Cordia DiscoveringFlorida’sEthnobotany, BackCoverandPage12 / Lantana BackCoverandPage21
ABogby theHighway
UniqueFlora Facesan
UncertainFuture Pages2and6
AmericanBlack Nightshade
TheWildflower GardenSeries byRufinoOsorio Page9
R.Osorio
ABogbytheHighway
Moreonpage6
AviewoftheFowler’sPrairiebogin April.BogsareoneofFlorida’sincreasinglyrarenaturalcommunities.Most havedisappearedduetothedrainage requiredtocreateroads,subdivisions, andvarioustypesofcroplands,includingpineplantations.Andsurprisingas itmayseemforawethabitat,fireis importantinmaintainingabog.Fire eliminatescompetitivewoodyspecies thatcanchangethelightregimeand resultinincreasedtranspiration,thus loweringthewatertableandenabling evenmoreplantspeciesinvasions.
Activemanagementofboglandsis necessarytocontroltheencroachment ofwoodyplantspeciesthatovertime, transformtheareaintoanentirelydif-
Paul Southernclub-moss, Lycopodiellaappressa, growsnearlystraightup inthemuck.
ferenttypeofplantcommunity.Atleft,anareabeingtakenoverby loblollybay(Gordonialasianthus)andbelowbybloomingtiti(Cyrilla racemiflora)andwaxmyrtle(Myricacerifera).
Photosby
T HE PURPOSE oftheFloridaNative PlantSocietyistopreserve,conserve, andrestorethenativeplantsandnative plantcommunitiesofFlorida.
O FFICIALD EFINITIONOFNATIVEPLANT Formostpurposes,thephrase Florida nativeplant referstothosespecies occurringwithinthestateboundaries priortoEuropeancontact,accordingto thebestavailablescientificandhistoricaldocumentation.Morespecifically,it includesthosespeciesunderstoodas indigenous,occurringinnaturalassociationsinhabitatsthatexistedpriorto significanthumanimpactsandalterationsofthelandscape.
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ABogbytheHighway:aUniqueFloraFacesanUncertainFuture byDr.FrancisJackPutzandPaulCorogin Ahiddenexampleofanincreasinglyrareplantcommunity.Canthe
AmericanBlackNightshade
TheWildflowerGarden:Number2intheSeries
byRufinoOsorio
Creativenativelandscapedesignersshouldfindaplaceinthe
Cordia
DiscoveringFlorida’sEthnobotany:Number12intheSeries byDr.DanAustin
Anotherfascinatinglaundrylistofhumanusesandsomerather
TheLantanaMess:ACriticalLookattheGenusinFlorida byRogerHammer
Lotsoflantanaseverywhere,andrarelyanativeinthelot.Weaske and 19
Departments
FNPSOfficers&Others LetterfromtheEditor, FNPSPublications:WhereDoWeGoFromHere? EditorialPolicy:PlantNames&TheirStatus CenturyPioneerFamilyFarmProgram:LandownerRecognition BookReview,C.McCartney, WildLoveAffair: EssenceofFlorida’sNativeOrchids CallforEndowment-FundedResearchProposals FNPSResearchEndowmentProgram:aSampleofProjectsfrom2003-2004 SpecialContributorstoFNPS
ABOUTOURCOVER:TheshowiestofFlorida?smanycarnivorousplantspecies,pit plants(Sarraceniaspp.)occurasfarsouthasOkeechobeeCounty,butthegreatest concentrationsarefoundinnortheastandnorthwestFlorida.Thisisoneofthe clumpsinthebogatFowler?sPrairie.PhotobyPaulCorogin.
Lowerleft:Therosepogonia(Pogoniaophioglossoides),agroundorchidalsocalled snakemouth,hasadelicate,fruityfragrance.PhotobyPaulCorogin.Seeartic
ThePalmetto(ISSN0276-4164)
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Thisbookdiscussesthebutterflylifecycle,how toraisebutterfliesandhowtotransformyour yardintobutterflyhabitat.Ittellshowtoidentify, growandpropagatefloweringnectarplantsto attractbutterfliesandhostplantstosupport caterpillars.
❀ Describes23butterflyspecies,thosemost likelytobeseeningardens
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owwonderfulitisthatnobodyneedwait asinglemomentbeforestartingtoimprove theworld. —AnneFrank
ABogbytheHighway AUniqueFloraFacesanUncertainFuture
ByPaulCoroginandFrancisE.Putz,UniversityofFlorida
WECOULDFEELTHEWHOOSHOFPASSINGTRUCKSON FLORIDA STATE ROAD 20 ASWECRAWLEDTHROUGHTHETHICKET ofcatbriervines(Smilaxlaurifolia), blackberrycanes(Rubusargutus),andsweetspireshrubs(Iteavirginica)hidingthe pitcherplantbogatFowler’sPrairie.Afterafewminutesofsoggy,scratchystruggle, weemergedintothebrightMaysunlighttobeholdafloodedlandscapehighlighted
byaprofusionofhoodedpitcherplants(Sarraceniaminor)androse pogonias(Pogoniaophioglossoides).Thepitcherplantswereinfull bloom,theircuriousnoddingyellowflowersshininginthesun amongclumpsofyoungpitchersrisingfromthefrost-burned wreckageoflastyear’sgrowth.Erectstemsofbright-greenclubmosses(Lycopodiellaappressa)pokedupeverywherefromthemuck, amongbushytuftsofyellow-eyedgrass(Xyrisspp.),bogbuttons (Syngonanthusflavidulus),water-lilypads(Nymphaeasp.)andemergingequitant-leavedCarolinaredroot(Lachnanthescaroliana).The elegant,tinyyellowandpurpleflowersofcarnivorousbladderworts (Utriculariaspp.)wereunavoidablyunderfoot,andchest-highSt. John’swort(Hypericumbrachyphyllum)brushedoursleevesaswe sloggedabout.Denseclumpsofshrubsandsmalltreesdottedthe openexpanseandawallofwoodyplantscrowdedinuponitfrom theedges.
BogsliketheoneatFowler’s Prairiewereonceacommonsight acrossthesoutheasterncoastal plain,especiallyinthe“bogbelt” borderingtheGulfofMexico,but nowtheyarerareandvanishingdue todrainage,overgrazing,andfire suppression.Allsuchbogsarespecial,butthisoneisparticularlyso becauseoftheextraordinaryheights ofthepitchers(upto65cmtall, bigfor S.minor)andduetoits locationwellsouthofthebogbelt. Andmosturgently,thisbogcalls outforattentionbecauseitisadjacenttoamainthoroughfarescheduledforwidening.Soaswewaded aboutthebog,marvelingatits
Sarraceniaminor,hoodedpitcher plant,abogresident.Fiveof Florida’ssixpitcherplantspecies arestatelistedasthreatenedor endangered.
botanicaltreasures,wewondered,withsomeconsternation,what wouldbecomeofit.
Althoughtheyarecalled“pitcherplantbogs”aftertheirmost strikingbotanicalinhabitants,thesefascinatingwetlandsareactually hometoquiteanumberofuniquelyadaptedplantsthathave evolvedtotoleratetheextremelystressfulconditionscreatedby long-termflooding,lownutrientavailability,andbrightsunlight. Whiletheytoleratesomephysiologicalstressesveryadeptly,these plantsarefragile,succumbingrapidlytohydrologicalchanges (eitherdrainageorimpoundment).Andhavingsolvedsomeoftheir nutrientaccessproblemsthroughinsectivory,thesundews(Drosera spp.),pitcherplants,bladderworts,andbutterworts(Pinguiculaspp.) areparticularlysensitivetothefertilizationeffectofincreasedrunoff suchasmightresultfromaroad-wideningproject.Also,these plantswillnotgrowwellinthe shadeofshrubsandtreesthat slowlyencroachwhenfiresaresuppressed.ArecentstudyinFlorida stateparks,forexample,revealed thatmanypitcherplantbogsarein poorconditionandpitcherplant populationsaredecliningdueto alteredhydrologyandinvasionof woodyspeciesduetofiresuppression(Johnson2001).
Indiscriminateplantcollecting canalsospelldoomformanyof themoreshowybogspecies,particularlypitcherplantsand orchids.Thecurrentlackofapath intothebogatFowler’sPrairieand itsabundanceoforchidssuggest thatillegalcollectinghasnotyet beenaproblem.Fortunately,driversroaringdownRoute20currentlycannotseeintothisfantastic bog.Wedrawattentiontoitwith trepidation,butinrecognitionthat
PhotosbyPaul
Flowersandnewpitchers risingfromfrost-burned wreckageoftheprevious year’sgrowth.
itneedshelpifitistosurviveformuchlonger,withorwithout roadwidening.Somepublicattentionisneeded,butnotofthe wrongkind.
Fowler’sPrairie,awet-prairieecosystem,coversapproximately 1100acresneartheborderofPutnamandAlachuaCountiesin northcentralFlorida,butonlythesouthernmost60-100acresstill hasanintactbogflora.BeforeRoute20wasbuiltthroughitin 1910,itislikelythatthebogfloracoveredamuchgreaterareathan itdoestoday.Yearsofheavycattlegrazingontheprairienorthof theroadcouldbethereasonwhywesawnopitcherplants,orchids, bogbuttons,orsundewsthere.Ironically,itmightbethehighway itselfthatprotectedthebogthatremains.Althoughtheremnant bogisstillglorious,itisbadlyinneedofmanagement,particularly theresumptionoffrequentfiresthatwouldrestraintheencroachmentofshrubsandtrees.Loblollybay(Gordonialasianthus),red maple(Acerrubrum),waxmyrtle(Myricacerifera),fetterbush (Lyonialucida),titi(Cyrillaracemiflora),anddahoonholly(Ilexcassine),nottomentiontanglesofsmilaxvines,aresteadilyclaiming theopenspace.Manyoftheclumpsofpitcherplantsarealready noticeablysufferingintheshadeoftheseencroachingwoody invaders.
OurconcernoverthefateofthebogatFowler’sPrairiemotivatedustocallPeteSouthall,environmentalscientistwiththeFlorida DepartmentofTransportation(FDOT).HeassuredusthatSR20 isplannedtobewidenedonlytothenorth,wheretherearecurrentlynopitcherplants.FDOTwasalertedtothebog’sexistencesome yearsagoandthethreatenedstatusof S.minor mandatesthatitbe protectedwheneverpossible.Interestingly,itwasthepresenceofthe threatenedspoonleafsundew(Droseraintermedia),whichwehave notyetseenthere,thatoriginallydrewtheirattentiontothesite. ButwhetherornotFDOTexpandstheroadinsuchawaythat
therearenodirecteffectsonFowler’sBog,thepitcherplants,sundews,andorchidswillnotpersistmuchlongerwithoutsomeactive management.Bogslikethisareworthsavingnotonlybecauseof theiroddcarnivorousbotanicaldenizens,butbecausemanyscientificlessonsinecologyandevolutionarybiologycanbelearnedby studyingthem.Finally,bogsarepartofFlorida’snaturalheritage; futuregenerationsofFloridiansdeserveopportunitiestoenjoy them.
PerhapsweshouldhavekeptthesecretofFowler’sBog,but wouldn’titbewonderfulifthewideningofSR20becamean opportunityratherthanarisk?That’showrepresentativesofPlum CreekTimber,thecurrentowners,viewthesituation.Theyshare ourconcernaboutthewelfareofthebogandwanttobesurethatit iswellmanaged.Managementofthesmallremnantbogtothe southoftheroadwillclearlyinvolvehardwoodcontrolandmaintenanceburns,butwhataboutthemuchlargerexpanseofformerbog tothenorth?Couldbogvegetationberestoredandfireproofboardwalksandinterpretivesignsinstalled?Canplantcollectorsbedissuadedfromdoingdamagetothispreciousplace?Roadwideningis stillafewyearsoff,sothereisyettimetomakesomeplansandsave thisbogbythehighway.
U SEFUL R EFERENCES
Ellison,A.M.,andN.J.Gotelli.2001. Evolutionaryecologyofcarnivorousplants.TRENDSIN ECOLOGY &EVOLUTION 16:623-629. Folkerts,G.W.1982. TheGulfCoastpitcherplantbogs.AMERICAN SCIENTIST 70:260-267. Johnson,E.D.2001.“PitcherplantsandtheirhabitatsintheFloridaStateParksystem,resource conditions,trends,andmanagementneeds.” ResourceManagementEvaluationReport.Florida DepartmentofEnvironmentalProtection,DivisionofRecreationandParks,Tallahassee,FL. 102pp. Schnell,D.E.2002. CarnivorousPlantsoftheUnitedStatesandCanada.TimberPress,Portland, OR.
InourOctober-November2004 Sabalminor (pg.4),FNPSVice PresidentofFinanceDavidLeipresentstherisingcostsforourtwo publications, ThePalmettoand Sabalminor,whichtogether constituted21%ofthe2004budget.In2004,FNPSspent $26,500on ThePalmetto($21,300)and Sabalminor ($5200). Manyyearsago,theFNPSBoardofDirectorsestablishedpolicy thatnomorethan25%ofmembershiprevenuescouldbeusedfor ThePalmetto(andifanyonehasacopyofthispolicyinwriting, wewouldbemostgratefultoobtainit).Nosuchrestrictionhas beenplacedonthe Sabalminor.Advertisingincomefor The Palmettoamountedto$2500.
Toreducethesecostsandputmorefundsintootherimportant projects,Davidhasproposed,asoneoptionformemberconsideration,thatFNPSceasedistributionofthepublicationsinpaper form,insteadprovidingdigitalcopytochapters.Chapterscould choosetheirowndistributionmethods(includingemailandprinting).Thiswouldreducethelion’sshare(perhapsasmuchas75%) ofthepublications’currentbudgets,andoffsetsomecoststothe chapters.
Recently,asubsetoftheCommunicationsCommitteemetwith BobEgolf,FNPSPresident,todiscussourpublications(thisdiscussionincludedtheFNPSwebsiteasapublication).*Ourgoalwasto identifystrengthsandweaknessesofthesepublicationsandhowwe canevolvethemtobetterserveourmembership,yetremainwithin ouroperatingbudget.
