FSBI Journal - Issue 1

Dear Readers,

In the rapidly evolving world of fire safety, it’s crucial to recognize that the concept of “Total Fire Protection” is much more than just a balance of active and passive systems; it’s a holistic approach that encompasses design, construction, inspection, and maintenance. As the building evolves over time, new services and modifications can impact the fire-resistance capabilities of the structure. This is where the importance of maintaining passive fire protection elements, such as fire-resistance rated and smoke-resistant assemblies, becomes crucial.

The importance of passive fire protection cannot be overstated. This launch edition of the magazine brings to you project success stories, products to revolutionize building safety and standards and testing of passive fire protection of buildings.

Passive fire protection are like the ‘silent policemen’ of fire safety – unobstructive yet ever-vigilant. In the recent years, there is an increasing awareness of passive fire protection in India, with many industry stakeholders recognizing its importance. To further promote awareness, NuernbergMesse India successfully completed its premier edition of FSBI 2023 (Fire Safe Build India), India’s only focused exhibition on passive fire protection, bringing together stakeholders from across the industry to showcase the latest products, technologies, and best practices in this area.

One of the key objectives of our exhibition is to create awareness among architects and builders about the importance of incorporating passive fire protection measures into building designs from the outset. By doing so, we can ensure that these measures are integrated into the construction process and become an inherent part of the building’s infrastructure, rather than an afterthought.

Through this publication, we are also focused on raising awareness among regulators and government bodies, as they play a critical role in setting standards and enforcing regulations that ensure buildings are safe and compliant. By working with regulators and government bodies, we can promote the adoption of passive fire protection measures across the industry, ultimately creating safer buildings and communities.

With best regards,

Kavita Sharma Editor-in-Chief FSBI E-Journal

Assurance of Passive Fire Protection in India

Abhishek Chhabra, Thomas Bell-Wright Consultants

With the increasing damage caused by fires in India being brought to light, there are more ripples of increasing awareness and reforms in India on matters related to fire safety. As various state governments are either revising their Fire Safety (Bills) laws or are writing them afresh; the question of measurement comes to fore. This is because if you cannot measure it, then how can any commercial entity offer any assurance or get insurance! Anything of value needs to be measurable. Unless it can be measured it cannot be assured. Let us start by understanding eco-system of creating boundaries for measuring Fire Protection.

BUILDING CODES & MEASUREMENT

The aim of a Building Code is to provide guidance across various stages of conceptualization, planning, designing, constructing, maintaining, and repairing the buildings. Keeping in mind substantial variations from region to region, codes endeavor to meet the requirements of different regions of a country, by taking into consideration factors such as building type, climatic and environmental conditions, geographical terrain, demographic readiness, etc. Some building codes can be very ‘prescriptive’ (where there is greater prescription of how exactly to do what all; often referencing published standards) whereas as some other codes can be ‘performance based’ (where the intent in described but the means are not detailed to limit the creativity to comply to the intent).

The National Building Code of India (NBC-2016) is one such document which addresses almost all aspect of and types of buildings. And like all building codes in the world, this one too is a ‘consensus led’ guideline created by professionals volunteering their time. Often building codes set the general direction and provide guidelines about considerations that could prevent potentially unsafe or unfavorable outcomes.

The aim of the National Building Code of India 2016 (NBC) is to provide guidance across various stages of conceptualization, planning, designing, constructing, maintaining and repairing the buildings. Keeping in mind substantial variations from region to region, the Code endeavors to meet the requirements of different regions of the country, both urban and rural, by taking into consideration factors such as climatic and environmental conditions, geographical terrain, etc. Part 4 and part 6 deal with two of the most critical aspects of any building infrastructure. Fire & Life Safety and Structural Safety. The infrastructure should not fall and should not catch fire causing harm to life!

The building code learns iteratively and progresses forward with each publication to assimilate learnings from accidents and new innovations. The code also uses published standards to quantify these guidelines and ‘specify performance of building materials’ which will bring about these design guidelines.

Whenever any ‘standardization’ is expected, it is done using a ‘standard.’ A standard often refers to a publication which would guide or define something with an intent to bring about uniformity. And in order to achieve any uniformity; repeatability and means of measuring repeatability are critical. Irrespective of the guidance being ‘prescriptive’ or ‘performance based’ the crux lies in measuring repeatability.

The accuracy to which this measurement of repeatability can be done would create tiers of stringency. The higher the accuracy the more stringent is the method of checking compliance. Across the world, wherever the potential threat to life and property is high; the stringency or compliance requirements are high. Technical regulations in the world around electrical appliances, (baby) food, medicines and critical infrastructure will always be high.

Fire safety continues to gain stringency across technical regulations and contracts.

PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION

Higher accuracy is sought where the potential risk is higher: Say a hospital, a school, or a shopping mall. Hence a more stringent method of assurance is also needed. You would know that technical regulations in the world around electrical appliances, (baby) food, medicines and critical infrastructure will always be high. To fulfill the need for higher assurance, more stringent compliance mechanisms need to be implemented.

TOOLS OF COMPLIANCE

Before we look at the tools let us see where is the assurance needed:

1. Repeatable performance of Materials & Systems delivered to site;

If you imagine a fire incident like an electrical spark triggering a fire on a carpet or cigarette igniting a curtain, the immediate mental response is to try and extinguish it. And if you continue that storyline to imagine that the quick measures to and extinguish the fire are not working out and the fire is spreading way too quickly, the ideal next move to strangle and contain it where it is and it does not spread out! Close it in a box which suffocates the fire itself. These two responses have become the two basic means of fire protection: Active Fire Protection & Passive Fire Protection as described in Figure 01. The key implementation of what is described as passive fire protection is containment or compartmentation of fire. The same is also called as resistance to fire.

While commerce can fund the evolution of newer solutions, there remains a lag in drafting of rules that define ‘how’ the fire protection should be ‘designed’ & ‘implemented’ in new infrastructure (Building Codes). And much more importantly on how to assure their functionality (Assurance mechanisms).

ASSURANCE AND COMPLIANCE

The Building Codes thus provide the rules across various stages of conceptualization, planning, designing, constructing, maintaining, and repairing the buildings. And whenever any rule needs to be implemented, there is an obvious need for accuracy of implementation.

The need for accuracy to which measurement of the implementation of these rules creates tiers of stringency.

2. Repeatable workmanship for installation and

3. Repeatable state of the materials & Systems after Maintenance.

Below published standards provide the methods to check the repeatability of these measurements or conformity assessment mechanisms.

• ISO/IEC 17025: General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories

• ISO/IEC 17065: Conformity assessment— Requirements for bodies certifying products, processes, and services

• ISO/IEC 17067: Conformity assessment — Fundamentals of product certification and guidelines for product certification schemes

• ISO/IEC 17020: Conformity assessment— Requirements for the operation of various types of bodies performing inspection

• ISO/IEC 17024: Conformity assessment — General requirements for bodies operating certification of persons.

See Figure 2 (on next page) from the ‘toolbox’ published by ISO’s CASCO (International Organization for Standardization’s Committee on conformity assessment) for more on the family of these standards.

These standards are used and referenced in technical regulations, specifications, and contracts to define the means of measurement with certainty and establish specific stringent mechanisms.

Figure 1: Fire Protection Types

The chapter 3 under the part 4 of the NBC details on how buildings are classified under occupancy types which is done based on how a fire accident will be differently perceived by a given building. The response preparedness of a school will differ from a mall or a hospital or a residential block and hence measures of Fire & Life safety are designed differently.

Using ‘Fire Zones’ and ‘Types of Construction’ the code further details and guides the readers on the tools used to implement Fire Safety; and more specifically how containment and limiting of fire (Passive fire protection) is defined.

Figure 3 reproduces the Table 1 of this section which defines Fire Resistance Rating in hours. Simply put, for how long can the specific sub-unit of the infrastructure (like a floor or a room) contain the fire. The preparedness of the building type and location sets this time (published in the table) as a basis of evacuation time needed

Figure 2: ISO CASCO Toolbox

Figure 3: Table 1 from NBC2016

Implementing Assurance to Fire Safety using passive fire protection in India.

CONTAINMENT FOR ONE HOUR

Imagine you are in a low rise (8 storey) residential building sitting next a window working on your laptop in your home office. Your room consists of three walls, a large glazing (part of the curtain wall system); a door to the room, bathroom door, false ceiling to hold the lights, and move utilities in and out of the room and two openings for the HVAC system. The adjacent house is the same. And a fire breaks out in your adjacent house.

Now for the fire and smoke in the adjacent building to be contained for one full hour; it is required that at least the three walls, the door to the room, the penetrations across the false ceiling and the system sealing off the curtain wall system and the slab of the floor (Through penetration firestop) are able to withstand and contain a fully developed fire (~1000 Degree centigrade). The responsibility of the contractor is not only to have a means to check the suppliers of Fire Doors, partition walls, through penetrations on the guarantee but also assure that the installation and workmanship will last.

COMPLIANCE TO THE CODE: MEASUREMENT & ASSURANCE

Below is a list of test methods from the Annexure of Chapter 4 of the NBC.

• IS 3614-2: Fire Doors

• IS/ ISO 834-1 : Fire-Resistance Tests Elements : General Requirements

• IS/ ISO 834-4 : Fire-Resistance Tests Elements : Load Bearing Vertical Separating Elements

• IS/ ISO 834-5 : Fire-Resistance Tests Elements : Load Bearing Horizontal Separating Elements

• IS/ ISO 834-6 : Fire-Resistance Tests - Elements : Beams

• IS/ ISO 834-7 : Fire-Resistance Tests - Elements : Columns

• IS/ ISO 834-8 : Fire-Resistance Tests - Elements : Nonload Bearing Vertical Separating Elements

• IS/ ISO 834-9 : Fire-Resistance Tests - Elements : Nonload Bearing Ceiling Elements

• IS 16947 : Fire resistance tests for doors with glass panes, openable glass windows and sliding glass doors

• IS 16945 : Fire Resistance Test for Glass Walls

The goal is to assess the repeatability. So, any laboratory who is reproducing the conditions (Fully developed fire with temperature & pressures) defined usually in these published test methods needs to be able to do it repeatedly. Accreditation bodies like United Kingdom Accreditation Services (UKAS) or National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration of India need specialist auditors who have an experience in understanding the nuances of the tests to help decision makers rely on results of accredited laboratories.

Thomas Bell-Wright International in Dubai is currently the only laboratory in the whole world to be accredited by UKAS to all the 10 standards mentioned above.

When a (fire) test is being conducted, the sample which is installed by experts in the laboratory is aware that it has to face a fire test. So, there is a need for the documentation of how the sample to be tested is manufactured and how it is getting installed. And then an audit regime of manufacturing facility and installation inspection of the product at site closes the loop. A test report from a lab that may not have even established its repeatability cannot establish any assurance mechanism on the supply & installation of the product. And if the product is a fire door, or a partition assembly using boards or a sealant system; which is responsible for creating a fire safe containment; such an assurance is critical and invaluable.

CERTIFICATION, LISTING & TRACEABILITY

The type 5 system described in Figure04 is typical routine used by select International Certification Bodies to provide a high degree of assurance of promised properties of products. Let us see how the Certification Program of Thomas Bell-Wright International offers this assurance for fire doors.

And below two have been indigenously published by professionals in India after the code was published:

A Fire Door manufacturer would want to certify two or four commonly used door designs as per IS 3614. The assembly of these sample doors is witnessed at the manufacturing location by a qualified auditor who

marks these doors for traceability. Their manufacturing processes also get audited to demonstrate the ability of producing these doors repeatably.

