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Psychology, 9th Edition Test Bank – David G. Myers

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1. Psychologists define learning as the process of A) adapting to the environment.

B) responding to external stimuli.

C) reinforcing behavioral responses.

D) acquiring new information or relatively enduring behaviors.

2. Acquiring new habits best illustrates the process of A) extrinsic motivation.

B) instinctive drift.

C) learning.

D) spontaneous recovery.

3. If a sea slug on repeated occasions receives an electric shock just after being squirted with water, its protective withdrawal response to a squirt of water grows stronger. This best illustrates A) spontaneous recovery.

B) associative learning.

C) observational learning.

D) operant conditioning.

4. Conditioning is the process of A) discrimination.

B) spontaneous recovery.

C) learning associations.

D) observational learning.

5. In classical conditioning a stimulus is any event or situation that A) triggers imitation.

B) signals a reinforcer.

C) elicits operant behavior.

D) evokes a response.

6. Jordan is frightened by the sound of a train whistle. The sound is a(n) A) intermittent reinforcement.

B) spontaneous recovery.

C) operant chamber.

D) stimulus.

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7. Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate A) shaping.

B) extrinsic motivation.

C) classical conditioning.

D) observational learning.

8. Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying A) intrinsic motivation.

B) respondent behavior.

C) spontaneous recovery.

D) operant conditioning.

9. The acquisition of mental information by observing events, watching others, or through language is called A) classical conditioning.

B) cognitive learning.

C) partial reinforcement.

D) shaping.

10. After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates A) shaping.

B) spontaneous recovery.

C) respondent behavior.

D) observational learning.

11. The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by A) John B. Watson.

B) B. F. Skinner.

C) Albert Bandura.

D) Ivan Pavlov.

12. John B. Watson considered himself to be a(n) A) physiological psychologist.

B) cognitive psychologist.

C) behaviorist.

D) psychoanalyst.

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13. John B. Watson would have expressed the greatest disapproval of attempts to scientifically study whether A) consumer buying habits are influenced by newspaper advertisements.

B) worker productivity is influenced by hourly wage rates.

C) academic achievement is influenced by a positive self-concept.

D) aggressive behavior is influenced by threats of punishment.

14. Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol?

A) negative reinforcement B) classical conditioning C) latent learning D) operant conditioning 15. The “psychic secretions” that Pavlov initially considered an annoyance were A) unconditioned responses.

B) primary reinforcers.

C) conditioned responses.

D) conditioned reinforcers.

16. In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning is called a(n) A) unconditioned stimulus.

B) secondary reinforcer.

C) neutral stimulus.

D) primary reinforcer.

17. Which of the following is an unconditioned response?

A) playing jump rope B) running through a maze to get a food reward C) sweating in hot weather D) clapping after a thrilling concert performance

18. In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the US was A) a tone.

B) salivation to the sound of a tone.

C) the presentation of food in the dog's mouth.

D) salivation to the food in the mouth.

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19. In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise is a(n) A) unconditioned stimulus.

B) unconditioned response.

C) conditioned stimulus.

D) conditioned response.

20. In Pavlov's experiments, the taste of food triggered the dog's salivation. Salivation to the taste of food was a(n) A) conditioned response.

B) unconditioned response.

C) unconditioned stimulus.

D) conditioned stimulus.

21. In Pavlov's experiments, the sound of the tone triggered the dog's salivation. Salivation to the sound of a tone was a(n) A) conditioned response.

B) unconditioned stimulus.

C) unconditioned response.

D) conditioned stimulus.

22. A child's learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n) A) conditioned response.

B) unconditioned stimulus.

C) conditioned stimulus.

D) unconditioned response.

23. A dog salivates to the sound of a tone because the tone has regularly been associated with the delivery of food. In this case, the tone is called a(n) A) unconditioned stimulus.

B) primary reinforcer.

C) conditioned stimulus.

D) immediate reinforcer.

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24. A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious, mouth-watering meal. Later, when Gavin was given a tour of the property, he drooled with delight. For Gavin, the lakeshore property was a A) US. B) CS. C) UR. D) CR.

25. Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called A) shaping.

B) acquisition.

C) generalization.

D) spontaneous recovery.

26. In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus signals the impending occurrence of A) latent learning.

B) a conditioned reinforcer.

C) an unconditioned stimulus.

D) operant behavior.