Wealsoneededtomoreclearlydistinguishtherolesofthetwo publications,somethingwhichisoftennotcleartoreaders.We agreedthatthe Sabalminor shouldservetoshowcasethebestpracticesofFNPS–thoseprojectsandactionswhichwecanalllearn fromandapplyinourworkasadvocates,conservationists,andeducators.The Sabalminor alreadyservestocommunicateSocietyand chapteractivities,wejustneedalittlemorehelpfromourchapters inbroadcastingtheamazingthingsyoudo.Byincorporatingmore ofour“bestpractices,”the Sabalminor canservetoassistand inspireusallinourFNPSwork.
ThePalmettoisourflagshippublication.We’veestablished anattractive,authoritativeformatwithamixofarticlestoservethe interestsofamateurbotanists,environmentallyconcernedgardeners andlandscapers,andthoseinterestedinFlorida’snaturalandculturalhistoryasitrelatestonativeplants.Wecouldusemorearticles onendangeredplants,plant-animalconnections,restorationissues, scientificresearch,horticulturalstudiesinvolvingnativeplants,and showcaselandscapeprojects.
ShirleyDentonhasoverhauledtheFNPSwebsiteandapparentlysleepsonlytwohoursanightsothatshecanconstantlyupdate
*ThisgroupincludedShirleyDenton,FNPSWebmasterandChair, ScienceAdvisoryBoard,CammieDonaldson,Editorof The Palmetto,PeggyLantz,Editorof Sabalminor,andCindyLiberton,
andupgradethesite.CindyLibertonhasbeenherright-handaid. TheFNPSwebsiteisourmostpublicface,andisalsobecoming evermoreimportantasatoolforcommunicationsandcollaborative workamongboardmembersandchapters.Slowlybutsurely,all FNPSinformationwillbearchivedonthewebsite.Thesitewill becomemoreimportanttoindividualmembersasweaddinformationandcapability.
Allofthesepublicationsareimportantintermsoftheniches theyfill,andalltakeconsiderableresourcestoproduce.Itisvery unlikelythatourprintedpublicationscancontinueintheircurrent formatbecauseoftherisingcostsofproduction.Thisisespecially sofor ThePalmetto,whichfacesastrictbudgetpolicy.Wediscussedavarietyofoptionsfor ThePalmetto,including:
•Reducingthenumberofpagesineachissueto16(largelyby eliminatingadvertisingandsupporterlistings,soeditorialcontent couldbemaintained)
•Reducingthefrequencyofissues(perhapsthreetimesayearor onelargeannualissue)
•Goingtoanallblackandwhiteformat
Thecostsavingsassociatedwiththesemeasuresareyettobedetermined.Thesekindsofchangesarebestaccomplishedinconcert withchangesinthe Sabalminor (moreattractiveformatandbetter content),sothatourmemberscontinuetoreceiveahighlevelof servicefromtheirpublications.Wealsodiscussedadesiretohavea moreconsistentlookacrossallthreepublicationsandhopeto accomplisharedesignofthe Sabalminor andthewebsiteinthe nextyear.
Now,tothrowyetanotherideaintothepot:we’vebeencontactedbytheLadybirdJohnsonWildflowerCenter,whichproduces aquarterlymagazine, NativePlants,that“seekstoeducatepeople abouthownativeplantsaffectourlives,notonlythroughtheir beautybutalsothroughthebenefitstheyprovidetoecosystems everywhere–benefitslikecleanerairandwaterandnourishment forwildlife.Popular,journalisticwritingandvividfour-colornature photographymakesthescienceofnativeplantseasy-to-understand andinspiresreaderstousethemandtoactinwaysthathelppreservethem.”TheCenterwelcomesapartnershipthathelpsus recruitmorenewmembersandbetterservethoseofourmembers eagerforthatpretty,popularapproachtonativeplanttopics. Possibilitiesincludeofferingasubscriptionto NativePlants for $15/yearorincorporatingourregionally-specificinformationasan insert(andtheytakeoverprintingandmailing).
DEARMEMBERS,
WENEEDTOHEARFROMYOU. Whatideasdoyou havewithregardtoyourmemberpublications(andanyothers). Howdoyoufeelabouttheideaspresented,includingelectronicdistribution,reducedpublicationfrequency,theeliminationofcolor, CameronM. Donaldson
AmericanBlackNightshade
Number2intheSeries
byRufinoOsorio
TwospeciesofblacknightshadearenativetoFlorida, Solanumamericanum,theAmericanblacknightshade (alsoknownascommonorglossyblacknightshade), and Solanumchenopodioides,thegoosefootblacknightshade. S.americanum hasshinyblackfruitsthatareheld erectandaresoglossyastoappearcoatedwithvarnish, whereas S.chenopodioides hasnodding,dullblackfruits.Ingeneral, blacknightshadesareignoredbygardenersandareregardedas weedyannualsoflittlehorticulturalmerit.
Beingcommonweeds,Ididnotpayanymoreattentiontothe blacknightshadesoccurringinFloridathanIdid toblacknightshades growinginChicagoalleys orinwastegroundin PuertoRico.However, mynegativeviews changedwhen,onan impulse,Irescueda seedlingof Solanum americanum growingina lawnindowntownWest PalmBeach.Theseedling wasestablishedinapot ofsandysoil,and,when itwaswell-rooted,plantedinasunny,moistspot inthegarden.American blacknightshadeoccurs innearlyeverycountyin Floridainawidevariety ofbothuplandandwetlandsites.Therefore,Ihadnodoubtsthatitwouldbeeasytogrow andeasytopropagatefromcuttingsandseeds,andthatindeed turnedouttobethecase.
opensbyatinyporeatitstipandthepollenisinaccessibletomost insects.Bees,however,areabletoshakethepollenoutofthe anthersbygraspingitwiththeirlegsandbuzzingtheirwings.The resultingvibrationscausethepollentospilloutoftheanthersin thesamemannerthatshakingasaltshakercausessalttospillout. Oncethefruitsaresetandbegintoripen,theplantbecomesattractivetolargeranimals—31birdsandadozenmammalshavebeen recordedaseatingtheberriesofAmericanblacknightshade.
Theseedlingsoongrewintoabushyplantnearly3feethigh andalmostaswide,boreinnumerablelittleflowers,andbecame ladenwithanequalnumberofshowy,glossyblackfruits.Growing incloseproximityinthegarden,Iwasabletocarefullyobservethis plantandlearnedthatthismuchmalignedweedhadmanyvirtues.
Solanumamericanum isafast-growingpioneerplantthathelps tostabilizerecentlydisturbedsoil—animportantecologicalrole. Inthegarden,itplaystheusefulroleofattractingawidevarietyof wildlife.Most Solanum species,includingAmericanblacknightshade,haveflowersadaptedforpollinationbybees.Eachanther
Likemanyotherplants,Americanblacknightshadehasitsflaws andthreestandoutinparticular.Beinganannualorshort-lived perennial,plantsarenotpermanentinthegardenandmustbeperiodicallyreplaced.Secondly,aswithallplants,itissometimesafflictedbypests,themost frequentbeingaphids andleafminers,but occasionallytobaccoor tomatohornwormsmay makeamealoffoliage. Itolerateaphidsand leafminersbecausethey contributetothediversityofwildlifeinmy yardandIleavehornwormsalonebecause theygrowintohawkmoths,importantpollinatorsofnativeplants whoseflowersopenat dusk.Lastly,largeplants withmassesofblack, glossyberriesmayseem outofplaceamong gaylycoloredwildflowersandlookasifthey wouldbemoreathomeintheherborvegetablegarden.
Sinceblacknightshadescanbecomeseriousagriculturalweeds,I wasworriedthattheseedlingIrescuedwouldoverrunmygarden. Fortunately,blacknightshadesarespecializedforcolonizingopen, disturbedgroundand,inmyexperience,theseedswillnotgerminateifthegroundiscoveredinanyway,suchasbymulch,fallen leaves,orotherplants.Thus,inspiteofboththeoriginalandsubsequentplantsproducinghugecropsofberries,lessthantwodozen seedlingshavespontaneouslyappearedinmygardeninfouryears.
SomegardenersmayhesitatetogrowAmericanblacknightshadebecauseitisfrequentlyencounteredonlistsofpoisonous plants.However,andratherparadoxically,itisjustasfrequently encounteredonlistsofedibleplants!Strongevidenceofitsedibility
hascomefromfeedingexperimentswithcattlethatultimatelywere unabletodemonstrateanytoxicity(Rogers&Ogg1981). Additionally,therearenumerousinstancesoftheleavesandripe berriesbeingusedasfoodbothbyaboriginalandmoderncultures throughoutitsrange.Recently, Solanumamericanum hasreceived attentionasavegetableworthyofdomesticationtosupplementthe nutritionofpoor,rural,CentralAmericancommunities.Theplant isalreadyacomponentoftheeverydaydietofsuchcommunities andscientificinvestigationshaveshownthatAmericanblacknightshadegrowsrapidly,adaptswelltoawiderangeofaltitudesand soils,andhasmoreprotein,calories,fiber,calcium,iron,Bvitamins,andvitaminCthanspinach(DeMacvean&Pöll2002). Becauseoftheconflictingreportsofitstoxicity,thereissomespeculationthatperhapsbothtoxicandnontoxicracesexist.Thistheoryissupportedbyobservationsthatsomeplantshavebitterleaves andunpleasanttastingberrieswhileothershaveblandleavesand mildlysweetberries.
ConservationNote:Florida’sonlyotherspeciesofblacknightshade, Solanumchenopodioides,whilecommoninmostpartsof Florida,islistedascriticallyimperiledinsouthernFloridabythe InstituteforRegionalConservation.Asaresult,careshouldbe takennottoendangersouthFloridapopulationsof Solanum chenopodioides bycollectingplantsorremovingcuttingsorseeds.
R EFERENCES
DeMacvean,A.L.andPöll,E.2002. Ethnobotany (Chapter8).In:Vozzo,J.A.(ed.)TROPICAL TREESEEDMANUAL.U.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,ForestService.AgricultureHandbook No.721.
Rogers,B.S.andOgg,A.G.1981. BiologyofWeedsinthe Solanumnigrum Complex(Solanum Section Solanum)inNorthAmerica.U.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,AgriculturalReviews andManuals,ARM-W-23.
AttentionLong-timeLandowners CenturyPioneerFamilyFarmProgram
RecognizingYourContributiontoFloridaHistory
Withlessthan2percentofAmericansnowlivingon farms,notmanycantracetheiragriculturalheritageback100 years.EuropeanagriculturebeganinFloridawiththefoundingofSt.Augustinein1565,44yearsbeforeJamestownwas founded.Theoldestfarmsandtheoldestfarmfamiliesinthe UnitedStateareFloridians.Floridawasfirstinagriculture butfrequentlyoverlookedinAmericanhistorybecauseitwas aSpanishcolonyandnotoneofthe13Britishcolonies.
TheFloridaDepartmentofAgricultureandConsumer Services(FDOACS)wantstohonorFloridianswhohave maintainedatleast100yearsofcontinuousfamilyfarmownershipbycertifyingthemasCenturyPioneerFamilyFarms. “Thesefamilies…havebeenthroughgoodtimesandtrying times;experiencedfreezes,droughts,delugesandpestinvasions.Theyknowabouthardworkandthesatisfactionit brings,”notedCharlesBronson,FDOACSCommissioner. Floridahas176certifiedCenturyPioneerFamilyFarmsin theprogram,whichwasinitiatedin1985andisnowadministeredbytheFloridaAgriculturalMuseum.FDOACSisaskingfamiliesthathavecontinuouslyownedafarmorranch since1905tocontactthedepartmentandrequestanapplicationform.(Pleasedosoevenifyouarenotcurrentlyengaged insignificantfarmingorranchingactivities.)
Thepropertymusthaveremainedinthefamilythroughouttheperiodforthefamilytobeeligibleforrecognition.An abstractoftitleisthebestevidenceofcontinuousfamily ownership.Currenttitletothepropertymustresidewitha bloodrelativeoftheoriginalowneroralegallyadoptedchild ofadescendant.Inadditiontoreceivingacertificate, CenturyPioneerFamilyFarmsalsoreceiveasignthatcanbe postedonthepropertydenotingitssignificance.
Forinformation abouttheCenturyPioneerFamilyFarm programortorequestanapplicationform:
E MAIL : famuseum@pcfl.net
ThePalmettousesthe GuidetotheVascular PlantsofFlorida,WunderlinandHansen,Second Edition,2003,asastandardforscientificnames (butnotcommonnames)andthestatusofplantsas natives,endemics,orexotics.Allarticlesarechecked againstthisstandard.Authorsareaskedtofollow thisstandardunlesstheydisagreewithit,inwhich caseanexplanationisrequestedandwillbeprovidedforreaders.Differencesofopinion,newinformation,andcorrectionsareexpectedandserveaseducationforourreaders.Forcommonnames,we expectauthorstousetheirknowledgeofthemost frequentlyusedorappropriatecommonnamebased
OR W RITE : CharlesBronson CommissionerofAgriculture 1850PrincessPlaceRoad PalmCoast,Florida32137
ATTN:ECONOMIC&TOURISM DEVELOPMENTCOUNCILS
“Whynotcutoutalltheimitationstuff?Thegreatesttourist spotsaremadebystickingtonativetreesandshrubbery… Thepalmstransplantedherearenotnative,lookoutofplace, andarenotnearlyasattractiveasthebeautifuloaks,dogwood,andothernativegrowth.Anyway,thetouristprefers naturallytovisittheoriginalandnottheimitation.”