The marked doors are sent to the lab and the fire resistance tests are conducted as per ISO 3008 which is the referenced test method in IS 3614. Based on successful fire resistance tests, the certification body

will list the name of this manufacturer along with their address, identification details of these door-sets along with the test method and the number of hours it was able to demonstrate the fire resistance.

A similar process is faced by the certification body themselves as they get audited every year. Certification body auditors are shadowed in their audit routines and

Figure 4: Types of Certification programs

complete documentation and processes get checked by experts from International Accreditation Bodies who have an expertise of doing this regularly.

IMPLEMENTATION IN A BUILDING: FIRE DOORS

As the National Building Code guidelines define the design of the Fire Safety Plan; the design of a building would result in a list of total number of Fire Doors (a few hundred maybe) which are needed. Ranging from doors of fire exits, main doors etc. this list would have details of door designs, sizes etc.

This ‘Door Schedule’ would be the procurement document and here is where the contractors can use the ‘Certification & Listing” directory to look-up suppliers whose factories are audited regularly for manufacturing such fire doors.

Also, suppliers who submit their offers can send proof of compliance of their proposed doors which are verifiable on the certification directory (like www.tbwcert.com).

This is where, many a times ‘Listed drawings’, may not match with the door schedule. And the deviation in sizes or designs need a ‘verification’ or ‘evaluation’ by the certification body. And sometimes new fire test(s) is(are) needed as existing evidence is not enough to ‘assure’ proposed designs will meet the ones in the ‘door schedule’.

FIRE DOOR LABELS

Not all certification bodies issue ‘fire door labels’ as a traceability mechanism. In fact, not all certification regimes need to create a certification traceability mechanism. But the ones who do offer these do it well and should be preferred as they offer better assurance. See figure 5 as an image of a sample fire door label.

One of the many ways this is implemented is as below. Manufacturer will maintain a record of each project/ job which is covered under the certification body’s assurance mechanism.

So, the drawings of doors assembled and supplied get lined with specific serial numbers of fire doors which are issued. These are audited regularly to be within limits of what is ‘testing & listed’ design which is assured.

The building owner, their contracted architect or consultant and any authority having the responsibility can easily lookup the listed drawings of the doors on the certification body’s directory (see www.tbwcert.com as an example).

The certification body is also obligated to dig out and share traceability data from audits if being queried by the authority or an inspection body.

CONCLUSION

Part 2 of NBC details several aspects of how enforcement mechanisms are suggested as a structure. The essence is being reproduced from section 13 of Part 2 of the code.

13 RESPONSIBILITIES AND DUTIES OF THE OWNER

13.1 Neither the granting of the permit nor the approval of the drawings and specifications, nor inspections made by the Authority during erection of the building shall in any way relieve the owner of such building from full responsibility for carrying out the work in accordance with the requirements of the Code.”

Every contract has a value and needs a level of assurance. In the construction industry in India where the NBC has been enacted and implemented, organizations and their representatives are responsible for the implementation of the compliance to the code in the building as per the laws. Using better assurance regimes frees them from the liabilities.

Figure 5: Typical Fire Door Label

Flames, Smoke, and Safety: How Fire Rated Shutters Keep Buildings Secure

Shutters are the most underrated aspect of any building, and have the potential to save lives. These often-overlooked components play a critical role in protecting our homes and businesses from weather, vandalism, and even fire.

Fire is one of the most dangerous threats we face daily, and having a solution that can withstand extreme heat and direct flames is crucial.

Shutters, made from fire-resistant materials, offer great durability and can serve as your ultimate defense against fire.

They not only help prevent fire spread, but also minimize smoke and provide more time for evacuation.

Shutters may not be the first thing that comes to mind when considering fire safety measures, but their importance cannot be overstated.

These unsung heroes of building safety serve multiple purposes and are an essential component of a comprehensive fire protection plan.

FIRE-RATED SHUTTERS PROVIDE A NUMBER OF BENEFITS:

• Compartmentalization: Fire-rated shutters help create a barrier between different sections of a building. This containment strategy prevents the rapid spread of fire and smoke, limiting damage and providing occupants with additional time to evacuate safely.

• Insulation: Fire-rated shutters are designed to provide insulation against extreme heat. By slowing down the transfer of heat through the shutter, they help maintain a manageable temperature in adjacent areas, which can be crucial for allowing safe evacuation and minimizing damage to valuable assets.

• Emergency Access: Fire-rated shutters can be used in conjunction with emergency exit routes, ensuring that occupants have a clear, unobstructed path to safety. When connected to fire alarm systems or smoke detectors, these shutters automatically open or close, as needed, to facilitate a safe and efficient evacuation.

Gandhi Automation Pvt. Ltd.

• Protection of Equipment & Inventory: In commercial and industrial settings, fire-rated shutters can protect valuable equipment and inventory from fire damage. By enclosing specific areas, these shutters help contain the fire and protect assets that are critical to business operations.

• Insurance Benefits: Installing fire-rated shutters in a building may lead to insurance premium reductions. Insurance companies often recognize the value of these safety measures and offer incentives for property owners who take proactive steps to protect their buildings from fire damage.

• Aesthetic Appeal: In addition to their practical benefits, fire-rated shutters can also be designed to complement the architecture and design of a building. They are available in a variety of styles, materials, and finishes, making it easy to find the perfect fit for any building.

Fire-rated shutters and doors are commonly found in industrial, commercial, institutional, and retail projects where fire protection is a priority.

However, despite their importance, we often take them for granted. Regular checks are essential to ensure that all components function correctly and provide optimal fire protection.

Installing complex engineered fire safety devices, such as fire shutters, requires expertise and precision.

The components must work together flawlessly to ensure that the shutter assembly functions correctly during a fire. Certified fire shutters, fitted properly, can help prevent potential damage to property and lives.

Gandhi Automation’s Fire Shutters/Doors are engineered with multiple features, including an auto-closing mechanism activated by a fusible link at 74°C. They can also be connected to fire alarm systems or smoke detectors for automatic activation.

Made of cold-rolled Galvalume, Galvanised Steel, or Stainless Steel, these shutters and doors are sturdy, secure, and capable of resisting fire for up to 4 hours, meeting BS 476: Part 22: 1987 standards for stability and integrity.

Regular maintenance and inspection are crucial for ensuring the efficient functioning of fire shutters and doors.

Gandhi Automation’s dedicated maintenance team conducts frequent checks to ensure optimal performance. Proper maintenance is a priority to ensure the longevity and effectiveness of fire shutters and doors.

Fire rated shutters are an essential component of any building’s safety system, providing an added layer of protection against accidental fires and ensuring safe and efficient escape routes in emergencies.

Installing fire rated shutters can reduce the risks of fire and resulting damage, providing peace of mind to building owners and tenants.

No matter the type of building, incorporating fire rated shutters into your safety system is highly recommended. Ensure the safety and security of your property and its occupants by investing in fire rated shutters today.

Dual Role of Glass –Aesthetically Pleasing While Being Fire Resistant

The fire protection system industry is ablaze with a soaring demand, as an ever-expanding array of sectors, including oil and gas, construction, energy & power, transportation & logistics, and beyond, are adopting these life-saving innovations.

Fuelled by a confluence of cutting-edge technological breakthroughs, rapid urbanization, and relentless economic progress, the fire protection system market is poised for a remarkable, incendiary growth trajectory.

It’s interesting to note that the National Building Code of India (NBC) (2016) puts a significant emphasis on using Passive Fire Protection Products in buildings and structures. The main goal is to ensure the safety of people’s lives and limit financial losses that can occur from damage to infrastructure.

It’s predicted that by 2028, the global passive fire protection market size will increase to USD 5.4 billion from USD 4.0 billion in 2021, which is a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.5% between 2021 and 2028.

So, it seems like the future of the fire protection system industry is looking pretty bright.

Building design requires effective fire protection, whether it’s for new constructions or existing structures.

Passive fire protection can be achieved through the materials used in the building’s construction or by incorporating it later to boost the building’s fire resistance. Components such as fire-rated walls, smoke seals, and facade smoke barriers are part of passive fire protection.

Tariq Kachwala, Director, FG Glass

SPOTLIGHT

When it comes to fire-rated glass walls and partitions, glass is a popular choice because of its unique properties of transparency and durability that other building materials can’t match.

Thanks to recent advances in material technology, such as borosilicate glass material, larger glass formats can now be used. This not only aligns with the building’s overall design aesthetic but also provides high levels of fire protection, often up to two hours on average. Given the growth of the construction industry due to the rising demand for residential and commercial spaces, fire protection has become increasingly crucial.

For materials to be fire-rated, they must have a low coefficient of expansion. This is crucial because it helps to minimise the impact of temperature rise and ensures that the structural integrity of the base material remains intact.

The glass products have to go through specific testing procedures to check their ability to withstand high temperatures and pressure.

The European and American standards are commonly used and cater to different building types and applications. In India, there are also specific testing standards like IS

3614, IS 16945, and IS 16947 that are used to specify and test the properties of fire-rated glass and other related elements.

With the increasing demand for fire-rated glazed doors, partitions, and facades, various tests are conducted in national and international laboratories to evaluate the performance of different systems, materials, and application spaces.

It’s important for clients to understand the testing protocols and make sure that the materials used comply with these protocols and meet the required performance standards before finalising the contract.

Additionally, it’s worth noting that these tests are conducted for the full system, including frames, setting blocks, hardware, and sealant, so it’s crucial that the exact tested components are part of the final product supply.

Due to its recent introduction in the Indian building market, fire-rated glass and glazing are not yet widely known.

Therefore it is important for construction industry to have an indepth understanding of the usage of fire-rated glass doors and partitions, as well as the materials employed in their construction.

At present, various specifications exist in the market that cater to specific manufacturers. However, this approach does not serve the best interests of the construction industry as a whole. To facilitate the adoption of the latest technologies and materials, it is essential for specifiers, architects, and designers to create specifications that provide a level playing field for all stakeholders to compete on.

FG has collaborated with SCHOTT, Germany to provide the most comprehensive range of fire-rated glazing products in the industry. Their products cover the entire performance spectrum, including E (integrity), EI (insulation), and EW (radiation control) ratings. These glazed systems offer unparalleled aesthetics and are tested according to EN, IS, or UL standards, making them suitable for use in various residential, commercial, and hospitality projects in both private and public sectors.

Unlocking the Secrets of Passive Fire Protection: The Crucial Role of Fire Doors and Proper Maintenance

Director, Tenable Fire Engineering Consultancy

In a world where the importance of fire safety is becoming increasingly apparent, fire doors play a vital yet often overlooked role in safeguarding lives and property.

These silent guardians help prevent the spread of fire and smoke within buildings, ensuring the safe evacuation of occupants and enabling firefighters to execute their duties more efficiently.

Fire doors are a key component in a building’s overall passive fire protection strategy, contributing significantly to occupant safety during a fire incident.

Proper installation, maintenance, and adherence to international standards ensure that fire doors perform optimally when needed most. In addition to their primary role in containing fires and preventing their spread, fire doors also offer several secondary benefits, such as providing acoustic insulation and enhancing overall building security.

The installation of fire doors in buildings with multiple floors and interconnected spaces is especially crucial. In such scenarios, fire doors facilitate fire compartments that limit the spread of fire, allowing occupants to evacuate safely and firefighters to contain the blaze more effectively. By protecting stairwells, elevators, and other crucial escape routes, fire doors play a vital role in saving lives and minimizing property damage.

