, Pauline, asking to be invited for dinner and promising to be on their best behaviour.

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9. SARA & GERALD MURPHYS’ APARTMENT 14 Rue Guynemer The Fitzgeralds’ friends Sara and Gerald Murphy moved here in 1928. The Murphys and the Fitzgeralds had a special bond; the Murphys were wealthy expatriates whose impressive network of friends included among others, Hemingway, John Dos Passos and Pablo Picasso. They were an older, more settled couple, and were always generous, loving and forgiving towards the younger, more frantic Fitzgeralds. They lent them this apartment when the Fitzgeralds returned to Paris in 1928 after a two-year absence.

Gerard Murphy, in a letter to the Fitzgeralds, wrote: We four communicate by our presence rather than by any other means.

Fitzgerald partially modeled Dick and Nicole Diver in Tender Is the Night on Sara and Gerald. The rue Guynemer apartment also features in Tender Is the Night, where the characters dine in the Norths’ apartment overlooking the Luxembourg Gardens. It is here that Rosemary Hoyt realises, with ecstatic excitement, that Dick Diver is beginning to fall in love with her.

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10. FORMER SITE OF GERTRUDE STEIN RESIDENCE 27 Rue De Fleurus Gertrude Stein was a wealthy American art collector and writer, whose Paris apartment formed a central point of the city’s intellectual and artistic scene. Hemingway introduced Fitzgerald to Stein, who praised The Great Gatsby. Stein also caused some friction during an evening at her apartment attended by both Hemingway and Fitzgerald. Stein appears to have stated that Fitzgerald’s talent exceeded Hemingway’s but to have qualified this by stating that their talents were not of the same kind – a remark which Fitzgerald perceived to be a criticism of Hemingway. Hemingway later chastised Fitzgerald for not accepting Stein’s sincerely intended compliment.

Hemingway added, with uncharacteristic humility, that there was no contest between them as writers and that they should only be in competition with themselves.

In The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, Stein reiterated her praise of Fitzgerald, adding that:

F. Scott Fitzgerald will be read when many of his well known contemporaries are forgotten.

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11. FORMER SITE OF LUBOV EGORVA’S DANCE STUDIO 82 Rue de Sèvres Zelda Fitzgerald attended ballet lessons here in 1928 under the tutelage of the eminent former Russian ballerina, Lubov Egorova. Despite beginning in her late twenties, Zelda harboured sincere ambitions of becoming a professional dancer, and applied herself with great devotion to practising. Egorova was recommended to Zelda by Sara and Gerald Murphy, whose daughter also received lessons from her. Zelda’s obsessive interest was compounded by her attempt to pay for her tuition by writing stories. These twin demands exerted a noticeable strain on Zelda’s mental health. Indeed, Dr. Oscar Forel, Zelda’s psychiatrist at Prangins Clinic, following her breakdown, believed that the cessation of her dancing ambitions was a prerequisite to her recovery. Egorova wrote that, while she believed Zelda to be a competent dancer, she had begun too late in life to become a truly accomplished ballerina.

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12. MONTPARNASSE CAFES These cafes are known as Les Montparnos in French. Fitzgerald would drink at these Montparnasse cafes made famous by the patronage of artists and great writers like himself. Fitzgerald, Hemingway and Picasso frequented these cafes. In the 1920s there were four cafes in this location: Le Dôme, La Coupole, La Rotonde and Le Select. They are described as the four great cafes of the Jazz Age, a phrase coined by Fitzgerald. In the cafes, you will find countless photos of their past patrons. Le Dôme is now a fish restaurant adorned with Tiffany lamps and potted palms. La Coupole, a large art deco brasserie, opened in 1927 specifically to attract the literary, intellectual crowd. It is regarded as an art deco masterpiece. La Rotonde, one of the most famous cafes of the expat literary years of the 1920s, is filled with tasselled lamps and comfortable red banquettes. Le Select has Franco-colonial décor, mirrored walls and art deco lamps, and is mentioned in Hemingway’s break out novel The Sun Also Rises.

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13. AUBERGE DE VENISE (THE DINGO BAR) 10 Rue Delambre, Montparnasse

In April 1925, Hemingway first encountered F. Scott Fitzgerald at The Dingo Bar. Hemingway described the meeting in his autobiography, A Moveable Feast. His recollection of their first meeting did not flatter Fitzgerald. However, he neglected to mention that Fitzgerald had assisted him even before their first meeting, by calling on Maxwell Perkins to consider publishing his writing. The Dingo American Bar and Restaurant is now the modest Italian restaurant, The Auberge de Venise. The restaurant retains the original curved bar and is a wonderful place to have a bowl of pasta and imagine the two great men of American literature meeting for the first time.