February1927–GeorgeHoraceLorimer,Editor,SATURDAY EVENING POST, addressingaMississippibusinessgroupinterestedinstimulatingtourism
byChuckMcCartney,BrowardChapter
W ILD LOVE A FFAIR:
ESSENCEOF FLORIDA ?S N ATIVE O RCHIDS
Whenapersonmakesalife-alteringdiscovery,itishumannaturetowantto sharethatexperiencewithothers.For authorandphotographerConnieBransilver, thatdiscoverywastheswampsofSouthwest Florida,especiallythedeep,alluringcypressand pondappleforestsofthefabledFakahatchee Strand,homeofthelegendaryGhostOrchid featuredsoprominentlyinSusanOrlean’sbestsellingbook, TheOrchidThief
Bransilver’szealforhernewfoundparadise firstmanifesteditselfinthebook, Florida's UnsungWilderness: TheSwamps (2000, WestcliffePublishers),whichsheco-authored withLarryW.Richardson.Nowshefocuses,in bothwordsandpictures,ononeelementof thosebelovedswamps–theorchidsthatmake theirhomethere.
Theresultis WildLoveAffair: EssenceofFlorida'sNativeOrchids. Thefirstpartofthetitlecapturestheromanticardorwithwhich Bransilverapproacheshersubjectinthiscoffeetable-stylebookof 128pagesfeaturing148ofherphotographsofmostlynative orchidsandtheirhabitats.Thesephotographsarethebook’smajor reasonforexistence.Theyareitsstrength–oritsweakness, dependingonyourpointofview.
Thebook’slarge9x12inchformatallowsthephotographsof theflowerstobepresentedlargerthanlife,andthepicturesare printedonhigh-qualityglossypaper,givingthemawonderfulrichnessoftone.Andsomeofthephotographsarequitebeautiful,from theGhostOrchid(Dendrophylaxlindenii)facingthecontentspage (adifferent,lesssuccessfulshotappearsonthecoveronthedust jacket)totheportraitoftheClamshellOrchid(Prosthecheacochleata var. triandra)onpage104towardtheendofthebook.And Bransilver’spage102photographofthetinyflowerof Prosthechea pygmaea isanamazingclose-up.(Acaptiononanearlierphotoof thesamespeciescallsit“thesmallestofFlorida’sorchids,”whichis notcorrect.Thatdistinctionmoreproperlybelongsto Harrisella porrecta ortheelusive Lepanthopsismelanantha.)
Despitethehandsomephotographicreproductionandtheoccasionalwinnersamongthepictures,manyofthephotosarepresentedinagauzy,super-softfocusthatwouldmakeafieldphotographercringe.Close-upphotographyofflowersinthewildisalwaysa chancyendeavor,affectedbysuchvariablesassunlightandwind–nottomentiondeepswampwaterandalligators.Butmanyfield photographers,whogenerallyaimforcrispfocus,mightbereluctanttoshowphotographslikesomeofBransilver’sinpublic.
Orchidenthusiastsaccustomedtosharplyfocusedphotosshowingasmuchbotanicaldetailaspossiblewillhavetolookelsewhere. Thisbookisnotintendedasafieldguide.Instead,Bransilver’s
impressionisticapproachservesArt,sometimes attheexpenseofshowingoffthesubjectofthe photoinitsbestlight.
Bransilverexplainsherapproachinanote atthebeginningofthetext:“Inmyphotographsandinmywriting,Itrytomove beyondtheconfinesofperfectfocusandinto therealmofthespirit,forinlifethingsare nevercompletelyclear.Realistsmaynotlike myphotos.Dreamerswill.”
Thetextoffiveshortchaptersalsoreflects thisapproach,jumpingfromfactanddescriptiontopersonalimpressionsandinsightsto interviewsandanecdotes.Somemightcallit kaleidoscopicinitsmethod.Othersmightconsideritashotgunapproach.
ThebookfeaturesaforwardbyEric Hansen,authorof OrchidFever,aprefaceby ecologistStuartPimm,andshortessaysofvaryingusefulnessfrom orchidspecialistsPaulMartinBrown,authorof WildOrchidsof Florida,andJohnBeckneroftheMarieSelbyBotanicalGardensin Sarasota,Florida.
ThebackofthebookoffersausefullistofSouthFlorida’snative andnaturalizedorchidscompiledbyBrownandaone-pagebibliography.Noticeablymissingisanindex,whichwouldhavemadethe bookmoreuser-friendly.
Thebook,aspassionateandinspiringasitmaybe,isnotwithoutitsgaffes.Twoofthethreephotosonpages44and45appearto bemisidentified.Acaptiontalkingaboutepiphyticorchidsin Madagascarshowswhatlooksforalltheworldlikeaterrestrial Spathoglottis speciesfromSoutheastAsia.Andabovethefacingcaption,whichtalksaboutorchidsnativetothemontaneforestsof SulawesiinIndonesia,thereisaphotographofwhatappearstobea NewWorldreed-stemmed Epidendrum ofthe Epidendrumsecundum type.
Ratherthanpreachingtothechoir,thatis,tothosepeoplewho alreadyknowandunderstandthebeautyandecologicalimportance ofSouthwestFlorida’sswampsandtheirorchids,Bransilveristrying toreachanentirelydifferentaudience,mainlytheuninitiated.This bookisaimedatthem,andwithluck,theauthor’sromanticzeal andartisticratherthanrealisticphotographswillimbuethemwitha betterunderstandingorappreciationofthesemysterious,beautiful places.
A BOUTTHE R EVIEWER:ChuckMcCartneyisoneofourfavorite orchidophilesandarecognizedexpertonthegenusin Florida.Afinephotographer,wildflowerhunter,eminent qualifiedguide,andhighlyentertainingdinnercompanio
Cordia
Intheearly1970s,bloodberry(Cordia globosa)wasoneoftherarestshrubsin thepinelandsofMiami-Dadeand MonroeCounties.Then,thebutterfly enthusiastsdiscoveredtheplantsand C. globosa appearedeverywhereincultivation. Thesedevoteesmaywellhaveinventedthe namebloodberry,becauseitisnotinanyof theolderliterature.Thesamepeople,ortheir horticulturalfriends,surelycreatedthemore recentname,butterflysage.
Bloodberryisperhapsbasedon yerbadela sangre (bloodherb,Cuba)ormaybe sanguinaria (fortheblood,Cuba).Theredfruits followingthesmallclustersofwhiteflowers makethenamesseemappropriate.However, theSpanishversionswerebasedonmedical uses.InCubaandHispaniola,adecoctionof theplantsishighlyesteemedasanastringent andhemostatincaseofpulmonaryhemorrhages.Throughouttherangeofthespecies, themainapplicationisforlungproblems (Roig1945,Liogier1974,Morton1981).
Thatuseholdsthroughtherangeof C.globosa insouthernFlorida,theBahamas,Cuba, HispaniolaandPuertoRicotoAruba, Bonaire,Curaçao,andMargarita,fromthere ontomainlandVenezuela,Colombia,andin CentralAmericathroughBelize,Guatemala,
ABOVE:Close-upoftheflowerof Cordia globosa,traditionallycalledblood-berry. PopularnaturalistandflowerloverRoger Hammerhastakencreditforthenewer,more attractivecommonname:butterflysage.
ElSalvador,Honduras,Nicaragua,CostaRica,andnorthtoMexico(Yucatán,Chiapas, Campeche,Morelos,QuintanaRoo).Jamaicansuseateaforcoldsandtightnessofthe chest.ThesameuseismadeintheGrenadinesasaremedyforcolds,chestcongestion, andformenstrualcramps(Morton1981).
Thename butterflysage isalsorelatedtoblacksage(Caymans,Jamaica),manblack sage(Jamaica),andwildsage.ThosearesimplyEnglishvariantsonSpanish salvillacimarrona [savillacimarrona](wildsage).Peopleeverywherehavelearnedthat Salvia (LAMIACEAE)isausefulmedicine,andanyplantthatresemblesitmayhave“sage”applied. Theleavesofbloodberryaresomewhatfragrant,providingsomerationaleforusingthis commonname.
Manyoftheothercommonnameshave moreorlessobviousreferencestomedical applications.SeveralplantsintheFrench Antillesarecalled bonbon (candy),withdifferentmodifiers,andsomearemedicinal. Cordia globosa is bonbonrond (roundcandy, GuadeloupeandMartinique).TheJamaican goutteamaybeavalidname(anduse),orit maybeamisunderstandingoftheFrench guérit-tout (cureall,Guadeloupe,Martinique, Trinidad).SeveralCaribbeanmedicinalplants arenamedafterpeople,maybebecausethey wererenownedhealers.Forbloodberry,itis JohnCharles[JohnCharley](Jamaica)or Juanprieto (blackJohn,DominicanRepublic).
Theremaybemorethanonemessagein rompecamisahembra (femaletornshirt, Cuba).Thatisespeciallytruesincethe antonymis rompecamisamacho (Turneradiffusa). Turnera,knownintheherbalindustry as damiana,istoutedasanaphrodisiac. Maybe C.globosa isalsousedthatway.
Severalothernamesareprobablyallusions toherbalmedicines.Avocado(Perseaamericana)isusedmedicinallyandsothe Venezuelannameforcordia, aguacatico (little avocado),surelydenotestheplant’susein medicines.Somenamescomparingtheshrubs withVERBENACEAE include caraiquitonegro (blackLantana,Venezuela),and cariaquitode sabana (savanalantana,Venezuela).Maybethe inclusionofindigenouswordssuchas saraguasoprieto (blacksaraguaso,maybeTaino, PuertoRico)complicatesthisimperfectly knownname.Notranslationhasbeenfound for ateje (Taino?,Cuba),butitisusedfor morethanone Cordia species.
Both copillo (littlecup,PuertoRico)and Curaçaobush(BritishAntilles)alludetomedicines.However,itisnotclearwhatismeant by cuajatinta (coagulatesink[orcoffee],El Salvador),unlessitisanallusiontoaterrible
ThePeopleandPlantInteractionSeries
taste.Othernameswithobtuseallusionsare herbeàboue (filthherb,Guadeloupeand Martinique), muñeco (doll,Dominican Republic), palonegro (blackstick[tree]),and papita (littlepotato,Cuba).
Bloodberryisalsousedagainstfever (Ayensu1981).Forthatproblem,adecoctionismadewithit,fevergrass(Andropogon citratus)andbamboo(Bambusavulgaris).A
rbud.c.Flowerfromabove.d.Flower,sideview. ldiagram.h.Fruitinclusteronleft,enlargedfruit andCorrell1982.Reproducedherewithpermis-
simpledecoctionofbloodberryhasbeenused inCubaandelsewhereasadepurativefor troublesomeskineruptions(Roig1945).This mixtureisusedinternallyandinbaths.In Jamaica,theplantdecoctionisusedasabeverage.PeopleinYucatánemploytheleavesas seasoningincookingarmadillotoimproveits flavor.
Itishardtoseehow mierdadegallina (chickenfeces,Cuba)or zompopo (simpleton oraspeciesofant,ElSalvador)mightindicate anyhumanuse,butperhapstheydo. Cenigal (ceniza,ash,withthesuffix-al,anash-colored thicket,DominicanRepublic)mayalsosuggestauseorsimplybedescriptive.Thenames dientedechucho (dog’stooth)and dientede perro (dog’stooth)surelyrefertothedistinctiveleaves.InMaya,thenameissimplya mentionofapest, hauche (hau [haw],open theroad, che’,tree,Maya).Thisisgiven becausethetreesgrowfrequentlyinpathsand needtoberemoved.
Nofurtherinformationwasfoundon achechive [achechibe];itseemstobeanindigenousname.Iwouldnotbesurprisedifthe namehadnotbeenderivedfrom anacahuite,a Mexicannameoriginallygivento C.boissieri andthento C.sebestena
Cordiaglobosa isnottheonly Cordia speciesthatpeoplehaveused.Linnaeusplaced threespeciesin Cordia in1753,andtwoof thesehadreputationsasmedicines.Theone bestknowninEuropewastheOldWorld C. myxa (Grigson1986),whichLinnaeushad grownatthebotanicalgardeninUppsala.He hadpreviouslyreportedonitinhisbook MateriaMedica in1749.
Afirst-handreportofAmericanspecies wasmadebyHansSloane,fromthetimehe
spentinJamaica.AlthoughLinnaeusvisited SloaneinChelseain1736,hewasdismayed thattheherbariumwasboundupinbooks andcouldnoteasilybestudied.LinnaeuscreatednamesbasedonSloan’spublications workandnotfromhisherbarium.
Duetothedifficultyandtimeneededto browsethroughthe265volumesofSloane’s specimens,perhapsitisunderstandablethat Linnaeusdidnotmentionwhatisnowcalled
Cordia
Treesorshrubswithentire(in Florida),persistentpetiolateleavesan persistentnakedbuds.Flowersinterminaldeterminateinflorescenceswith theseeminglylateralflowersborne alternatelyonoppositesidesofa pseudoaxisandsometimesappearing likearaceme(scorpioid)orbranched cymes,the5-lobedcalyxtubularor bell-shaped,the5-lobedcorollafunnel-shaped(ortubularoutsideFlorida), whiteorcolored.Ovarywith4-locules, thestyletwo-branchednearthemiddle, eachbranchtwo-parted.Fruitsdrupes (ordryoutsideFlorida)thatarepartly enclosedinthecalyx.
Thisisapantropicalgenusinthe familyBORAGINACEAE containingca.320 species.TheWestIndieshasperhaps 100species,with80%ofthemendemic. Therearetwowell-knownspeciesin Florida,C.globosaandC.sebestena . AlthoughC.globosaislistedasendangeredbytheFloridaDepartmentof AgricultureandConsumerServices,itis widelycultivated.Oddly,thelesswell known,andevenrarer,native C.
A BOUTTHE N AME ,C ORDIA :TheCordiagenus wasnamedbyLinnaeusinhonorofthe GermanbotanistandpharmacistValerius Cordus,1515-1544,oneofthefathers ofpharmacognosy.Theoriginaltitleof thisarticlewasBloodberriesandDog Tits,twoofthemorecolorfulcommon namesforC.globosaandC.sebestena ,
PhotobyJ.Lange
C.globosa beingamongthem.Ontheotherhand,perhapshedid notknowwhattodowithit.Insuchcases,hesimplykeptquiet.