Besides traditional fire doors, there are other innovative passive fire protection solutions available, such as

Roy S. Fernandes, Projects

SPOTLIGHT

intumescent seals, fire-resistant glazing, and fire dampers. Intumescent seals, when exposed to heat, expand to fill gaps and prevent the spread of fire and smoke.

Fire-resistant glazing, on the other hand, can withstand high temperatures and maintain its structural integrity during a fire. Fire dampers, installed within a building’s ductwork, close automatically to prevent the spread of flames and smoke through the ventilation system.

Fire doors come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and materials – from swinging and vertical rolling steel to power-operated models. Crucially, these doors must adhere to international standards such as NFPA 80, which regulates the installation and maintenance of assemblies and devices used to protect openings in walls, floors, and ceilings. Fire resistance ratings, tested using procedures such as ASTM E119 and ANSI/UL 263, determine the duration a door can withstand fire exposure.

A properly labeled fire door assembly provides essential information, including the manufacturer’s name, fire protection rating, third-party certification agency markings, and the fire test standard designation. Similarly,

fire door frames must also be labeled accordingly. These details ensure that fire doors are up to the task when called upon to protect lives and property.

Unfortunately, during field inspections, it is not uncommon to find fire doors held open, compromising their effectiveness. This is often done to facilitate the movement of people and equipment in day-to-day operations.

However, leaving fire doors open poses a serious threat to a building’s occupants, as the doors’ primary function is to contain fire and prevent its spread to adjacent spaces.

In some instances, fire doors are found with cut-outs that have been replaced by field-modified louvre arrangements for ventilation purposes.

This practice, which damages the fire doors, is not in accordance with international standards. To maintain the integrity of fire doors, only labeled fire door louvers should be used.

Adherence to NFPA 80 standards is crucial, requiring all fire doors to self-close and self-latch. Building owners and operators must prioritize compliance with these regulations to protect lives and maintain the integrity of fire zones and fire compartments.

Power-operated fire doors, which use electromagnetic door holders and close electrically during emergencies, can offer a viable alternative.

Regular maintenance of fire doors is essential to guarantee their effectiveness over time. Assessing the need for replacement parts, repairing damaged components are all crucial steps in ensuring fire doors meet safety standards.

Informational signs installed on fire doors should not exceed five (5%) percent of the door face and must be attached using approved adhesives.

Moreover, fusible links, release devices, and other movable parts should not be painted or coated, as this could interfere with the assembly’s operation. Painting a fire door facade where needed should similarly not affect the fundamental self-closing and self-latching mechanism on a fire door.

When it comes to modifications and installations, only approved methods should be employed. Field modifications to achieve a fire rating, for example, should only be made under a label service.

Vertical clearance from the floor level is another important safety aspect. International standards stipulate a maximum clearance of 3/4 inches (19 millimeters) under the bottom of a door.

Products evaluated for fire doors with a bottom clearance above 3/4 inches (19 millimeters) and listed for use at or under the bottom of the fire door shall be permitted when installed per their listings.

Periodic inspections and testing, conducted at least once a year, ensure the ongoing safety and functionality of fire doors. Acceptance testing should be performed by qualified professionals with a thorough understanding of the assembly’s operating components.

SPOTLIGHT

In addition, any inoperative hardware, parts, or defective items should be replaced without delay.

Tenable Fire Engineering Consultancy’s team of highly qualified and skilled engineers provides a range of fire and life safety consultancy services, including site inspections and witness testing for fire doors and other integral components.

As the importance of passive fire protection becomes increasingly apparent, it is crucial for building owners, facility managers, and construction professionals to prioritize the proper installation, maintenance, and inspection of fire doors and other fire protection measures.

Awareness and education about the significance of fire doors and their role in protecting lives and property can help drive industry-wide improvement in fire safety standards.

Fire doors are much more than a mere overrated passive protection feature; they are an essential component of any building’s fire safety strategy.

By understanding the critical role fire doors play and ensuring that they are installed, maintained, and inspected correctly, we can help create safer environments for building occupants and first responders alike.

Investing in fire doors and other passive fire protection measures is not only a smart choice but also a crucial step towards safeguarding lives and property from the devastating consequences of fire incidents.

The Premiere Edition of Fire Safe Build India Emerges as a Decisive Industry Platform for the Passive Fire Protection Systems Industry

Mumbai, India – Fire Safe Build India - the first ever focused exhibition and multi-dimensional platform showcasing products, solutions and technology for the passive fire protection Industry, was held in Mumbai from 9 – 11 February 2023. The event succeeded in highlighting the importance of passive fire safety across several Industry verticals including construction, industrial, transport amongst others.

The premier edition of FSBI featured exhibitors from India and other neighbouring countries like Bahrain, Bangladesh, Singapore, United Arab Emirates & United Kingdom, who displayed their products and services related to latest technology in the passive fire protection. The exhibition also had various panel discussions, workshops, and seminars, which provided a platform for the attendees to exchange notes and insights on the latest industry trends, challenges, and opportunities.

The event was inaugurated by Shri Santosh Warick, Chief Fire Officer at MIDC, Shri Deskhmukh, Chairman, Fire Safe India Foundation Former Director & Fire Advisor, Govt. of Maharashtra, Haroon Siddiqui, Head MEP, Rustomjee and Shridhar Rao, Head MEP Reliance Industries Limited.

The three-day event brought together industry experts, fire safety professionals, architects, engineers, and builders to share their expertise and knowledge on passive fire protection solutions. The exhibition featured a wide range of products, services, and technologies including fireresistant coatings, fire-safety glass, testing services, fire barriers, fire doors, fire dampers, and other components.

Further, FSBI provided an opportunity for attendees to learn about key topics including Regulatory Framework, Implementation Challenges, Optimization of Products and Solutions, Traceability, Role of Digital Technology, Fire

safety Solutions, Stakeholder engagement, case studies from various sectors and a host of other relevant, focused and high-priority topics at the high-level conference program.

The exhibition was organized by NuernbergMesse India supported by key industry stakeholders like Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, FM Approvals, HILTI and Asahi India Glass Ltd (AIS).

Speaking on the occasion, Sonia Prashar, Managing Director, NuernbergMesse India said, “We are thrilled with the success of this exhibition, which has provided a valuable platform for industry professionals to network and collaborate. We are confident that it will contribute to the growth and development of the industry.”

“I am delighted to see that FSBI is the first platform dedicated to discussions on passive fire protection. This significant platform provided us with excellent opportunities to showcase our expertise and offerings, and I am eagerly looking forward to the next edition” said by Ashish Mittal, Vice President - Hilti India

“Being present here at FSBI is very exciting because we are witnessing the evolution of standards and awareness in the Passive Fire Protection industry. It’s gratifying to participate in an event that prioritizes the safety of human lives. Moreover, this exhibition offers a unique opportunity to bring transparency and higher standards into the industry, which will ultimately benefit people in general” said Deepak Sharma, Managing Director - Wuerth

For more information about the Fire Safe Build India(FSBI), please visit www.fsbi.in

Revolutionizing Building Safety: Advanced PFP Technology

Gaurav Srivastava, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar

Passive Fire Protection (PFP) is an essential component of building safety, and new technology is playing an increasingly critical role in enhancing its effectiveness.

The traditional approach to PFP focused on using fireresistant materials to safeguard buildings from fire damage.

Standardized fire testing is one of the primary ways through which PFP systems have been assessed. Standard fire testing involves exposing building materials and systems to various levels of heat and flame to determine their fire resistance.

This testing allows for a better understanding of how different materials and systems will perform in a fire, helping to guide building design and construction.

An upcoming aspect of PFP technology is the development of performance assessment frameworks.

These frameworks provide a standardized approach to evaluating the effectiveness of PFP systems in a building.

They allow for a more thorough analysis of a building’s PFP system, ensuring that it is providing the desired level of protection.

Performance-based designo of PFP systems incorporates the equivalence of fire severity across different materials, scenarios and systems.

This equivalence allows for a more accurate comparison of different PFP systems in a given context and helps to ensure that they are providing consistent levels

of protection. New and old technologies are being combined to create innovative fire protection solutions.

For example, fire-retardant coatings are being used in conjunction with traditional fire-resistant materials to create more effective PFP systems.

Similarly, advances in sensors and monitoring systems are allowing for real-time monitoring of PFP systems, providing early warning of any potential issues.

Assessment methods are also evolving, with technology playing a key role in this area. For example, digital twins are being used to create virtual models of buildings and their PFP systems.

These models allow for more accurate and detailed analysis of PFP systems, providing building owners and operators with valuable information about the effectiveness of their systems.

From standardized testing to performance assessment frameworks and innovative new technologies, the use of technology is helping to ensure that PFP systems provide the required level of protection.

As technology continues to evolve, we can expect even more sophisticated and effective PFP solutions to emerge, further improving building safety and protecting lives and property.

Fires can have devastating effects on concrete and other structures. The high temperatures generated during a fire can cause concrete to experience significant thermal stress, resulting in large deformations, permanent

damage, and even collapse. In addition, exposure to fire can cause concrete to undergo spalling, a process in which the surface layer of concrete breaks off, leaving the underlying material exposed.

Fire-induced spalling occurs due to the combination of heat and moisture within the concrete. As concrete heats up, the water within it begins to turn into steam, creating pressure within the material.

If this pressure becomes too great, it can cause the surface layer of the concrete to break off, creating a weakened structure that is more vulnerable to collapse. In addition to physical damage, fires can also cause instability effects, such as buckling and sagging, that can compromise the structural integrity of a building.

The effects of a fire on a structure can depend on various factors, including the intensity and duration of the fire, the type of construction materials used, and the ventilation conditions within the building.

To protect concrete and other structures from the damaging effects of fire, passive fire protection measures are often employed.

These measures include the use of fire-resistant materials, such as fire-rated concrete, as well as fire barriers, smoke barriers, and other compartmentalization techniques designed to limit the spread of fire and smoke.

By incorporating these measures into a building’s design and construction, property owners can help to minimize the risk of damage and loss of life in the event of a fire.

As technology advances, so too does the range of options available for passive fire protection. However, sometimes old technology can be just as effective, if not more so.

One example of this is concrete and masonry, which are inherently good insulators and can help delay the rise in temperature and prevent the spread of fire.

However, concerns have been raised about the potential for spalling and the need for post-fire condition assessment. For steel structures, specifically designed protection systems are required.

These may include board, spray, paints, and encasing for external protection. Alternatively, filling with materials of high heat capacity, such as concrete, can provide additional protection.

When it comes to passive fire protection systems, having a performance assessment framework in place is crucial for ensuring the safety of building occupants and minimizing property damage in the event of a fire.

The framework typically involves several key steps, including characterizing the fire load and compartment geometry, assessing the required fire resistance ratings, and designing systems that meet those ratings.

This may involve experiments or computer simulations to validate the design before implementation. Even after the systems are implemented, it’s important to conduct post-construction checks to ensure that everything is functioning as intended.

This framework helps to ensure that all aspects of the passive fire protection system are properly designed and maintained to provide maximum protection in the event of a fire.

One of the critical components of this framework is the assessment of required fire resistance ratings. This involves analyzing the specific hazards associated with a given building and determining the appropriate level of protection required to minimize the risk of damage or injury.

Structural materials can be particularly vulnerable to the effects of fire, such as large deformations, permanent damage, instability, and fire-induced spalling.

Therefore, it’s crucial to design passive fire protection systems that take these factors into account to minimize the potential for structural failure and ensure the safety of building occupants.