27. In classical conditioning, the NS becomes a ________ after it reliably signals the impending occurrence of the ________.

A) US; CS B) UR; CR C) CS; US D) CR; UR

28. Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by a red light that was repeatedly associated with the presentation of a female quail. The sexual arousal triggered by the red light was a A) UR. B) US. C) CR. D) CS.

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29. A geometric figure is most likely to trigger sexual arousal if presented shortly A) after an appropriate UR. B) after an appropriate US. C) before an appropriate UR. D) before an appropriate US.

30. Associating a conditioned stimulus with a new neutral stimulus can create a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. This best illustrates A) shaping.

B) spontaneous recovery.

C) intermittent reinforcement.

D) higher-order conditioning.

31. Extinction occurs when a ________ is no longer paired with a ________.

A) UR; CR B) CS; UR C) US; UR D) CS; US

32. Makayla developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane crash. The fact that today she can again fly without distress indicates that her fear has undergone A) spontaneous recovery.

B) extinction.

C) generalization.

D) discrimination.

33. The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called A) generalization.

B) spontaneous recovery.

C) secondary reinforcement.

D) shaping.

34. The occurrence of spontaneous recovery suggests that during extinction A) the CS is eliminated.

B) the CR is eliminated.

C) the CS is suppressed.

D) the CR is suppressed.

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35. In classical conditioning, generalization refers to the tendency for the conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the A) unconditioned stimulus.

B) primary reinforcer.

C) conditioned stimulus.

D) conditioned reinforcer.

36. Dogs conditioned to salivate to stimulation of the thigh also begin to salivate when stimulated on other body parts. This best illustrates A) spontaneous recovery.

B) continuous reinforcement.

C) latent learning.

D) generalization.

37. Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates A) generalization.

B) secondary reinforcement.

C) shaping.

D) spontaneous recovery.

38. Compared with nonabused children, those who have experienced a history of abuse show a stronger brain-wave response to an unfamiliar but angry-looking face. This best illustrates A) shaping.

B) generalization.

C) the law of effect.

D) negative reinforcement.

39. Monica's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate the importance of A) latent learning.

B) generalization.

C) delayed reinforcement.

D) shaping.

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40. Because of the discomfort and embarrassment associated with his childhood bed-wetting, Andrew becomes nervous whenever he senses an urge to urinate. If genital arousal subsequently makes Andrew unusually anxious, this would best illustrate A) shaping.

B) generalization.

C) spontaneous recovery.

D) secondary reinforcement.

41. The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called A) acquisition.

B) discrimination.

C) generalization.

D) latent learning.

42. Your heart may race when you are confronted by a lion but not when you are approached by a kitten. This best illustrates the adaptive value of A) shaping.

B) discrimination.

C) extrinsic motivation.

D) spontaneous recovery.

43. Jacqueline is sexually aroused by the sight of her handsome boyfriend but not by the sight of her equally handsome brother. This best illustrates the value of A) shaping.

B) intermittent reinforcement.

C) discrimination.

D) spontaneous recovery.

44. Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because A) it highlighted the role of cognitive processes in learning.

B) so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned.

C) it demonstrated an essential difference between animal and human learning.

D) all learning depends on reinforcement.

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45. Just after they taste a sweet liquid, mice are injected with a drug that produces an immune response. Later, the taste of the sweet liquid by itself triggers an immune response. This best illustrates A) the law of effect.

B) latent learning.

C) classical conditioning.

D) instinctive drift.

46. To assess whether Mrs. Webster had suffered from a brain injury, researchers conditioned her to blink in response to a sound that signaled the delivery of a puff of air directed toward her face. In this application of classical conditioning, the sound was a A) US. B) UR. C) CS. D) CR.

47. Watson and Rayner's study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears A) can interfere with the process of learning.

B) can be used as negative reinforcers.

C) are acquired through observational learning.

D) may be produced through classical conditioning.

48. After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of A) secondary reinforcement.

B) generalization.

C) shaping.

D) spontaneous recovery.

49. After he was spanked on several occasions for spilling his milk at a restaurant, Colin became afraid to go to the restaurant. In this case, spanking was a(n) ________ for Colin's fear.

A) negative reinforcer B) conditioned stimulus C) secondary reinforcer D) unconditioned stimulus

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50. Comedian-writer Mark Malkoff reported that his fear of flying faded after he faced his fear and lived on an airplane for 30 days. His reduction of fear best illustrated the process of A) shaping.