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14. THE RITZ HOTEL & BAR 15 Place Vendôme Fitzgerald will forever be associated with the Ritz as he titled a story A Diamond as Big as the Ritz. Here you can have a drink in the Hemingway Bar or even stay in an F. Scott Fitzgerald themed suite for around 7000 euros a night. Hemingway’s friend and biographer, AE Hotchner, recounts a story of Fitzgerald eating an orchid in the Ritz bar in an attempt to attract the attention of a beautiful woman - the ploy apparently worked. There is another story of the Fitzgeralds hailing a Ritz taxi, getting a lift all the way to Le Havre then insisting that the taxi and the driver get on the boat and on arrival in the United States drive them all the way to their home.

In addition, several Fitzgerald works mention the Ritz. In Babylon Revisited, Charlie Wales comes here for a drink, only to find that the riotous days of the 1920s are past, and that the bar is bereft of its former American clientele. In Tender Is the Night, Dick Diver’s entourage persuade the night staff of the Ritz that Abe North is General Pershing, the leader of the American forces during World War I. Abe North also indulges in an all-day drinking session here.

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15. HARRY’S NEW YORK BAR, PARIS 5 Rue Danou

Harry’s Bar was a favourite haunt of the Fitzgeralds and other luminaries of the Lost Generation. The address is phonetically written on the bar doors as “sank roo doe noo”. In adverts run in the 1920s they told people just to ask the taxi driver for “sank roo doe noo”. Harry’s Bar was dismantled in New York and rebuilt in Paris. It was originally called ‘New York Bar’ until Harry MacElhone took over the bar in 1911. Since 1924, it has been a tradition for Americans to bet on the outcome of the American presidential elections here. Harry’s is also the home of legendary drinks; Fernand Petiot apparently created the Bloody Mary here in 1921, Harry MacElhone invented the French 75, a mix of champagne, gin, lemon juice, and sugar that Harry said was like being hit by a French 75mm artillery shell.

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Fitzgerald has a kind of double agent’s consciousness about the tinsel of the Jazz age, and about the privileged world of inherited wealth; In Gatsby and his best fiction Fitzgerald manages to strike a balance between his attraction and repulsion, between his sympathy and his judgment. Fitzgerald’‘s best narrators always seem to be partaking of the festivities even as they shiver outside with their noses pressed up against the glass.

Jay McInerney - Prix Fitzgerald acceptance speech, 2017

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IMAGE AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS Location illustrations: Agata Urbanska.

The Romantic Egoists: A Pictorial Autobiography from the Scrapbooks and Albums of F. Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald Published by University of South Carolina (2003). Photographs adapted into illustrations by Agata Urbanska.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Works by Fitzgerald

This Side of Paradise, ed. James L. W. West III (1920; rep. Cambridge: Cambridge
 University Press, 2012) Flappers and Philosophers (1920; rep. London: Alma Classics, 2014) The Beautiful and Damned (1922; rep. London: Penguin, 1994) Tales of the Jazz Age (1922; rep. London: Penguin Classics, 2011) The Great Gatsby, ed. by Matthew Bruccoli (1925; rep. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991) All the Sad Young Men (1926; rep. London, Alma Classics, 2013) Tender Is the Night, ed. James L. W. West III (1934; rep. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012) Taps at Reveille, ed. by James L. W. West III (1935; rep. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014) The Love of the Last Tycoon, ed. by Matthew Bruccoli (1941; rep. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014) The Crack-Up, ed. by Edmund Wilson (1945; rep. New York, NY: New Directions Books, 2009) The Letters of F. Scott Fitzgerald, ed. by Andrew Turnbull (London: The Bodley Head, 1963)

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CAST OF CHARACTERS Josephine Baker (1906-1975) - American entertainer, among the most celebrated performers of the Folies Bergère in 1920s Paris.

Nancy Woodbridge Beach (1887-1962) - known as Sylvia. Beach was an American-born bookseller and publisher, she owned the original Shakespeare and Company bookstore and lending library and was the first publisher of James Joyce’s Ulysses. Beach sold copies of Hemingway’s first book.

Robert Charles Benchley (1889-1945) - American humorist, newspaper columnist, and actor, Benchley was a member of the Algonquin Round Table in New York.

Malcolm Cowley (1898-1989) - American novelist, poet, literary critic, and journalist, best known for chronicling of the Lost Generation of post-World War I writers.

Edward Estlin Cummings (1894-1962) - an American poet, painter, essayist, and playwright. Cummings first traveled to Paris during the First World War. He had enlisted in the Ambulance Corps, along with his college friend, John Dos Passos.

John Roderigo Dos Passos (1896-1970) – Known as ‘Dos’ by Hemingway was an American novelist who met Hemingway when they were ambulance drivers in Italy during the First World War. Hemingway introduced Dos Passos to Katy Smith, sister of Hemingway’s Michigan friend Bill Smith. Dos Passos married Katy in 1929.

Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (1896-1940) - American novelist, short story writer, playwright, and screenwriter who met Hemingway at the Dingo Bar in Paris in the Spring of 1925.

Zelda Fitzgerald (1900-1948) - American novelist, painter, and wife of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Zelda was part of the American expatriate set of Paris in the 1920s. Dubbed by her husband as ‘the first American Flapper.