It is important to note that each material has its own strengths and weaknesses when it comes to fire protection.

A thorough understanding of these properties is necessary for designing effective passive fire protection systems. By carefully selecting and implementing the

right technologies for a given structure, the risk of firerelated damage can be greatly reduced.

In conclusion, the role of technology in passive fire protection systems is critical in ensuring the safety of buildings and their occupants.

The standard fire curve and its pre-flashover stage are key concepts that help in designing effective passive fire protection measures.

Moreover, the effects of fire on structures, including instability, large deformations, permanent damage, and fire-induced spalling, highlight the need for new and old technologies to delay the rise in temperature and prevent the spread of fire.

The performance assessment framework is a valuable tool for the design and validation of fire protection systems.

SPOTLIGHT

It includes the characterization of fire load and compartment geometry, assessment of required fire resistance ratings, design of systems, implementation, and post-construction checks.

While many technologies are available, the need for rationalized methods of assessment remains crucial. Prescriptive and performance-based approaches, as well as experimental and computer methods of assessment, must be developed and continuously evolved to keep up with advancements in technology.

In the end, the hope is that codes and standards will continue to evolve and become more comprehensive, leading to safer buildings and improved fire protection measures. With the right tools and technologies, we can work together to create a safer, more secure future.

Enhancing Fire Safety in Building Facades

M. Abdullah Quadri, Effisus

A high-rise building standing tall amidst a bustling cityscape, a marvel of modern engineering and architectural design. But beneath the surface, there is a silent guardian at work, shielding occupants from potential disasters: the building’s facade. This crucial element is the first line of defense against fire spread, ensuring the safe evacuation of occupants in case of an emergency. Are we doing enough to ensure fire safety in building facades?

Recent research has uncovered that the incidence of façade fire in a high-rise building has dramatically increased over the last 30 years, with an average of 4.8 occurrences per year worldwide; this highlights the dire need for stakeholders like architects, consultants developers etc. to prioritize fire safety in their designs. Fire Safety is no longer an option, but a responsibility we hold as designers of spaces where people live, work, and gather. With the stakes this high, let’s challenge ourselves to not only create buildings that stand tall but also stand safe.

EVALUATING FAÇADE SYSTEMS COMPONENTS

External cladding is a crucial element of any façade system, providing both insulation and protection against the elements. However, it is essential to note that good fire resistance is not the same as fire reaction, and considerations must be made for both.

The choice of cladding material, such as Aluminium Composite Panels (ACP), High-Pressure Laminates (HPL), Glazing, windows, curtain walls, and Fibre-Reinforced Plastic (FRP), can significantly impact a building’s fire safety.

For instance, ACP with a polyethene core has a limited fire performance, with fire spread occurring rapidly across the surface and potentially leading to collapse within 60 minutes, according to British Standard BS 8414.

The fire performance of Continuous Insulation (CI) materials is tested according to EN ISO 13501-1, which

Gallery of UNStudio designs the new UIC building ‘V on Shenton’ in Singapore

provides a standardized methodology for the fire classification of construction products and building elements. XPS and PIR foams, for example, are considered combustible and have lower fire performance than non-combustible materials like mineral wool.

Phenolic foam has a high fire performance and is classified as a B-s1, d0 material, meaning it has low smoke production and does not produce flaming droplets.

For Weather/Water-Resistive Barrier (WRB) materials, testing is typically done according to ASTM E84, which measures surface burning characteristics of building materials. However, there are more complete and application-related testing or certification like BS 8414 or NFPA 285 as well as EN 13501 that test for fire performance in the context of the entire façade system. The lack of alignment and standardization in the testing requirements in the different markets is a challenge when protecting our buildings.

It is important to note that the fire resistance of these materials is not the same as fire reaction. While fire resistance refers to the ability of a material to withstand fire for a specified period of time, fire reaction refers to how a material contributes to the spread and intensity of a fire. Therefore, when evaluating the fire safety of façade systems, consideration must be given to both fire resistance and fire reaction properties of the materials used.

Finding the perfect facade solution that meets the project’s functional and aesthetic needs while maintaining adequate fire resistance can be a daunting task for architects and builders. With a variety of membranes and materials to choose from, striking the right balance between flexibility, function, and fire resistance is a delicate compromise that cannot be taken lightly. Ultimately, the safety of building occupants should always be a top priority, and incorporating fire-resistant materials and systems into facade design is essential to mitigate potential risks.

FIRE SPREAD IN BUILDING FAÇADES

As stated before designers play a crucial role in ensuring the safety of buildings from fire hazards. Building components and materials that do not comply with fire safety standards can be a red flag for designers. The fire incidents in commercial & industrial properties can also be attributed to construction defects. These defects include a lack of fire resistance testing and the use of non-compliant materials, such as those that do not meet the BS 8414 fire safety standard or the EN ISO 13501-1 standard for cladding and other complementary materials. Therefore, considering fire safety at the design stage is essential to prevent devastating building fires and protect the lives of those within its walls.

While internal fires can often be managed with the help of automatic sprinkler systems or firefighters, external fires pose a significant threat to building safety. According to the Fire Protection Research Foundation (FPRF), the spread of fire from the building interior to the exterior facade is one of the most significant challenges in modern building fires. The phenomenon known as “leapfrog” effect occurs when a fire breaches the interior compartment of the building and jumps to the exterior facade. This effect can happen when floor slab fire stopping is missing or not installed to standards or when the curtain wall is not listed. Flames can penetrate gaps in the building and quickly reach upper floors, even propagating downwards if the facade material is flammable. This highlights the importance of preventing the spread of fire to the exterior of the building and reinforces the need to design and construct fire-resistant buildings.

As a fire grows, the temperature within the fire chamber can reach extreme levels. The heat flux - the rate of heat energy transmitted through a unit area - can exceed 120-150kW/m2, according to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). This intense heat can break window glazing, allowing hot gases to escape from the top of the opening. Hot gases that do not burn inside the room due to limited air can ignite when they reach the exterior where there is enough air to sustain combustion. Flames produced by these gases can reach a temperature of over 500°C, and at a height of 1m, they can produce a heat flux of 50-100kW/m2. These figures illustrate the need for buildings to be designed and constructed to withstand the extreme temperatures and heat fluxes produced by a fire, preventing its spread to other parts of the building.

SPOTLIGHT

The spread of fire on the exterior of a building can have devastating consequences. As intense heat builds up behind the facade, flames can begin to delaminate the panels, exposing more combustible materials to the fire. This can result in the rapid engulfing of large areas of the building and multiple storeys of the facade. In addition to the use of flammable materials, other factors that contribute to the rapid spread of flames on the exterior facade include poor installation, inadequate joint detailing, weak mechanical detailing in insulation and facade paneling, and insufficient railing systems.

A recent report by the Grenfell Tower Inquiry highlighted the dangers of cladding, and how inadequate installation and detailing can exacerbate the spread of fire, leading to catastrophic consequences. These factors emphasize the importance of designing and constructing buildings that are resistant to external fires, which can be much more challenging for firefighters to manage.

Ensuring the safety of building occupants is of utmost importance in the construction industry. While regulations have become stricter in many countries, it is still essential to take further steps to improve fire safety in facades. Facades are a system, and it is crucial to understand the fire performance of different materials and the fire reaction of the entire system.

To achieve safer facades, it is recommended to consult with a proper technical team that can help select materials and systems that provide adequate fire resistance while meeting functional and aesthetic requirements.

Non-combustible materials like glass and metal provide both fire resistance and aesthetic appeal. Fire-resistant weatherproofing barriers and insulation should also be used to enhance the safety of building exteriors.

The Future of passive fire protection in building facades is dependent on the combined efforts of various stakeholders, including architects, engineers, manufacturers, regulators and building owners.

By working together, embracing new technologies and materials, and prioritizing education and awareness, we can create a safer built environment that protects lives and assets.

Fire Safe Build India (FSBI) the 2 days conference on passive fire protection has been the Indian Industry’s first effort in spreading awareness & knowledge among the stakeholders of Building design & Construction Industry.

Figure 3 Shanghai 28-storey apartment block 2010

Fire Performance of Mass Timber: Future of building and construction

After over a century of building the same way with concrete and steel, the architects, designers, builders are looking towards an alternative material to build with. A few key concerns are prompting this shift. The biggest one is the sustainability / environmental impact of how and what we build with.

The other concern is to be able to construct faster and efficient buildings. In the last couple of decades, a longforgotten material has made a comeback in a new form. Timber has been re-invented as Mass Timber. Mass timber is a term that refers to engineered wood products that are made by laminating, gluing or fastening smaller pieces of wood together to form larger structural elements.

Mass timber has been gaining popularity in the building and construction industry in recent years, especially in Europe and North America, due to its environmental, economic and aesthetic benefits.

Mass timber can reduce the carbon footprint of buildings by storing carbon in the wood, avoiding the emissions from producing and transporting concrete and steel, and enabling faster and more efficient construction processes.

Mass timber can also lower the cost of construction by reducing the need for heavy equipment, scaffolding, formwork and labour. It can also create attractive and comfortable spaces with natural light, warmth, and texture.

All this has led to more and more architects looking at Mass Timber as a preferred material to do various types of buildings, such as residential, commercial, institutional, industrial and mixed-use. Mass timber can be used as a complementary material to concrete and steel, or as a primary material for the entire structure.

The most common concern, that most people have with using timber for construction is the perception that wood and fire go hand in hand. How does one address the issue of wood buildings being extremely susceptible to fire? Let’s try to demystify the behaviour of wood subjected to fire and how it is an exceptional material when it comes to withstanding fire.

When we compare how the three common building materials fairs when subjected to high temperature fire, it comes as a surprise, but mass timber outperforms steel and concrete in terms of retaining it structural strength. This may not sound believable, but one needs to understand the behaviour of these materials when subjected to high temperatures.

Steel starts to lose its structural strengths at around 220°C and is at half its strength at around 340°C. Similarly concrete starts to disintegrate at around 425°C and losses about half its strength at around 650°C. It performs much better as compared to steel because it takes quiet some time for the whole mass to reach catastrophic temperature but bizarre phenomenon like

Vivekabhilash Sharma, Artius Interior Products and Ideas Design Solutions

SPOTLIGHT

member a 1-hour fire rating. So, instead of 300 x 300 we make it 372 x 372 to give additional 36mm on each side as a sacrificial layer. This will not only give the member one hour fire rating but will also maintain its full structural integrity after 1 hour of fire.

The charred layer can be simply scraped off and the member will be as good as new. To even further enhance the capabilities of timber members, they can be coated with transparent intumescent coatings which will add another layer of protection.

explosive spalling is observed in concrete which makes it highly unpredictable at high temperatures. On the other hand, steel after cooling down may come back to its original strength but concrete doesn’t regain any of its lost strength.

A typical house fire can reach to a temperature of 450600°C. In such conditions both steel and concrete will fail unless they are protected by passive fire protection systems.

Wood on the other hand burns in a very interesting manner. As the exposed layer of wood is subjected to fire, it starts producing char which insulates the interior and protects it from damage.

Wood burns slowly and the rate of charring is around 0.6mm / minute. Wood ignites at around 300°C and will burn at around 800-900°C. So typically, on being subjected to high temperature fire, wood will lose 0.6mm to charring every minute on the outside all the while insulating the interior from damage.

This is because the build-up of carbon on the surface will limit the oxygen supply to the wood below and act as insulator. Therefore, the wood below the charred level will be cool and retain 85 to 90 per cent of its structural integrity.