B) extinction.

C) spontaneous recovery.

D) secondary reforcement.

51. In which form of learning is behavior influenced by its consequences?

A) observational learning B) classical conditioning C) operant conditioning D) latent learning

52. Laurie's thumbsucking has become habitual because she feels less anxious when she sucks her thumb. This best illustrates the process of A) generalization.

B) classical conditioning.

C) latent learning.

D) operant conditioning.

53. The study of respondent behavior is to ________ as the study of operant behavior is to ________.

A) Pavlov; Skinner B) Bandura; Skinner C) Skinner; Bandura D) Bandura; Pavlov

54. Cats received a fish reward whenever they maneuvered themselves out of an enclosed puzzle box. With successive trials, the cats escaped from the box with increasing speed.

This illustrates A) latent learning.

B) the law of effect.

C) respondent behavior.

D) spontaneous recovery.

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55. B. F. Skinner's work elaborated what E. L. Thorndike had called A) shaping.

B) observational learning.

C) the law of effect.

D) latent learning.

56. A Skinner box is a(n) A) aversive or punishing event that decreases the occurrence of certain undesirable behaviors.

B) “slot machine” used to study the effects of partial reinforcement on human gambling practices.

C) chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward.

D) television projection device designed for use in laboratory studies of observational learning.

57. An event that strengthens the behavior it follows is a(n) A) conditioned stimulus.

B) unconditioned stimulus.

C) reinforcement.

D) operant behavior.

58. Skinner developed a behavioral technology that included a procedure known as A) shaping.

B) modeling.

C) latent learning.

D) intrinsic motivation.

59. Shaping is a(n) ________ procedure.

A) latent learning B) operant conditioning C) classical conditioning D) observational learning

60. You would be most likely to use operant conditioning to teach a dog to A) fear cars in the street.

B) dislike the taste of dead birds.

C) wag its tail whenever it is emotionally excited.

D) retrieve sticks and balls.

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61. An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, then only for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally only for climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of A) successive approximations.

B) delayed reinforcement.

C) classical conditioning.

D) secondary reinforcement.

62. Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone.

To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of A) secondary reinforcement.

B) delayed reinforcement.

C) spontaneous recovery.

D) shaping.

63. A psychologist would be most likely to use ________ to determine whether nonverbal organisms can perceive different colors.

A) mirror neurons B) modeling C) a cognitive map D) shaping

64. An event or situation signaling that an operant response will be reinforced is called a(n) A) cognitive map.

B) unconditioned stimulus.

C) primary reinforcer.

D) discriminative stimulus.

65. A pigeon is consistently reinforced with food for pecking a key after seeing an image of a human face, but not reinforced for pecking after seeing other images. By signaling that a pecking response will be reinforced, the image of a human face is a(n) A) unconditioned stimulus.

B) partial reinforcement.

C) discriminative stimulus.

D) primary reinforcer.

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66. Because Mr. Baron demonstrates appreciation only for very good classroom answers, his students have stopped participating in class. Mr. Baron most clearly needs to be informed of the value of A) generalization.

B) modeling.

C) shaping.

D) latent learning.

67. Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n) A) conditioned stimulus.

B) unconditioned stimulus.

C) positive reinforcer.

D) negative reinforcer.

68. Every Saturday morning, Arnold quickly washes the family's breakfast dishes so that his father will allow him to wash his car. In this instance, washing the car is a(n) A) positive reinforcer.

B) unconditioned response.

C) conditioned response.

D) negative reinforcer.

69. Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________ is to ________.

A) positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer B) primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer C) immediate reinforcer; delayed reinforcer D) reinforcement; punishment

70. Positive reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding.

A) decrease; increase B) increase; decrease C) increase; increase D) have no effect on; decrease

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71. Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n) A) conditioned stimulus.

B) unconditioned stimulus.

C) positive reinforcer.

D) negative reinforcer.

72. Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason's running habit is maintained by a ________ reinforcer.

A) positive B) negative C) conditioned D) partial

73. Primary reinforcers could best be described as A) cognitive maps.

B) conditioned stimuli.

C) conditioned reinforcers.

D) innately satisfying stimuli.

