VOLUME 1, NUMBER 3
FLORIDA NATIVE PLA NT SOCIETY 935 Orange Ave , Winter Park, Florida 32789
AUGUST, 1981
BE A WATER-SAVER!
by Dr. Roli<ert 1- Black
The demand o n Florida' s li m ited water supp ly i ncrt'ases ste,,dily as t he popu lat ion cont inu es 10 g row ,md t he state becomes more urb an ized. T hi s proble m has b ee n c_ompounded by the recent drought. \/\later supp li es M e ext re me ly low ,111<1 rest r ict ions on "Nater use fo r irr igat ion of la nds cape p lan ts are bc i ng en fo rced in many parts o f the stale.
The fo ll owing a rc t ips to lwlp yo u use l im ited irriga 1ion ·wa te r i) S effici ently as poss ible.
Stre tc h th e numbe r of days o r weeks bet ween wa te ring to ihe longes l su itable interval.
Soa k d ee p ly. Light spri nk l ings w<1 ste water and do li ttl e to sat isfy th e wa te r
r equire1nents of a p lant.
Adju st sprin klers 10 avo id waste to sidewa l k s, stree ts a nd gu tte rs.
Keep sp ri n kie r heads cle an I o assure even d i srr ibut ion of wat e r.
Check hose a nd f~ u cet washers
\•V;Jte r !awns i n th e etuf y morn ing hours. Water i ng du ri ng th e day can v,,·a sl e \.Vat e r th rough excess i ve evapo ration .
Remove tha tch fro m turf. i\ I h ick 1. h a1ch layer rest ri cts water movem e nt into I he soi I.
I nc rease mow ing he ight o f lawns Th is im: re<1secJ h e ig ht allows th e p lant l o deve lop d eep e r root system
Con l ro l al l w e.eds. Weeds ex hau sl wa te r which may be needed to keep p la nt s al ive.
Reclu ct~ fe rt i li ze r ap~>lic:at ions. Fert il ize r p ro motes g rowth a nd will in • cre<i sc the need fo r w ate r.
Prune. I f wa I e r suppl y is so lim ited 1ha1 l itera l survi va l o f pl ~n ts is in qu est io n, app rec iab le µrun ing ca n be done at the pea k of wc1te r shorta ge I mp r ove so i l. The addition o f orwinic matter (peat , co m post, w e ll rotted m anu re, b ark, etc .) to sa ndy soi l w ill increase its wate r re te nt ion und th ere fore reduc e the frequ ency o f watering.
Mulch. Use 2 inches oi mul c h on annu a l b ed areas and ,iround 1rees and shru bs.
Cull out poor woody plan ts. Do n' t wa ste w ate r ca rin g for ma rgi nal o r und esi ra b le p la n 1s
NOTICE OF FNPS MEETING
A sla lewide meeting of lhe membership of The Florida Native Plant Society will he h el d al Highlands Hammock State Park on Salurda)', September 19, 19111, for lhe purpose oi el ecling a board oi directors and officers, adopting the establishing r esoluti o n and by-laws, and addressing su ch other busin ess as may come before t he membershi p. (M,,p oi Po rk, p 1 1
Lt. Dic k Roberts, D i str ic t V I I Natura l ist. wi ll lead a fi e ld I r ip throug h the pa r k du ring t h e day.
Overn i g ht camping a r ea s w i th tab les, gri ll s, a nd res 1roo m s a.-e ava ilab le fo r $5 p lus tax a n igh t, u p 10 i ou r pe rsons per CJ mpsi l e $'I pN pe r • son ext ra is ch~ rged for l ive to e ig h t people. S2 more i o r elect r icity
Fac il it ies opt'n from 8 AM to 10 PM Friday a nd Sa tu rday .
Primiti ve camping areas have o utdoor restrooms and wa te r by h and p ump fo r $2 p lu s tax per nigh t.
As of Ju ly 22, we h :,ve i nfo rmation
on the fo ll o w in g m otel ril tes w i thin ii ten mil e rad iu s of H igh lands H a mmoc k (all $ plus tax):
Sa fari I n n . '1406 US Hwy 27 No.
Se bri ng, 8 H/3 tl2 - I 1 48
Double $32, Single $2 6
Clayton's Motor Inn, 4 867 Hwy 27 So
Seb r in g, lll3i385-0135
Do ub le S 15, Sing le $14
Mi l ler Mote l, 375 1 U S Hwy 27 So
Seb ri ng, Ill 3/385 -5049
Doub le $20, Sing le S 18
H o liday Mot el, 29 19 Hwy 25 So .
Se brin g, !l13/385-6 1 11
Do ub le $2 4, Si ng h, $22
O I her mo te ls w i th i n th e $;tm e rnd i us, but for which we do not h ave nl l eS, indude:
Pa rk sho re Motel, 1 25 P.uk St.