Now this knowledge of rate of charring can be used as a passive fire protection measure in mass timber structures. Let us say that the structural sizing requirement of the timber member is 300mm x 300mm.

Since we know that wood will char at the rate of 36mm per hour, we can add this extra material to give the

Another factor that influences the fire safety of mass timber buildings is the fire resistance rating of the structural connection components that are usually made of steel.

Fire resistance rating is a measure of how long a component can withstand a standard fire exposure without losing its load-bearing capacity or integrity. Fire resistance rating can be achieved by using fire-retardant treatments, protective coatings, or additional layers of non-combustible materials on the wood surfaces.

Fire resistance rating can also be enhanced by using proper connections and joints that prevent fire spread and structural collapse.

A third factor that affects the fire safety of mass timber buildings is the fire suppression system. Fire suppression system is a set of devices and equipment that detect and extinguish fires automatically or manually.

Fire suppression system can include sprinklers, water mist, foam, gas, or dry chemical agents. Fire suppression system can reduce the fire growth rate, limit the fire spread, and protect the occupants and firefighters from smoke and heat. Fire suppression system should be designed according to the specific characteristics and risks of mass timber buildings.

Mass timber buildings are an innovative and sustainable way of construction that have many advantages over conventional buildings. To ensure the fire safety of mass timber buildings, it is essential to consider the charring rate, fire resistance rating, and fire suppression system of the structural components, as well as conduct adequate fire tests and inspections.

Enhancing Safety: PFP Technology Advances

Amit Chaudhari, KPM Design Services Pvt. Ltd.

Passive Fire Protection (PFP) systems are an essential component of building safety, designed to contain and restrict the spread of fire and smoke. These systems consist of fire-resistant walls, floors, and barriers, as well as fire/smoke dampers, fire doors, and photoluminescent egress path markers. By compartmentalizing a building into smaller sections, PFP systems prevent the rapid spread of fire and smoke, providing valuable time for occupants to evacuate safely.

PFP systems are not intended to extinguish fires, but rather to contain and control them. They are highly reliable in emergencies as they do not require human intervention or electricity to function. Building owners must carefully consider the unique design, operation, and maintenance requirements of their buildings to ensure that their PFP systems are effective and meet or exceed minimum building code requirements. They reduce the risk of injury and loss of life by preventing the rapid spread of fire and smoke. Building owners must adopt a proactive and integrated approach to fire safety to ensure that their PFP systems are reliable and effective.

Fire stopping plays a crucial role in safeguarding the occupants of a building. If fire and smoke are not contained appropriately, they can spread rapidly through a building, posing a significant threat to life and property. Fire stops are installed around gaps in pipes, ducts, and other openings to slow or stop the spread of fire and smoke, giving people more time to evacuate the building safely. Building owners and managers should understand the importance of fire stopping and take necessary measures to ensure that their buildings are equipped with effective fire stops. By doing so, they can protect the occupants of the building and reduce the risk of loss of life and property damage in the event of a fire.

Sprinkler systems play a vital role in protecting buildings and their occupants from fires. In the event of a fire, the heat from the flames activates the sprinkler heads,

which quickly release water into the flames. This not only helps to cool down the fire, but also reduces the amount of heat and smoke that is generated, making it easier for people to evacuate safely. These systems are designed to respond quickly and effectively to fires, even if there is no one around to activate them. They are also highly customizable, with different types of sprinkler heads available for different applications. For example, some buildings may require sprinklers that are specially designed for use in high-humidity environments or where there is a risk of freezing temperatures. Overall, sprinkler systems are an effective way to control fires and minimize property damage. By quickly and automatically responding to fires, these systems can help to prevent the spread of flames and smoke, giving people the time they need to get to safety.

Fire safety education and training are crucial in preparing firefighters to respond to emergencies effectively. This includes teaching them fire suppression techniques, search and rescue procedures, and the proper use of personal protective equipment. Moreover, educating the public on fire prevention and safety measures can help to reduce the risk of fires occurring and promote a culture of fire safety and preparedness. One critical component

SPOTLIGHT

of fire safety in buildings is the use of fire doors and fire walls. These structures create a barrier between different sections of a building, preventing the spread of fire and smoke between compartments. Fire doors, in particular, are designed to withstand high temperatures and prevent flames and smoke from passing through. These features are essential for containing fires, giving people more time to evacuate safely and reducing damage to property. Building owners should ensure that their fire doors and fire walls are properly installed and maintained to ensure their effectiveness in emergencies.

Effective fire safety requires a combination of education, training, and technology. Building owners must invest in proper fire safety education and training for their staff and occupants, as well as implementing the latest technology and equipment, such as fire doors and fire suppression systems. Fire detection and alarm systems are critical components of building safety. Building owners must take a proactive and integrated approach to fire safety, investing in education, training, and the latest technology to ensure that their systems are effective and reliable. By doing so, they can minimize the risk of fire-related dangers and protect their occupants and property.

Smoke doors and smoke fire dampers are important components in building design and HVAC systems, respectively, and play a crucial role in protecting both occupants and property from fire-related damage. Smoke doors help to prevent smoke from spreading throughout a building, which can be costly and difficult to remediate, and their use is often mandated by local fire codes and regulations to ensure public safety. Regular inspection and maintenance of smoke doors are necessary to ensure they operate properly in the event of a fire. Smoke fire dampers are a crucial component in HVAC systems, as they help prevent the spread of smoke and fire through ductwork. This helps to protect both occupants and property from damage. Routine inspection and maintenance of smoke fire dampers are critical to ensure their proper functioning in the event of a fire. Building owners must prioritize the proper design, installation, and maintenance of smoke doors and smoke fire dampers to ensure their effectiveness and reliability in an emergency situation.

In conclusion, smoke doors and smoke fire dampers are important tools in building safety and fire prevention. Proper installation, inspection, and maintenance of these systems are critical to ensure their effectiveness in protecting both occupants and property from fire-related

damage. Building owners must prioritize the safety of their occupants and invest in a proactive approach to fire safety, including the installation and maintenance of smoke doors and smoke fire dampers.

Passive Fire Protection (PFP) is a critical aspect of building safety that comprises various techniques aimed at mitigating the spread of fire within a building. Compartmentalization is an essential element of PFP that involves the use of firewalls, fire barriers, fire partitions, and smoke barriers to contain the spread of fire. Fire barriers, including fire-rated walls, floors, and ceilings, restrict the propagation of fire, while extended walls provide complete protection. Smoke barriers also play a vital role in limiting the movement of smoke and improving overall safety.

Opening protection is another aspect of PFP that involves measures aimed at enhancing the fire resistance of openings in fire barriers, such as fire doors and windows, to ensure that they can withstand the impact of fire. Smoke and fire dampers are additional elements of this system that restrict the spread of smoke and fire.

Structural fire protection is another critical component of building safety that involves the use of fire-resistant materials to safeguard critical structural components from the damaging effects of fire. PFP is essential in ensuring the safety of buildings and their occupants, and regular inspection and maintenance of PFP systems are necessary to ensure their proper functioning in the event of a fire.

Passive fire protection (PFP) is an essential aspect of building safety, with many benefits for both financial protection and human safety. One of the most significant benefits of PFP is its ability to minimize financial losses caused by fires. By incorporating fire-resistant materials into a building’s construction, PFP can limit property damage and reduce the costs associated with repairs and restoration.

PFP also plays a critical role in saving lives during a fire by delaying the spread of fire and smoke, providing more time for building occupants to evacuate safely. This is particularly important in high-rise buildings or for individuals who may require assistance in evacuating. By

slowing down the spread of fire and smoke, PFP systems provide occupants with additional time to evacuate the building safely. This can significantly improve the chances of survival and minimize injuries during a fire outbreak.

In the event of a fire, passive fire protection measures can also help minimize the damage and downtime caused by the fire. This can help businesses resume operations more quickly and avoid lost revenue. Overall, the use of passive fire protection measures is a wise investment for building owners and operators, providing financial protection, enhancing human safety, and reducing downtime in the event of a fire.

Triple-Acting Performance

Door-Sets: The Future of Fire Protection and Acoustic Privacy

In the 20th century and present times, fire safety has played a significant role in shaping building design. Architects are well-versed in the various code requirements that must be met for a building to be compliant, including materials, fire extinguisher placement, and the use of fire-rated walls and doors. Despite improvements in a building’s ability to withstand fire emergencies, the amount of fire hazards we encounter in our daily lives has risen due to modern living.

Just like how we use doors to move around a building, fires also use doors to reach different areas. They prefer using doors because it’s easier than burning through walls. However, if the doors aren’t fire-resistant, it can make the fire worse.

That’s where fire doors come in handy! These doors are specially designed to resist fire, which helps to contain the flames to one area and slow down the spread of fire. This gives people more time to escape and allows firefighters to arrive and put out the fire.

Sauerland Spanplatte from Germany, World’s largest Door component supplier, offers end consumers’ solution for Passive Fire Protection with fire doors that can protect you for either 30 or 60 minutes in case of a fire! They meet global and Indian standards for insulation, integrity, and stability and are designed to be 100% wood based, environmentally friendly and light weight.

They’re made using a special FRD construction that passes all kinds of safety tests. Door manufacturers can even customise them to meet the specific preferences of real estate developers, using materials like 72 hours BWP grade LVL (Laminated veneer lumber) with 42 mm Sauerland Solid extruded infill (42 VL) + 6 mm HDF (Standard or HMR or 4 hours BWP Grade). For 30-minute fire doors, they can use a 38mm Sauerland

Tubular Infill coupled with Softwood stiles and rails + 3 mm HDF (standard or HMR or 4 hours BWP Grade). Door manufacturers can manufacture Fire Rated Doors without any need to use expensive inorganic materials.

Sauerland Spanplatte places great emphasis on Complete Performance of a Door which can only be achieved with both visual and sound privacy.

The acoustic features of their doors are beneficial for everyday use, as they can keep out unwanted sounds and reduce noise pollution whereas the Fire rating is necessary for the eventuality of an event of fire.

Mr. Nitin Vaze and Mr. Amit Vaze

Sleek Boards Marketing Services LLP

The Sauerland Technology helps to keep unwanted noise out with their acoustic ratings of up to 34 dB or 40 dB for the 60 minutes door-sets and up to 42 dB for the 30 minutes door-sets. Plus, their ultra-low formaldehyde level of E0.5 (or E1 as per EN 16516) makes them safe for indoor use in all kinds of buildings.

And the best part? Sauerland Technology is also environmentally friendly - their cores are made from recyclable material, so you can rest assured that you’re

doing your part for the planet while keeping yourself and others safe.

Customers can further enhance safety, by adding Fire rated drop down seals with smoke arrest technology from companies like Athmer to prevent smoke from passing through.

All of these features combine to create TRIPLE-ACTING performance door sets at the most competitive costs.

When it comes to large buildings and complexes like office buildings or multi-family properties, fire doors are an important element in slowing down the spread of fires.

But there are other factors that can also increase the risks of fires, like healthcare facilities where people with mobility issues might need special consideration for exiting, or buildings that house flammable materials which can cause fires to spread more quickly.

That’s why fire doors and closers are crucial in keeping things contained. If you’re planning a project that involves fire doors and related hardware, it’s always a good idea to work with an expert consultant who can help you navigate all the necessary requirements early on.