Frances Scott “Scottie” Fitzgerald (1921-1986) - Fitzgerald’s daughter and only child. Scottie had an irregular childhood, moving with her parents as they changed residences, including spells in Paris and Antibes. After graduating from Vassar College in 1942 Scottie became a journalist and active member of the Democratic Party.

Elizabeth Hadley Richardson Hemingway (1891-1979) - Pianist and Hemingway’s first wife. They had one son, John Hadley Nicanor Hemingway.

Ernest Miller Hemingway (1899-1961) - American novelist, short story writer and journalist, he won the 1953 Pulitzer Prize for fiction, followed by the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954.

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James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (1882-1941) - Irish novelist, short story writer and poet, James Joyce and Hemingway were part of the expatriate circle of writers and artists in Paris in the 1920s.

Gerald & Sara (nee Wiborg) Murphy (1888-1964 & 1883-1975) - Gerald Murphy was an American painter who moved to Paris with his wife Sara in 1921. Gerald painted from 1921 to 1929 and is known for inventing his own movement known as Precisionism. The Murphys hosted many artistic luminaries of the age - including Hemingway, Picasso, and F. Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald – at their home, the Villa America on the French Riviera.

Harold Ober (1881-1959) - Ober served as Fitzgerald’s literary agent from 1919 to 1939. Ober negotiated Fitzgerald’s literary contracts, including the fee of $4,000 per-story which the Saturday Evening Post paid Fitzgerald at the height of his career.

Dorothy Parker (1893-1967) - American poet, writer, critic, satirist, and screenwriter, Parker wrote for The New Yorker and was a founding member of the Algonquin Round Table.

She was nominated for two

Academy Awards, before being blacklisted during the McCarthy era.

William Maxwell Evarts Perkins (1884-1947) - American journalist and book editor for Charles Scribner’s Sons. Perkins joined Scribner’s in 1910 working closely with his new writers on the revisions of their work.

Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) - Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist. Picasso co-founded the Cubist movement with Georges Braque. Picasso was a regular at the salons Gertrude Stein and Alice B. Toklas hosted in their apartment on rue de Fleurus.

Cesar Ritz (1850-1918) - Swiss hotelier and founder of several hotels, including the Hotel Ritz in Paris. The term ritzy derives from his name. The Paris Ritz was one of Fitzgerald’s favorite hotels.

Charles Scribner II (1854-1930) - American publisher whose father, Charles Scribner I, founded the publishing house, Baker & Scribner, with Isaac D. Baker in 1846.

Gertrude Stein (1874-1946) - American novelist, poet, playwright, and art collector, Stein moved to Paris in 1903 she was Hemingway’s friend and mentor in his early years in Paris. Stein and her partner, Alice B. Toklas, held artistic salons, their apartment was filled with works by Picasso, Cezanne, Renoir, Matisse, and Toulouse-Lautrec.

Alice Babette Toklas (1877-1967) - Life partner of Gertrude Stein. In Gertrude Stein’s breakout novel, The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas Sylvia Beach Whitman (b. 1981) - Owner of Shakespeare and Company bookshop at 37 rue de la Bucherie. Whitman is the daughter of the shop’s founder, George Whitman. Sylvia has opened a café next door, The Shakespeare and Co Café.

MORE LITERARY GUIDES

Hemingway Trails and Quizzes App Follow in the footsteps of Ernest Hemingway, and learn more about his life, love and work. Relive the enjoyment of his novels by answering quiz questions based on the books.

The Hemingway Trails and Quiz App has interactive clue-driven treasure hunt style trails in Key West, Cuba, London, Paris, Juan les Pins, Cap d’Antibes, Arles, Madrid, Pamplona, Ronda, Valencia, and book quizzes for your favourite novels - with more locations and book quizzes being added all the time. Collect rewards at the end of the trails and quizzes.

Available on Google Play and the App Store

Fitzgerald Trails and Quizzes App Follow in the footsteps of F Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald, and learn more about their lives, their love and their work. Relive the enjoyment of his work by answering quiz questions based on Fitzgerald’s novels and short stories.

The Fitzgerald Trails and Quiz App has interactive clue-driven treasure hunt style trails in London, Paris, Juan les Pins, Cap d’Antibes, New York, LA, Long Island and book quizzes of your favourite novels and short stories - with more locations and book quizzes being added all the time. Collect rewards at the end of the trails and quizzes.

Available on Google Play and the App Store

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F. S C OT T F I T Z G E R A L D IN HOLLYWOOD: A GUIDE

GLOBAL TRAILS

F. S C OT T F I T Z G E R A L D

IN PROVENCE: A GUIDE

GLOBAL TRAILS

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Written by: David Alan Rennie, Frances ONeill Illustrations by: Agata Urbanska Designed by: Paz Márquez Arellano A Global Trails production. www.walkingwithwriters.com

F. SCOTT FITZGERALD (TM) is a trademark of The Fitzgerald Estate Limited and under exclusive license through Fashion Licensing of America, Inc. New York, NY (212) 370-0770, e-mail: fashionlicensing@aol.com; ©GlobalTrails

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