Se bring, 813/382-1 148
Sunset Beach Mote l, 2221 S.E Lakev iew D r., Seb ri ng, 8 13i385 -6 129
So uth ernai r c Motel, US H wy 27 So ,\von Park , 8 13/453 -3165
Reed 's ,'v\o tel, Hw y 27 So Avon Pa rk, 813i4 53-3 194
2, A uf,!U !:i l , l '>U I, (ht• l'Al.f\.1El'l'0
T H E PALME TTO
935 Ora nge, Ave. , \ .Vin t~ r Park, FL :12 i69
Pegg)· S. La nl z, Edil or I HF. PA I.MCTTO HSSN-02ib--1 l ( , 4;, I:, 1n 1blis l H:d <111 ,uw rh· by The Flo rida Na 1ive rl.1111 Societv un<Jc, the ,u.:-picc:: l)i The En • vrro nme-nt,) i' lnfom 1a1su n C<->ntE-'r ,mrl T h t
1:10 , id.i C on:w t\•,1 11n n fo t1nd,1l1on , f\.'o p:. 11 ol t hi!> p 11bl ic,1 li on lll<l\' be r c;>,o<luct::d wi lhoul w ri ll f'n j)l!fl"u i 5.$iun ui lhEe• [d rtor o r lh (' Publ i sher. ;-\1t 1d c5 on :iny aspe<:I of rlof'i<fa f\a 1ivi ! F'l,1n 1s .ve io vitcd. lndud<" draw ings 0 1 pho 1os i i po:;sihlt!, They w ill be h;111cJ lc L1 -w1t h c ,m.!, ,1 nd w ill be ,c•luumd ii • ,'(m ind ude J st•l f,add rcsst-:d. 1,1m p .:,->(f en el opc. Sc-11 d to r c My S I :--. nt1, Edito t, Th<: P<thn<::tto. Rt , 3, Hm.: i1 Ji, O d ,J •Hfo, f L nn 11 ios/299 -1472
ESTABLISHING RESOLUTION AND BY-LAWS
OF THE FLORIDA NATIVE P LAN T SOCIETY
Whe r eas th e ra p i d popula t i o n grow th , des tru ct ive l and use poli cies and p rac ti ces, and t he establis hme nt of nu i sa nce exot ic p la nt species have g rea tfy reduced and e r1dan gered Flori da's nativ e env iro nm ent, and W h ereas Flo ri da's nat i ve env ironme nt Is composed o f a un i q ue and h i gh l y d i verse l lora unp arall el e d in l he Un i t ed States, and Whereas t he nat i ve fl o ra provi des irrep t acab le aest he ti c q ua lil ies and b enefits t o th o hea lt h, sa fety, a nd welfa re o r t he p ub li c, be i t reso lve d t hat
We, th e me mbe rs o f t he Florid a Nat ive Pla nt Societ y, in o rd er to in su re t he prese rva ti o n of ou r na t ive flo ra fo r prese nt and fut ure gene rat ion s, do es t ab li sh the Fl orida N at ive P la nt So ciety
ARTIC LE I. PU RPOSE OF TH E SOC IETY Th e puipose o f t he Fl ori da Native Pl a n t Soc i e t y (FN PS} i s t h e prese r vation , c onso r• va ti on and ro s1ora.1ion o f l he nat i ve p l a ,, l s and n ative pl an l commu ni tie s o f Fl o ri da
(The remainder of the By-taws have been sumrna.1i zed rmd abridged. Fo r a copy of the compl e t e d ocumeot, write BUI P:utfngtorJ, 935 Orat l!JP. Ave nve, Winter Park, Florida 32789 }
Ar ti cle I inc lu des t ile En • , iro n me n ta l Goats: as outl i ne d Ill t h e l u st parngraptl of Th e Pur pose; Education a l Goal s; g athe ri n g and dis t ri b u t i on or in formation, c n c o u ra9c • mon t of rese arch, pub li ca ti on o f Ille ne ws l elte r a n d re port s, o r gani za ti on o f co n · terences and works ho p s, and e n cou rage• mol)l o f ne w m e mhe r $h i ps aod ch41 pt e ,s: and Publi c Pol icy Go a l s: p r o vi d in g in fo rma· Uo 1 , to govern m en t o ffi c i a l s, bus h,esse s, t h e me d i f.l.. t h e publ i c, e 1c.
ART ICLE II. M E MBERS H IP, Any perso11 o r gro up i nter ested in F lori da n at i ve p l a n ts may b Acom e a member o f FN PS , and 1 , a.s the ri g h t to vot e and to p a r tic i pate i n S t a t e Di st ri c t, a ,,d Loca l m eetinf)s upon paymen t
o f a n n ua l d ues se t by tho B oard of Dln:Jc· tor s Each m em be , sh a ll recei ve w rillen n o ti c~ a t l eas t three week s p rior 10 any S t a te wid e m eeti ng
{N OTICE ol the Slatew i de meeting to be he l d September 1 9, 1981 , at H i g hl a n ds Hammock State Pan< is In this iss u e of The Palme tto The Palmotto i s l h e offici a l newsletter of F'NPS, and th i s i s o fficial not i ce of the mee ti ng.)
ARTICLE Ill. OFF I CERS. Th e olti cer s o f FNPS sha ll in cl u d e a p(es i cl ent. v i ce p<esiden l, secrel aty, an<f treasu rer efected u l the Ann u a l Mee tin g for a o n e year term A o y membe r of th e FNPS rnay be an officer upon e l ec ti o n b y t h e mem b ershi p Of fi ce r s are a l s o membeis o r t h e Board o f Oirccl Ms
A RT IC LE IV BOARD OF OIRECTORS TJ\e Board o ( Dhecto r s ~s the gove rn in g body o f the FNPS On l y m eml)ers o l FN PS a r e e li g i , b l e 10 be a boa r d m em be r The Board w ill In • ol ude t he o ffi c e r s (above), tw o representa ti ves fro m each A c tive Oist ric l, o n e Pr es i · den t' s sel ect ion fro.m oacr1 Di str i ct , an d n o l m o r e ihan lh ree Comm itte e CJlairmen S eve n Director s at Large s h a ll be e l ec t ed b}' l he membe r sh i p at th oA ,1oua1M eelin g tor a to t o. l o f not more tll an 28 Di rect ors A t -la r ge me mb ers of t he Boar d a rc ~ l ected Ca r t wo years
ARTICLE V CO MM fTT FFS S l -t1.n di n g c om rn itt ees a n d Temporary Comm itt ee::. wi ll be cr ea l o d by m e Pr es ident a.s n ee <1e-d to ac • cornp l i$ h t h e a i ms () I the FNPS .
A RTI C LE VI. OIS TIR ICTS. Fl ori d a wi ll be divld e<..1 i nto seven FNPS Di stricl s (s ee map}, pr i marll y fo r the p u rp ose o f electing t h e i r two Di t> tr i ct Rc p rese ,1t a t1 ves to t h e Board of Oi r eclorn. Ea ch Chapte r Pr es i dent, o r Cha pl er me.-nber se l ecled b y the Ch ~pte r Presi<len t. is e li gible to serve as Ois lri c t Repres entative (Di vid ing t h e Sla t e int o Dis t ric l s w i ll avo id th e p rob l em of l e avin g any a r ea of t he S l a l e wit ho ut a Re p rese nt at i ve on th e Board o t Di re ctor s. An 1'Active" Di str i ct i s o ,,e l ha1 can elect one or mo r e Di strict Represent a l i ves to l he Board of Directors ;
A RT ICL E VI I CHA PTE RS. Memb ers, o r p r os pect ive membe r s, o f FNPS may o r ga ,, i ze a c h aple r for c h ar i ta b l e an d ecJu ca tiona l p ur· p oses in c o n n ec ti on with na ti Ye p l a nl s o f F lorid a , by su bmi ttin g lh c reque s t w ith n a mes and dues o f noo-mernber s, t o I ho Se creta r y of FNPS. The Ch apter w ill be l(n o w n as '" T h e -~ Cll ~p te r of F NPS 1 Organi za lions a lready i n e xi s te n ce m ay ,c1.lso bec o m e C h ;:i.p te r s o f F N PS by it)• d ica ti ng "a c 1 , a.pt er o f che FNPS" a(le, it s o ffici a l oame. Ch a p ter o ffi cers are desi gna l ed an d e l ec t ed a.1 th e d i sc r e ti o n o f t ho C t,apter , a nd C h ap ter 8y• l~a w s m ay b e adop t ed p ro • vi ded th ey a r e c oos i s t en t w ith th e F NPS Bylaws c 1,apters mus 1 ho l d meetl ug s, t iel d trips, or othe r gathe rin g:; a t tea:; t si x l i mo s a year No C hapte r h as t h e pow er 10 ac t fo r o r l>i nd 1h e F N PS In any m o.rme r.