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Understanding Passive Fire Protection

Durganand

Thakur,

Fires can have devastating consequences, and unfortunately, they are a frequent occurrence in India. According to the National Crime Records Bureau, over 60 people lose their lives each day due to fire-related incidents. In just one city, Delhi, there were 17,231 fire incidents between 2019 and 2020, which resulted in the loss of 100 lives and injured 843 people. These statistics highlight the urgent need for proactive measures to prevent fires. While firefighting measures are crucial, there is often less focus on effective passive fire protection systems. Equipment faults, human error, negligence, and underreporting of incidents are all factors that can contribute to fire incidents, making it even more critical to take corrective action before a fire occurs.

Imagine waking up to the sound of a fire alarm in the middle of the night. It’s a terrifying thought, isn’t it? Unfortunately, fire incidents are a reality and they can cause irreparable damage to life and property. The good news is, with proper planning and execution, the risk of a fire can be significantly reduced. Passive fire protection (PFP) is one such measure that can make a world of difference.

PFP is not just about installing a few fire doors or coatings. It’s a comprehensive approach that involves careful selection of building materials, designing infrastructure to minimize the risk of fire, and implementing strict operational procedures. PFP aims to prevent a fire incident from occurring in the first place, by tackling indirect causes that can lead to a fire.

The beauty of PFP lies in its simplicity. Once the system is set up, it can work autonomously without any additional human intervention. Examples of PFP systems include fire doors, windows, wall assemblies, and fire-resistant coatings, to name a few. These systems are designed to impede the spread of fire and smoke, without requiring any active fire protection system activation.

VodafoneIdea Limited

In a country like India, where fire incidents are all too common, it’s crucial to focus on proactive measures like PFP. By implementing the right PFP measures, we can significantly reduce the risk of a fire incident and ensure the safety of our communities.

When it comes to fire protection, a proactive approach is key. By understanding the top causes of fires, we can take the necessary steps to mitigate the risks. Inadequate infrastructure design, poor product design, low-quality products, inadequate safety standards, and a lack of proper inspection and monitoring are among the most common root causes of fires.

Passive fire protection is one of the most effective ways to prevent fires from occurring. This method involves compartmentalization, which means separating potential fire hazards from potential victims, using fire-resistant or fire-rated walls, doors, and other assemblies. By doing so, we can limit the spread of fires and buy time for people to evacuate safely. Another method of passive fire protection is through planned processes. This involves implementing regular inspections and maintenance of infrastructure to ensure that any issues are addressed before they become a significant risk. Checklists should be defined by OEMs and safety managers to ensure that all critical elements are inspected.

Alternative reporting systems are also essential for proactive safety measures. This involves recording any observations made by anyone, including maintenance teams, of even minor issues or signs of small heat/ fire occurrences. By doing so, safety managers can take quick action to investigate and address any potential risks before they escalate. By following these approaches, we can ensure that passive fire protection is effectively integrated into our safety practices and help prevent fires from occurring in the first place.

SPOTLIGHT

examining the power demands of each individual component and ensuring that they’re not overloaded beyond their limits. Another important step is to replace any damaged or worn-out electrical cables with fireretardant FRLS cables.

In protecting buildings, equipment, and lives, all kinds of passive fire protection systems are equally important. The goal of passive fire protection is to limit the impact of fire events to the point of no damage. To achieve this, all PFP processes must work together seamlessly.

Achieving the right level of passive fire protection requires a structured approach. When designing new infrastructure, the best passive fire protection can be built in from the start.

But what about existing structures? It’s important to analyze the current layout and make necessary modifications such as adding fire-resistant walls or creating separate floors to limit the spread of fire. Escape routes should be clearly marked with reflective exit signage.

External walls should also be analyzed for fire protection purposes. Sealed glass facades in modern buildings can pose a significant danger in the event of a fire. Sufficient earthing systems are also important to address.

Inadequate earthing can cause enough fire to destroy an entire property. Remember, no single passive fire protection system is better than another. Every kind of PFP plays a key role in protecting against the spread of fire.

Buildings are like intricate machines with so many moving parts, including the electrical power-fed equipment that keeps everything running smoothly. But did you know that these machines are also high-potential fire igniters? It’s a scary thought, but don’t worry - there are ways to protect these vital components from dangerous overheating or overloading.

First, we need to take a close look at the loading of all the equipment and its terminals. This means carefully

These specialized cables are designed to resist flames and smoke, helping to prevent fires from spreading throughout the building. We can also install ELCB/RCCB devices in Servo and Power Distribution Boards. These safety devices automatically shut off power in the event of an electrical fault, helping to prevent dangerous sparks and flames from igniting.

Finally, it’s important to use appropriate class SPDs (Surge Protection Devices) inside the distribution panels and other electrical equipment. SPDs are designed to protect sensitive electronic components from damage caused by power surges or spikes. By choosing the right SPDs, we can help prevent dangerous electrical faults and reduce the risk of fire in our buildings.

When it comes to fire protection, designing a system that complies with building regulations and industry standards is just the first step. Retrofitting existing systems is often necessary, and there are important considerations to keep in mind.

For example, the design of a system should be specific to the intended usage of the building. This means checking for materials with strong structural fire resistance, ensuring that there are adequate exit ways, emergency staircases, and fire doors for data rooms.

But designing the system is not enough. It’s essential to set up a robust inspection and monitoring regime to ensure the system is working as intended. A strong and accountable inspection system is critical for both passive and active fire protection systems.

This means having a process in place for regular inspections, and ensuring the inspection team is capable of identifying potential issues before they become serious problems. With proper inspection and monitoring, we can keep buildings and their occupants safe from the devastating effects of fire. Once the setup is done, the following discipline needs to be followed -

• 100% inspection must be completed within the set frequency to identify any faults or issues.

• 100% rectification of identified faults must be completed promptly to ensure the system is working optimally.

• All faults must be investigated to find the root causes to prevent them from reoccurring.

• The root causes must be analyzed and the feedback must be given to the design and operation teams for future corrections.

• 100% preventive maintenance must be achieved to ensure the system is always in good condition.

• Unnecessary materials and garbage must be removed to prevent any potential fire hazards.

• Wiring must be corrected and strict monitoring of fire-smoke alarms must be carried out to detect any issues early on.

• A fire audit of the premises must be conducted as per the set frequency to identify any potential risks and take corrective action.

The most important aspect of fire prevention is educating and training the technicians responsible for its maintenance. This includes:

• Providing regular training on PFP systems, their components, and maintenance procedures

• Ensuring technicians are aware of the latest codes and standards for PFP

• Encouraging technicians to communicate any issues or concerns about the system

• Holding regular safety meetings to reinforce the importance of PFP and best practices for maintaining it.

Passive fire protection measures are a crucial component of building safety. They are designed to prevent the spread of fire and keep people and property safe. Here are some of the most effective measures to achieve this:

• Fire-resistance joints and opening closures to prevent fire from spreading through gaps.

• Fire-resistant walls and partitions to contain fire in a specific area

• Fire-rated doors for critical areas like data centers, with a minimum 2-hour fire rating

• Fire-resistant-rated barriers, like floors and ceilings, to prevent the spread of flames

• Duct and air transfer openings with combination fire/ smoke dampers, fire dampers, and smoke dampers, to limit the spread of smoke and fire.

These measures work in concert to create a strong passive fire protection system that can limit damage and save lives in the event of a fire.

It’s important to note that achieving effective passive fire protection systems is not a one-stop solution. Rather, it requires a coordinated approach that considers design, operation, and maintenance aspects.

This can be broken down into three phases: pre-design, implementation, and operational. To ensure success, it’s crucial to adopt a proactive and systematic approach that meets the minimum requirements of building codes and checks the sufficiency of the fire protection system.

Other key considerations include means of access and egress, appropriate signage, separation between enclosures and compartments, evacuation strategy, and post-construction operation and maintenance.

It’s also important to incorporate the latest technology in fire systems and implement accountable inspection and maintenance systems.

Ultimately, the success of an effective passive fire protection system depends on an integrated approach and the discipline of the owner. By following these recommendations, we can ensure a safer and more secure environment for all.

Importance of Tested and Certified Solutions for FireResistant Perimeter Joint Systems

the performance of the overall building intact, thus giving a unique identity to the building. When the façade stands tall resisting its assets and occupants of the building against natural forces like heat, wind, seismic forces, drift, etc., the challenge lies in the right selection of the system which delivers enhanced building performance without compromising safety. In doing so, a major challenge awaits when the perimeter joint poses a threat to the rapid spread of fire and smoke in case of a fire incident.

As the 21st century is marked by rapid urbanisation, it is pertinent that the cities are growing vertically upwards with high-rises and skyscrapers marking the skyline of the city. The modern architecture for building envelopes has evolved over the years, thus moving from minimalistic glass usage for building aesthetics to an enhanced aesthetic using a glass façade system keeping

Typically, a non-fire barriered perimeter joint between the edge of the slab and the exterior curtain wall easily facilitates the rapid spread of fire, smoke and other hot gases between adjacent floors through a most common “chimney effect” phenomenon. This traps the occupants and prevents effective firefighting, thus resulting in the loss of human lives and assets, most of which can be prevented with an appropriately designed fire barrier system. So, while designing the fire safety of the building and to achieve a specific performance of the system like fire rating, smoke rating, movement, etc., we refer to the best practices across the globe which call for the relevant national and international codes and standards that guide on effective compartmentation to restrict the movement of fire and smoke. This calls for the design and right selection of products like the spandrel glass, vision glass, aluminium frames (transoms & mullions), spandrel and safing insulation, back pan, etc. for a complete façade system to comply with tested firestop system prerequisite, which is expected to effectively perform during a fire incident.

Curtain wall system - a dominant feature in high-rise and skyscrapers across the globe

Priya Kavra, Technical Marketing Manager, Hilti (India) Pvt. Ltd.

SPOTLIGHT

While designing the fire safety of the building, effective compartmentation

CODES & STANDARDS

A plethora of codes and standards related to the fire safety of curtain wall systems help designers and consultants to choose the right one that suits their needs. In India, the NBC 2016 which is the accepted code of practice by all. Construction professionals recommends that for buildings featuring glass façade assembly, all gaps between floor slabs and façade assembly shall be sealed at all levels by approved fire-resistant sealant material of equal fire rating as that of the floor slab to prevent fire and smoke propagation from one floor to another.

Though it doesn’t provide any specific standard test method for demonstrating the fire rating of the assembly, the standard test method as defined in ASTM E2307, for determining the fire resistance of perimeter fire barriers using intermediate-scale, multistory apparatus satisfies the compliance requirements laid down in the code. Furthermore, NFPA 101, 2018 clause 8.3.5.4.1 mentions that the voids created between the fireresistance-rated floor assembly and the exterior curtain wall shall be protected with a perimeter joint system that is designed and tested in accordance with ASTM E2307 Test Standard.

TESTED SYSTEM

Third-party certification laboratory listing directories guide on right system selection for the perimeter firestop

system. One of the examples is the Intertek certification directory.

To choose the right system, it is important to know the basic details of the application such as the makeup of the exterior wall - spandrel glass, aluminium panel, etc., hourly rating, joint width, static or dynamic joint, etc. The Intertek directory follows a specific nomenclature system to identify the different firestop assemblies listed. based on which right system can be chosen to suit the specific needs of the project. For e.g., when the system is numbered as ‘HI –BPF -120 -12’, it is to be read as:

• HI - Company identifier (Hilti in this case)

• BPF - Barrier, Perimeter Fire

• 120 - Rating of 120 min (F- Rating)

• 12 - 12th system tested in this grouping for the company

UL certifications for perimeter joint systems uses a unique nomenclature which is an alpha-alphanumeric identification system.