Sloane’sillustrationof Caryophyllusspuriusinodorus, foliosubrotundoscabro [falseodorlesscarnation,withalmostroundscabrous leaves]servedasthebasisofwhatLinnaeuscalled C.sebestena.We havetowonderifLinnaeusknewthemeaningoftheArabicname sebestena (from segpistan,dogtits,Grigson1986),butIwillbethe did.
TheotherreferenceLinnaeususedfor C.sebestena wasMark Catesby.Inhistext,Catesby(1734-1747)reportedthatthewoodof thattree,“…containsmuchGum,inSmellandAppearanceresemblingAloes,andisbytheInhabitantsoftheBahamaIslands(where itgrows)calledLignumAloes.”Eventoday,aloe-woodremainsa commonnamefor C.sebestena intheBahamas.
Thetree’ssimilaritywiththeMexicanspecies, C.boissieri,has causedittobeknownbytheNáhuatlnameforthatspecies, anacahuite [anacahuita, anacagüita, anaconda](paper-tree,Yucatán,
R EFERENCES
Acevedo-Rodríguez,P.andCollaborators.1996. FloraofSt.JohnU.S.VirginIslands.TheNew YorkBotanicalGarden,Bronx,NY.
Akhtar,A.H.andAhmad,K.U.1995. Anti-ulcerogenicevaluationofthemethanolicextractsofsome indigenousmedicinalplantsofPakistaninaspirin-ulceratedrats.JOURNAL ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 46(1):1-6.
Ayensu,E.S.1981. MedicinalPlantsoftheWestIndies.ReferencePublishers,Algonac,Michigan. Basu,N.G.,Ghosal,P.K.andThakur,S.1986. Somestructuralfeaturesofanarabinoglucanfrom thefruitsof Cordiadichotoma Forst.CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH 146(2):350-351. Bieber,L.W.,Krebs,H.C.,andSchafer,W.1994. Furthermeroterpenoidnaphthoquinonesfrom Cordia corymbosa.PHYTOCHEMISTRY 35(4):1027-1028.
Bieber,L.W.,Messana,I.,Lins,S.C.N.,SilvaFilho,A.A.da,Chiappeta,A.A.,andMello,J.F.de. 1990. MeroterpenoidnaphthoquinonesfromCordiacorymbosa.PHYTOCHEMISTRY 29(6):19551959.
Coile,N.C.andGarland,M.A.2003. NotesonFlorida’sEndangeredandThreatenedPlants FloridaDepartmentofAgricultureandConsumerServices,ContributionNo.38,4thedition, Gainesville,FL.
Fun,C.E.andSvendsen,A.B.1990. Theessentialoilof Cordiacylindrostachya Roem.andSchult. grownonAruba.JOURNALOF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2(4):209-210.
Grigson,J.1986. ExoticFruitsandVegetables.HenryHoltandCo.,NewYork. Hayashi,K.,Hayashi,T.,Morita,N.,andNiwayama,S.1990. Antiviralactivityofanextractof Cordiasalicifolia onherpessimplexvirustype1.PLANTA MEDICA 56(5):439-443. Hodge,W.H.andTaylor,D.1957. TheEthnobotanyoftheIslandCaribsofDominica.Webbia 12(2):513-644.
Ioset,J.R.,Marston,A.,Gupta,M.P.,andHostettmann,K.1998. Antifungalandlarvicidal meroterpenoidnaphthoquinonesandanaphthoxirenefromtherootsof Cordialinnaei. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 47(5):729-734. Liogier,A.H.1974. DiccionarioBotanicodeNombresVulgaresdelaEspaniola.Impresora UniversityNacionalPedroHenriquezUreña,SantoDomingo. Little,E.L.J.1979. ChecklistofUnitedStatesTrees(NativeandNaturalized).UnitedStates DepartmentofAgriculture,Washington,D.C. Marston,A.,Potterat,O.,andHostettmann,K.1988. Isolationofbiologicallyactiveplantconstituentsbyliquidchromatography.JOURNALOF CHROMATOGRAPHY 450(1):3-11. Morton,J.F.1981. AtlasofMedicinalPlantsofMiddleAmerica,BahamastoYucatán.CharlesC. Thomas,Springfield,Ill.
Nakamuraetal.1997Nakamura,N.,Kojima,S.,Lim,Y.A.,Meselhy,M.R.,Hattori,M.,Gupta, M.P.andCorrea,M.1997. Dammarane-typetriterpenesfrom Cordiaspinescens. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 46(6):1139-1141. Rapisarda,A.,Ragusa,S.,andDePasquale,A.1993. Hepatotoxiceffectoftheleavesofsome Cordia species.ACTA HORTICULTURAE 332:237-242. Rico-G.,V.,Garcia-F.,J.G.,Chemas,A.,Puch,A.,andSima,P.1990. Speciescomposition,similarity,andstructureofMayanhomegardensinTixpeualandTixcacaltuyub,Yucatán,México. ECONOMIC BOTANY 44:470-487. RoigyMesa,J.T.1945. PlantasMedicinalesAromáticasoVenenosasdeCuba.Ministeriode Agricultura,Habana.
Sertie,J.A.A.,Basile,A.C.,Panizza,S.,Matida,A.K.,andZelnik,R.1990a. Anti-inflammatory activityandsub-acutetoxicityofartemetin.PLANTA MEDICA 56(1):36-40.
Sertie,J.A.A.,Basile,A.C.,Panizza,S.,Oshiro,T.T.,Azzolini,C.P.,andPenna,S.C.1990b. Pharmacologicalassayof Cordiaverbenacea.III.Oralandtopicalantiinflammatoryactivityand gastrotoxicityofacrudeleafextract.JOURNALOF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 31(2):239-247. Srivastava,S.K.andSrivastava,S.D.1979. Taxifolin3,5-dirhamnosidefromtheseedsof Cordia obliqua.PHYTOCHEMISTRY 18(12):2058-2059. Tiwari,K.P.andSrivastava,S.S.D.1979. Chemicalinvestigationofthestembarkof Cordiaobliqua.PLANTA MEDICA 36(2):191-192. Velde,V.V.,Lavie,D.,Zeinik,R.,Matida,A.K.,andPanizza,S.1982. CordialinAandB,two newtriterpenesfrom Cordiaverbenacea DC.JOURNALOFTHE CHEMICAL SOCIETY.Perkin transactionsI.OrganicandBio-organicChemistry11:2697-2700.
Afulvoushairstreakbutterflynectarsonbutterflysage.Thehostplant forthisintroducedbutterflyisoneofourmostprominentpestplants, Brazilianpepper.
Cuba,PuertoRico).TheMayaofYucatáncallit kopté [copté, sakk’opté, zak-k’opté, zac-copté](sak,white, k`opte’,withahardcenter). TheSpanish siricote [ciricote, ziricote](Yucatán,Guatemala,Belize) or siricoteblanco (white ciricote,Yucatán)issurelyacorruptionof theMaya.Thesenamesareusedforthetreewhosewoodishard, andwhosefruitsareusedforfood(Rico-Getal.1990).Tobeeaten, theyaremadeintopreservesorjam,andhaveagoodflavor.The freshfruitsdirectlyfromthetreeareconsiderededible,butarenot good.Apparently,sweeteningandpreservingfruitsimprovesthe taste.
IntheLesserAntilles, C.sebestena iscalled boisrâpe (roughtree, becauseofthesandpaperyleafsurface,Guadeloupeand Martinique), manhage (Aruba,Bonaire,Curaçao),scarletaccordia (DutchAntilles),scarletflower(DutchAntilles), sébastier (GuadeloupeandMartinique),and ti-soleil (littletea,French Antilles).Itisalsocalled caujaroEspañol [cawaraspaño, karawaara spanjool](Spanish caujaro,Aruba,Bonaire,Curaçao). Cordiaalba in Venezuelawastheoriginal caujaro,perhapsanameofArawakan languageorigin.
Cordiasebestena isalsoinFlorida,butitisquestionablynative. ThelegendsaysthatJohnJamesAudubongaveitthename“Geiger tree”becauseofthespecimensthat19thcenturyshipcaptainJohn GeigerplantedatKeyWest(Little1979).AccordingtoAcevedoRodriguez(1996),thespeciesisonlynativetotheGreaterAntilles, theBahamas,andtheVirginIslands.Heconsidersitintroduced elsewhereasanornamental.Indeed,ithasbeentakenwidely throughtheAmericasandelsewherewhereitiscultivatedforits orange-redflowersandwhitefruits.Someoftheplantsmayalso havebeengrownfortheediblefruitsandmedicinaltraits.Certainly, thespecieshasavenerablereputationforboth. [Cordiasebestenaislistedasnon-nativeintheFloraofFlorida developmentandcurrentlyrepresentedinthe Guide totheVascularPlantsofFlorida,Wunderlin&Hansen,
A.Edwards
2ndEd.,2003.—Ed.]
Whilenochemicalstudiesseemtohavebeenmadeoneitherof theseFloridaplants,severalother Cordia specieshavebeenexamined.Therearemultiplebiologicallyactivecompoundsinthose species,includingarabinoglucan,essentialoils,terpenes,meroterpenoidnaphthoquinones,andtaxifolin(SrivastavaandSrivastava 1979,Veldeetal.1982,Basuetal.1986,Bieberetal.1990,1994, Funetal.1990,Nakamura,N.etal.1997).Otherstudieshave showntheseandothercordiaextractstobeantifungal,anti-inflammatory,anti-ulcer,anti-viral,hepatotoxic,andlarvicidal(Tiwari andSrivastava1979,Marstonetal.1988,Hayashietal.1990, Sertieetal.1990a,b,Rapisardaetal.1993,AkhtarandAhmed 1995,IosetJ.R.etalK.1998).
ALesserAntilleannamesummarizestheutilityofcordia (althoughitrefersdirectlyto C.sebestena): Mapourouge (red mapou,GuadeloupeandMartinique),whichcontainsaCariban
THE FLORIDA NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY hasanestablishedResearch EndowmentProgramwhicheveryyearfundsasmallnumberof modestgrantstosupportscientificnativeplantresearch.TheFNPS ScienceAdvisoryBoardhasworkedwithanumberofexcellentgraduatestudents,faculty,andotherscienceprofessionalsontheseprojects.Thefollowingareexcerptsfromproposalsfundedbythe ResearchEndowmentProgramduringthepasttwoyears.
2003EndowmentAwards
DemographyandPhenologyoftheEndangeredFern, Ophioglossumpalmatum,attheTosohatcheeStatePreserve ElianeNorman,Professoremeritus,StetsonUniversityandSandra Carnival,FieldBiologist,TosohatcheeStatePreserve
A BOUTTHE A UTHOR :AmemberofFNPSsince1981,Dannow livesinTucson,Arizona,whereheworksintheConservation &ScienceDept.oftheArizona-SonoraDesertMuseumand servesastheBookReviewEditorforECONOMIC BOTANY .Look
Thisstudyisintendedtoprovideanideaofthelongevityofhandfern andenableresearcherstorelatephenologicalpatternsinleafgrowth, spikeproduction,andmaturationtoseasonalvariationatthe TosohatcheeStatePreserve.Thetasksinclude:
A DDITIONALTHANKS :forthegreatphotostoPalmBeachChapter memberAlanaEdwards(aFloridabutterflyguru),Broward
1.Locatehosttreespreviouslyidentifiedasbearing Ophioglossumpalmatum.Notenumberoffernsperpalmandlocateside(s)oftreewhere epiphytegrows,heightatwhichitgrowsandanysignsoffire.
2.Surveyforadditionalhosttreesandcollectabovedata.
3.Monitor,onamonthlybasis,temperature,relativehumidity,and lightavailableatthreedifferentlocationswherethefernsarefound. Obtainmonthlyrainfalldata.
4.Studythegrowthpatternofonehundredhandferns,selectedrandomlyfromdifferentsites.Eachplantaswellaseachleafwillbe tagged.Thefollowingparameterswillbemeasuredorobservedfour timesayear:lengthofstipe,lengthandwidthofblade,numberof lobes,numberoffertilespikes,sizeoffertilespikeandstageofmaturation,andpercentofdamagedleaves.
TheFloridaNativePlantSociety(FNPS)is nowacceptingproposalstofundresearchon Floridanativeplants.
INSTRUCTIONS:Theproposalmustcontainthefollowing:
1.Descriptionofproject(threepagelimit)
2.Budget(nottoexceed$1000)
3.Projecttimeschedule(normallyoneyear)
Applicationsmustbesubmittedbye-mailasanattachmentinAdobe PDForMSWordformat.The“cover”e-mailmessagemustclearlystate thefollowing:
1.Submittor’sname
2.Snailmailadddress(goodforatleastthreemonths)
3.Telephonenumber
ApplicationsmustbereceivedbyMarch15,2005.Awardswillbemade onthebasisoftherelevancyoftheproposedresearchtothegoalsof FNPS.PreferencewillbegiventomembersofFNPS,butthisisnota requirement.Awardswillbeannouncedatthe2005FNPSAnnual Conference(May12-15,2005)inMelbourne,BrevardCounty. AreporttotheAwardsCommitteeshallbemadebytherecipientat theterminationoftheawardedperiod.Presentationofapaperatthe annualFNPSconferenceand/orcontributionofanarticleto The Palmettoontheresultsoftheresearchisencouraged.
Emailquestionsandproposals to: ShirleyDenton,ScienceAdvisoryBoardChair
The Illiciumparviflorum Michx.exVent.(ILLICIACEAE)Paradox: anEndangeredFloridaEndemicanditsRoleinthe HorticulturalTrade
AshleyB.Morris,DepartmentofBotany,UniversityofFloridaand PamelaS.Soltis,FloridaMuseumofNaturalHistory
Thisrarespeciesisquitepopularinthehorticulturaltrade,andiscommonlysoldasfarnorthasNorthCarolinaandasfarwestasArkansas.It iscommonpracticeinplantnurseriestoincreasetheirinventoriesby propagatingcuttings,resultinginageneticallyhomogeneousstock.In addition,manynurseriesobtaintheiroriginalcuttingsfromthesame source,resultinginhomogeneityamongnurseries.Suchpracticesmay haveseriousconsequencesfornaturalpopulationsexhibitingself-incompatibility.