A RTIC L E VIII , F I NANCIA L OPE RAT IONS
This ar t i cle d i scusses con tr ac t s, w rlllog ot c h ec ks, depos i t of mone y, keepfr, g of b o o k s an d records, etc Th e fisca l ye ar wi ll be fro m Jam.1a r y throu9 tl December
ART ICLE IX Th e L EGA L STATUS o f l ho FNPS i s a n ed u ca ti o n a l, non •p r oflt , l a)( dedu cti b l e o r ga n izati o n , a nd will be ad• m i n is t ered by t h e Fl orida Con serval i on Foun d ati o n un lil su ch ti me as It b~comes t i na.n c laHy self-su f f i c i ent
AR TI C L E X. T h ~ o ltl c l a l SYMBO L 01 Ul e F NPS Sh (l.1 1 be t he Saw Pa l metto (Serenoa 1epens), as sh o wn i n the l og o o f Tho Pahnetto.
ARTIC L E XI Th e$e By •Laws may be adop t ed, and amended o r repealed , by a 11 11ee tourth s vote o f m e Boa r d ot Oireclo rs a n d by a t h ree fo ur t hs vo te a t I ha members presorH a 1 lhe Annual Mootin g o r a proper l y notH i ed mee tin g.
(Thanks to Francis Als obroo k far preparing th e dn1ft ol thc By-La,ws from which t h e ltJ · teri m Board of Directors wa s abl e 10 fashion a fin al versioo. Nis effort provi ded a basis tor disct1~ s ion and s a iled mu c h Nme.)
by Mildred Sias as told 10 11~:gi,y I ,;m11.
Mo st o f I h e p al m, n ative to the U nited Stales g ro w () nly i n Fl o r ida. ,\nd of the fou rteen p al ms na l ive to Flo r ida, al l a re o n the Flo rid;, Li si o f Th rea 1e necl Plan t s except th e sa w p i1 lme110 , wh ic h is 1101 protected, and lh e si l ve r p olm a nd l' lo rid a roya l p alm. w h ic h a rc o n th e End a nge re d Li si. O ne o f th e mosl inte rest i ng palrn va r i e li es is th e n ee d l e p a l m , so rr,eti m es called l h e p orc upin e pa lm (R /, a p i dop hy/lum h)'51ri >} , whi c h g rows i n n cJrth and ce 111ra l l' lorid a. Bot h names ar<> app rop ri ate, for l hi s li ttle p a lm sprouts sh a r p - point ed needl es from 1he fi bers at th e base o f 1h e leai shea l h s Th ese nt' ed lcs p u l I out foi rl y t!asi ly, and probab ly w e r e used i n v ar ious w ays by t he I nd ians W hen i l is sm,111, it loo k s m uc h l ike a small sa w p al metto, <1nd yo\I n e•xl to l<>o k clo se ly to see 1h e sh ort ide nti fy i ng need les Bu i 1he la rger on es h av e a ro ugh -text ure d. stoc ky. pyr amida l tr unk , w ith h undreds o f need les up to a foo l o r mo re l ong stic k in11 upw;,rd from lhe matted fi bers. The fro nds a re 1101 as sl iii as Lhe p al me t to and do no r have saw100 1h e d ges o n the st ems. I sa w my firs! need le p al m in t he p l,m t in gs near Mu l fo rd Fos ter's house. Mulfll rd Foste r now d eceased , w as wo rl d -re now ned for h is work w i lh brom el iad s in th e O rl ando area Mis need le pa lm was well ove r fi v e feet w II . wh ic h is unusual for th i s dwa r f sp ec ie s. Mr. Foste r sa id II was ma ny y ears o ld an d v e ry slvw growing. It had been brough t ove r from Mon tverde, west o f La k e Ap o 1 , ka ....:,_:._____
T HE FLOR I DA NATIVE PLANT
SOCIETY in vi tes you l o p lace an adve r1 isemen1 for you r co mpa ny i n The Palmetto to he lp p ay for i1s pu b lic,,t ion.
THE NEEDLE PALM
My curiosity a bout th e m w as wht't• ted and I stopped al on g 1he road again 11n d again, looki ng at lots o f saw ra l me 11 os i n ho p e o f fi ndin g anot her need le palm, espec ia ll y i r, I he wi lil. /v\y se,m.: h tu r n ed up t w o or them. th ree to fo ur feet tc , 11 , on tm t!SW tt: in Oa k la nd, west of W i nte r Card<:'n Wh en I made i nqu i ries, I w as told that anot her one h ad just b ee n du g o u t of a gard e n nea r by ·
I also found two o f I h em in Jac ks onvi i le o n an eS t<>t e near th e S1. Jo hn ' s Rive r They w e re growin g n e;ir th e stree t on e it he r si d e of a n o ld drivew ay
No l long alie r , I sa w workmen at Jun i p er Sp ri n gs i n l h e Oca la Forest d est ro y ing many sma ll o n es whi le cl ea ri ng paths ro r ""a lk,.vays. They i h o u ght they were saw pa lmetto s, a nd
d idn't know th e need le palm \'Vas rare
One of th e wo rk me n v an k ed one o ut of th e gro u nd a nd gave ii 10 me I took ii h on, e and p l:1n I ed i i , b u t it d idn' t surv i v e . To o many o i i ts root~ had bee n dam,,ged
W e inquired about need le pa lms du ri ng a r ece n t visit 10 D i scove ry Is land at Disn e y Wo rl d. b ul none of the ga rde n e rs we ta lked 10 k new wh.it i i wa s or i f i t w e re the re. But we found severa l sp eci me ns whi le looking down from th e h igh wa lkway tha t goes through the Av iar y. W e po inted t he m o u l 10 I h e gard e ne r s
There are also spec im e n p la nti ngs of need le pa lm s o n the w est sid e of th e Ha rry P. l.(! U Cardens in Orl ando.