74. The taste of food and relief from a headache are both ________ reinforcers.

A) positive B) negative C) primary D) conditioned

75. A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer is called a ________ reinforcer.

A) delayed B) negative C) partial D) conditioned

76. Which of the following is the best example of a conditioned reinforcer?

A) applause for an excellent piano recital B) a spanking for eating cookies before dinner C) a cold root beer for mowing the lawn on a hot day D) termination of shock after removing one's finger from a live electric wire

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77. Alex was paid $100 for eight hours of work. The money was a(n) A) primary reinforcer.

B) spontaneous recovery.

C) conditioned reinforcer.

D) operant behavior.

78. The removal of electric shock is to the receipt of money as ________ is to ________.

A) delayed reinforcer; immediate reinforcer B) primary reinforcer; conditioned reinforcer C) discrimination; generalization D) partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement

79. Giving a hungry rat food for pressing a bar before the rat has a chance to engage in other incidental behaviors like running or scratching best illustrates A) respondent behavior.

B) secondary reinforcement.

C) intermittent reinforcement.

D) immediate reinforcement.

80. To quickly teach a dog to roll over on command, you would be best advised to use A) classical conditioning rather than operant conditioning.

B) partial reinforcement rather than continuous reinforcement.

C) immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers.

D) negative reinforcers rather than positive reinforcers.

81. Some students study hard beginning with the first couple of weeks of a semester because they subsequently receive very good final course grades. This best illustrates that human behavior is influenced by A) classical conditioning.

B) primary reinforcers.

C) latent learning.

D) delayed reinforcers.

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82. Janet has almost finished painting a neighbor's house, at which time she'll be paid $2000. The fact that she is increasingly unlikely to quit painting as she nears completion of the job best illustrates that operant behavior is strongly influenced by ________ reinforcers.

A) primary B) negative C) immediate D) partial

83. A response is learned most rapidly and is most resistant to extinction if it is acquired under conditions of A) continuous reinforcement followed by partial reinforcement.

B) primary reinforcement followed by secondary reinforcement.

C) partial reinforcement followed by continuous reinforcement.

D) secondary reinforcement followed by primary reinforcement.

84. Resistance to extinction is most strongly encouraged by ________ reinforcement.

A) delayed B) intermittent C) conditioned D) negative

85. The way slot machines reward gamblers with money best illustrates A) spontaneous recovery.

B) partial reinforcement.

C) generalization.

D) shaping.

86. Four-year-old Della asks her mother for a special treat every time they go to the grocery store. At first her mother granted every request, but now she does so less consistently.

Research suggests that Della will A) soon give up asking for a treat entirely.

B) come to ask for a treat only occasionally.

C) continue to ask for a treat nearly every time she goes to the store.

D) ask for a treat every time her mother takes her out, even if they don't go to the grocery store.

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87. A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n) A) specified time period has elapsed.

B) unpredictable time period has elapsed.

C) specified number of responses have been made.

D) unpredictable number of responses have been made.

88. Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

A) fixed-ratio B) fixed-interval C) variable-interval D) variable-ratio

89. Paul and Michael sell magazine subscriptions by telephone. Paul is paid $1.00 for every five calls he makes, while Michael is paid $1.00 for every subscription he sells, regardless of the number of calls he makes. Paul's telephoning is reinforced on a ________ schedule, whereas Michael's is reinforced on a ________ schedule.

A) variable-ratio; fixed-ratio B) fixed-ratio; variable-ratio C) fixed-ratio; variable-interval D) fixed-interval; variable-ratio

90. A partial schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses is a ________ schedule.

A) fixed-ratio B) variable-ratio C) fixed-interval D) variable-interval

91. Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a ________ schedule.

A) fixed-interval B) variable-interval C) fixed-ratio D) variable-ratio

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92. Asking women for dates is most likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

A) fixed-interval B) fixed-ratio C) variable-interval D) variable-ratio

93. A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n) A) unpredictable time period has elapsed.

B) specified time period has elapsed.

C) specified number of responses has been made.

D) unpredictable number of responses has been made.

94. An executive in a computer software firm works with his office door closed. At the same time every hour he opens the door to see what his employees are doing. The employees have learned to work especially hard during the five minutes before and while the door is open. Their work pattern is typical of responses that are reinforced on a ________ schedule.

A) fixed-interval B) fixed-ratio C) variable-ratio D) variable-interval

95. A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response that occurs after an unpredictable period of time is a ________ schedule.