Thegoalofthisstudyistoassesslevelsofgeneticdiversityinnatural populationsof I.parviflorum,aswellasthatofhorticulturalstocks.This informationcanthenbeusedtodeterminethefeasibilityoftheintroductionsoutlinedabove.
TheGeneticsofGenderFlexibilityinPassionflower CindyBennington,AssociateProfessorofBiology,Stetson University
Thepurposeistotestideasrelatedtotheevolutionofandromonoecyin
passionflowerbyexaminingtheresponseofgenderexpressionto resourcelimitation(imposedthroughherbivory)in64plantsfrom16 distinctpopulationsgrowninpotsinanexperimentalarray.Thereare threemainquestionswhichwillbeaddressed:
1.Isfruitproductionlimitedbythenumberofcosexualflowersproducedbyaplant?Bydescribingtherelationshipbetweenthenumber ofhermaphroditeflowersandnumberoffruitsproduced,determine theextenttowhichfruitproductionislimitedbywhole-plantfemale function.
2.Istheregeneticdifferentiationamongpopulationsintheproportion ofmaleflowersperplant?Basedonpreviousresearchandobservations, extantpopulationsareexpectedtoharborindividualsthatdifferinthe proportionofmaleflowersproducedbyindividualswhenplantsare grownundersimilarconditions.
3.Istheregeneticdifferentiationamongpopulationsinthedegreeto whichfloralgenderisinfluencedbytheenvironment?Geneticdifferencesamongpopulationsmaybefixedorplastic.Plasticgeneticdifferencesexistwhenindividualsresponddifferently(indirectionand/or magnitude)tosomeenvironmentalvariable.
EffectsofInvasiveExoticTreesontheSeedlingDemography oftheEndangeredBromeliad, Catopsisberteroniana
PhilipA.Gonsiska,FloridaInternationalUniversity SouthFloridaissubjecttoinvasionbyexoticspecies,suchasAustralian pine(Casuarina spp.),Brazilianpepper(Schinusterebinthifolius),and melaleuca(Melaleucaquinquenervia).Thesespecieshavethecapacityto invadehabitats,suchasmangroveandbuttonwoodcommunities (Hammerundated),where Catopsisberteroniana isfound.Since Australianpine,Brazilianpepper,andmelaleucahavethecapacityto excludenativevegetationinthehabitatstheyinvade,iftheyarelesssuitableepiphytehoststhannativetreespecies,thepossibilityexistsforthe decimationofFlorida’sepiphytecommunities.Thiscouldresultinthe extirpationofendangeredepiphytessuchas C.berteroniana
Thepurposeoftheobservationalportionofthisprojectistodeterminethefateof C.berteroniana seedlingsduringtheirfirstyearoflifeon theirnaturallyoccurringnativehostspecies.Theexperimentalportion ofthisstudywilldeterminetheeffectsofhostspeciesonseedlingrecruitmentandtherebydemonstratepotentialeffectsofinvasivewoody speciesonbromeliadcommunitiesinsouthFlorida.
DemographyandEcologyof Paronychiachartacea
JennySchafer,Intern,ArchboldBiologicalStation Disturbedfirelanesprovideanopen,unstable,andlessfire-dependent habitatformanyscrubendemics.Somespeciesshowdifferentdemographictrendsbetweenpopulationsinnaturalscrubhabitatsandfirelanes(Quintana-Ascencioetal.,inpreparation). Paronychiachartacea, paperywhitlow-wort,isastateendangeredandfederallythreatened plantendemictoFlorida.Thisprojectwilldeterminetheeffectsoftimesince-fireongrowth,reproductiveoutput,andseedlingrecruitmentof P. chartacea ssp. chartacea.Quarterlydemographicdatawillbecollectedfor comparisonofpopulationsofthespeciesinrosemaryscrubandfirelanes.
2004EndowmentAwards
EvaluationandConservationofaThreatenedCarnivorous Plant, Pinguiculaionantha,Godfrey’sButterwort
Herbert'Tug'Kesler,Dept.BiologicalSciences,AuburnUniversity Pinguiculaionantha R.K.Godfrey(LENTIBULARIACEAE)isarecently describedspeciesendemictoa25mileradiusinthepanhandleofFlorida. Duetoitsshrinkingpopulationsize, P.ionantha waslistedasthreatened bytheUnitedStatesFishandWildlifeServiceonJuly12,1993andis currentlylistedasFloridaStateendangered.Inthisstudy,weproposeto conductfieldandlaboratoryexperimentstogaininformationneededto conservefederallythreatened P.ionantha populationsinthepanhandleof Florida.Theresultsofbothtypesofresearchwillbeintegratedtocreatea betterunderstandingof1)thecurrentstatusofall62knownpopulations, 2)howthesurvivalandfecundityofwild P.ionantha populationsare directlyeffectedbyprescribedfire,and3)whetherasoilseedbankexist forthisspecies.Thegoaloftheprojectistodeveloprecommendationsfor conservationandmanagementpracticesthatwillensurethelong-term survivaloffederallythreatenedandFloridaendangered Pinguiculaionantha populations.
TrophicCascades:InfluencesofHerbivoryandPredation InfluenceonPost-FireSuccession
TaniaKim,UniversityofFlorida,DepartmentofZoology
Thedirecteffectsofprescribedfireonplantcommunitieshavebeen extensivelystudiedyetlittleisknownabouttheeffectsoffireonother trophiclevelsandtrophicinteractions.Interspecificinteractions,suchas herbivoryandpredation,playimportantrolesinmaintainingecosystem function,howeververylittleisknownabouttheirrolesinpost-firesuccession.Predatorsmayindirectlybenefitplantcommunitiesbyalleviating intenseherbivorypressurestypicallyassociatedwithpost-firehabitats.If predatortop-downcontrolsarestronglyfeltbyplantcommunities,then herbivoryandpredationplayextremelyimportantrolesinpost-firesuccession.
Thegoalofthisresearchprojectistodeterminewhetherinsectherbivoresandvertebratepredatorsplaysignificantrolesininfluencingplant growthandreproductionfollowingfireinlongleafpinesandhills.The projectwillsetupinsectherbivoreandvertebratepredatorexclosuresin longleafpinesandhillhabitatsthroughouttworeservesinnorth-central Florida.
MorphologicalandMolecularSystematicsofthe Tillandsiafasciculata (BROMELIACEAE)Complex:Biogeographicaland EvolutionaryImplications
BrianJ.Sidoti,M.S.GraduateStudent,DepartmentofBiological Sciences,FloridaInternationalUniversity
Thepurposeistogaingreaterinsightintothespeciationandradiationof specieswithinthe Tillandsiafasciculata (BROMELIACEAE)complexthat occurinFloridaandCuba.Specifically,anatomical,morphological,and molecularstudieswillbeusedtoexaminethe T.fasciculata complexin ordertosupporttaxonomicdecisionsandspeciesboundaries.Baseline datacanthenbeusedtoconstructandsolidifyconservationmeasures.
SpecialContributorstoFNPS
Sally&HalO’Connell,CocoplumChapter Ferguson&GaylePeters,EugeniaChapter BrettPigon&CathyCorbeil,Conradina Chapter*
MembershipandContributions. FNPSmembershipcategoriesare: Donor$250,Supporting$100, Business$100,Not-for-Profit$50, Contributing$40, Family/Household$30,Individual $25,(full-time)Student$15,and Library(subscriptionto The Palmettoonly)$15.Higherlevel membershipsprovideimportant assistancetospecialeducational activities.Contributingmembershipsincludea$10donationtothe FNPSEndowmentFund,which annuallygrantsvitalnativeplant researchprojects.Donor, Supporting,Business,andNot-forProfitmembersarelistedineach issueofThePalmetto.Contributing memberships,andspecialcontribu -
DonorMembers
Francis&LaurenAlsobrook,PaynesPrairie Chapter
LeslieClarke,PalmBeachChapter AllenN.&MaryL.Jelks,Jr.,LongleafPine Chapter
RaymondLeeJungles,DadeChapter DavidW.Lei,PalmBeachChapter MagdalenaPlewinska,DadeChapter
SupportingMembers
Peter&CarolynAbdalla,TarflowerChapter Bob&DorisBareiss,NatureCoastChapter John&EllenBarrett,DadeChapter LisaBlackwelder,DadeChapter* MaryNealeBlake,PaynesPrairieChapter JuneBrittingham,ConradinaChapter Rev.&Mrs.C.FrederickBuechner, CocoplumChapter Sonja&SidneyCook,LongleafPineChapter MichaelE.Drummond,PaynesPrairie Chapter
Mike&GailDuggins,PawpawChapter Thomas&MarthaFarabee,Heartland Chapter NadineFoley,LakeBeautyberryChapter John&MarilynFredley,PawpawChapter EthanH.Freid,SuncoastChapter JupiterIslandGardenClub,Cocoplum Chapter MarjorieMGasser,CocoplumChapter AllynL.Golub,PhD,DadeChapter BarbaraHoelscher,SeaRocketChapter LarryGreen&DeborahHopkins,Coccoloba Chapter
LynnH.Huber,PalmBeachChapter TeriJabour,PalmBeachChapter Cheryl&WilliamJones,LongleafPine Chapter RobertKimzey,PinellasChapter Roberta&ArnoldKleinick,PalmBeach Chapter RobinKrivanek,CoccolobaChapter AmyLeonard,DadeChapter Carolynn&HenryLittleton,Coccoloba Chapter
MaryBeth&TedLundgren,Coccoloba Chapter
Jean&CarltonLynn,ConradinaChapter ChuckMcCartney,BrowardChapter LeeR.Miller,MD,SuncoastChapter CarlosA.Nunez,DadeChapter*
MandyRhead,TarflowerChapter
JonathanD.Rich,TarflowerChapter
JohnW.Rippon,PhD,PinellasChapter Barry&DonnaRobbins,PinellasChapter JacquelineRolly,TarflowerChapter
RaymondG.Sage,LyoniaChapter
JohnStites&AnneSchmidt,NatureCoast& HernandoChapters
Gwladys&EugeneScott,DadeChapter ClaireHilliker&LeesaSward,Tarflower Chapter
HarryScottTaylor,SerenoaChapter
SusanD.Thompson,EugeniaChapter Fred&JoAnneTrebatoski,CoccolobaChapter Linda&JohnWilliams,MagnoliaChapter MarthaJaneWilliams,PinellasChapter JohnC.Winn,PaynesPrairieChapter Steve&DebbieYoung,HernandoChapter
BusinessMembers
LesAlderman,NorthFtMyers,Coccoloba Chapter JakeIngram,SantaRosaBeach,LongleafPine Chapter AccentTrees,LeslieLarmon&JoanBowling, Palmetto,SerenoaChapter A.J.TitleServices,CeciliaD.Catron,Winter Park,TarflowerChapter AlexanderLandscaping&PlantFarm,Bryan A.Tozzie,Davie,BrowardChapter AllNativeGardenCenter,JohnThomas Sibley,FortMyers,CoccolobaChapter AllNativeFlora,BrightmanS.Logan,San Antonio,NatureCoastChapter Beck’sLandscapeSolutions,PortOrange, PawpawChapter* Beeman’sNursery,ForestBeeman,New SmyrnaBeach,PawpawChapter BiosphereConsulting,JamesM.Thomas, WinterGarden,TarflowerChapter BonitaBayGroup,KimFikoski,Bonita Spring,CoccolobaChapter C&NEnvironmental,CherylM. Carpenter,Jupiter,PalmBeachChapter Casey’sCornerNursery&Landscaping,Susan Casey,Homestead,DadeChapter CentralFloridaLands&Timber,Marvin Buchanan,Mayo,MagnoliaChapter ChiappiniFarmNativeNursery,David& MarilynChiappini,Melrose,PaynesPrairie Chapter CroyleLandscape,ToddCroyle,HobeSound, CocoplumChapter De-vineLandscape,FrankSedmera,LakeCity, PaynesPrairieChapter* DougIngram&SonsNursery,RobbieBinder, Homestead,DadeChapter* ElataNatives,Kara&SergioAlfaro,Fort Myers,CoccolobaChapter EnvironmentalConsultants,Michael Czerwinski,CrystalRiver,CitrusChapter* EnvironmentalResourceSolutions,NancyC. Zyski,JacksonvilleBeach,PaynesPrairie Chapter EnvironmentalServices,MaryLindgren, Jupiter,PalmBeachChapter EnvironmentalServices,Jacksonville,Paynes PrairieChapter FloridaNativePlants,Sarasota,Serenoa Chapter FloridaSportsmanMagazine,Sheila Wickstrom,Stuart,CocoplumChapter FourC’sNursery,MikeCrews,PalmBay, ConradinaChapter FullMoonNursery,MarvetteBagwell,Port