A l I th e need le pa lms I have seen have bee n growi ng si ng ly, excc; pt th e groups of sm all o nes n e, ir Jun i p er Springs. T h ese p al ms do n ' t seem to cl uste r in l,irge clumps lik e saw p :il me t tos do.
Be sure to chec k wh e n lan d is bei ng c le ared to veri fy th at non e of t he p al me ttos a re in stea d , lh e rnre and u nusu a l - and p ro tected - n eed le p al m
or FNPS Ojsftict s
CUTTHROAT GRASS, A Unique Native Grass
by Lewis L. Ya rl ett
" I i et-~l that this gr Jss I M> ,:1H th e re 4 quui:•, rn::nts to be on ih e endangered or t ! irPal <.'n c•o' .'isl. " L Yadeu
We ll o ver 300 g rass s p ecies a r e n,31ivt.:! to Fl or id a. So me .are ve,v <:0 111 ~ mon , easi l}1 ide nlifi ed, -0 nd ra th·er ..,vd l k nown. 0 1h er s pose prob lPm~ fo r exdCI ldc ntificr.1t i o 11 1 \vh;Jt• still o th e r~ may be ra 1hc~r sc;J ru, A 5pec ie s ( hat is p ed,a 1 .1 s well k nown loc;,lly d e$p ite its li mi ted d istribu t io n ,,nd because o f it~ sp ecific site requ irerl>ent~ is C u 1throa L g ra ss Manv Flo rid a r; 1m,; hf' r~ hav~ n e\;e r seen t he gr ass b ut rl:'c;ill hc~r i ng ab ou 1 ii n ,a ny 1im e.s
The i nflo rescen ce is an open p ~nicl e, bro nze or sli g h tly pu rpl ish, 8 10 10 i n• ches long.
C utthro, 1t grass -.,vas i irst co ll ec t ed in JY 'l 7 neil r a se ll l en 1e n t th e n known as Florinda, l h<;' site of a sawmi ll .tnd tl >r per1 1in e stil l. T hi, now ex tin ct settl ement wa s loc ,,ted near th e prese nt I n • dian L: ,k e fstates Fo u r co ll ect ions in lh "' Uni versity o f l' lorid ; , H erb ari um , dated 1925, 193•1, 1 945, an d 19 50 a ll ca me from I ligh li •nd County . ll wa s no l uni.ii '19.50 tha l il was includ ed in t he revi~t~d and a u1ho n 1alive hook , "M, mu,JI of th e Grasses of th•) U nited Stat•1s' '.
Th e o ri gi n o f ( h e co mmon nam e is obscure and do ubtfu l, bu I imeresting IL may coir,e fro m the sharp c u tback o r indenture ot th e jun ct ion o f lh e fl attene d sh r,at h a nd lower part o f tl w gr;iss bl (1dc, a good i<fr~nti iy ing ch(V<lCt eristic. Bu i th e legen d which probably da l es back to th~- 1:'arl y h isl o fy o f th,;
1 8/dJg 1·
Tt"vnea~c s.,.,,..,,;-1
1 , 1 ')(. 8
( ,:U.ilr(),l.' }UJ',.i '.'! ,n( / 1/:1-',' d ' i' 'l°..?.'11 ,\(, 1!1•n;1,' C< ·:11<:r •,~·• : ,.,,. \, \ : -!, ,., ,,. :,.,,.
13otani ca lly, c utthroa t gra ss is kn o w n .is /';i r,icvm Dbscissum Swalle n . Its mos l un iqu e fea l u re is it s cJ is(ri bution. So far as is known, its on ly occurrence in th e wo rl d is in H ighlands co un ( y an cf th e so ut hern ~ec tion of Polk Cou nty One smal I iso lated pa l ch was located by t he au l hor in t-l endry County in th e early sixt ies. l he re,1son for th is remai ns a myste r y.
Cutthro:11 grass is a p ere nni al, otten g rowing in pure sl ands.. G ro \vt h is from a rob usl I ufl a nd sp re;1cls prima rily by strong, t hick rh izomes. l' he b lad es a re n;)rrow, 16 to Ill in ch e,; long, st iff, an d slig ht ly twisted. Seed MC' p roduced usually i n M;,y or Ju nc, some I i mes in late su mml'r o r earl y fa II
D1, 1L,.:: 1g •'r1• Y,ir.lc n .,hr,; •:,•111-: t·,,iJ,:w l.: .1,' {\ 1•1rh,•:.;n 1 · ,.iw:1:J1 ,111d f'.f.3':i" l,!,1 .f!.-:•.
Flo rida catt le incl ustry has it tha l cat• I le men woul d be "cutti ng t he ir own throats" if th e y p e r mitted th e ir stoc k (O gr,11-e on th e grass for a pro longed perio d of l i me. This, o f c ourse, wa s p rio r 10 th e current k now ledge ,m d use o f min e r;il mix es a nd prote i n suppleme nt s for cat1 l e.