A) fixed-ratio B) variable-ratio C) fixed-interval D) variable-interval

96. On the first day of class, Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

A) fixed-interval B) fixed-ratio C) variable-interval D) variable-ratio

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97. Watching the night sky for shooting stars is likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

A) fixed-interval B) fixed-ratio C) variable-interval D) variable-ratio

98. Operant response rates tend to be ________ when linked to a ratio schedule rather than an interval schedule. Operant response rates tend to be ________ consistent when linked to a variable schedule rather than a fixed schedule.

A) higher; less B) lower; more C) higher; more D) lower; less

99. Myron quit gambling after he lost over a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects of A) negative reinforcers.

B) generalization.

C) spontaneous recovery.

D) punishment.

100. The introduction of a pleasant stimulus is to ________ as the withdrawal of a pleasant stimulus is to ________.

A) positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer B) acquisition; extinction C) reinforcement; punishment D) primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer

101. Negative reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding, and punishments ________ the rate of operant responding.

A) increase; decrease B) decrease; increase C) decrease; decrease D) have no effect on; decrease

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102. Administering an aversive stimulus following an operant response is A) negative punishment.

B) positive punishment.

C) negative reinforcement.

D) positive reinforcement.

103. Taking away the driver's license of a reckless teen driver is intended to serve as a A) negative reinforcement.

B) positive reinforcement.

C) negative punishment.

D) positive punishment.

104. Positive punishment is the introduction of a(n) ________ stimulus following a behavior and negative punishment is the withdrawal of a(n) ________ stimulus following a behavior.

A) pleasant; pleasant B) aversive; aversive C) pleasant; aversive D) aversive; pleasant

105. Studies suggest that criminal behavior is most likely to be deterred by A) moderate levels of punishment.

B) swiftly delivered punishment.

C) severe levels of punishment.

D) an unpredictable level of punishment.

106. Learning that some responses, but not others, will be reinforced is called A) respondent behavior.

B) secondary reinforcement.

C) discrimination.

D) latent learning.

107. A child who is punished for swearing at home but reinforced for swearing on the school playground is most likely to demonstrate a patterned habit of swearing that is indicative of A) negative reinforcement.

B) instinctive drift.

C) discrimination.

D) extinction.

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108. The use of physical punishment may A) lead to the suppression but not the forgetting of undesirable behavior.

B) model aggression as a way of coping with problems.

C) lead people to fear and avoid the punishing agent.

D) have all of these results.

109. For purposes of effective child-rearing, most psychologists favor the use of A) shaping over modeling.

B) reinforcement over punishment.

C) classical conditioning over operant conditioning.

D) primary reinforcers over secondary reinforcers.

110. According to B. F. Skinner, human behavior is controlled primarily by A) external influences.

B) emotions.

C) unconscious motives.

D) conscious thoughts.

111. In explaining juvenile delinquency, B. F. Skinner would most likely have emphasized A) inherited predispositions.

B) fear and greed.

C) faulty child-rearing practices.

D) a weak internalized conscience.

112. B. F. Skinner's critics have claimed that he neglected the importance of the individual's A) personal freedom.

B) early childhood experiences.

C) pleasure-seeking tendencies.

D) cultural background.

113. B. F. Skinner believed that teaching machines could promote effective learning because they allow for both A) continuous reinforcement and latent learning.

B) positive reinforcement and punishment.

C) shaping and immediate reinforcement.

D) observational learning and spontaneous recovery.

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114. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered an important component of effective student instruction involving the use of interactive software?

A) respondent behavior B) immediate reinforcement C) operant behavior D) shaping

115. Alex learned how to make 3-point basketball shots by successfully making very short shots before shooting from increasingly longer distances from the hoop. This learning strategy best illustrates the process of A) observational learning.

B) delayed reinforcement.

C) classical conditioning.

D) shaping.

116. Two years ago, the de Castellane Manufacturing Company included its employees in a profit-sharing plan in which workers receive semi-annual bonuses based on the company's profits. Since this plan was initiated, worker productivity at de Castellane has nearly doubled. This productivity increase is best explained in terms of A) latent learning.

B) operant conditioning.

C) classical conditioning.

D) spontaneous recovery.

117. When grocery shopping with his mother, 4-year-old Hakim sometimes throws temper tantrums if his mother refuses his requests for a particular snack food. Parent-training experts would suggest that his mother should A) threaten to punish Hakim if he continues his tantrums.