Orange,PawpawChapter Gaia’sGarden’nGallery,ShellyJ.Langshaw, MaryEsther,LongleafPineChapter* GourdGarden&CuriosityShop,Randy Harelson,SantaRosaBeach,LongleafPine Chapter GreatOutdoorsPublishing,JanAllyn,St Petersburg,PinellasChapter GreenImages,DavidM.Drylie,Jr., Christmas,TarflowerChapter GreenMansions,JeffreyRosberg,Sanibel, CoccolobaChapter* HackberryHammockWholesale,Andreas Daehnick,FortPierce,Lakela’sMint Chapter HalfmoonGrowers,Bruce McElroy,Newbury,PaynesPrairieChapter HarmonyGardens,Gainesville,PaynesPrairie Chapter* HayslipLandscape,NormanE.Hayslip,Fort Pierce,Lakela’sMintChapter HickoryHammockNativeTreeFarm,Terry Sanders,FortMyers,CoccolobaChapter InstyPrintsofBelleair,Jeanne Husted,BelleairBluffs,PinellasChapter JBStarkey&FlatwoodsAdventures,Jay& MarshaStarkey,Odessa,NatureCoast Chapter Keyser&Woodward,P.A.,TimothyKeyser, Interlachen,PaynesPrairieChapter Lotspeich&Associates,ReneeThomas, WinterPark,TarflowerChapter Lucido&Associates,MorrisA.Crady,Stuart, CocoplumChapter MapleStreetNatives,Sharon&BrentDolan, WestMelbourne,ConradinaChapter MasuenConsulting,MicheleMasuen, Okeechobee,EugeniaChapter MeadowBeautyNursery,DonnaLeone& CarlTerwilliger,LakeWorth,PalmBeach Chapter MesozoicLandscapes,Richard Moyroud,LakeWorth,PalmBeach Chapter MicanopyTreeFarm,Micanopy,Paynes Prairie,Renewed NancyPrineLandscapeArchitect,NancyA. Prine,Orlando,TarflowerChapter NativeCreations,GaryBarnett,Tavares,Lake BeautyberryChapter NativeGreenCay,Mike&SylviaJameson, BoyntonBeach,PalmBeachChapter NativeTreeNursery,HughForthmanJr., Goulds,DadeChapter NaturalTreasures,HeatherBlake,Newberry, PaynesPrairieChapter* NatureScapesLandscapeGardenCenter, Richard&MarylouBaiata,Bunnell, PawpawChapter O’DonnellLandscapes,AlbertO’Donnell, Estero,CoccolobaChapter OrnamentalPlants&Trees,DavidDickerson, Hawthorne,PaynesPrairieChapter PerkinsNursery,DannyW.Perkins,LaBelle, CoccolobaChapter PineBreezeNursery,HaraldRiehm,Bokeelia, CoccolobaChapter PlantCreations,RobL.Campbell, Homestead,DadeChapter RigsbyNursery,BarbaraRigsby,FortMyers, CoccolobaChapter RunwayGrowers,JamieHayes,Fort Lauderdale,BrowardChapter ScientificEnvironmentalApplications,KimA. Zarillo,Melbourne,ConradinaChapter StevenChaseGardens,StevenChase, Greenacres,PalmBeachChapter SunLandscapeofFlorida,TomLosee, SantaRosaBeach,LongleafPineChapter SweetBayNursery,TomHeitzman,Parrish, SerenoaChapter
TheNatives,William&NancyBissett, Davenport,HeartlandChapter TropicTraditions,JimFleming,Gainesville, PaynesPrairieChapter TropicalTreeworks,BartCoia,Miami,Dade Chapter WaltDisneyWorldHortResourceCtr,Janet Wyatt,LakeBuenaVista,Tarflower Chapter* WilcoxNursery,BruceK.Turley,Largo, PinellasChapter WildFlowersofFlorida,TerryZinn,Alachua, PaynesPrairieChapter
Not-for-ProfitMembers
AudubonofSouthwestFlorida,FortMyers, CoccolobaChapter* Barataria-TerrebonneNEP,DeborahSchultz, Thibodaux BigPineKeyBotanicalSociety,BigPineKey, DadeChapter BirdRescueCenter,AndreaLux,NewSmyrna Beach,PawpawChapter* BrandonRegionalLibrary,Brandon,Suncoast Chapter CityofBocaRaton,SteveBass,BocaRaton, PalmBeachChapter CityofStPeteBeach,TamiNicholas,StPete Beach,PinellasChapter CorkscrewSwampSanctuary,SallyStein, Naples,NaplesChapter 796CEG/CEOMLSelfHelpCenter,Gerry Faircloth&IrmaHarlacher,EglinAFB, LongleafPineChapter FloridaOceanographicSociety,Stuart, CocoplumChapter FloridaWildlifeFederation,PatriciaL. Pearson,Tallahassee,MagnoliaChapter FNGLA(FlaNursery,Growers&Landscape AssociationInc.),BenBolusky,Orlando, TarflowerChapter FriendsofOscarSchererRoss,Delaney Osprey,SerenoaChapter GardenClubofIndianRiverCounty,Vero Beach,EugeniaChapter* GardenClubofStuart,MajoryHolland,Port StLucie,CocoplumChapter HalifaxRiverAudubonSociety,Robinson, DaytonaBeach,PawpawChapter* HeathcoteBotanicalGarden,FortPierce, Lakela’sMintChapter InstituteforRegionalConservation,Keith Bradley&GeorgeGann,Miami,Dade Chapter JupiterFarmEnvironmentalCouncil,Gregory K.Hepler,Jupiter,PalmBeachChapter KeyWest-RecreationDept,CynthiaD. Snell,KeyWest,DadeChapter MarineLab,DanaWingate,KeyLargo,Dade Chapter* MartinCountyAudubonSociety,Stuart, CocoplumChapter* MCCVeniceEarthClub,DeniseBristol, Venice,MangroveChapter* MountsBotanicalGarden,R.AllenSistrunk, WestPalmBeach,PalmBeachChapter NorthBeachAssociationofSt.LucieCity, FortPierce,Lakela’sMintChapter* OxbowEco-Center,SandraBogan,PortSt Lucie,Lakela’sMintChapter PascoCountyCoop.ExtensionService, JeannieHayes,DadeCity,NatureCoast Chapter PreservationFoundationPalmBeach,Neil Schuler,PalmBeach,PalmBeachChapter SCCFNativePlantNursery,BethDegrauwe, Sanibel,CoccolobaChapter SpaceCoastAudubonSociety,Elizabeth Bishop,Cocoa,SeaRocketChapter*
StLucieCountyEnvironmentalResources Division,AmyMott,FtPierce,Lakela’s MintChapter*
StLucieCountyMasterGardeners,LaurieS Hart,FortPierce,Lakela’sMintChapter
TheDisneyWildernessPreserve,Petra Royston,Kissimmee,HeartlandChapter TheSimpleLivingInstitute,TiaSilvasy, Orlando,TarflowerChapter
U.S.G.A.Greensection,John&ShellyFoy, HobeSound,CocoplumChapter VeniceAreaGardenClub,ShirleySmith, Nokomis,SerenoaChapter*
ContributingMembers
Karen&JimAhlers,PaynesPrairieChapter; John(Jay)Allen,SuncoastChapter*;Brooks& NancyArmstrong,SerenoaChapter;Jeanette LeeAtkinson,NaplesChapter;Frank& DorothyBackes,PawpawChapter;Jeff Blakley,DadeChapter;NancyBlumstein, EugeniaChapter;JoanF.Borsik,Conradina Chapter;William&MargaretBroussard, ConradinaChapter;JudithB.Buhrman, PinellasChapter;DorisCain,Lake BeautyberryChapter;ClaudiaCannon, SerenoaChapter;DorothyClark,Lake BeautyberryChapter;MarcieClutter,Citrus Chapter;MaryE.Collins,DadeChapter; ChristineCrawford,ConradinaChapter;Ken Creel,PaynesPrairieChapter;MaryCross, SuncoastChapter;MaryDavidson,Paynes PrairieChapter;Ron&PatriciaDavis,Paynes PrairieChapter;LeeDay,EugeniaChapter*; Sandra&StevenDeese,NatureCoast Chapter;DorisM.Dehler,TarflowerChapter; PeterC.Drummond,PaynesPrairieChapter; Trish&BobEgolf,SerenoaChapter;Charles Ernst,CoccolobaChapter;Jim&Nancy Escoffier,SeaRocketChapter;JulieM. Essman,DadeChapter;IvanE.&Sandra Felton,DadeChapter;David&Jolene Flaugher,HeartlandChapter;KristinFletcher, PaynesPrairieChapter;Robert&JoAnne Fowler,CoccolobaChapter;Dan&Karen Fraley,SerenoaChapter;Marc&TerryGodts, TarflowerChapter;Judy&TravisGordon, PawpawChapter;A.H.&JoyceGray,Lake BeautyberryChapter;DeborahS.Green, TarflowerChapter;Peggy&Michael Gretchen,NatureCoastChapter;Annie& TomGrewe,CoccolobaChapter*;Cristopher Griffiths,BrowardChapter;Bette&James Haeger,EugeniaChapter;JoS.Hanson, SerenoaChapter;DebHarmon,Tarflower Chapter;DaleC.Henderson,PaynesPrairie Chapter;JudithHinds,PawpawChapter*; RoddiHoefert,DadeChapter;Elisabeth Hoffman,PalmBeachChapter*;Peggy&Bill Horsfield,ConradinaChapter;Charlie Houder,PaynesPrairieChapter;GloriaS. Hunter,PalmBeachChapter;Robert& DonnaIng,PaynesPrairieChapter;Joy& JulianJaffe,PinellasChapter;AnnF.Johnson, NatureCoastChapter;EugeneKelly, HernandoChapter;MartaKendrick,Eugenia Chapter*;Reese&HelenKessler,Tarflower Chapter;CraigE.Kolthoff,DadeChapter; John&KathiLange,BrowardChapter; Elizabeth&MichaelLangston,LongleafPine Chapter;TomLeahy,CitrusChapter;Donna Legare&JodyWalthall,MagnoliaChapter; CarolineL.LeGette,CoccolobaChapter; FrancisL.Lenard,PaynesPrairieChapter*; PatriciaLinley,Lakela’sMintChapter;Don& LorraineMargeson,PinellasChapter;DavidL. Martin,EugeniaChapter;Lee&ScottMassey, DadeChapter;AllanMcCarthy&Lee Rathbun,EugeniaChapter;Kim,Kirby&
SpecialContributorstoFNPS
ChrisMcVoy,PalmBeachChapter*;James& JoyceMoore,EugeniaChapter;VinceMorris, HernandoChapter;PatriciaMurphy,Pinellas C hapter;ReedNoss,TarflowerChapter; YvonneNuzzo,HeartlandChapter;MaryAnn O’Daniel,PaynesPrairieChapter;JaneL. Olsen,PinellasChapter;Ronald&Cheryl Oswald,DadeChapter;CarolS.Palmer, TarflowerChapter;Scott&DaraPark,Broward Chapter;AlyceC.Parsons,CitrusChapter*;Ed Bowman&PatrickLucy,MagnoliaChapter; GaryA.Patterson,NaplesChapter;Jesus& LesliePernas-Giz,ConradinaChapter;Phyllis &HalPeters,DadeChapter;CynthiaH. Plockelman,PalmBeachChapter;Elizabeth Pugh;*MichaelE.Raiden,HeartlandChapter; JenniferRichards,DadeChapter;TomRyan, DadeChapter;EvaH.Schliesser,Naples Chapter;PaulA.Schmalzer,PhD,SeaRocket Chapter;ArthurF.Schreiber,LongleafPine Chapter;Jay&ErinSeber,DadeChapter;Bill Showalter,PinellasChapter;Cina&Andy Smith,MagnoliaChapter;Virginia&Terry Smith,ConradinaChapter;RobertH.Smith, DadeChapter;SuzanneB.Speer,PalmBeach Chapter;Diane&RichardStees,SeaRocket Chapter;PaulAustin&MarthaSteuart, ConradinaChapter;William&LennaStone, SuncoastChapter;William&SallyStone,Lake BeautyberryChapter;B.Stinson&A.Taylor, MagnoliaChapter;Gordon&DorisThomas, TarflowerChapter;Victor&EthelTompkins, PinellasChapter;Stephen&SusanTutko, CoccolobaChapter;NancyG.West,Serenoa Chapter;Judith&RogerWetherbee,Tarflower Chapter;MegWhitmer,CocoplumChapter; MaryH.Wigton,NatureCoastChapter;Anne Wilson,Nashville,DadeChapter;MarianaYi Davie,BrowardChapter;ReginaYuhas, ConradinaChapter2003AnnualFund
$100
LarryGreen&DeborahHopkinsGreen, CoccolobaChapter MagdalenaPlewinska,DadeChapter
$25
BelindaM.Chase,SerenoaChapter GlendaS.Wood,PinellasChapter
$50-100
Rev.&Mrs.C.FrederickBuechner,Cocoplum Chapter
Peggy&DonLantz,TarflowerChapter Cheryl&WilliamJones,LongleafPine Chapter
$20-50
KeithA.Aleo,BrowardChapter SallyBraem,PinellasChapter
GwenM.Burzycki,DadeChapter
Dr.&Mrs.WilliamH.Bashaw,Serenoa Chapter
Sam&DeborahDawson,DadeChapter W.Clements&D.Haines,PalmBeach Chapter
DaleC.Henderson,PaynesPrairieChapter JoyceKing,PinellasChapter Elizabeth&MichaelLangston,LongleafPine Chapter BethTorbert&ArdellO’Neal,Suncoast Chapter Russell&MaryanneOwens,SerenoaChapter MarcStewart&GermainePloos,Dade Chapter
JohnStites&AnneSchmidt,Hernando& NatureCoastChapters Victor&EthelTompkins,PinellasChapter Fred&JoAnneTrebatoski,CoccolobaChapter DianeW.Willis,PinellasChapter DavidG.Wilson,MangroveChapter
$20andunder JudyAvril,EugeniaChapter;CathyJ.Ball, PinellasChapter;LolaI.Brett,Pinellas Chapter;RichardCobb,NaplesChapter;Carl Crosson,SuncoastChapter;Mel&Toby Davidow,DadeChapter;MarjorieDodge, PawpawChapter;DavidA.Feagles,Serenoa Chapter;EricFairlee,CoccolobaChapter; Judy&TravisGordon,PawpawChapter;Dana &NancyGriffin,PaynesPrairieChapter;Lois &JamesHigman,PaynesPrairieChapter; CarolHorvitz,PhD,DadeChapter;Christine Lockhart,PalmBeachChapter;Patrick Mahoney,MagnoliaChapter;LeeR.Miller, MD,SuncoastChapter;CarolynL.Moore, CoccolobaChapter;Dominick&Renee Montanaro,ConradinaChapter;Carolyn Murphey,CoccolobaChapter;NancyOgden, PinellasChapter;VeronicaS.Pantelidis,PhD, EugeniaChapter;LianeM.Pizzo,Tarflower Chapter;MaryRizzotte,PinellasChapter;Jay &ErinSeber,DadeChapter;Ann&Timothy Seidenkranz,SerenoaChapter;MatthewKing &KristineaSerbesoff-King,PalmBeach Chapter;BrigitteLichy&TedShaffer,Dade Chapter;RobertH.Smith,DadeChapter; EllenTannehill,PalmBeachChapter;Barbara &CharlesVenuto,SeaRocketChapter;Regina Yuhas,ConradinaChapter.