An exac ling so il- mo ist u re rclatio r)sh ip <1 pp ears to l imit the di str ibut ion of c utt hroa l grass. Its present ra nge is specifica ll y lim ited to the "seepy slopes" on th.: east and west slo pes of 1h e l' lorid;1 r idge in lh e two co unt ies wh erE> it is fou nd T hese soi ls plu s sm all e r areas w i th i n th e r i dge, receive add it io nal rno ist ur., from th e hi g he r land s ;ibov e and h ave often b ec~n
r e/e rred to as "cutth roat l,tnd". These a re d ee p , da rk -co lo r<::d, fert il e so i ls, m; my of whi ch hav e b ee n cleared , >nd p la nl t!d to improved pas tur e gr.iss. Cut thro at g r<1 ss, when given p rope( range man<>ge me nt , is ,1 good , hi gh ly pro d u c cive, n a t iv e: f ornge g r ass BeG1usc or its li mitt'd di st ri bu l ion and th e ad vancernen t of cult ivati n g p racl ice s and urbani za ti on, c ut1hroa t cou ld wdl become a t lrn;.ttenecl or end a nge r cd spec i•~~ Fon u n a l ely, ho\.vevcr, this unique sp ec i es of n at ivt.'! grass has p erm~men l protec li ()n i ll t he Hig hl and s H ammock St:1 (<:' 1>,,rk i n Sebri ng
Hil chcoc k~ ,\ ,5, 1950. M ;11n;n l oi t h-l ~ Cr.iS:-l~ 01 t he Unil c d Si d i <•~ :!nd. •~d . rPVi'i<·d b~· ,\gllL'S ChdM'. U S O ep1 Agf. .\Il ls<' Pub 200 105 1 pp. i!lm:,
S11\,v 1:,:,, \ •V ./\ I <J 4:Z, P:rni .-iun , ind Pasi,, 1l un, ol t he u ~liH:<~ St<1t< ~. c:l;i:,,5 ific ,11i on ~nd o'e~Cl'ip1i on:; \•V /\. S1!wns , San /\nt()l'l •O. r._~;-c;is. 521> f>I• ' ill u:. 1,:i11l -oi pwu :,
Dear Ecll 1o r :
I made a goof o n 1he g rass ar licl e in th e las l i ss u e ! I ca ll e d se,,oi.lt~ Chasma nlhid r, anic• u/,1u, wh en iL shou ld have ht •,..n U nio/,1 p;in icuhiM . The newe r c l ~ss i f i cat io n s h<lve changed 1he inland spec ies to C ha srn a n 1hia a nd rcLained 1h e c;oa sw l species (se~1oats) as Unio la
Lew is L. Yarl e tt
TREE SEEDLINGS
/\re vou ~1ware t ha l naLl v e ln t•s ma y be u r d e red th roug h I h e Fl o ri da State Oiv i $i on o f Fores 1rv? Thl~ vt.1ri cties ..:, re li mi l c•d a nd t he l r ees .Ht• ti ny seedling$ itnd b ,1rc - rooted, b u 1 lh ey are ec h ea p . Th ey musI be ord e r ed in ad van(:\e. O r d e r forms ,J ntl a brochure, "H ow to Order IJ;) r<::- Root See d l in gs". a re .wa il ab l e throu gh yo ur Coun t y Fores te r
OAKS FOR FREE
W e' r e cl ea rin g out a ,mal l den$e patc h of l ive oa ~s, one to fou r inc hes in d i:11r 1e ter, to make J tenn is co u rl Come ge t 'e m i i you want 'e m Cal l Peggy L a nL z, :l0.5!299- 14 72.
HOW TO KI LL A PERENNIAL GRASS
by Rob Brown
1 \ gr il s1olog is1
l·rom cl> e ·1rrJ/)ica/ C r<1 ssl,md Sociecy o f Au.•,twli<J com es a u n i qu e cxplan a• l ion o { •.-v/ly o vr good n ,Hive srasses a t e sn often iri th e m 1'11ori t y: n,,:~ :f em , , irom Th e Mu lga Lin e, (). U PI , C har/evil/e's lonl/ Extem, io n ,'\'<;11 vsh-•l · lt•r, Austri.1 /i;1 , Pla n1 s do n'1 g ro w o ul o f n o I hi n g. Li ke y o u and me I he y n eed to b e 1,~d and, i us 1 as \.ve hav e fo t. p l. ints havl • l hei r o wn rese l'ves. These l'ese rves are used to l«,:ep th e p l;int " ti c k i ng o v e r " du r i ng dro ug h t Wh e n t he rese rves ru n o u t t he p lan t d ies a nd no a m ou n l o f ra i,, wi l l revi v i, ii. Ad diti ona l ly , reserve s are useu to m ak e ne w sh o ots ii p la n 1 lo p s " " ' d ea d b u 1 the rest oi th,, plant , .it ;i nd below g round le v el , is S l ii I " live.
Wh~t is 11 0 1 we l l un d e rs1o o d is tha t ne-..v shoots arc-? not s<~ff•.,; up,o o r t in g. 1he re , s " n et d r;i in from t he res t of t he phint u nti l ~u r h l ime ;is 1he shorn is big (l no ug h to r t~p l 1~· t he rese rv C' mate ri al in v.-~ted in i t p lus a d l vidc,n d. The cl i vide n d goe s to maki ng ,w w ro ots and sh oa l s and co 1H in u ~s l Jnt il I h e \\.'a te r i n 1he soi l r un s o u t
As a rulf! o i t h u mb , n cv,: shool s d o nm s t ,1. r, t o p(l }' rh dr O\•v n \V<l)' um i/ th e~ 1 (In.' ._1r least 15 cm Jo ng If I he ne w shoo I is re m oved be io r e th is st aw:, th e p)ar, I is wo rse ofl tha n b efo re as i t lo ses i l s i 1wes1me n I befo re i t ge t s any n't u rn Th is is b est i l lu strat ed b y l he g r;J p h b c lo\V.
AB sh o w s a p la nl i n a pro lo 11 ge d d rm 1g h1 Th e re se r ve s slow l y n m down un i ii al u m e U I hey are zero and t li e Jlla n I d ies I f ra in fa ll s al t he ti m e C. t he pla nt is sti ll ~ li v e (al 1ho u gh th e st ern s m,,r be d cad i and a new shoot w i l l wow. Over t he l i m e i ro rn C to D
th e n ew sh oo t t ak es mo re fro m 1h e p lan l t ha n i t co n t r ibu t es so th a 1 I hc
r eserves r un dow n A t D i i beco m e s
b ig en o ug h lo su pport i t sel f and sup p l y n e,.v rese rv es to m a kt~ mon" n e v,,; shoo I s, so th e ove ril II leve l o f rese r ws r ises u n t il al l im e E th e wat e r ru ns out ,md 1h.e p la n t st art s to ru n d O\<Vn aga i n
T h e d i ffe r ence is that no w t he p lant
Cdl1 su r v i ve un i i i l im e F i n stead o f tim l~ R.
,\ s lo ng as ra in k ee p s fall i ng b efo re reserv e::. a re ex ha us ted t he p t an l ca n
r.arry o n fo r ev e r . O nce reserves h ii z:e ro t h e ga m e is o v e r.
Th e w orsl th i n g th : ,t <;:in h ap p e n to th e p la nt i~ t o h iiv e sht!e p o r k an ga roos ea t i t s n ew shoo l ar 1i111 c D.