B) offer to buy the snack food Hakim wants only if he quiets down and behaves himself.

C) continue shopping while ignoring Hakim's tantrums.

D) return any snack foods that are already in her cart to the store shelves.

118. To get you to increase the frequency of your daily exercise, operant behavior specialists are most likely to recommend that you A) specify your exercise goals and inform some close friends of your goals.

B) congratulate yourself even when you fail to fulfill your specific exercise goals.

C) never reward yourself with a light snack after achieving specific exercise goals.

D) avoid trying to keep track of exactly how much you have exercised in a specific weekly period.

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119. Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of A) associative learning.

B) respondent behavior.

C) observational learning.

D) intrinsic motivation.

120. An organism learns associations between events it does not control during the process of A) negative reinforcement.

B) extrinsic motivation.

C) classical conditioning.

D) shaping.

121. Which of the following is an example of a respondent behavior?

A) studying for a test.

B) blushing when embarrassed.

C) thanking someone for their help.

D) sniffing to locate the source of a strange odor.

122. Voluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing consequences are called A) respondent behaviors.

B) prosocial behaviors.

C) operant behaviors.

D) conditioned responses.

123. A learned association between behaviors and resulting events is central to A) operant conditioning.

B) latent learning.

C) classical conditioning.

D) intrinsic motivation.

124. A learned association between two stimuli is central to A) shaping.

B) negative reinforcement.

C) extrinsic motivation.

D) classical conditioning.

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125. An integrated understanding of associative learning in terms of genetic predispositions, culturally learned preferences, and the predictability of certain associations is most clearly provided by A) Pavlov's experiments.

B) Watson's behaviorism.

C) a biopsychosocial approach.

D) the law of effect.

126. The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a CS was challenged by A) Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats.

B) Pavlov's findings on the conditioned salivary response.

C) Watson and Rayner's findings on fear conditioning in infants.

D) Bandura's findings on observational learning and aggression in children.

127. Rats easily learn to associate nausea-producing radiation treatments with A) loud sounds.

B) bright lights.

C) novel tastes.

D) high-pitched sounds.

128. Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated that classical conditioning is constrained by A) cognitive processes.

B) biological predispositions.

C) continuous reinforcement.

D) latent learning.

129. In a series of experiments, men found women more attractive and sexually desirable when their photos were framed in A) black.

B) yellow.

C) violet.

D) red.

130. It's easier to train a pigeon to peck a disk for a food reward than to flap its wings for a food reward. This illustrates the importance of ________ in learning.

A) primary reinforcers B) generalization C) spontaneous recovery D) biological predispositions

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131. Animals tend to revert from newly learned habits to their biologically predisposed behaviors. This is an example of A) latent learning.

B) instinctive drift.

C) the law of effect.

D) spontaneous recovery.

132. After pigs learned to pick up and deposit wooden coins in a piggy bank, the pigs subsequently dropped the coins repeatedly and pushed them with their snouts. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in operant conditioning.

A) conditioned reinforcement B) latent learning C) generalization D) biological predispositions

133. The views of learning advanced by Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson underestimated the importance of A) spontaneous recovery.

B) cognitive processes.

C) associative learning.

D) discrimination.

134. The predictability rather than the frequency of CS-US associations appears to be crucial for classical conditioning. This highlights the importance of ________ in conditioning.

A) shaping B) discrimination C) generalization D) cognitive processes

135. Nikki has learned to expect the sound of thunder whenever she sees a flash of lightning.

This suggests that associative learning involves A) negative reinforcement.

B) cognitive processes.

C) spontaneous recovery.

D) shaping.

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136. A psychologist who emphasizes cognitive processes would be likely to suggest that classical conditioning depends on A) an organism's behavior in response to environmental stimulation.

B) the amount of time between the presentation of the CS and the US. C) how frequently an organism is exposed to an association of a CS and a US. D) an organism's expectation that a US will follow a CS.

137. Megan fails to see any connection between how hard she works and the size of her annual pay raises. Consequently, she puts little effort into her job, even though she really wants a big raise. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in the operant conditioning of work habits.

A) primary reinforcers B) biological predispositions C) spontaneous recovery D) cognitive processes

138. Operant response rates remain highest when individuals anticipate that their behavior will actually lead to further reinforcement. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in operant conditioning.