The first two alpha characters, CW, identify the perimeter-fire containment system used at the interface of a fire-rated floor and a non-fire-rated exterior curtain wall. The third alpha character is either S or D where S signifies perimeter-fire containment systems that do not have movement capabilities (i.e., Static) and D signifies fire-containment systems that do have movement capabilities (i.e., Dynamic).

to restrict the movement of fire and smoke is of great importance

SPOTLIGHT

The numeric component uses sequential numbers to identify the maximum clearance distance between the curtain wall and the perimeter of the floor and the significance of the number used is tabulated below.

During the time of firestopping at the site, unanticipated construction hindrances are often encountered which differ from the original design. And in such cases, the Engineering Judgments (EJ’s) are typically made that recommend alternative methods to ensure the performance of the firestop system is not compromised.

Since these recommendations are to be based upon identical designs as those which were fire tested, it is important that they be developed using sound engineering principles and must be provided by trained and qualified personnel based on the recommendations prescribed in IFC guidelines.

• Is EJ made available (based on IFC guidelines) in case of non-availability of the tested system exactly matching the actual site condition?

• Are the details of the installed system documented in an appropriate manner to enable the Inspections and maintenance of the firestop system?

PERFORMANCE OF TESTED PERBARRIER FIRE BARRIER JOINT SYSTEM IN REAL FIRE SCENARIO

INSTALLATION, INSPECTION & DOCUMENTATION

The effectiveness and performance of a firestop system largely depend on the installation. Since the perimeter fire barrier system is a ‘Listed’ system, it must be installed in accordance with its listing and the manufacturer’s installation instructions. Typically, firestop manufacturers will have their own programs and qualification criteria to train and educate specialty firestop installers. The following points help to inspect and ensure the effective functioning of the perimeter fire barrier system.

• Is the rating of the perimeter fire barrier system equal to or greater than the floor it is adjacent to?

• Is the EOS joint system tested and listed by an accredited lab?

• Is the installation done by a trained and qualified installer?

It is worth noting that the series of experiments conducted at IIT-GN over the past few years on the performance of the Perimeter Fire Barrier Joint system in real fire scenarios provides a testament to the fact that the ‘Tested Fire barrier joint System’ outperforms the ‘nontested traditional Fire barrier joint system’ in terms of resistance to the propagation of Fire and smoke from one floor to the other. Apart from resisting the propagation of fire, the movement-tested system ensures that it can accommodate the deflection arising in the structure due

Any void between the fire-rated floor and an exterior wall must be protected using a perimeter fire containment system

Inspection - Are the details of the installed system documented in an appropriate manner to enable the Inspections and maintenance of the Firestop system?

to heat generated because of fire. Furthermore, it ensures that the smoke is not propagated beyond acceptable limits from one floor to the other thus ensuring life safety and asset protection.

The use of tested and listed perimeter firestop systems is required by the ‘Building and Life Safety Codes’ to contain the fire and smoke in place of its origin and the absence of such a system in buildings may turn a simple

SPOTLIGHT

The use of a tested and listed perimeter firestop system is required by the ‘Building and Life safety codes’ to contain fire and smoke

System’s appropriately designed, installed, inspected & maintained (documented) for serving its intended use

fire incident into a catastrophic inferno. It is important to have the ‘Fire Barrier System’ appropriately designed, installed, inspected and maintained (documented) for serving its intended use. Adherence to code requirements enables to save lives and protect assets and ensures peace of mind for the builders, contractors, architects, inspectors and most importantly the building occupants.

***

Secure Your Space: Fire Door Safety in India

Hormann Pvt. Ltd.

In India, fire safety is a critical concern that requires a well-rounded approach to safeguard our homes. One essential aspect of this is fire door safety, which is gaining recognition as a reliable solution to prevent the spread of fire and smoke within buildings. But what are fire doors, and why are they so important? Fire doors are a vital component of passive fire protection systems, designed to resist the passage of fire and smoke for a specific period. Made of fire-resistant materials such as steel, timber, or glass and equipped with fire-resistant seals, they prevent the spread of smoke and flames.

Unfortunately, implementing fire doors in India has been challenging due to several gaps in understanding, awareness, and quality certification. To fill the gaps Fire Safe Build India (FSBI) Team interacted with M/S Shakti Hormann to provide guidelines for successful implementation. Join us as we dive into the world of fire door safety and explore how it can help secure your space and prevent tragedy. Let’s unlock the potential of fire doors and build a safer future for all. To do that, our first exercise is decoding the invention - part by part.

Shakti

FIRE DOORS DEMYSTIFIED

When it comes to fire safety, there’s no room for compromise. Fire doors play a crucial role in creating valid fire compartments, which are secured from all sides to prevent the spread of flames and smoke. But what makes a fire door effective, and how do you ensure that it meets the required standards?

Shakti Hormann, has a team of professionals trained in the application of fire doors, assisting stakeholders in creating scientifically sound fire compartments. These compartments, based on the nature of occupancy, must have fire doors and windows with similar ratings. The rating of a fire door is typically defined in terms of its ability to resist fire and smoke for a specified period, ranging from 30 to 240 minutes.

Any compromise on the application of fire doors could have disastrous consequences, which is why compliance with building codes and standards is crucial. The National Building Code of India (NBC) and the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) provide guidelines for fire safety and recently published standards for fire-resistant doors in March 2021. Building owners and managers must stay informed about these regulations and standards to ensure that the fire doors in their buildings are properly installed, maintained, and effective in the event of a fire. Let’s decode the world of fire compartments and fire doors and explore their importance in fire safety and how they can help protect lives and property.

Now, Imagine a fire breaks out in your building. You need to escape to safety, but the fire is spreading quickly. This is where fire doors come in. Fire doors are an essential safety feature that can save lives in the event of a fire. But how do you know if your fire doors are up to standard?

Here are some of the key features of the latest Indian Standard for Fire Doors, 2021.

• The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has published the latest version of standards for fire doors, called IS:3614. These standards specify everything you need to know about fire doors, from construction to maintenance.

• Firstly, there’s the fire-resistance rating. This rating tells you how long a door can resist the passage of fire and smoke. The standard in India requires most fire doors to have a rating of 120 minutes, which means

they can withstand fire and smoke for that amount of time. For exit staircase doors, a 30-minute insulation rating is required.

• Then there are the construction requirements. These include the materials that can be used, the minimum thickness of the material, and the maximum size and type of hardware that can be used. The standard also specifies the requirements for various fire-rated hardware such as hinges, latches, locks, and panic devices.

• But how do you know if your fire doors meet these standards? That’s where testing and certification come in. All fire doors must be tested and certified by an accredited testing laboratory to ensure they meet the fire-resistance rating specified in the standard.

• Installation and maintenance are also critical. Regular inspections and maintenance are necessary to ensure that the doors remain in good working condition.

• Lastly, labeling and marking are essential. All fire doors must be labeled and marked with relevant information such as the fire-resistance rating, manufacturer’s name and address, test certification number, etc.

By following these guidelines, you can ensure that your fire doors are up to standard and can keep you and your loved ones safe in the event of a fire.

INDIA’S BURNING ISSUE: THE LACK OF FIRE DOORS

Despite being available in India for over two decades, fire doors are still a challenge. Many people don’t know what qualifies as a fire door, and that’s where the problem lies. Luckily, there’s some good news. With the latest developments in standards and building codes, there’s been some progress in educating builders and specifiers about the importance of fire doors. However, the success of the program ultimately depends on all stakeholders. It’s not just about following the codes and standards, but about having a genuine intent to ensure the safety of everyone in the building. It’s up to us to ensure that the products used in the name of fire doors are not a compromise on life and safety.

Testing and certification can also pose some challenges in India, which can affect the overall effectiveness of fire safety measures in buildings. But by staying informed and educated about the standards and regulations, we can ensure that fire doors are properly tested, certified,

installed, and maintained. It’s all about being proactive and putting in the effort to prioritize fire safety. Let’s face it, fire safety is not always at the top of our minds. Unfortunately, this lack of awareness can lead to serious consequences in the event of a fire.

One of the key challenges in ensuring fire safety is the proper testing and certification of fire doors. Due to that there are limited accredited testing laboratories in India? There are sometimes delays and increased costs. Additionally, there may be variations in testing processes across different labs, resulting in unreliable results.

Quality control is also a concern, as some fire doors may not meet required standards. Even if doors are installed and certified, proper maintenance and inspection is essential to ensure their effectiveness over time.

Improving fire safety in buildings requires a collaborative effort from various stakeholders. It’s important to create greater awareness about fire safety regulations and the importance of fire door testing and certification.

We need to work towards increasing the availability of accredited testing laboratories, and ensure that testing and certification processes are standardized across different laboratories. Improving quality control measures will also be vital in ensuring that fire doors meet required standards. By working together, we can make our buildings safer and reduce the risks associated with fires.

UNDERSTANDING FIRE DOOR CERTIFICATIONS

Fire safety is crucial when it comes to protecting our buildings and the people within them. However, testing and certifying fire doors can be a complex process that requires various types of documentation.

Test reports provide objective evidence of how a fire door performs under specific test conditions. They contain important information such as the fire resistance rating of the door, the type of test conducted, and any observations or comments made during the test.

Certifications are issued by a third-party certification body and confirm that a fire door meets the requirements of a particular standard or specification. This process involves testing the door and reviewing the manufacturer’s quality control processes to ensure compliance. Certifications

are important as they provide assurance that a fire door has been independently tested and meets the required standards.

Assessment reports evaluate the fire resistance performance of a fire door based on various factors, such as the design, materials used, and installation details.

They are typically used for custom-made fire doors or those without a specific testing standard or certification scheme available.

While these documents serve different purposes, they are all crucial in ensuring the safety of our buildings. In India, the concept of testing and certification of fire doors is not yet a reality, and we need to work towards making it a priority.

Recently, BIS launched a new standard for marking and labeling fire doors, and Shakti Hormann became the first company in India to receive an ISI mark for a fire door. This is a positive step towards standardization and labeling for others to follow.

However, the challenge of ensuring the quality of fire doors and their effectiveness in the event of a fire still persists. We need to create awareness programs within communities and educate stakeholders such as regulators, specifiers, developers, and end-users on how to evaluate the authenticity of fire doors and the certifications they carry.

Fire safety is not something to be taken lightly, and fire doors play a crucial role in protecting lives and property. Test reports, certifications, and assessment reports are all important documents related to fire door testing and certification, providing different types of information and serving different purposes.

Standardization and marking programs are necessary steps towards ensuring the quality and reliability of fire doors. It’s up to all of us, from government agencies to building owners and managers, to prioritize fire safety and work together to ensure that our buildings are equipped with effective fire doors. By doing so, we can help prevent tragic consequences and protect the safety of our communities.

Fire-Resistance Rated and Smoke-Resistant Assemblies, the Fire Codes and Specifications

Bill McHugh, Firestop Contractors International Association

There has been a debate about what constitutes ‘Balanced Fire Protection’ for decades. Is it all sprinkler systems? Only detection and alarms or egress systems? What about the passive fire protection package?

In Firestop Contractors International Association’s (FCIA) opinion, it’s not just one fire protection feature that keeps people safe in buildings. It all of the package, or Total Fire Protection. None is primary, all are important and needed.

Once the building has been properly designed, products installed to become systems the structure built, inspected, and accepted, now what?

That’s when the building takes on a life of its own. New mechanical, electrical, plumbing, communications and other types of services are demanded by occupants. And, the piping, cables and ductwork that carry the services need to be installed from the source point to the occupant locations.