If I hi s h ap p e ns I h e p lan t is wo rse o ff
t h an i i wou ld h av e bee n w,r / ,o u 1 rain b,~c a use i t h,is less ' fat' a f1er I h e rai rl
1h ,in i t h-i d bt:: fo r e W i t hout i t s n ew
shoot l o t op up t he rese rve til n k' w li a l is lefl of th e rese rv es w il l rl•n o u t
<t i t im e G, so l h e pl a n I li as l o hav e ra i n li dore th e n ii it i s g() in g l o su rv i v e.
Th e re' s n o p ri,:e f or wo r k in g o ut t ha 1 . e ati ng y o ung , hoo l $ sho rt e ns I h e o d d s aga in sl <.l r, lc1 n1'.s su rv i v al. To rn ,1ke I h lngs w o rs e, 1h e pa la wble gra sses a re m uc h m o re Ii k el y 10 fol lo w th e AC D G p ,J th w h il e w i r egra sses ar)d o th e r u n desi ra b le g r<1s.ses t a ke !\CDCF. n"~ m oral o f t he sto r y is t h :, t i i yo u d o n' I give 1hc g reen pic k a fo i r go. d o n' t b i! su rpr i se d ii l h e w i reg rasses t ake over.
CH A PTER N EWS
CORRE CTIONA L tN STll'Ul'E IO IN S FNPS
Th e l nd i~ n Ri v e r C o un l )' C orrt::c • ti on al In stitu t e is o ne o f Lh e new es l m e m be rs of 1he FNPS th anks to t he eff orts o f D r l-le r be rt W Ka le I I o f P,~l ica n I sla nd i\ ud u h o n So clet\' o i Ve ro Re,.1 c h I l t! r h w r it ~s : " Recen t lv , l he ln d i~ n Ri v e r C o u n l v Co rrec 1i on..i l I nstitu te b cg<1 n a h o r• 1 i cu l 1ural projec 1 fo r i ls in ma t es an d s1,11 ed I h ey wou ld grn w n urser, p la n ts for ci v ic a nd gov ernm Pnti:tl ; 1g<-•ndes, et c. I w rote l o th e su p cri ntt' nclen l , /v\ r Ve rn o n W r ight. a nd suggt•sted th at th ey g ro w na ti ve p lan t s fo r thi s p u rp ose , .i nd ga v e h im na m es o f sev e ra l k now led gea b le loca l p eo p le w ho w,i u ld ass isI w i I h I he proj ec I . arYd I o i-
fNed - o n l wh al f o f Pe li c .i n Island
A udu b o n - to p u rc ha~e a m c m bt:! r • sh ip i n FNPS to r the l n sl i Wt ion,"
Pe rha p s ot he r mem b e rs w il I co nsid e r ad ap li ng th is lin e examp le to i n -
SIit u Iio ns in Lhe i r arerls .
A C ha ptt ,r is 1.,t:,i ng ior rne d i n l he
TampaiSt Pete Mca. und e r th e sp<> n • so rs h ip o i En vironrn.e n t <1 I Science ;ind Eng in eeri ng. I nc., wh o w il I fool th e b i ll s fo r t he Cha pte r
Ca l l Ton y i\rc u r i, I h,i T e rres l r i <1 I
Eco lo gist fo r E$E, fo r i nform;t tiq n , al 8 13i 81J(, <, f, 72
Th e Pal m etto i s ea ger t o publ i sh i nfo rmatio n o n t he ac ti v iti es a nd meetings of all C hapters 01 FN PS , both in advance (announ cement s) a nd afl e r- lhe- fact (wr i te- ups). Plea se send in form ation for lhe November i ssue by Octobe r 10th .
A RAIN ~c
ZC R.O T' i Mr _., G
(PLAN T t>eATI+) F
NOTES on the FEDERAL ENDANGERED
by Gail S. Baker
Mistory and Ba,kground
I n Decem b er 19 73. Cong r ess passed the Endangered Species Ac l of 1973. There had been I wo oth e r end ange red spec ies laws Cl 966 and 1969), bu1 t he 1973 ,\c t was th e firs1 to in du<l e pla nts Sec tion 12 o i the Act directed th e $ mi 1hson iJ n Institut ion to revie w spec:i es of p l,in ts which m ight be e ndangered and I o re port I o Co ng r ess w ith in one ye ar The Sm i1hso n ian Institution pub lished the li st in J;inuarv '1975, ,ind their " Repo rt o n E,idangercd a nd Th r eate n ed Plan ! Spec ies of the Unil t:d Sta tes". l'h e Smi1hson ian R<spo rt included 3 .187 taxa, I , 0/J O o i which are in I lawai i.
About t hi , ti me the U.S. Fish and Wi ld li i•: Service (FWS), th e agency whic h had been g iven p ri mary res ponsi bi lity for th e Enda ngered Species ,\c t, bega n i ts p lan t program.
In 1977, t he ii r'SI fou r plants wt~re li sted in a fin al ru le mak i ng p u bl ished in t he Federal Registe r. Duri ng th e next th ree yea rs, 57 mo re pla nts ,vcrc li sted, includ ing two Flo ri d ,, p la nl s, 1he Cha pm an rh odode ndro n (Rhododenclron chappmanii) a nd H a rpe r's be au ty 11-/arpcrocal/is (lava)
Beginn ing in 19 78, 1h e Service began to le i co 1 ) l racts to botoni sts i or p la n! stalUs repo rts Approx imi, tel y $500,000 has be en allocated so for in th is e ffort. Sever,, I of th ese contracts have bee n give n to Florida botan i sts to stud1• pl ,mts in t he stal e.
I n c1dd ition. th e FWS no w e mp loys I O fu l I-ti me botan ists I hrou ghout the co unHy, and severa l o th e rs who have broade r e ndangered species respo n • si bi l ities but spend p art of th e ir t im e o n p lants .
Lis1 ed p lants are not prolec ted as co m pb:,tely «s li sted an i mals because ta king is not proh ib i te<l. Majo r s1reng1hs of lhe Act fo r p l,.1nts ~re; i 11 Seel ions 6 and 7, whi ch prov ide for state c ooperotive agreemcnis and inte ragency coopera ti o n.