A) secondary reinforcers B) cognitive processes C) biological predispositions D) intrinsic motivation

139. After a week at college, Su-Chuan has formed a mental representation of the layout of the campus and no longer gets lost. Su-Chuan has developed a A) cognitive map.

B) discriminative stimulus.

C) law of effect.

D) fixed-interval schedule.

140. If rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze, they will subsequently run the maze with few errors when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good performance demonstrates A) shaping.

B) latent learning.

C) spontaneous recovery.

D) modeling.

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141. The fact that learning can occur without reinforcement is most clearly demonstrated by studies of A) shaping.

B) latent learning.

C) extrinsic motivation.

D) online testing.

142. Studies of latent learning highlight the importance of A) respondent behavior.

B) spontaneous recovery.

C) cognitive processes.

D) conditioned reinforcers.

143. The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment involves A) latent learning.

B) extrinsic motivation.

C) partial reinforcement.

D) delayed reinforcers.

144. Using rewards to bribe people to engage in an activity they already enjoy is most likely to inhibit A) respondent behavior.

B) latent learning.

C) spontaneous recovery.

D) intrinsic motivation.

145. Because Yuri was curious about human behavior, he enrolled in an introductory psychology course. George registered because he heard it was an easy course that would boost his grade-point average. In this instance, Yuri's behavior was a reflection of ________, whereas George's behavior was a reflection of ________.

A) operant conditioning; classical conditioning B) intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation C) an unconditioned response; a conditioned response D) a fixed-interval schedule; a variable-interval schedule

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146. Our ability to learn by witnessing the behavior of others best illustrates A) respondent behavior.

B) prosocial behavior.

C) operant conditioning.

D) observational learning.

147. Dan and Joel, both 4-year-olds, have been watching reruns of “Superman” on television.

Joel's mother recently found the boys standing on the garage roof, ready to try flying.

What best accounts for the boys' behavior?

A) delayed reinforcement B) observational learning C) immediate reinforcement D) classical conditioning

148. Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed that his older brother does so. This illustrates the importance of A) respondent behavior.

B) immediate reinforcement.

C) modeling.

D) shaping.

149. Skinner is to shaping as Bandura is to A) punishing.

B) discriminating.

C) modeling.

D) generalizing.

150. In a well-known experiment, preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of A) operant conditioning.

B) respondent behavior.

C) observational learning.

D) spontaneous recovery.

151. We are most likely to imitate the behavior of models if we observe that their actions are A) conditioned responses.

B) extrinsically motivated.

C) followed by reinforcement.

D) violent or antisocial.

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152. The tendency to engage in behaviors that we observe others rewarded for performing best illustrates the influence of A) prosocial behavior.

B) partial reinforcement.

C) intrinsic motivation.

D) vicarious reinforcement.

153. When Adam observed his sister being scolded after she hit another child, Adam also discontinued hitting other children. This best illustrates the impact of A) spontaneous recovery.

B) vicarious punishment.

C) instinctive drift.

D) intrinsic motivation.

154. Mirror neurons are believed by some scientists to provide a biological basis for A) the law of effect.

B) spontaneous recovery.

C) observational learning.

D) extrinsic motivation.

155. It has been suggested that ________ are activated when a monkey moves a peanut into its own mouth and when a monkey simply observes other monkeys move a peanut into their mouths.

A) prosocial behaviors B) intrinsic motives C) cognitive maps D) mirror neurons

156. Rhesus macaque monkeys are more likely to reconcile after a fight if they grow up with forgiving older macaque monkeys. This best illustrates the impact of A) immediate reinforcement.

B) spontaneous recovery.

C) observational learning.

D) shaping.

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157. Five-year-olds copy senseless and irrelevant adult actions such as stroking a plastic jar with a feather before reaching inside the jar for a toy. This best illustrates A) spontaneous recovery.

B) instinctive drift.

C) negative reinforcement.

D) overimitation.

158. Without conscious reflection, people often yawn when they observe others yawning.

Researchers are now considering whether this can be attributed to A) mirror neuron activity.

B) higher-order conditioning.

C) latent learning.

D) spontaneous recovery.

159. Psychologists are currently debating whether our physical capacity for mentally simulating the observed behavior of others is due to specialized A) intrinsic motives.

B) cognitive maps.

C) operant chambers.

D) mirror neurons.