$500
DavidW.Lei,FNPSVicePresidentfor Finance,PalmBeachChapter
$50-100
Rev.&Mrs.C.FrederickBuechner,Cocoplum Chapter CarolS.Palmer,TarflowerChapter BettyWargo,SuncoastChapter
$20-50
Ginger&DanielMetraux,BrowardChapter BobStamps&LorettaSatterthwaite,Tarflower Chapter
HaroldC.Wiedemann,PalmBeachChapter ChrisBittle,MagnoliaChapter AmelieC.Blyth,LongleafPineChapter GwenM.Burzycki,DadeChapter BobFunari,PinellasChapter ChristinaB.Purinton,EugeniaChapter JohnStites&AnnieSchmidt,Hernando& NatureCoastChapters HarryScottTaylor,SerenoaChapter SteveUrse,MagnoliaChapter LisaAnneWarren,DadeChapter RichardCobb,NaplesChapter James&MaryHelmers,TarflowerChapter AmyKimball-Murley,DadeChapter T.S.&PatriciaPennington,LakeBeautyberry Chapter Melody&JohnStaunton,PinellasChapter Audrey&JapeTaylor,PaynesPrairieChapter Gregg&AsliWalker,TarflowerChapter
Under$20
LolaI.Brett,PinellasChapter;CherieE. JenniferRichards,DadeChapter Regis&SusanSimasek,TarflowerChapter BobStamps&LorettaSatterthwaite,Tarflower Chapter
Bryant,LongleafPineChapter;Mel&Toby Davidow,DadeChapter;MarjorieDodge, PawpawChapter;Rick&PermeliaEhle, TarflowerChapter;Doug&BarbaraElvers, CitrusChapter;EricFairlee,Coccoloba Chapter;DavidA.Feagles,SerenoaChapter; IvanE.&SandraFelton,DadeChapter; EmilyFerguson,SuncoastChapter;Marc& TerryGodts,TarflowerChapter;Dana& NancyGriffin,PaynesPrairieChapter;John F.Jordan,LongleafPineChapter;Jonathan Jordan,PaynesPrairieChapter;Caroline Lewis,ConradinaChapter;BarbaraJ. Liberman,PalmBeachChapter;Patrick Mahoney,MagnoliaChapter;Dominick& ReneeMontanaro,ConradinaChapter; NancyOgden,PinellasChapter;LianeM. Pizzo,TarflowerChapter;JoanneShrewsbury, PinellasChapter;Roy&EllenSimmons,Sea RocketChapter;JacquelyneTate,Tarflower Chapter;EllenTannehill,PalmBeach Chapter;SusanD.Thompson,Eugenia Chapter;MarianaYi,BrowardChapter.
A NNUALFUND :TheAnnualFundisa specialannualfundraisingcampaign heldeachfall.Fundsaredeposited intheGeneralFund.
ENDOWMENT FUND :TheEndowment Fundisaninterest-earningfund, andtheinterestisusedtofund nativeplantresearchscholarships awardedattheannualconference. Formoreinformationon EndowmentFundresearchprojects, pleasecontactShirleyDenton, ScienceChair,orDr.RichardP. Wunderlin(seeFNPSOfficers& Otherssectioninthismagazine).
G ENERAL FUND :TheGeneralFundconstitutesgeneralrevenuesforFNPS andisspentatthediscretionofthe FNPSBoardofDirectorsonadvocacy,communications,conservation, education,andscienceprograms. TheFNPSannualbudgetisdevelopedeachfallbytheBoardof Directors,withproposalsfromcommitteechairsandchapterrepresentativescoordinatedthroughthe FNPSVicePresidentofFinance.
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TheFloridaNativePlantSocietyis registeredasacharitableorganizationwiththeFloridaDepartmentof Agriculture&ConsumerServices (FDACS)(Reg.No.CH3021).Acopy ofregistrationandfinancialinformationisavailablebycallingtollfre
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FNPSCHAPTERS.FNPSisorganizedinto26 regionalchapters,eachservingoneormore counties.Somecounties,suchasBrevard, Marion,andSarasotaCounties,areservedby morethanonechapter.Eachchapterhasa uniquenamerepresentingtheregionoralocally importantnativeplant.Mostchaptersmeet monthly,witheducationalprogramsopentothe
1.BrowardChapter: Meets2ndTues.7:30pm, SecretWoodsNatureCenter,2701W.StateRd 84,FortLauderdale.Contact:AnnMurray,954523-0288.ChapterRep:MollyTaylor,954-9891417ormotaylor@broward.org
2.CitrusChapter: Meetinglocationsvary. ContactJimBierly,ChapterPresident,fordirections:352-382-3365or527-4300,jbierly@tampabay.rr.com.
3.CoccolobaChapter: Meets2ndThurs.,7:00 pm(Sept-May);formeetinglocationssee www.fnps-coccolobachapter.org.Contact:Chapter RepMarkMiller,239-275-6891orCelia Beamish,cecilia.e.beamis@aphis.usda.gov
4.CocoplumChapter:Meets4thTues.,7:00pm; EnvironmentalCenter,2900IndianRiverDr, JensenBeach,justsouthofOceanBreezePark andJensenBeachBlvd.ChapterRep:Joan Bausch,772-219-8285orjclb@gate.net.
5.ConradinaChapter:Meets2ndMon.ofSeptNov.&Jan.-May,7:00pm,MelbournePublic LibraryonFeeAveindowntownMelbourne. ChapterRep:TravisMacClendon,321-254-9769 ortmacclendon@cfl.rr.com
6.DadeChapter: Meets4thTues.,7:30pm; CorbinBldg.,FairchildTropicalGarden,10901 OldCutlerRd,Miami.Contact:PattyPhares, 305-255-6404.ChapterRep:SteveWoodmansee, stevewoodmansee@bellsouth.net, www.fnps.org/chapters/dade.
7.EugeniaChapter: Meets3rdThurs.,7:30pm; BoathouseoftheFloridaMedicalEntomology Lab.,2009thSTSE,VeroBeach.Contact:Judy Avril,772-567-1565,jfavril1@comcast.net. ChapterRep:SueThompson,sue@pa-services.com
8.HeartlandChapter: Willmeet1/11,3/8,5/1, 7/1/2005at6:30pm,PinesBoardRoom,United Way,HighlandCity,5605US98S,between LakelandandBartow.CallCarriePlair,863-6838094oremailKeelyPeschkpesch@earthlink.net formoreinfo.
9.HernandoChapter: Meets1stMon.ofevery monthat6:30pm,HernandoCounty CooperativeExtensionOffice,19490OliverSt, Brooksville.ContactCindyLiberton,352-5832384orliberton@earthlink.net.Chapter Representative:arivrsingr@earthlink.net
10.LakeBeautyberryChapter: MeetsatAg CenterAuditorium,ExtensionBldg.30205SR 19,southofTavares,2:00p.m.onthirdSun.of Jan.,Mar.,May,Jul.,Sept.,&Nov.Fieldtripson alternatingSaturdays.ChapterRep:NadineFoley, 352-669-2398,diney37@aol.com.
11.Lakela’sMintChapter: Meets2ndTues.,6:00 pm,atOxbowLearningCenter,5400NESt. JamesDr(S25thSt),PortSt.Lucie(approx.1.5 mi.southofMidwayRdornorthofAiroso Blvd.).ChapterRep:AmyMott,772-466-3042 oramyemott@aol.com.
12.LongleafPineChapter: Meets2ndThurs., usually6:30pm,TryonBranchofWestFlorida RegionalLibrary,5740N9thAve,Pensacola. Contact:VickyButts,850-492-7692orCheryl Jonesat850-476-6166
13.LyoniaChapter: Meets2ndTues.,7:00pm, VolusiaCountyAgCenter,SR44.Contact
RandallSleister,386-574-6239orsleister@totcon.com.ChapterRep:RayJarrett,jarretr@doacs.state.fl.usor386-760-8351
14.MagnoliaChapter: Meets1stThurs.,7pm; Brokaw-McDougallHouse,329NMeridianSt, Tallahassee.ChapterRep:NiaWellendort,850893-4229ornijole.wellendorf@gmail.com
15.MangroveChapter: Meets2ndTues.,7:00pm, Oct-MayatLemonBayPark,570BayParkBlvd., Englewood.ChapterRep:BobbiRodgers, 941/505-8243.ContactAlSquires,941-6973710,bugdr@sunline.net
16.NaplesChapter: Meets4thMon(exceptholidays)Oct-May,7:30pm;ConservancyNature Center,1450MerrihueDr,Naples.Contact ChapterRepDuaneRepp,dlrman@aol.comor 941-262-4270.
17.NatureCoastChapter: Meets2ndTues.,7:30 pm;St.MarksPresbyterianChurch,7922State Rd52,Hudson.ChapterRep:GeneSchell,727857-1211orkg64834@aol.com
18.PalmBeachCountyChapter: Meets3rd Tues,7:30pm,MountsBotanicalGarden,531 MilitaryTrail,WestPalmBeach.ChapterRep: CynthiaPlockelman,561-585-1278, cplocke@mindspring.com
19.PawpawChapter: Meets3rdTues.,7:00pm; SicaHallCommunityCenter,1065DaytonaAve, HollyHill.ChapterRepresentative:DonSpence, 386-441-4104,spence@spence.com
20.PaynesPrairieChapter: Meets2ndTues., 7:30pm,DoyleConnerBldg,1911SW34St, Gainesville.DoesnotmeetJun.-Aug.orDec. ChapterRep:ErickSmith,edsmith@ufl.edu, 352-380-0648.AlsocontactClaudiaLarsen,352-
466-3880,clarsen@mail.ifas.ufl.edu.
21.PinellasChapter: Meets1stWed.,7:30pm, MoccasinLakeNaturePark,2750ParkTrailLn, Clearwater.Infoline:727-544-7341.Chapter Rep:DebbieChayet,djc1@earthlink.net.Also contactCathyQuindiagan,727-864-4242or cquindaga@aol.com
22.SeaRocketChapter: Meets4thWed.,7pm; BrevardCountyExtensionService,3695LakeDr, Cocoa.ChapterRep:EileenSzuchy,321-6345248orbidensz1@yahoo.com.AlsocontactPaula Berntson,321-459-3606orjepasm.3@juno.com
23.SerenoaChapter: Meets3rdMon.,7:00pm; SelbyBotanicalGardens,811PalmAveS, Sarasota.ChapterRep:MikeKenton,envequity@comcast.netor941-355-1267.Alsocontact BobEgolf,941-351-2961or begolf@pcsonline.com
24.SouthRidgeChapter: Meets1stSat.atvaryingtimes&locations;callNormanCook,863414-4729,normansnativeplants@yahoo.com
25.SuncoastChapter: Meets3rdWed.,7:00pm, LearningGateCharterSchool,16331HannaRd, Lutz.ChapterRep:AmeéBailey,aturtle2c@aol.comor863-206-3439.Contact:Dick Wunderlin,rwunder@chuma1.cas.usf.edu. Chapterwebsite:www.fnps.org/chapters/suncoast
26.TarflowerChapter: Meets1stTues.,7:00pm; HarryP.LeuGardens,1920NForestAve, Orlando,exceptforJune.ChapterRep:Gregg Walker,407-359-0506orasligregg@aol.com.
TheLantanaMess
ACriticalLookattheGenusinFlorida
ByRogerL.Hammer
Thereismuchcontroversy, concern,andconfusion whenitcomestothe native,naturalized,andcultivatedmembersofthegenus Lantana inFlorida.Firstofall, thereareonlythreespeciesthatare definitelynativetothestate. Lantanacanescens,orhammock lantana,isabushyshrubwithvery smallheadsofyellow-centered whiteflowers.ThisWestIndian speciesoccursalonghammock marginsofMiami-DadeCounty andisextremelyrare. Lantana involucrata,orwildsage,isabushy oruprightshrubwithyellow-centeredwhiteflowersthatareoften blushedwithviolet.IttooisaWest Indianspecieswithanaturalrange thatextendsintoFloridawhereitis commoninthecentralandsoutherncounties,includingtheFlorida Keys.Andthenthere’s Lantana depressa,avariableshrubwithyellowflowersthatisendemicto Florida.
RogerSanders,whostudiedthe
Wildlantana, Lantanainvolucrata.DrawingfromCoastal DunePlants,GumboLimboNatureCenter,1991,and reproducedherewithpermissionoftheartist,PalmBeach ChaptermemberPenelopeHonychurchBillingham.
genus Lantana extensivelyinFloridaandauthored“Identityof Lantanadepressa and L.ovatifolia (VERBENACEAE)ofFloridaandthe Bahamas”(SYSTEMATIC BOTANY [1987],12:[1],pp.44-60), describedthreedistinctvarietiesof Lantanadepressa.Thetypical variety, Lantanadepressa var. depressa,orrocklandlantana,isalowgrowingshrubthatisendemictopinerocklandhabitatofsouthern Miami-DadeCounty. Lantanadepressa var. floridana isalargebushy yellow-floweredshrubthatisendemictosandyshorelinesandrelict inlanddunesofFlorida’seastcoast.Andthenthereis Lantana depressa var. sanibelensis,alargebushyyellow-floweredshrubthat occursalongFlorida’swestcoastandalsooccasionallyinland.