The Act e nsures I ha t I he existence of endangered species wil I not be jeopardized by Fede ral actions. This includes Ferl era l loans and permits as we ll as Fed era l land management pract ices
Othe r secl ion s of I he Acl prohi b i1 i nlers 1a1e and lntern~ltiona l 1radc in en• dar)gered p la nts but in tra-slate trade is no 1 pru hi b i terl.
future Plans
VVilhin 1he next yeiJr o r so, severa l
more f lo rid a p la 11 1s may be:, p laced on t he Fed e r.ll li st. Th e sia1us of seve ra l
Name
Oposs um pawpaw fA.'> Jmmu tctr.ameraj
F ragrant pri c kly - ;, p p l e /Cer,:,us eriophortJs var. fragram)
Aborig inal pric kl y-app le rCereus gracilis var. a:bc,>r,'ginum)
Key t ree <;:ictu s (Cer e us ro6inii var. r obin ii)
Lake la's m im (Dic.:er ,lndra imm,icularai
l' lo ri da goosebe rr y (R ibes t0 c/1 ine//um1
Florida yew craxus ilorid,m,11
Florida rorreva (Torre r a , ,,xi{ofiaJ
The Ja c.: k so nvill e 1\rea Office will be involved in t he re views of eac h of thes e spec;ies We are so lici1ing informatiun n o t on l y on the bio logi ca l slatus of these p lan1s. b ut ;l lso O n threa l s, Fed era ll y -iun c.l ed o r perm i 11 ed p ro j ects in o r n ea r the ir h,,bi tats, e t<:. I f )'OU have s uch informilt ion . write or call lhtl Area Offi ce 0ackso nvill e Are:. Office ) U.S. Fish and Wi ldlife Sc rvi <:e, 15 North Laura Street. Jacksonv ille, Flor i d a 3 22 02 o r te l epho ne (904 ) 79 1-2267.
SPECIES ACT
p lil n l s is being re view ed by the FW S. Some of t hese a r.;:
Habitat, location
O ld d un es, Martin & Pa l m Be ach Co unties
Coastil l h ,Hnmoc ks on high dun es. ei\S t centra l Florida
Shell mou nd s a nd hardwood hammocks, sou th wes tern coast
Ru cky hammocks in th e Keys
Sa nd ridge, In d ian Riv<" r and St. Luc ie Co.
Rich deciduous wood s o n the shore of Lake M iccosukee, Jefferson County
Ric h w ooded rav in e slopes alo ng I he eas t sidf" oi 1be Apa l ach ico la Rive r
Ric h wooded ravine slopes of ravin es and bluffs of the Apalac h icol a River
CORRECTION
The Palmetto erred last iss ue by putting t he right name wilh the w ro ng address. Joyce Gann·s correc t add ress is:
T ropica l C rccoc(y ,a ncl N.a 1,vc N ur$et)' 22 14() SW t Slod Avenu e Gou lds, FL 331 70 )05/ 2 :I0-552 9
AUTHORS
Ga i I S. B.i ke r wo rk s for Lh e U $ Fish and Wi ldlife Serv ice, Dept. of th e l ntc ri o(, in Jack;o nvill C!', <.:o nccr ned mos tl y wi t h e nda nge red species.
Lewi s L. Ya rl elt is i1 rel ircd Range Con;erv,)tion ist for 1he So il Conservat ion Se r vice, and is 1>ow emp loyed by 111 e U. of F Sc hool oi Forest ry in Ran ge Ecosystem Manageme n t. ,v\ ild red Si<1s lives i n Woodsme re. i1 sma ll , naturall y-landscaped co mmunity west of Orlando. She has spem much o r he r l ife in Flo rid,1 and has lo ng be e n interested i n Flor ida 's native p lan ts.
K. Te rra nee 1'v\oc k is p res id en t oi Pa lrn Bead, N al ive Nurserie~. and is a ck:vd<> ptjr \Vith J "'¼-' hil c ho l",
Bunny Graham lives in Ormond llea<: h , works p art ti me io r Father Ni:ltll re's Nursery . and is a mem b er o f I he Card en Cl ub of I he, H ;,I ifax Cou nt ry 4lnd I he B-M l n1m \•Vi ldilowc r St udy Club .
Dr. Robert J. 8 lack is I he Ex l ension Horticu lturis t with the lnsl itule of Food an d. Ag ri cu ltural Scien<:t:s at 1he U ni ve rsity of Flor id a.
WILLIAM BARTRAM,
by Bunni e Graham of , \m er'ica's firsl na lu ra li S1 a nd .ir\ ist. N i n e monu me n l s have b ee n p laced in
Two ce nt uries ago W il lia m Banram Flor id a to d ate. traveled Nort ht-! rn Florida by ca no e T he a u1ho r recommends l'vVO ve ry and horse back r<)c ording 1he p la n ts, reJ dJb le boo k s: Exploring With The an imals, ,md I nd ians 1ha1 he s,)w H is
Rartram s by Ann and Myron Semo n, father, fo hn BMtram of Phi l;,d el p hi a, and Travels With Th e Bartrams, had uet, n appo int ed "llotan ist For Th e ed iI ed by Mark Van Doren. The Floridas" by King Geo rge 111 of fo rnwr ha s modern maps and i II ustra • Eng land and had ma d e a survey tri p l ions, wh il e th e latt e r is an un<1bridgcd w i th hi s so n, Will iam, to th e St. Jo hn' s version of th e ac l uil f j o urn a l ke pt by Rive r i n 17(, 5-66. W i ll iam as he l ravefe cl Flo rida collecT ht:: pair trave le d th ro ugh 1he tin g bo tan ic,d specim e ns and o bse rvC.iro lin as, Georgia and Florida c lass i f- in g "Am e ri can Aborig ines". I-le co nin g flo ra an d fauna fo r sh ipmeni Lo founds th e mod e rn r ead e r with hi s Eng la nd. Durin g t h e n ex t d ecade, se lf-suffi cien c y a nd reso urcefu lness as \·Vill ia m ca me a lone to Flor ida, kee p - Pnrr:,ii, 0 ' ' ''ilJJi ,m Oar:,,1,.11