As new services are installed in buildings, the fireresistance-rated assemblies – both horizontal and vertical – are breached, so the piping, ductwork and communications, etc. can find their way to the service location. When fire-resistance-rated assemblies are breached, they need to be repaired.

This brings us to the premise of this article. What responsibility does the building owner and manager have to keep the sprinkler system working?

What about the alarm system that notifies the occupants of fire or emergency? A building owner and manager keeps on top of these two key fire and life safety building systems because it’s what facility managers do.

What about the responsibility for maintaining the third and fourth elements of fire and life safety – The FireResistance-Rated and Smoke-Resistant Assemblies, such as effective compartmentation and structural fireresistance?

What about the Egress System and Education of the users of the egress? Does the building owner and manager have responsibility for any of these?

YES, is the answer. The effective compartmentation and structural fire-resistance are key elements of fire and life safety plans for a building.

They are the ‘silent policemen’, that rest until fire or smoke starts in an area and resist the spread of fire or smoke from ‘to and from adjacent spaces’, fire-compartment to fire-compartment and to and from buildings.

The egress system needs to be obvious and intuitive for the building occupants. There should be some education, drills as well.

FEATURE

For years, the fire-codes - The International Fire Code (IFC), NFPA 1, NFPA 101, The Life Safety Code, have had very specific language about maintaining effective compartmentation and structural fire-resistance to the level of protection that the building was originally constructed. And, the National Building Code of India’s section on Maintenance clearly states responsibility to maintain protection in buildings.

9 GENERAL BUILDING MAINTENANCE AND METHODS

9.1 General – “Any building (including its services) when built has certain objectives and during its total economic life, it has to be maintained in proper condition to meet those objectives. Maintenance is a continuous process requiring a close watch and taking immediate remedial action. It is interwoven with good quality of housekeeping. It is largely governed by the quality of original construction. The owners, engineers, constructors, occupants and the maintenance agency are all deeply involved in this process and share a responsibility….”. [National Building Code of India]

The Building and Fire-Codes speak clearly to the specifier and designer. The building code wants the construction documents to communicate a process to build the effective compartmentation and fire-resistance correctly.

The fire codes – also required for new constructionrequire that the specifier and designer communicate documentation of the built assemblies through an ‘Inventory’ of fire-resistance

The building owner and manager really needs the inventory of built systems as it’s used to base their recordkeeping of existing fire-resistance.

To get to maintenance, the fire-resistance has to be built properly. How? Start with the building codes. First, we need to define ‘fire-resistance’.

From the International Building Code (IBC), Chapter 7, below is the charging language about fire-resistanceratings.

703.2 Fire-resistance ratings. The fire-resistance rating of building elements, components or assemblies shall be determined in accordance with the test procedures set forth in ASTM E119 or UL 263 or in accordance

with Section 703.3. The fire-resistance rating of penetrations and fire-resistant joint systems shall be determined in accordance Sections 714 and 715, respectively. [IBC 2018 703.2]

All fire-resistance test standards use the standard time temperature curve as is used in a furnace to test building elements, components or assemblies based on ASTM E 119 and UL 263’s requirements. To determine fireresistance ratings, the element, component or assembly is subject to furnace fire-exposure for a period of time. The testing is either large scale or small scale.

For structural elements, components or assemblies, thermocouples are placed strategically to protect against its temperature rising above the temperature at which the material will lose its structural capabilities.

For walls and horizontal assemblies, thermocouples are used to measure temperature rise on the unexposed side of the assembly allowing for safe egress on the non-fire side of the assembly.

A hose stream test is used after the fire test to assure that there’s enough robustness of the wall assembly after the fire to withstand shock that might occur should ceiling tile, ductwork, piping, cable trays, light fixtures and other services located above the ceiling fall and hit the wall and its penetrating items.

Those service items that carry water, gas, oxygen, communications, air, become the penetrating items at a fire-resistance rated assembly – either floor or wall. The penetrating items consist of ducts, pipes, breaches in assemblies for door openings, joints, windows. These ‘openings’ are treated with the features of fire-resistance.

Hose Stream Test. UL Image

Firestopping, fire-dampers, fire-rated glazing or fire-doors extend the fire-resistance of the wall, floor or ceiling assembly through the breach.

The wall, floor, ceiling assembly and structural elements are tested for fire-resistance to ASTM E 119 and UL 263. The ASTM E119 standard is past its 100th year as a test standard. It was used to determine fire-resistance for some of the earliest high-rise and super high-rise buildings.

The features of fire-resistance are tested to ASTM E814 or UL1479, (Firestopping) UL555 or UL555S, (Fire Dampers, Smoke Dampers), UL 10B or UL10C, (Swinging FireDoors), ASTM E 119/UL263, UL9, NFPA 252, (Fire-Rated Glazing).

The system fire testing to the above referenced standards produces results published in directories. The results –fire-resistance ratings – become the suitability for use statement for the products in specific assemblies.

Products that get tested to these test standards can be listed in directories such as the UL Fire-Resistance Directory (Print or online) or other testing laboratory publications such as FM Approvals “ApprovalGuide.com” website.

This is where the ‘Listings’ are found for all fire-resistance rated building elements, components and assemblies. More about these test standards and their very specific testing in future issues of Life Safety Digest.

Fire-Resistance is specified in the sections where the discipline occurs. For instance, Firestopping is specified in 07-84-00 – and we at FCIA recommend a single specification to avoid confusion, eliminate duplication and assure that requirements are consistent.

Specifications then need to focus on both product performance in the environment that the product is to be used (indoor, outdoor, exposed to water, chemicals, germs, smoke, etc.).

The resistance to the environment is not part of the fire test. The movement resistance is proven through other ASTM Standards for firestopping such as ASTM E3037, as well as the manufacturers technical declarations, on product data sheets.

In addition to the manufacturer’s installation instructions, the listing that proves the product is suitable as fireresistance for the time period expected is required before an installation can begin.

The firestop installation contractor chooses the listings before installation. because the type of penetrating items, annular space sizes, and gap widths are not yet selected at design phase of the project, making it difficult for design professionals to choose.

The IBC requires that the firestop products be installed in accordance with the system listing and the manufacturers installation instructions – then the fire-code requires that the documentation that proves the products were installed be inspected annually.

The Fire Code also states the building owner and manager keep an ‘Inventory’ of fire-resistance-rated assemblies –the life safety drawings.

The life safety drawings provide the areas where fireresistance-rated assemblies exist. The inventory of the rated walls are a start. The rest of the fire-resistance-rated ‘features’ – firestopping, fire doors, fire rated glazing, fire dampers, smoke dampers, fire/smoke dampers, also have documentation associated with it.

UL Image

FM Approvals Image Intertek Image

The documentation or inventory consists of the listings, manufacturers instructions, product data sheets and safety data sheets.

The Construction Specifications Institute and Construction Specifications Canada partnered to develop the “MasterFormat” numbering system for project manuals, or ‘specs’. This numbering system has Divisions that organize the work results.

Division 1 of MasterFormat is where the direction needs to be communicated to the General Contractor to get the inventory communicated from the contractors –wallboard, concrete and concrete block, SFRM/IFRM, firestop, fire and smoke damper, fire-rated glazing contractors.

Also in Division 1, the Specifier needs to reference the appropriate specification sections so they can pass the information on to the Building Owner and Manager.

The inventory of fire-resistance can be gathered either through paper files or electronic methods. Many Firestop Contractors and Barrier Management Services Contractors offer electronic fire-resistance inventory programs to their clients for maintaining and reporting on visual inspections and repairs used to keep continuous service of this important discipline.

According to industry experts, the best place to get this documentation or inventory rolling is in section 01-7800, Closeout Submittals. This is where operations and maintenance manuals, project record documents and general requirements can be required.

Specifically, Section 01-78-39 is where Project Record Documents are organized. The Project Record Documents are the fire-resistance ‘Inventory’. Section 01-78-23.13, Operation Data and 01-78-23.16, Maintenance Data, provide the sections where communication to the building owner and manager from subcontractor (installer) through the General Contractor is accomplished.

Also, this section needs to reference back to the individual specification sections and describe how repairs are to be performed, along with a maintenance schedule.

Check out the Sidebar for possible reference sections. Why is fire - resistance maintenance important? Based

on the performance of buildings – that they are safe – is related to the performance of the fire-resistance, sprinkler, detection and alarm, egress systems and also the education of the occupants.

Yes, Total Fire Protection is needed – not just ‘balanced’. Leaks happen in roofs and are identifiable very quickly. Sprinkler systems can be turned off.

While sprinklers might extinguish fires, they are designed to control them and limit size development in one area. Should two areas have fires, and put demand on the system, what happens?

The alarm system needs to activate. If it doesn’t, the building is now defending people in the place they are using fire-resistance features that make an egress system -- to protect them.

Thankfully, fires occur very infrequently. But when they do, we want everything to work.

That’s why the NFPA 1, The Fire Code, NFPA 101, the Life Safety Code, and the International Fire Code have a lot of direction to the building owner and manager on the subject.

Maintain continuous fire-resistance. Build a procedure for it like there might be for sprinklers, alarm/detection systems.

BILL MCHUGH is Executive Director, Firestop Contractors International Association (FCIA), and the National Fireproofing Contractors Association.

He can be reached at bill@FCIA.org and bill@NFCA-online.org

The Importance and Organisation of Passive Fire Protection: The German Practices

André Gesellchen, Chief Editor, FeuerTrutz Network

The number of annual deaths from fires in Germany has fallen sharply over the past decades and is currently below 400 (for a population of approx. 80 million). This has been achieved, among other things, by the nationwide legal obligation to install smoke alarms in residential buildings.

But also, passive fire protection measures are an essential component of building safety in Germany, as they are designed to slow the spread of fire and smoke within a building. These measures include building materials and construction methods that have been tested and approved for their fire-resistant properties.

In Germany, the regulations for passive fire protection are outlined in the “Musterbauordnung” (MBO, updated in 2019), which is a model building code that is used (but individually adapted) by all of the 16 federal states. The MBO establishes the requirements for the design, construction, and operation of buildings in Germany, including those related to fire safety.

One of the key principles of passive fire protection in the MBO is compartmentation, which involves dividing a building into smaller compartments to contain the spread of fire and smoke. This is typically achieved through the use of fire-rated walls, floors, and doors, which are designed to resist the passage of fire and smoke for a specified period of time. These materials must meet specific fire resistance classifications, which are based on their ability to withstand fire exposure for a certain amount of time.

Another important aspect of passive fire protection is the use of fire-resistant materials in the construction of the building. This includes materials such as fire-resistant glass, which can help prevent the spread of fire and smoke while still allowing for natural light, and fire-retardant treated wood, which can reduce the risk of ignition.

The MBO also requires that buildings undergo regular inspections to ensure that they are in compliance with fire safety regulations. Inspections are typically conducted by local fire departments, who are responsible for enforcing fire safety regulations and ensuring that buildings are safe for occupancy.

Overall, the regulations for passive fire protection in Germany are designed to ensure that buildings are constructed and maintained in a way that minimizes the risk of fire and protects occupants in the event of a fire.

These regulations are based on sound engineering principles and are constantly being updated and improved to reflect the latest developments in fire safety technology and best practices.

Current trends and challenges in passive fire protection in Germany are:

• The increasing use of wood as a building material (also in high-rise buildings),

• Modular construction with a high degree of prefabrication,

• The lack of well-qualified specialists in planning, approval and construction,

• Changing fire hazards due to lithium-ion batteries

Legal regulations and standards cannot always keep pace with technological and social developments. However, the underlying protection goals of the MBO remain applicable.