160. Recognizing that one of your friends is feeling angry and that another friend is feeling sad illustrates an ability known as A) modeling.

B) latent learning.

C) spontaneous recovery.

D) theory of mind.

161. Sandy finds it harder to frown when watching her brother smile than when seeing him frown. Scientists are currently debating whether this can be attributed to the activation of A) instinctive drift.

B) extrinsic motives.

C) mirror neurons.

D) cognitive maps.

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162. Alex learned to babysit and care for young children effectively by observing the many ways his mother carefully nurtured his own younger siblings. This best illustrates the value of observational learning for promoting A) conditioned responses.

B) prosocial behavior.

C) extrinsic motivation.

D) spontaneous recovery.

163. Socially responsive toddlers who readily imitate their parents tend to become preschoolers with a strong internalized conscience. This best illustrates the impact of A) operant conditioning.

B) spontaneous recovery.

C) observational learning.

D) respondent behavior.

164. Mr. Schneider frequently tells his children that it is important to wash their hands before meals, but he rarely does so himself. Experiments suggest that his children will learn to A) practice and preach the virtues of cleanliness.

B) practice cleanliness but not preach its virtues.

C) neither practice nor preach the virtues of cleanliness.

D) preach the virtues of cleanliness but not practice cleanliness.

165. Children of abusive parents often learn to be aggressive by imitating their parents. This illustrates the importance of A) delayed reinforcement.

B) observational learning.

C) respondent behavior.

D) shaping.

166. Children often imitate behaviors seen on television. This best illustrates the impact of A) modeling.

B) respondent behavior.

C) immediate reinforcement.

D) spontaneous recovery.

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167. Children are especially likely to behave aggressively after viewing TV violence in which an attractive person commits A) justified violence that causes no visible pain or harm.

B) unjustified violence that causes no visible pain or harm.

C) justified violence that causes a lot of visible pain or harm.

D) unjustified violence that causes a lot of visible pain or harm.

168. Correlational studies show that prolonged viewing of televised violence ________ increased rates of violent behavior.

A) inhibits B) causes C) is unrelated to D) predicts

169. Desensitization and imitation are two factors that contribute to A) the law of effect.

B) spontaneous recovery.

C) the violence-viewing effect.

D) instinctive drift.

170. Most of the TV shows that 9-year-old Fred watches involve violence. This is most likely to lead Fred to A) react with a sense of distress at the sight of two children fighting on the school playground.

B) perceive the injuries of victims of violence as less severe.

C) be more inhibited about personally starting a fight on the school playground.

D) overestimate the pain and injury experienced by victims of violent crime.

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Answer Key 1. D 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. D 6. D 7. C 8. D 9. B 10. D 11. D 12. C 13. C 14. B 15. C 16. C 17. C 18. C 19. A 20. B 21. A 22. A 23. C 24. B 25. B 26. C 27. C 28. C 29. D 30. D 31. D 32. B 33. B 34. D 35. C 36. D 37. A 38. B 39. B 40. B 41. B 42. B 43. C 44. B

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45. C 46. C 47. D 48. B 49. D 50. B 51. C 52. D 53. A 54. B 55. C 56. C 57. C 58. A 59. B 60. D 61. A 62. D 63. D 64. D 65. C 66. C 67. C 68. A 69. A 70. C 71. D 72. B 73. D 74. C 75. D 76. A 77. C 78. B 79. D 80. C 81. D 82. C 83. A 84. B 85. B 86. C 87. C 88. A 89. B 90. B

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91. D 92. D 93. B 94. A 95. D 96. C 97. C 98. C 99. D 100. C 101. A 102. B 103. C 104. D 105. B 106. C 107. C 108. D 109. B 110. A 111. C 112. A 113. C 114. A 115. D 116. B 117. C 118. A 119. A 120. C 121. B 122. C 123. A 124. D 125. C 126. A 127. C 128. B 129. D 130. D 131. B 132. D 133. B 134. D 135. B 136. D

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Psychology, 9th Edition Test Bank – David G. Myers

137. D 138. B 139. A 140. B 141. B 142. C 143. B 144. D 145. B 146. D 147. B 148. C 149. C 150. C 151. C 152. D 153. B 154. C 155. D 156. C 157. D 158. A 159. D 160. D 161. C 162. B 163. C 164. D 165. B 166. A 167. A 168. D 169. C 170. B

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