b~ · Ui ,u,•,.-, wm:,.-,n h e c ooked dinner o f le ftover roast · h P(•Cdc in g a jo urn a l in ly ric poetic sl yle ot I e t rout: "the i r h eads I stew ed in I h e birds, flowe r s, w11dlife, sto rm s, spr i ngs, b looms o nl y from su n up unt i l mid- j u ice of or;mges wh ich with boi le(f a nd Se >nin oles. Hi s det ailed .1cco un1 morn i ng. rice a ffo rd ed me a wh o lesome and makes it easy to identify the tra il he C urrent i nIe res 1 in th e trave ls of I h e d e lic iou s su ppe r . " too k and int eres tin g to note p la nt B;,irtr,,ms has led to th t• organ iza ti o n o f W illi am Bamam ' s writ in gs provide ma te ri al h e obse rved bes id e orange fl.irtr am c l ubs The IJ;i rtr am precise and e nterI ain in g d escri ptions grnves , o.iks, magno li as, and pa lm s W il dflowe r St udy C lu b is o ne such of l he Eigh tee nt h Century New Neclr I lontoon Isla nd so ut h of Deland , group, v rgi.ln ized by Ka lh y Samp le o f Wo r ld ' s geog ra phy a nd history, and a he doc um en ted lob lofly ba y ! Cor - O r angf• r ark, to follow t he Bartram new-old pe rspect ive o n our precious cioriia). cocm li e (Zilmia), cact us (01,11 n - 1 ra il , I o study the p la nt s h e men tioned Flo rida n, ,tive plants. 1ia/, c an na , phlox, verhena, vio la, e l c. in hi s "T rave ls", ancl to list to d Jy ' s (Mrs. Hild a Kressman, P.0.llox 283, H t!re, 100, he d i scovered ,in d p l, int s growin g o :n t he Trail. T he I3;c r - Tre nton, Flo rid a 326!J:l may b e consk etc he d l <iil Glci cstina, a blu ish - tram Tra i l Confe ren ce p l aces ta c:ted fo r furth er information on th e purple member o f l h e ir is fam ily w hi c h memo ri a l m a r ke rs to loca l e t he route lh rtr ;cm Wild flower Stud y C lub )
I MAKE C HECKS PAYAB LE TO : I I MAIL TO: FLORIDA CONSE RVATION FOU NDATION - FNPS - I
I WOULD LIK E TO BECOME A MEMBER OF FNPS D Sing le O Fam ily O Organizationa l
NAME ______ PHONE ____
I sr2
0 Fam il y. SI 5 0 Con1 ribu1ing, S25 0 Organitaliona l. SSO
MY INT ERESTS INCLUDE:
HOW TO GET DEVELOPERS TO WEAR
by K. Terran ce Mock
As a developer, I believe I can offe r a unique per spectiv e LO FNPS membe r s, whom I thin k primarily se e l hemse lves as " while hats" a 11d pm -growth advoca tes as " blac k h at s.'· Thi;, trou b le w i th thi s a tli t ud e is that, .rs iri li fe in general. very few th i ngs are e ith e r al l " blac k' ' or a ll " wh ite". As someo ne who has ex p erienced the devel o pme nl reg u latio n pro cess firs t han d, I ca n test i f v to th e fa c t that fouh for ou r t! nv i ronlll cntal c risis rests not on ly w ith the build e rs who supply th e produ ct, b ut w i l h th e ig norant publ ic who d e ma nd s il, and w il li 1he cu rr ent co un ty a nd Sl ,lle subd iv i si o n, building, a nd e nvironmento l reg u la• t io ns vvhi ch rt1<1u i re it.
Th e FNPS should not und c resl ima l e t h e ability of th e d evel opme nt secto r 10 ou 1wi1 a ny we ll -inten 1i o ned but misgu ided efforts to res trict the ir ab ility to meet a free market demand in ord er to earn a l i ve lih ood. I curr ently know of t hree di stinct o ptions be in g c ons id e red by cl ev c lopm e n 1-mi r1ded l,1 ,1clo wners wh ic h would unde rmine even t he strongest vegetat ion protection ord inances that I have seen
Owne rs who fee l thilt th ey ar e b ei ng undu ly r es tricted from puttin g 1heir p ropt,rty to the hi ghest and most pro • fitable u se because of on-s ite vt: f,\et<1· tion could:
1. bu ll doze any ;)gr i cu llu ra lly zoned land (most of t h e State)a nd put it to bo na-fid e agricu ltural use (how long?) before seek in g deve lop ment permit s o n lan d (now devoid o f vege l al io n).
2) al l ow owne r s o f off- r oad vehicl es (tru cks , swamp buggi es , o r mo to rc y<.fo s) lo us e e nd ange red wetl ;md areas un til wet land vegetat ion (vege tation defines ·'wetlan d") i s e radicated.
3) seed en dange r ed w e tl a nds wi th mela leuca or ot h e r p ests unti l p ri sti ne wetl ar)d co ndition s ar e lost ~nd clcari ng is j ustified .
T h is is j ust a s,1111pl e of 1he p rob lem s thi l l w e \.Viii face if \Ve in sisl on fordng t h e pro-growth peop le to th e wall. For every well-In tent ion ed res tric l io n tha t we impose , the i r high pa id atto rn eys will co me up w ith seve r;:i l loopho les Th e big loser ?Th e e nvi ronmen l. '(his is why I stro ngly believe Illa r th e Soc ie ty shou ld adop t a.s it s / ,igh est priori()' the
FLORIDA NATIVE PLANT SOCI ETY
" EN\llnO NM ENTAL INFORMATION CENTER ; ;. 935 OAANGC AVENUIE - ' r • WINTER PMl K. FLORIDA 3 2789
"WHITE HATS"
ioim·og o( pro •nalive envfro11m ental :we/ p r o-gro wch fo rces The on ly way th11t thi s can be accomp li shed is 1hrou gh econo mi cs
Builders. l'o r the most pMt. M e 1101 a n ti -environmen t, bu1 they are propro fi t If w e ca n succee d in d e rn onmal i ng to th em t ha t preservi ng an d restoring native vegetation is i mporr ant in protect ins a nd e nh ancin g lh e i r momi tary r eturn then th ey wi ll beco me the most important all ies w e co u ld have.
Th is argun1 ent ca nnot h e won on th e basis of a es th et ics ab stract ph i losophica l statements or any c ost iigures yet deve lo p ed W e nt•ed c o ld. ha rd iac t s Fac t s t hat prove that in an y g ive n geog rap hical ar ea, so i I co ndiLIon, o r r,lanr comrnu nily, 1h e d evti lopmenl c ost l o the build e r an d the m c1intenance cosr to th e o\,vn er/bu yer is less for a n ati v e- land scaped proj ect tha n fo r a c ompa r able ex oticlandscaped pro j ect.
I ' m c onvin ce d that th e resu lts f()r such a study wou ld be favora ble t() o ur e nvi r onmcmta l cause The 19/J I Sp r ing d rou ght is h el ping us rnake our p oint. But we need l h e dolla rs-and -ce nts fac 1s.
NON-PR OFIT ORGA N l 2 A 'r l ON U.S POSTAGE W I NTER PAAK. , F LA PE AM IT NO 3-368