RichardWunderlinincludedtheselasttwovarietiesassynonyms oftheinvasiveexotic Lantanacamara inthe GuidetotheVascular PlantsofFlorida (UniversityPressofFlorida,SecondEdition, 2003).Earlierauthors(J.K.Small,1933;Long&Lakela,1976) referredtothemasvarietiesof Lantanaovatifolia,aspeciesnow regardedasendemictotheBahamas.Whethertheyareconsidered tobevarietiesof Lantanadepressa orvarietiesof Lantanacamara, thesetwobushy,yellow-floweredlantanasappeartobeendemicto Florida.Therefore,resourcemanagersshouldtreattheseasendemic taxaregardlessofthecurrenttaxonomicuncertainty.Toavoidconfusingthesetaxawiththetypical Lantanacamara,theywillbe referredtointhisarticle,perSanders’study,asvarietiesof Lantana depressa
TheproblemspeciesinFlorida is Lantanacamara,whichis thoughttohaveoriginatedinthe WestIndiesbutisnowacosmopolitanweedoftropical,subtropical, andwarmtemperateregions.Itis highlyvariablewithpossiblyas manyas650namedhybridvarietiesworldwide(manyofthesemay besynonyms).Asaspecies,itis verycomplexandtaxonomically confusing,andiseventhoughtto haveoriginatedfrominterbreeding betweentwoormoretropical Americanspecies.Theresulting hybridshavethenbeenvariously referredtoasseparatespecies,subspecies,varieties,forms,biotypes, andcultivars.Thisgoesalongway towardexplainingitstaxonomic complexityandtheresultingtaxonomicconfusion.
Lantanacamara isnotoriously poisonousanddeathshavebeen reportedthroughoutitsrange, includingFlorida.Thegreen, unripefruitscanbefataltohumans ifeaten(butripefruitsareharmless),andtheleavesareexceptionallytoxictograzingcattle.The leavescanalsocauseacuteliverproblemstodogs.Theplantisso toxicthatitisbannedinmuchofAfricatohelpprotectvaluable livestock.Gettingcaughtwithaplantonone’spropertyinsome Africancountriescanresultinfines,incarceration,andbeatings. Millionsofdollarshavebeenspentsearchingforbiologicalagentsto control Lantanacamara anditevenhasthedubiousdistinctionof beingthemoststudiedweedintheworld.InAustralia,itisregarded asthemosttroublesomepoisonousplantinagriculturalareas. Curiouslythough, Lantanacamara,inallofitsmyriadcolorforms, remainsaverypopularlandscapeplantinFloridaandotherwarm regionsoftheUnitedStates.Perhapsgardenersdisregarditspoisonouspropertiesbecauseitthrivesindry,poorsoilswhereotherlandscapeplantsfail,andthecolorfulflowersattractamultitudeofbutterflies.
Lantanacamara isnotonlynaturalizedthroughoutmuchof Florida,italsohascontaminatedthegenepoolofallthreevarieties ofFlorida’sendemic Lantanadepressa throughhybridization.Indeed, itisbecomingincreasinglydifficulttofindunadulterated Lantana depressa becausemostpopulationshave Lantanacamara growing wildamongthem.Theleavesofhybridsareoftensquaredoff(truncate)atthebasetosomedegree,sometimesononlyonesideofthe leafblade.Theflowersofhybridsopenyellowbutturnpinkish orangewithage,andthemarginalteethontheleavesofhybrids
tendtobemorenumerous.Sanders’studyshowedthatoneachside oftheleafbladeof Lantanadepressa var. depressa therearemostly310teeth, L.depressa var. floridana hasmostly10-15teeth, L.depressa var. sanibelensis hasmostly8-13teeth,andthehybridshavemarginal teethnumberingfrom10-25perside. Lantanacamara has15-30 marginalteethperside.
M OUNDSOF G OLD
Thelow-growinglantanaswithyellowflowersmostoftenseenin cultivationinFloridaare Lantanacamara hybrids,andaresold undersuchtradenamesas'GoldMound,''NewGold,''GoldRush' and'BananaYellow.'Toachievethelow,moundingortrailing growthhabit, Lantanamontevidensis issometimesusedasaparentin hybridizing(althoughsomecultivarsofthisspeciesinFloridaappear tobesterile).ThisSouthAmericanspecieshasatrailinggrowth habitandwhite-centeredlavenderflowersbut,throughcrossingand back-crossingwith Lantanacamara,anumberofcolorfulhybrids havebeenachievedforthenurserytrade.Hybridizationoftenresults insterility,whichisgoodforgardenersbecausesterileplantsare morefloriferous,andgoodfortheenvironmentbecausetheycannot escapecultivation.BijanDehganoftheUniversityofFlorida, InstituteofFood&AgriculturalSciences(IFAS)found,forinstance, that'NewGold'isnotonlymalesterilebutalsopracticallyfemale sterile.Hisresearchhasalsoshowedthatmanyotherlantanacultivarsaresterileaswell.
Thegreatestconfusionandcontroversyexistsintheyellow-floweredtrailingormoundingplantsthataresoldintheFloridanursery trade.'GoldMound'istheplantthatismostoftensoldtoan unwittingpublicasFlorida’sendemic Lantanadepressa var. depressa 'GoldMound'appearstobesterileandhascheerygoldenyellow flowersthatpracticallycovertheplant.Asitscultivarnameimplies, itformsmoundsofstemsthatspreadoutwardfromthecentral trunk.'GoldMound'isnow,however,givingwayinpopularityto 'NewGold,'acultivarselectedoutofaresearchtrialatTexasA& MUniversitybecauseofitsadvertised“seedlessnature,longand profusebloomperiod,compactgrowthform,andrelativecoldhardiness.”Atmaturity,'GoldMound'and'NewGold'reach18-24" talland3-4'wideormore.
Anotherlow-growinghybridcalled'CreamCarpet'hasyellowcenteredcreamywhiteflowersthatbecomesolidwhite.Andthen thereis'BananaYellow,'ahybridwithtwo-tonedyellowflowersthat turncreamywhitewithayellowcenter.
T ROUBLEIN PARADISE
WhenaskedbytheeditortoresearchlantanasinFloridaforthis article,myintentwastofinallylaytorestwhetherornot Lantana depressa var. depressa is,infact,cultivatedinFlorida.Aftervisitinga numberoflargewholesaleandretailnurseriesinBrowardand Miami-Dadecountiesthatgrowlantana,eachnurseryhadwhatthey call Lantanadepressa var. depressa,butmanyoftheplantshadobviousdifferences—notonlyfromnurserytonursery,butalsowithin thesamebatchofplantslabeled Lantanadepressa.Somehadvery coarseteethalongtheleafmarginswhileothershadveryshallowserrations(almostscalloped).Manyhadleavesthatexceedthesizelimitsoftrue Lantanadepressa var. depressa andIneversawasingle fruitingplantinanynursery.
Thenurserymanwhowasthemostadamantaboutthecorrect identityofhis Lantanadepressa stockshowedmeplantswithyellowcenteredcreamy-whiteflowers.Surprisingly,asearchfor Lantana depressa ontheInternetrevealedquiteanumberofnurseriesadvertisingthisveryplant,which,ifIhadtomakeaneducatedguess,is
'CreamCarpet.'IalsorecallseeingthisplantbeingsoldatFlorida NativePlantSocietystateconferencesbynurseriesthatspecializein Floridanativeplants.Whateveritis,itcertainlyisnotnativeto Florida.Oneothernurserymanwhowas“prettysure”thathewas growing Lantanadepressa var. depressa,hadrowsofbrightyellowfloweredplantswithveryfineserrationsontheleafmarginsthat lookedpracticallyidenticaltotheleavesof Lantanamontevidensis Itwasdefinitelyahybridofsomesort—perhapsa Lantanamontevidensis crosswithsomeformof L.camara.Yetanothernurseryman opinedthattheoriginalmaterialofhisstockplantsof Lantana depressa var. depressa was“wildcollectedinBrowardCounty” which,incidentally,iswelloutsideitsnaturalrangeinFlorida.Also, becauseofthewidespreadcontaminationofthe Lantanadepressa var. depressa genepoolinMiami-DadeCountypinerocklands, nurserymenwhoclaimtohavegottentheirstockplantsfromthe wildwithinitsnaturalrangemayactuallyhavecollectedmaterial fromhybrids.
MymostdisturbingdiscoveryontheInternetwasaUniversity ofFlorida,IFAS,websitethatreportedtheirSpring2003Field Trialsfor Lantanadepressa var. depressa.Therewerefivephotographsshowingthegrowthrateoftheplant,buttheproblemis thatwhattheyweregrowingturnedintoaverybushywhite-floweredplantthatlookedtobearound4feettall.SoifIFAS researcherscanmisidentifyalantanatheyaretesting,itisnotsurprisingthatthereissomuchconfusioninthenurserytrade.
D ON ’T S HOOTTHE M ESSENGER
Becausethelow-growing,yellow-floweredlantanasincultivationvarysomuchinleafcharacteristics,growthhabit,andother dissimilarities,Iremainveryskepticalwhetherornotpureunadulterated Lantanadepressa var. depressa isbeingcultivatedinthe mainstreamFloridanurseries.RogerSanders’studyshowedthat Lantanadepressa isdiploidandFloridapopulationsof Lantana camara aretetraploid.A2003managementstatusreportbythe AustralianCentreforInternationalAgriculturalResearchshowed thatseveralvarietiesof Lantanacamara inAustraliaaretriploid, oneisdiploid,andoneispentaploid.Inordertoclearupthismess inFlorida,genetictestingneedstobeconducted,notonlyonwild populationsoflantana,butcultivatedmaterialaswell.Then,and onlythen,couldnurseriesandtheircustomersbeconfidentthat whattheyaregrowing,selling,andpurchasingaretrulynative plants.
Butthere’sstillanotherproblem.Simplybecauseaplantis nativetoFloridadoesnotmeanthatnative-plantenthusiastsand native-plantnurseriesshouldbepropagatinganddisseminating Floridanativeplantswelloutsideoftheirnaturalrange.Remember thatnativeplantscanescapecultivationtoo.Take,forexample, WestIndianMahogany(Swieteniamahagoni)andRoyalPalm (Roystonearegia),whicharebothnativetopartsofsouthernMiamiDadeCountybuthavenowescapedcultivation(oftenfromstreet plantings)outsideoftheirhistoricnaturalrangewithinthecounty. Theynowhavetobecontrolledinnaturalareasbyresourcemanagers.
Soconsiderthis: Lantanadepressa var. depressa isendemicto pinerocklandsofsouthernMiami-DadeCountyand,therefore, shouldnotbepropagatedincommercialquantitiesforsaleanddistributionalloverFlorida,muchlessinTexas,Arizona,andelsewhere.TheInstituteforRegionalConservation,basedinMiamiDadeCounty,isevenpromotingtheconceptofplantingspecies thatarenativetoyourZipCode,whichwouldgoalongway
Lantanadepressa var. depressa photographed inthewildonLongPineKeyinEverglades NationalPark.Itisendemictosouthern Miami-DadeCountypinerocklands.
'CreamCarpet,'a Lantanacamara hybrid thatisoftenerroneouslysoldasFlorida’s endemic Lantanadepressa var. depressa.Note the2-tonedflowers.
Lantanadepressa var. floridana photographed inthewildonKeyBiscayneinMiami-Dade County.Itisendemictoeasterncoastal Floridaandinlandrelictdunes.
'GoldMound,'averypopular Lantanacamara hybridthatisthemostcontroversiallantanainFloridabecauseitiswidelyofferedas theendemic Lantanadepressa var. depressa. Thegoodnewsisthatit’ssterile.
towardkeepingnativeplantswithintheirnaturalrangeinFlorida.
Becausethereissomuchconfusionandcontroversyinthenursery tradeoverwhatis Lantanadepressa var. depressa andwhatisnot, native-plantenthusiastsandnurseriesspecializinginnativeplants shouldavoidlow-growing,yellow-floweredlantanasentirelyanduse thewidespreadnative Lantanainvolucrata orsomeothersuitable speciesinstead.
Irealizethatthisopinionwillnotbepopularamongthemanyfine membersoftheAssociationofFloridaNativeNurseriesbuttherearea lotoflantanasbeingsoldasFloridanativesthatareclearlynot,and thereappearstobenoindisputabledistinctionbetweentheplants beingsoldas Lantanadepressa var. depressa andtheknown Lantana camara hybrids.Soifyouareanative-plantaficionado,itisbetterto erronthesideofcautionwhenitcomestothislantanamess.
Lantanacamara,aspeciesbelievedtobeof hybridoriginthatisnowwidespreadinwarm regionsoftheworld.NaturalizedinFlorida, widelycultivated,andusedtocreatemany colorfulhybrids.Thetwocolorformsinthe photoarefromseparatewildplantsinFlorida.
'BananaYellow,'a Lantanacamara hybrid thatisrelativelynewtotheFloridanursery trade.Notethattheflowerschangefrom2tonedyellowtowhitewithayellowcenter.
Lantanamontevidensis,a trailingspecies nativetoSouth America.Itis naturalizedand cultivatedin Floridaandused inhybridsfor thenursery trade.
N OTE :TheauthorwouldliketothankGeorgeGann(Institutefor
Andwhatamessitis.WeaskedDr.RichardWunderlin, UniversityofSouthFloridaInstituteofSystematic
Botany,howtosort outallthe“native” lantanasnowsoldin thenurserytrade.He referredustoRoger Hammerastheindividualwhohad “donethemostwork [research]onthis.” Rogerhas,inturn, donehisusualexcellentjob,although fewmaybepleased withthebottomline. Ontheotherhand, perhapswecanlook forwardtoincreased availabilityof
Lantana canescens,a veryrare WestIndian species restrictedin Floridato onlyafew hammocksin Miami-Dade County.
Lantanainvolucrata,onespeciesthatdoesn’tseemto haveanidentityorheritageproblem.
DiscoveringFlorida’sEthnobotany Cordia
BLOOD-BERRY ORBUTTERFLYSAGE?
Thesephotosshowhow Cordia globosa gotitstraditionalcommon name,blood-berry(notverypretty butmuchbetterthansomeofthe rathercrudenamesgiventoanothercommoncordiainFlorida, C. sebestena,nowthankfullyknown tomostofusasGeigertree).
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Lantana involucrata, aWest Indian speciesthat iscommon incentral andsouthern Florida, mostlyalong thecoast.
TheFloridaNativePlantSociety POBox278 MelbourneFL32902-0278
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